PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION (Solutions with marker’s comments)

International Baccalaureate 2

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

Higher level
Paper 2

Tuesday 12 September 2023 Candidate Name

2 hours
Candidate Session Number Class

Instructions to candidates

• Write your name, session number and class in the boxes above.
• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
• A graphic display calculator is required for this paper.
• Section A: answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
• Section B: answer all questions on the answer sheets provided. Write your name
on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper .
• Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers should be given exactly or correct to
three significant figures.
• A clean copy of the mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet is required for this
paper.
• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [110 marks].

11 pages © Hwa Chong International School 2023

 -2-

Full marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be
supported by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be
supported by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch
these as part of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct
method, provided this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working.

Section A
Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided. Working may be
continued below the lines, if necessary.

1. [Maximum mark: 7]

A car insurance company collected the following data about the percentage occurrence of
accident-involved vehicles p % , for vehicles of weights w tons.

w tons 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9

p % 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.3 5.4 5.3 7.4 8.6

(a) Draw a scatter diagram of the data. [1]

(b) Write down the value of the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, r ,
[3]
and comment on your result.
(c) The Transport Authority wants to keep the percentage occurrence of accident-
involved vehicles to be at most 4% . Using an appropriate regression line, find the [3]
minimum weight of vehicles w tons.

(a)

(b) Students forget to comment on the r value, especially on its strength

r = −0.928 . Very strong and negative correlation
(c) A lot of students use the wrong regression line
Should use w on p line, since p is given and
this is not a clear case of dependency.

w = −0.2066 p + 2.499

Use w on p regression line.

When p = 4, w = −0.2066 ( 4 ) + 2.499
w = 1.67 tons

Turn Over
 -3-

2. [Maximum mark: 6]

Find the number of ways in which the letters of the word DIPLOMA can be arranged if
(a) there are no restrictions, [1]
(b) the two ends must be vowels (I,O and A), [2]

(c) between any two vowels, there must be at least one consonant (D,P,L,M). [3]

(a) 7! = 5040 ways

(b) 3C2  2! 5! = 720 ways

(c) All cases – 3 vowels together – 2 vowels together

= 7!− 5!3!− 5C2 3C2 2!2!4!

= 5040 − 720 − 2880 = 1440 ways

Many students did not get part c) correct, same as the vowels must all be separated.
 -4-

3. [Maximum mark: 6]

The common ratio of the terms in a geometric series is ln 2 x . ( )

(a) Find the range of values of x for which the sum to infinity of the series exists. [3]
(b) If the first term of the series is 4 , find the value of x for which the sum to infinity is
[3]
10.

(a) Common ratio ln 2 x  1( )

−1  ln ( 2 x )  1

1
 2x  e
e

1
log 2    x  log 2 ( e )
e

−1.44  x  1.44 Students only considered r<1 and not |r|<1

4
(b) Sum to infinity = = 10
1 − ln ( 2 x )

= 1 − ln ( 2 x )  ln ( 2 x ) =
2 3
5 5
3
2 =e
x 5

 3
x = log 2  e 5  = 0.866
 

Most students got this part correct

 -5-

4. [Maximum mark: 7]

(a) A chord of a circle subtends an angle  radians at the centre of the circle. If the area
of the minor segment cut off by the chord is one-fifth of the area of the circle, find the [3]
angle  .
(b) In an obtuse angled triangle ABC , AB = 8 cm, BC = 7 cm and BAC = 550 . Find [4]
the area of the triangle ABC .

(a)

r Many students take area of segment as the same as

O  area of sector. Wrong

1 2 1
Area of the minor segment = r ( − sin  ) =  r 2
2 5
2
( − sin  ) = 
5
From GDC,  = 2.11 radians

(b)

8 7 7
A C C’
sin C sin 55
=  sin C = 0.9362
8 7
ACB = 69.420 or 110.580 . (Ambiguous case)
( 69.420 rejected as obtuse triangle)
ABC = 180 − 55 − 110.580 = 14.420
1
Area of triangle =  8  7  sin14.42 = 6.97 cm2
2
This is the ambiguous Sine Rule case. Question says an ‘obtused angle triangle’, so
one of the angles must be obtused.
 -6-

5. [Maximum mark: 8]

A function g ( x ) is defined by g ( x ) = arcsin ( ln x ) .

(a) Find the domain and range of function g leaving your answers in exact form. [3]

(b) Determine, with reason, if the composite function g g ( x ) exists. [2]

(c) Find the function g −1 and state its domain. [3]

1
(a) Since the domain for arcsin ( x ) is  −1,1 , and ln   = −1 , ln ( e ) = 1
e

1
 the domain of g ( x ) is  xe . The domain and range was not well done.
e
 
The range of g ( x ) is − g . Students are unsure about principal values for
2 2
inverse trigonometry.

(b) Since Rg  Dg , thus gg ( x ) does not exist.

  1
− g   xe
2 2 e

(c) Let y = arcsin ( ln x )

ln x = sin y
x = esin y

 
g −1 ( x ) = esin x , − x
2 2

( g −1 ( x ) must be seen in the final answer and not

x = or y = )
 -7-

6. [Maximum mark: 8]

π
(a) The complex number z is such that z = 4 and arg z = . Express z in the form of
6 [2]
x + iy , where x and y are real constants to be determined.
(b) Consider the polynomial p ( z ) = z 3 + az 2 + bz − 10 , where a, b  . Given that 2i − 1
[6]
is a root of the polynomial, find the values of a, b and the other 2 roots.

π
(a) x = 4cos = 2 3 or 3.46
6
π
y = 4sin = 2
6
z = 2 3 + 2i or 3.46 + 2i Surprisingly, some students does not know how to
convert from polar form to cartesian form.

(b) If 2i − 1 is a root, then −2i − 1 is also a root.

Sum of roots = −2
Product of roots = 5
Quadratic factor = z 2 − ( −2 ) z + 5  z 2 + 2 z + 5
Since this is a cubic polynomial, there must be another linear factor.

p ( z ) = z 3 + az 2 + bz − 10 = ( z 2 + 2 z + 5) ( pz + q )

By inspection, p = 1, q = −2 (or by long division)

(z 2
+ 2 z + 5) ( z − 2 ) = z 3 + z − 10

Thus, a = 0, b = 1

The 2 other roots are −1 − 2i and 2 .

Quite a number of students did ‘long division’ wrongly. The sum and product of roots they got
from the 2 complex roots are only for the quadratic factor and not of the whole cubic
polynomial
 -8-

7. [Maximum mark: 9]
The price of cars ($) follows a normal distribution with mean  and standard deviation $3 104 .

The top 10% of cars that cost above $200,000 are classified as ‘expensive’, the next 75% are
classified as ‘moderate’ and the rest are classified as ‘value for money’.

(a) Find, to the nearest dollar, the value of  . [3]

(b) Find, to the nearest dollar, the minimum price of a car to be classified as ‘moderate’ [2]
(c) Find the least number of cars a shop must have, so that the probability of having at
[4]
least two ‘expensive’ cars is greater than 0.6 .

Let X = price of cars

X ~ N (  ,9 108 )

(a) P ( X  200, 000 ) = 0.1

 200, 000 −   200, 000 − 
P z   = 0.1 ,  = InvNorm ( 0.9 ) = 1.28155
 30, 000  30, 000
  = $161,553 They wrongly equate this to 0.9.

(b) InvNorm ( 0.15,161553,30000 ) = 130460.4516

 minimum price of a ‘moderate’ car = $130, 460

(c) Let Y = number of expensive cars in the shop.

Y ~ B ( n, 0.1)
P (Y  2 )  0.6  1 − P (Y  1)  0.6 Quite a number of students do not know how
P (Y  1)  0.4 to do this.
binomCdf ( n, 0.1, 0,1)  0.4

From GDC, least number of cars is 20 cars.

Turn Over
 -9-

8. [Maximum mark: 12]

2 x3 + 13 − 10 x
Given f ( x ) = .
6 − x − x2
c d
(a) Show that f ( x ) can be written as ax + b + + where a, b, c, d  are
2− x x+3 [4]
constants to be found.
(b) (i) Express f ( x ) as a polynomial in ascending powers of x up to and including
[6]
the term in x 2 .
(ii) Find the range of values of x for which the expansion (b)(i) is valid. [2]

−2 x + 2
6 − x − x 2 x + 0 x − 10 x + 13
2 3 2

2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 12 x
−2 x 2 + 2 x + 13
−2 x 2 − 2 x + 12
4x +1 2 x 3 + 13 − 10 x c d
Thus f ( x ) = = −2 x + 2 + +
( 2 − x )( 3 + x ) ( 2 − x ) (3 + x )
9 11
4x + 1 = c (3 + x ) + d ( 2 − x ) When x = 2, c = . When x = −3, d = −
5 5
9 11
a = −2, b = 2, c = , d = − Again, surprisingly, long division and partial fractions
5 5
was not well done.
−1 −1
9 11 9  x 11  x 
(b)(i) f ( x ) = −2 x + 2 + ( 2 − x ) − ( 3 + x ) = −2 x + 2 + 1 −  − 1 + 
−1 −1
=
5 5 10  2  15  3 

Students forgot that taking the 2 and 3 out of the bracket involves subjecting it to power -1
9   x  ( −1)( −2 )  x   11   x  ( −1)( −2 )  x  2 
2

−2 x + 2 + 1 −  −  +  −  + ..  − 1 −   +   + .. 
10   2  2!  2  15   3  2! 3 

9  x x2  11  x x 2  13 47 31 2
= −2 x + 2 +  1 + + + ..  − 1 − + + ..  = − x+ x
10  2 4  15  3 9  6 36 216

x x
(ii) Expansion valid −  1 and  1 . Thus x  2 or −2  x  2 .
2 3

Both conditions must satisfy, so must get intersection of both results.

Turn Over
 - 10 -

Do not write solutions on this page.

Section B

Answer all questions on the answer sheets provided. Start each question on a new page.

9. [Maximum mark: 15]

(a) A curve that passes through the point (1, 2 ) is defined by the differential equation

= 2 x (1 + x 2 − y ) .
dy
dx
(i) Use Euler’s method to get an approximate value for y when x = 1.3 , taking steps of
0.1 . Show intermediate steps to four decimal places.
(ii) How can a more accurate answer be obtained using Euler’s method? Give an
example. [5]

(b) Given that f ( x ) = ln ( cos x ) ,

(i) Show by repeated differentiation, that the first two non-zero terms of the Maclaurin
x2 x4
series for f ( x ) are − − .
2 12
(ii) Hence, find the Maclaurin series for tan x , up to the term in x 3 .

(iii) Use the series of f ( x ) to find an approximation for ln 2 in terms of  . [10]

= 2 x (1 + x 2 − y )
dy
(a)
dx

Students must show intermediate results. Without working and just

giving final answer will not give you marks.
when x = 1.3 ,, y = 2.1407

(ii) A more accurate answer is obtained by reducing the step size, example from h = 0.1 to h = 0.05

(b) (i)

f ( x ) = ln ( cos x ) f ( 0) = 0 Must work out and show the values of the

− sin x
f '( x) = = − tan x f ' (0) = 0 derivatives when x = 0 . Do not just put it
cos x
f '' ( x ) = − sec 2 x f '' ( 0 ) = −1 inside the Maclaurin formula directly
f ''' ( x ) = −2sec 2 x tan x f ''' ( 0 ) = 0
f iv ( x ) = −2sec4 x + ( −4sec2 x tan 2 x ) f iv ( 0 ) = −2
 - 11 -

x2 x3 x 4 iv
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + xf ' ( 0 ) +
f '' ( 0 ) + f ''' ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) + ..
2! 3! 4!
x2 x4 x2 x4
y = ln ( cos x ) = 0 + 0 + ( −1) + 0 + ( −2 ) + .. = − − (Shown)
2! 4! 2 12

x2 x4
(ii) ln ( cos x ) = − − This is a ‘hence’ question so you have to use the previous
2 12
Differentiate both sides, results. Students who start with y = tan x and differentiate

1 1 1
( − sin x ) = − ( 2 ) x − ( 4 ) x3 from there will not be awarded marks.
cos x 2 12

1 1
− tan x = − x − x3  tan x = x + x3 + ..
3 3


(iii) Taking x = ,
3

   
2 4

    

y = ln  cos  = −   −   + ..
3 3
 3 2 12

1 2 4
ln =− − + ..
2 18 972

2 4 2 4
− ln 2 = − − + ..  ln 2 = + + ..
18 972 18 972

 1
( or let x = , do similar way getting left side − ln 2 )
4 2
 - 12 -

10. [Maximum mark: 15]

ex 
(a) Consider the function f ( x ) = , 0 x .
cos x 2
(i) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) , showing clearly the y − intercept and asymptote.

e
(ii) The region R is bounded by the graph y = f ( x ) , the line y = and the
cos (1)
y − axis. Find the area of region R .
(iii) This region R is rotated 2 radians about the x − axis. Write down an expression
involving an integral representing the volume of the solid formed, and thus find this
volume. [9]
(b) An object moves in a straight line such that its velocity v at time t is given by
v = cos ( t 2 − 1) ms -1 for 0  t  3 .

(i) Find an expression for the acceleration of the object in terms of t ,

(ii) find its acceleration when the object first comes to rest,

(iii) find the distance covered by the object in the first 2.5 s of motion. [6]

(a)(i)


2

Some students did not show the asymptote

equation

(ii)
 e 
1
ex
Area of region R1 = 1
  
− dx
 cos (1)  0 cos x
= 5.031 − 2.218 = 2.81 units2
2
 e  1 e
2x
(iii)
 cos (1)  ( )
Volume of the solid formed =   1 −  0 cos2 xdx = 60.4 units3
 
Can use GDC to perform the integral. Some students tried to integrate manually. For volume, be
careful it is rotation about x-axes and not y-axes. They are different.
 - 13 -

(b)

(i)It first comes to rest at t = 1.6 s.

= −2t sin ( t 2 − 1)
dv
Acceleration =
dt
(ii)When t = 1.6 s, = −3.20 ms -2

( or by GDC, acc =

cos ( x 2 − 1) dx
2.5
(iii)Total distance travelled in the first 2.5 s = 0
= 1.68 m
v ( t ) dt
2.5
The kinematics part was reasonably well done. For total distance travelled, it is 
0
2.5
and not  v ( t ) dt
0
. They are different.
 - 14 -

Do not write solutions on this page.

11. [Maximum mark: 17]

The points A and B have position vectors i − 2 j − k and si + tj − 4k , s, t  , respectively.

The plane p has equation 3x − 2 y − z = 5 .

2
(a) Given that line AB has no points in common with the plane p , show that s = (t + 2) [4]
3
(b) Find the shortest distance between line AB and the plane p . [3]
(c) Another plane q is perpendicular to plane p and contains the line with equation
x − 5 1− y 1− z [4]
= = . Find the equation of plane q in cartesian form.
3 5 2
(d) Planes p and q meet in line L. Find the vector equation of line L. [1]

(e) Find the position vector of the point which is a reflection of point A in the line L. [5]

1  s −1
   
(a) Line l AB : r =  −2  +   t + 2 
 −1   −3 
   
 1   s −1   3
     
  −2  +   t + 2    −2  = 5
  −1   −3    −1 
     
3 + 3 ( s − 1) + 4 − 2 ( t + 2 ) + 1 + 3 = 5
( 3 + 4 + 1) +  ( 3s − 3 − 2t − 4 + 3) = 5
( 3 + 4 + 1)  5 and ( 3s − 3 − 2t − 4 + 3) = 0 since line does not intersect plane.
2
3s = 2t + 4  s = (t + 2)
3

 s −1  3
    2
OR t + 2  −2  = 0 s= ( t + 2 ) Most student adopt this approach.
 −3   −1  3
   

(b) Let X be a point on plane p .

 0 1
   
OX =  −2   XA =  0 
 −1  0
   
Shortest distance between line AB and the plane p = distance between A and the plane p
 - 15 -

^ ^
 3  1  3 
     3 3 14
Distance = XA  −2  =  0   −2  = = . ( or 0.802 )
 −1   0   −1  14 14
    

This part was not well done.

5  3
x − 5 1− y 1− z    
(c) Line = = r =  1  +   −5 
3 5 2 1  −2 
   

 3  3 1
     
Normal n =  −5    −2  =  −3 
 −2   −1   9 
     

1 1 5

     
Plane q : r  −3  =  −3  1  x − 3 y + 9 z = 11
9 9 1
     

(d) Plane p : 3x − 2 y − z = 5 Plane q : x − 3 y + 9 z = 11

 −1   3
   
Intersection line r =  −4  +   4  A1
 0 1
   
(e) Let F be the foot of perpendicular from point A to this intersection line.
 −1 + 3   −2 + 3 
 general point OF =  −4 + 4    AF =  −2 + 4  
 
    1+  
   

 −2 + 3   3
   
AF is perpendicular to intersection line,   −2 + 4    4  = 0  −6 + 9  − 8 + 16  + 1 +  = 0
 1+   1
   
1
26 = 13 , thus  = .
2
 3  1 
 −1 + 2   2 
   
Foot of perpendicular OF =  −4 + 2  =  −2 
 1  1
   
 2   2
 - 16 -

1
 2 1  0
     
Let A’ be the reflected point. AA ' = 2 AF  OA ' = 2OF − OA = 2  −2  −  −2  =  −2 
 1   −1   2 
     
 2
Either not well done or students did not managed to reach this last part of the last question.