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Ideology of Pakistan
"Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is
deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of
principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and
meaning to life and human action."

Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and blueprint for the
future. It is a review of the existing political, social and economic arrangements
that create consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes
certain actions and philosophies. Ideology gives nation a direction and
worldview and its implementation is the responsibility of the concerned people.

 Ideology of Pakistan

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical

experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation;
Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly
of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal
sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they
are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However
when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu
majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.

The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community
of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims
believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social
orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between
the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences
between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political
supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite
living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop
different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and
script, all are poles apart.

The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or
linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same
faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should
be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in

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accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet
(PBUH).

 Evolution of ‘Two Nation Theory’

Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of

Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than
Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim
nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles
pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind
establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of
the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first
Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion,
Islam, in the Indian coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim
invader who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of Ghazna
launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim sufi
(saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent.
They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical
picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din
Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed
Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had
emerged in India who had its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history and
culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti
movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the
pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh
Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired
conversions to Islam.

The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the industrial and scientific
developments and modern war strategy. The War of Independence (1857) was a
shattering setback to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the
rebellion by the British. The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the
help of Hindus. This was one of the outstanding motivations that paved the way
to declare the separate identity of nationalism, the Muslim nationalism. The
Muslim scholars sought to reform the teaching of Islamic law and to promote its
application in a Muslim society. The prominent name among them is Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan (1817-98) who awakened and guided his community well in

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time. His educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best
means of social mobility for the Muslim gentry under colonial rule.

In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of
the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The Congress worked and
helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he
thought, the Muslims were not in position to involve into the anti-government
activities. It has been argued that Sir Syed's fear of Hindu domination sowed
the seeds for the "Two Nations Theory" later espoused by the All-India Muslim
League, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the
Muslims of India. Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-political
activities might be the key to Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement
produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims’ rights on the
Western political lines.

All India Muslim League had been founded in Dhaka to promote loyalty to the
British and to protect and advance the political rights and interests of the
Muslims of India. Thus the concept of ‘separate electorates’ was put forward
to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims.

The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the
Muslims in British India. There are two major nations in British India. The
Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage,
culture, civilization, and future aspirations.

The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance
their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their
ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic
majority.

Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal

system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and
advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a
separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was
willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards.

 Hindi-Urdu Controversy

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Hindu revivalist movements turned more against the Muslims. Hindu

nationalism was rival to the Muslim nationalism. The Indian nationalism forced
Muslims to organize themselves politically to defend their interests effectively.
After 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major assault by the Hindus on
Muslim heritage and legacy of the great Muslim Empire. Hindus were biased
against Urdu as it was the Muslims’ language. They demanded Hindi as the
official language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by
the Hindus in Banaras in 1866-67. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu
controversy. On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold about the unstable future of
Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in
the offices. This enhanced the importance of the sense of Muslim separatism.

The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement

like:
1. Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.
2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or
region.
3. Religious and Cultural tolerance.
4. Respect for human dignity and rights.
5. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice
their beliefs and religions.

These principles are enshrined in the constitutions. We ought to work towards

realization of these goals in reality and create institutions and processes that
reflect these principles and values.

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Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in

Subcontinent

1 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent

1.1 A Short History Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent

2 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent

2.1 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent 712-1857

2.1.1 Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi Efforts
2.1.2 Shah Waliullah Efforts
2.1.3 Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi
2.1.4 Fraizi Movement
2.1.5 Titu Mir

2.2 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent – 1857

Onward
2.2.1 Aligarh Movement
2.2.2 Deoband Movement
2.2.1 Aligarh Movement
2.2.2 Deoband Movement
2.2.3 Other Renaissance Movements And Efforts

2.2.3.1 Conclusion

Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent

Every time when Muslims rule in Subcontinent has fell weak, renaissance
efforts have been made by prominent religious scholars and noble to restore the
rule of Muslims in India. Details of these efforts are given in below paragraphs.

A Short History of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent

Muslims' rule in Subcontinent was established in 712 A. D. with the conquest

of Debaul/Daibul (present day Karachi, Pakistan) by Muhammad Bin Qasim
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during Ummayyad dynasty. For many centuries those parts of Subcontinent

which were conquered by Muslims mujahids remained under the domain and
control of Caliph in Arab. Then in 1206 A.D. Qutbudin Aibak laid the
foundation of an independent Muslim state in Subcontinent. For next three to
four centuries Muslim state in Subcontinent was ruled by various Sultans. This
process end when in 1526 Babur established Mughal rule in India.

Mughal rulers not only expand the domain of Muslim rule in India but also
gave new identity to the region. They ruled the area till 1857 when British
officially announced its rule in India and over thrown the last Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Efforts:

Since 712 till 1857 A. D. and then 1947, every time efforts have been made by
a group learned and loyal Muslims for the renaissance of Muslims rule in

Subcontinent As Muslims rule over India ends in 1857 A. D. therefore we

divide these renaissance efforts into two categories. First category contains
those efforts that were made before 1857 and their sole purpose was to re-
establish powerful Muslims rule over India. Second category contain those
efforts that were made after 1857 and their sole objective was to relieve
Muslims of the atrocities of the British and to educate Muslims and finally to
obtain an independent Muslim state. Details of these efforts are given below:

 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in Subcontinent 712-

1857

During this time the first reported renaissance movement emerged during Akbar
rule which was headed by Mujadid Alf Sani. Detail of this and other
renaissance efforts that emerged in later times are given in below paragraphs.

 Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi Efforts

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, also known as Imam Rabbani and Mujadid Alf Sani
began his renaissance movement in Seventeenth century. During his time Akbar
was Mughal emperor who ruled the Subcontinent. Though politically Muslim

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rule over Subcontinent was very strong but on religious grounds there were no
signs of Islam and Islamic principles in royal court and other institutions of the
empire. Akbar's self created Din-i-Illahi had greatly affected religious life and
beliefs of Muslims.

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi through his sincere efforts not only purged Muslim
society of misbelieves but also faced Akbar's false religion. He once again put
Muslims rule in Subcontinent on the path of greatness.

 Shah Waliullah Efforts

Shah Waliullah also known as Muhadis Delhvi worked for the renaissance of
Muslim rule over Subcontinent in Eighteenth century. In 18th century after the
death of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir, Muslim rule over Subcontinent fell into
the hands of his most incompetent successors who have no interest in empire,
politics and rule. Soon Muslim empire fell weak and it gave chance to many
Non Muslim rulers to attack Delhi and establish their rule. Shah Waliullah
through his efforts not only awake Muslims and restored the spirit of Jihad in
them but also requested neighboring rulers to attack and destroy these infidel
forces who are ready to attack and destroy Muslims rule over Subcontinent. On
his request, many nobles including Great Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali
attacked Marhatas and destroyed them.

 Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi worked for the renaissance of Muslims rule over
Subcontinent in early 19th century. He was a man of action. He did not believe
only in words so he planned to take practical steps in this regard. For restoring
Muslims glory in India, Syed Sahab planned to launch Jihad movement against
Sikh, French and British. He successfully run jihad movement against infidel
forces till his last breath.

 Fraizi Movement

Fraizi Movement was launched by Haji Shariat Ullah of Bengal in 1820's. As

the name indicates the movement focused primarily on the completion of Fraiz
(obligations) of Islam. Haji Shariat Ullah was deadly against the false and
superstitious beliefs which had arisen in Muslim society due to long contact
with the Hindus. The movement under Haji Shariat Ullah command helped a lot

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those Muslims who have been crushed by East India Company and Non-
Muslim Zamindars.

 Titu Mir

Mir Nasir Ali, popularly known as Titu Mir worked for the independence and
renaissance of Muslims of Bengal in early 19th Century. He fought bravely for
the rights and protection of Muslims of Bengal till 1831, when he was martyred
during clashes with the local government.

 Efforts For The Renaissance Of Muslims Rule in

Subcontinent - 1857 Onward

After the fall of Muslims rule in Subcontinent many renaissance efforts were
made by some prominent Muslim scholars and fighters to restore the broken
glory of Muslims in Subcontinent. Renaissance movements during this time
were mostly focused on education and economic uplift of Muslims. Detail of
these renaissance movements are given in below paragraphs.

 Aligarh Movement

Aligarh Movement was launched by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (pioneer of Two
Nation Theory) in late 19th century. It was basically an educational movement
that aimed at providing modern western education to the Muslims of
Subcontinent. Many educational institutions were built by this movement that
helped Muslims a lot in learning modern knowledge. The movement had both
political and educational impacts on Muslim society in Subcontinent.

 Deoband Movement

Deoband Movement was launched by Sufis and mystics of Subcontinent to

protect Islamic injunctions and provide religious education to the Muslims of
Subcontinent. Deoband Movement did great work in the provision of religious
education to Muslims of the Subcontinent.

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 Other Renaissance Movement And Efforts

Other renaissance movement that worked for the welfare of Muslim in India
includes Nadva tul Ulema Lucknow, Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam Lahore, Sindh
Madrasa and Islamia Colleg Peshawar and so on. These educational movements
did great work in the educational and political uplift of Muslims of
Subcontinent.

Conclusion

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