TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES

Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Introduction to Digital Communications

PECEC 2: Communications 2 (Lecture)
Modulation and Coding Techniques
Prepared by:
Jepp Quijano, ECE, ECT | TUP - ECE
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

What is Digital Communication?

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

• Root term digit which came from the

Latin word “digitus” which means
fingers/toes.

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
• In context, digital refers to binary 1 or 0
which makes the signal more discrete unlike
with analog which is varying or changing.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

• came from the words “communis”

(n) which means common and
“communicare” (v) which means to
share.

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

• It is simply the act of conveying

information from one place to another.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
➢ It is the process of sharing (sending and/or receiving) of digital
information (signals) from one point to another over a
communication medium.
➢ Digital information are series of discrete signals (1’s and 0’s) and are
now often referred as data.
➢ Data can be any information such as text, audio/voice, video, image,
or even any complex set of instructions sent from one device to
another.
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Evolution of Communication
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ANCIENT MODE OF COMMUNICATION

Smoke Signals
➢ Smoke signals are the oldest form of
visual communication which was used
as early as 150-200 BC from the
ancient culture of Great Wall of China
and from Greek Historian Polybius to
represent the letters of the alphabet.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ANCIENT MODE OF COMMUNICATION

Courier
➢ Philippides/
Pheideppides
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ANCIENT MODE OF COMMUNICATION

Carrier Pigeon
➢ Used in ancient wars to
deliver messages.
➢ Also used in both World
War.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EARLY DIGITAL CODES

Morse Code
➢ The first digital code created by Samuel Morse using a telegraph in
1844.
➢ It consists of dots and dashes that represents the letter of the
alphabet, numbers and even punctuation marks.
➢ A dot is a short burst of RF energy, and a dash is a burst of RF that is
three times longer than a dot.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EARLY DIGITAL CODES

Morse Code
➢ The first message sent over the telegraph is “What hath God
wrought?” (Numbers 23:23) on May 24, 1844 from Washington, D.C.
to Baltimore, Maryland.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EARLY DIGITAL CODES

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EARLY DIGITAL CODES

Baudot Code
➢ It is used in early teletype machines for sending and receiving coded
signals over a communication link.
➢ The Baudot code used 5 bits to represent letters, numbers, and
symbols.

https://hackaday.com/2015/09/27/de
monstrating-baudot-code/
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EARLY DIGITAL CODES

Radio Telegraph
➢ The wireless telegraph involved radio technology.
➢ Communicate with ships and other moving vehicles.
➢ Cross national boundaries, natural boundaries.
➢ Downfall of the nationally supported monopolistic telegraph
companies.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

TELEPHONY
➢ 1876
➢ Transmission of Human Voice
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

HOW IT WORKS THEN?

A D

B E

C F
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

HOW IT WORKS THEN?

TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Telecommunication &
Broadcast Communication
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

TELECOMMUNICATION
➢ Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages,
words, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by
wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
➢ “tele” means a far or at a distance.
➢ Wired: Copper lines, Fiber lines
➢ Wireless: Wi-Fi, Satellite Communication, Mobile Communication,
Microwave Communication, Zigbee
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

TELECOMMUNICATION
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
➢ Broadcast Communication or Broadcasting uses telecommunication
principles to convey information to broad or mass audience.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

RADIO WAVE
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

GENERATIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Analog vs. Digital Communication

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

KEY DIFFERENCES
1. Less Noise Interference
2. Better Error Detection and Correction
3. Compatibility with Time-Division Multiplexing
4. Use of Digital ICs
5. More functionality due to Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
6. Disadvantage: High cost and more circuit complexities
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Elements of Communication System

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SOURCE TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION

NOISE
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

➢ Electronic communication is the transmission , reception, and
processing of information with the use of electronic circuits.
➢ Information is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is
communicated (i.e., transmitted or received) between two or more
points.
➢ Modulation is the process of impressing a baseband signal,
modulator, upon a higher frequency signal called carrier to make it
more compatible with the medium used between two communicating
devices.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SOURCE TRANSDUCER TRANSDUCER DESTINATION

MODULATOR CHANNEL DEMODULATOR

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SOURCE CHANNEL
SOURCE MODULATOR TRANSMITTER
ENCODER ENCODER
A/D C
CONVERTER H
A
N
N
E
D/A L
CONVERTER

SOURCE CHANNEL
DESTINATION DEMODULATOR RECEIVER
DECODER DECODER
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

A/D Converter
➢ is a system that converts an analog signal, such
as a sound picked up by a microphone or light
entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.
➢ Typically the digital output is a two's
complement binary number that is proportional
to the input, but there are other possibilities.
➢ an ADC does the conversion periodically,
sampling the input, limiting the allowable
bandwidth of the input signal.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

SOURCE ENCODER/DECODER
➢ The source generates a signal s and
maps the signal s into the bitstream b.
➢ The bitstream is transmitted over the
error control channel and the received
bitstream b is processed by the source
decoder that reconstructs the decoded
signal s and delivers it to the sink
which is typically a human observer.
➢ Also called a source codec.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

CHANNEL ENCODER/DECODER
➢ The error characteristic of the digital channel can be controlled by the
channel encoder, which adds redundancy to the bits at the source
encoder output b.
➢ The modulator maps the channel encoder output to an analog signal,
which is suitable for transmission over a physical channel.
➢ The channel decoder processes the digital signal and produces the
received bitstream b, which may be identical to b even in the
presence of channel noise
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

➢ Digital Communications includes systems where relatively high-
frequency analog carriers are modulated by relatively low frequency
digital information signals (digital radio) and systems involving the
transmission of digital pulses (digital transmission).
➢ Digital transmission systems transport information in digital form and,
therefore, require a physical facility between the transmitter and
receiver.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Different Modulation Techniques

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
CONTINUOUS-WAVE MODULATION
➢ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
➢ Frequency Modulation (FM)
➢ Phase Modulation (PM)
➢ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
➢ the baseband information signal called the modulating signal varies
the amplitude (𝑉𝑝 ) of the higher-frequency carrier signal.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃 or 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

FREQUENCY MODULATION
➢ the baseband information signal called the modulating signal varies
the frequency (𝜔 = 𝟐𝜋𝑓) of the higher-frequency carrier signal.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃 or 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PHASE MODULATION
➢ the baseband information signal called the modulating signal varies
the phase/angle (𝜃) of the higher-frequency carrier signal.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃 or 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
DIGITAL RADIO
➢ The process of modulation uses
discrete signals as modulating
signal instead of continuous
wave signals.
➢ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
➢ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
➢ Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

DIGITAL RADIO
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
PULSE MODULATION
➢ It is the process of changing a binary pulse
signal to represent the information to be
transmitted.
➢ Advantage: noise tolerance, signal recovery and
amplification
➢ Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM), Pulse Position Modulation
(PPM), and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Information Capacity, Bits, Bit

Rate, Baud and M-ary Encoding
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

INFORMATION THEORY
➢ It is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth to
propagate information through electronic communications systems.
➢ Information capacity is a measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communications system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.
➢ Binary digit, or bit is the basic unit of information.
➢ Bit rate is simply the number of binary digits or bits transmitted during
one (1) second (bits per seconds or bps).
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

HARTLEY’S LAW
➢ In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a useful
relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and information
capacity.
𝑪∝𝑩×𝑻
where:
𝑪 = information capacity (bps)
𝑩 = Bandwidth (Hz)
𝑻 = transmission time (s)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

HARTLEY’S LAW

➢ For noiseless condition:

𝑪 = 𝒌𝑩 × 𝑻
𝑪 = 𝟐𝑩 (maximum theoretical bit capacity)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

SHANNON-HARTLEY THEOREM
➢ For noisy condition:
𝑺
𝑪 = 𝑩 log 𝟐 (𝟏 + )
𝑵
𝑺
𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝑩 log 𝟏𝟎 (𝟏 + )
𝑵
where:
𝑺
= Signal-to-Noise ratio
𝑵
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

EXAMPLE
➢ For a standard voice band communications channel with a signal-to-
noise power ratio of 1000 (30dB) and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, the
Shannon limit for information capacity is

𝑆
𝐶 = 𝐵 log 2 (1 + )
𝑁
𝐶 = 2700 log 2 (1 + 1000) = 26.9 kbps
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

MULTIPLE CODING LEVELS

➢ Also known as M-ary encoding techniques:
𝑵 = log 𝟐 𝑴
𝟐𝑵 = 𝑴
𝑪 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴
where:
𝑵 = is the number of bits necessary
𝑴 = is the number of different encoding levels per time interval.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

BAUD
➢ It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium
after encoding and modulation have occurred;
➢ a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate, or symbol rate and,
therefore, the terms symbols per second and baud are often used
interchangeably.
1
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
𝑡𝑠
Where: 𝑡𝑠 = time of one signaling element (secs)
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

NYQUIST THEOREM
➢ According to H. Nyquist, binary digital signals can be propagated
through an ideal noiseless transmission medium at a rate equal to two
times the bandwidth of the medium.
➢ The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate a signal
is called the minimum Nyquist bandwidth or sometimes the
minimum Nyquist frequency.

(bit rate)𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 (ideal Nyquist bandwith)

 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

NYQUIST THEOREM
➢ Using multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formulation for channel
capacity is
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴

where:
𝒇𝒃 = channel capacity (bps)
𝑩 = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
𝑴 = is the number of discrete signals or voltage levels.
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

NYQUIST THEOREM
➢ Rearranging the equation, we can solve for the bandwidth:
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴
𝒇𝒃
𝑩=
log 𝟐 𝑴
Substituting, 𝑵 = log 𝟐 𝑴
𝒇𝒃
𝑩= = 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
𝑁
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Sample Problems
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 1
➢ The bandwidth of a communication channel is 12.5 kHz. The S/N ratio
is 25 dB. Calculate (a) the maximum theoretical data rate in bits per
second, (b) the maximum actual channel capacity, and (c) the number
of coding levels N needed to achieve the maximum speed.
Solution for a:
𝑪 = 𝟐𝑩 (maximum theoretical bit capacity)
𝑪 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛)
𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑏𝑝𝑠 or 𝟐𝟓 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 1
Solution for b:
𝑺 𝑺
𝑪 = 𝑩 log 𝟐 (𝟏 + ) 𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝑩 log 𝟏𝟎 (𝟏 + )
𝑵 𝑵
𝑺 𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐(𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎) log 𝟏𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟑)
𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝑩 log 𝟏𝟎 (𝟏 + ) 𝑪 = 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 log 𝟏𝟎 (𝟑𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟑)
𝑵
𝑺 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝟐𝟓 𝑑𝐵 = 𝟏𝟎 log 𝟏𝟎 (𝑷); where 𝑷 =
𝑵 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟖𝟏 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑺
𝑷 = = 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟑
𝑵
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 1
Solution for c:
𝑪 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎) log 𝟐 𝑴
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟑
log 𝟐 𝑴 =
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟑
𝑴= log −𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 or 𝟏𝟕 levels or symbols
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 2
➢ An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units
are sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate.
Solution:
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠
𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟒
𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 3
➢ If an optical fiber has a bandwidth of 2 Gigahertz and a modem uses
512 signal levels, what is the maximum data rate according to
Nyquist?
Solution:
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐 (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 ) log 𝟐 (𝟓𝟏𝟐)
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒃𝒑𝒔 or 𝟑𝟔 Gbps
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 4
➢ Using the fiber in the previous question, if the average signal power is
405 units and the average noise power is 27 units, what is the
maximum channel capacity according to Shannon?
Solution:
𝑺
𝑪 = 𝑩 log 𝟐 (𝟏 + )
𝑵
𝟗
𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝑪 = (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 ) log 𝟐 (𝟏 + )
𝟐𝟕
𝑪 = 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 or 𝟖 Gbps
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

PROBLEM 5
➢ Using the solved Nyquist bitrate in problem number 3, calculate the
baud rate of the communication system if the number of signal levels
will be increased to 1024.
Solution:
𝒇𝒃
𝑩= = 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
𝑁
𝒇𝒃 𝒇𝒃 36000000000
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = = =
𝑁 log 𝟐 𝑴 log 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠
 TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY of the PHILIPPINES
Brgy. 660 Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila

Thank you for listening!

Stay safe and God bless, Future Engineers! ☺

- Sir Jepp