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    Physics Project Sample

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    psupreth99
    The document describes a student project that analyzed various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell, including the distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes. It provides the objective, apparatus, procedures, observations, results and inferences of experiments conducted to study how changing each factor impacts the internal resistance. The conclusions were that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes.

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    Physics Project Sample

    Uploaded by

    psupreth99
    37 views14 pages
    The document describes a student project that analyzed various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell, including the distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes. It provides the objective, apparatus, procedures, observations, results and inferences of experiments conducted to study how changing each factor impacts the internal resistance. The conclusions were that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes.

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    The document describes a student project that analyzed various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell, including the distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes. It provides the objective, apparatus, procedures, observations, results and inferences of experiments conducted to study how changing each factor impacts the internal resistance. The conclusions were that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views14 pages

    Physics Project Sample

    Uploaded by

    psupreth99
    The document describes a student project that analyzed various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell, including the distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes. It provides the objective, apparatus, procedures, observations, results and inferences of experiments conducted to study how changing each factor impacts the internal resistance. The conclusions were that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolytes.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    Satya Prakash Public School

    SPPS

    *bpßitß *rojett
    Topic : Study of various factors on which the
    internal resistance/EMF of a cell
    depends.
    Submitted to . Mr. Rajesh Kaurav
    Submitted by : Harsh Solanki [class- 12th]
    Certificate
    This is to certifj' that Master Splenki, a
    student of class has successfully
    completed his project work under the guidance of
    subjectteacher Mr, Rajesh Kagray during the year
    from Satp in
    partial fulfillment Q/'physics practicle examination
    conducted by CBSE.

    TeacherIn-charge ExternalExaminer

    Principal SchoolRubberStamp
    Thesuccess andfinal outcome of this project required a
    lot of guidance and assistancefrom manypeople and I am
    extremelyfortunate to have got this all along the
    completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
    only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
    forget to thank them.
    I respect and thank Mr. Rajesh Kaurav,for giving me an
    opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
    support and guidance which made me complete the
    project on time. I would like to express my gratitude
    towards Mrs. Rakhi Mukherjeefor helping me in
    conductingpracticalsfor project.
    Last but not the least I would like to thank all myfriends
    who supported me all the way and my parents who helped
    mefinancially and encouraged me throughout in the
    completion of project.
    INDEX
    Topics

    1. Introduction
    Internal Resistance

    2. Practical Analysis
    • Objective
    Apparatus
    Theory
    • Circuit Diagram
    Procedure
    Result & Inferences
    precautions
    • Sources Of error

    3. Flowchart Conclusion
    4. Bibliography
    INTRODUCTION
    There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
    electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
    Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
    that their potential can be increased greatly .

    Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis


    for thefactors affecting the internal resistance of a
    cell.
    When the internal resistance ofthe cell is decreased
    we can increase the potential difference across it , and
    hence make it more reliable.
    INTERNAL RESISTANCE
    Internal resistanceis definedas the resistanceofferedby the
    electrolyteOfthe cell to theflow Ofions.

    • Its S.I. unitis Ohm (Q)

    For a cell Ofe.m.f.(E) and internal resistance(r), connectedto


    an externalresistance(R)suchthat (l) is the currentflowing
    throughthe circuit,

    E=V+1r
    Internal Resistance
    1
    • is inversely proportional tofacing surface area of the
    electrodes in electrolyte.
    • decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
    • is inversely proportional to concentration of
    electrolyte.
    The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

    r = (E-V)/I

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

    Power Suppl y

    Leclanche cell

    R.B.

    Shunt
    PROCEDURE
    l. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
    sand paper and make tight connections according
    to the circuit diagram.
    2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
    3. Check the e.m:ß of the battery and of the cell and
    make sure that e.m.f.'of the battery is more than that
    of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
    be obtained.
    To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
    separation
    4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
    5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
    rheostat resistance small.
    6. Without inserting a plug in key K2,adjust the
    rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
    wire Ofthe potentiometer.
    7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
    using a set square and measure the balancing length
    between the null point and the end P.
    8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K/ and K2.At the
    same time, take out a small resistance (l —5 W)from
    the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
    the cell.
    9. Slide thejockey along a potentiometer wire and
    obtain the null point.
    10. Measure the balancing length (12)from end P.
    Record these observations.
    11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
    12. Then remove the plugs of keys KI and K2. Wait
    for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
    13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
    another set of observations.
    Tostudy variation of internal resistance with area of
    electrodes
    14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
    the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
    them into the electrolyte at different depthsfor each
    observation.
    15. Obtain three such observations by
    repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
    To study variation of internal resistance with
    concentration of electrolyte
    16. Keeping all otherfactors constant, decrease the
    concentration ofelectrolyte by adding distilled water
    for different observations.
    17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
    7 to 10. Record your readings.

    OBSERVATIONS

    S.no. Ammeter Position Ofnull point(cm) Shunt Internal


    Reading Resistance Resistance
    WithoutR

    1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94


    2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
    3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

    Table for effect of separation between electrodes


    S.no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
    point point Resistance
    electrodes Idem)
    1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
    2. 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
    Table for effect of temperature
    Sno. Temperature Il(cm) l: (cm) Resistance Internal Tr
    R(Q) Resistance

    1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44


    320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

    RESULT & INFERENCES


    • The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
    is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
    • The internal resistance of a cell is directly
    proportional to the separation between the
    electrodes.
    • The internal resistance o/a cell is inversely
    proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
    electrolyte.
    • The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
    proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
    • The internal resistance o/a cell is inversely
    proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
    RRECAIJTIONS
    I. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
    2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
    when the observations are to be taken.
    3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El and
    E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
    zero of the wires.
    4. Thejockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
    It should touch the wire gently.
    5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
    particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
    the rheostat for this purpose.

    SOURCES OF ERROR
    I. The auxiliary battery may not befully charged.
    2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
    section and material density throughout its length.
    3. End resistances may not be zero.
    FLOWCHART
    CONCLUSION
    Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell

    Area of Conc. of
    Electrodes Electrolyte
    Inversely inversely
    proportional proportional

    Distance Temperature
    between of
    Electrodes Electrolytes
    Directly Inversely
    proportional Proportional
    BIBLIOGRApHY
    www.google.com
    • www.documents.mx
    www.wikipedia.org
    www.docfoc.com
    • www.slideshare.net

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