READING COMPREHENSION WEEK 13

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIAL HANDLING

Packaging Material handling is integral to the manufacturing industry. It is a human activity being performed
since time immemorial but now an important specialised function of all industrial activities. Although every
production worker’s job involves this function, a large number of people work as dedicated “material moving
machine operators”. The material handling equipment transports various items in a variety of industrial
settings such as moving construction materials around building sites or moving goods onto buses, trains,
aircrafts, ships etc. The basic function of material handling is to choose most appropriate material handling
equipment which is safe and can meet material handling requirements. It aims towards: Improving the
operational efficiency of the company; Ensuring better control of flow of material; Providing better response to
customers through improved service delivery; and Promoting safety in material handling.

A manufacturing establishment receives the raw material, which passes through a series of handling processes
before it reaches the ultimate customer. A modern manufacturing plant works on assembly line principles in
which the material moves along the assembly line where different workers assemble different parts and the
finished product emerges at the end of the process. For instance, the automobile manufacturing unit such as
Maruti Udyog adopts this method. Material handling also involves short distance movement within the
confines of a building or between building and transportation vehicle. Material handling is significant as it:
Involves handling costs (can be 25% of the entire manufacturing costs). Requires frequent handling of
subcomponents (can be 50 times in the manufacturing chain). Ensures increased safety. Decreases damages to
parts and materials.

Material handling involves correct handling, sorting, moving of materials, equipment, and goods. Proper
material handling results in shortening of delivery time, lowering overall costs of manufacturing, improving
customer service, and reducing inventory. Dimensions of Material Handling Movement: Efficient movement of
goods into and out of storage facilities.

Time: Readying goods for production or for customer order filling. Quantity: Due to varying usage and delivery
rate of raw materials and finished goods, material-handling systems are designed to assure that the correct
quantity of product meets the needs of production and customers. 78 Logistics Management: Components
Space: Utilising effectively limited space by the material-handling equipment in the warehouse and plant.
Thesis statement

Draw out five different adjectives and classify them seven sentences and classify their tense

Write five wh question with their answers

Draw out four different connectors and classify them

THESIS STATEMENT: Proper material handling results in shortening of delivery time, lowering overall costs of
manufacturing, improving customer service, and reducing inventory.

Adjectives:
Better: Opinion
Short: Size
Goods: Opinion
An: Determiner
A: Determiner

1. People work as dedicated “material moving machine operators”. ---- Present

2. A manufacturing establishment receives the raw material --- Present
3. Providing better response to customers through improved service delivery. ---- Future
4. Material handling is significant as it: Involves handling costs ---- Present
5. Present Simple: "A large number of people work as dedicated 'material moving machine operators'."
6. Present Simple: "The material handling equipment transports various items in a variety of industrial
settings..."
7. Present Simple: "The basic function of material handling is to choose the most appropriate material
handling equipment..."

Material handling, an integral aspect of manufacturing, relies on dedicated operators and specialized
equipment. Additionally, the efficient movement of goods, a fundamental goal of material handling,
contributes to the operational efficiency of a company. Moreover, this process ensures better control of
material flow, facilitating improved service delivery and heightened customer responsiveness. Furthermore,
modern manufacturing, exemplified by assembly line principles, emphasizes the seamless flow of materials as
they progress through various handling processes. Finally, material handling, encompassing correct sorting and
movement of goods, is pivotal for minimizing costs, enhancing safety, and optimizing overall manufacturing
processes.

Additionally: Emphasis

Moreover: Addiction

Furthermore: Addiction

As: Addiction
Finally: Time

QUESTIONS

1.What are the goals of material handling in the manufacturing industry?

The goals of material handling include improving operational efficiency, better control of material flow.
2.How does material handling impact manufacturing costs?
Material handling costs can account for up to 25% of the entire manufacturing costs.
3.what are the dimensions of material handling movement?
The dimensions of material handling movement include efficient movement of goods into and out of storage
facilities.
4.What are the benefits of proper material handling?
Proper material handling results in a shorter delivery time, reduced overall manufacturing costs
5.What is the significance of material handling in the manufacturing industry?
It aims to improve operational efficiency, ensure better control of material flow, provide improved service
delivery to customers, and promote safety.

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2. MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEMS

The handling of material is either manual or automated. Manual handling involves manual methods to
move individual containers by lifting, lowering, filling, emptying, or carrying them. Ergonomic
improvements can be used to modify manual handling tasks to reduce injuries by reconfiguring the
tasks and using equipment such as lift/tilt/turn tables etc., to reduce reaching and bending. Manual
 handling can expose the workers to injuries especially handling heavy equipment. Automated handling
equipment can be used to reduce and sometimes replace the need to manually handle material. Most
of them require a human operator for tasks such as loading/unloading and driving. In a way it is
semiautomated. Automated handling is increasing with advances in machine intelligence, and robotics.
All the material handling equipment in the facility is required to be a single unified system based on the
following principles:

a) Planning: It encompasses a plan that includes suppliers, consultants, components of finance, engineering,
management, and operations.

b) Unitization: Assembling of goods as one compact load.

c) Systems: Integration of handling and effective storage activities which is cost effective.

d) Simplification: Simplifying handling activities by reducing, eliminating, and combining unnecessary

movement and equipments to maximise productivity.

e) Ergonomics: Recognising human limitations in human-mechanical systems.

f) Standardisation: Standardisation of material handling methods can enable the equipment and controls to
perform various tasks than doing a specific one.

g) Space Utilisation: Ensuring effective utilisation of space and keeping the areas organised and clutter-free for
the use of storage space within the facility.

h) Automation: Deploying automated technology in material handling, production, and storage.

i) Environment: Designing for ensuring reusability and recyclability along with environmental friendliness.

j) Safety Principle: Providing safe methods of handling equipment and following safety codes. The primary
objective of a material handling system is to reduce the unit cost of production; the others being: 79 Material
Handling and Packaging
a) Reducing manufacturing cycle time

b) Minimising delays and damage

c) Promoting safety and improving working conditions

d) Maintaining or improving product quality e) Enhancing productivity through: Material flow in a straight line
Material movement in as short a distance as possible Material movement at one time

f) Material handling automation

g) Controlling inventory

3. MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT

 Industrial material handling equipment involves a diverse range of tools, vehicles, storage units,
appliances and accessories involved in transporting, storing, controlling, enumerating, and protecting
products at any stage of manufacturing, distribution, consumption, or disposal. These can be grouped
into four categories: storage, engineered systems, industrial trucks, and bulk material handling.

1) Storage Equipment. These are usually non-automated used to hold or handle reserve materials (buffer).
These include: Racks, such as pallet racks, push-back racks, and sliding racks, are a basic but important method
of storage, saving floor space while keeping their contents accessible. Stacking frames are stackable like blocks,
allowing inventory, such as containers of liquid, to be stacked to save space without damage. Shelves used with
bins and drawers, to store and organise smaller and more difficult to manage materials and products.
Mezzanines, which is an indoor platform to create more floor space.

2) Engineered Systems. These cover a variety of units that work cohesively to enable storage and
transportation often being automated. These include: Conveyors are devices that move material (or people)
horizontally or vertically between two fixed points. Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are independent
computeroperated trucks that transport loads along a predetermined path, with sensors and detectors to
avoid bumping into anything. Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) is a large automated system for
automatically placing and taking the loads/materials or commodities from the storage or place where they are
stored. For example, the shuttle system is a mechanised cherry picker that can be used by a worker or can
perform fully automated functions to quickly locate a storage item’s location and quickly retrieve it for other
uses. 80 Logistics Management: Components

3) Industrial Trucks. Trucks can also be manual or powered. A stack truck can be used to stack items, while a
non-stack truck is typically used for transportation and not for loading. These include: Automated Guided
Vehicle (AGV) Automated Electrified Monorail Storing Transfer Vehicle

4) Bulk Handling Equipment. These are conveyor belts or elevators that move large quantities of material such
as food, liquid, or metals in loose bulk form, or in packaged form through drums and hoppers. These are:
Conveyors of various types for different types of bulk material. Stackers are usually automated, pile bulk
material onto stockpiles. Recliners retrieve materials from stockpiles, using bucket wheels, or scraper. Bucket
elevators use buckets attached to a rotating chain or belt to carry material vertically. Grain elevators are tall
buildings for storing grain, having equipment to convey the grain to the top of the elevator, where it is sent out
for processing. Hoppers are funnel-shaped containers that allow material to be poured or dumped from one
container to another. Silos are generally large storage structures for bulk materials, without any equipment to
convey the material to the top like grain elevators.
 What is e-commerce? Definition,
4.

benefits, examples for 2023

596 shares
E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services via the
internet, and the transfer of money and data to complete the sales. It’s
also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce.

Online selling has changed tremendously since it began; the evolution

and history of e-commerce is fascinating – and it’s advancing at an even
quicker pace today.

Today, questions about e-commerce usually

center around which channels are best to
execute business online, but one of the most
burning questions is the appropriate spelling of
e-commerce.
The truth is, there isn’t any one that’s right or
wrong, and it usually comes down to
preference.
Here’s a few variations of how e-commerce is spelled:

 e-commerce

 E-commerce
 ecommerce
 Ecommerce
 eCommerce
 e commerce

(In other words, “what is e-commerce” is far easier to answer than how
to spell it, so we may have to agree to disagree on the proper spelling).
How does e-commerce work?
The process of buying and selling goods and services online typically
consists of the exchange of data or currency to process a transaction
involving more than one entity or individual.

E-commerce allows a customer to place an order via online stores,

websites, or social channels. After the customer places an order, the
order details are relayed to a central backend system – an e-commerce
platform, which facilitates or performs several tasks, including:

 Receiving the order

 Updating stock or inventory levels and confirming if there’s
sufficient stock
 Processing the payment for the order
 Confirming adequate funds were received to fulfill the order
 Notifying the customer that the order was successfully
processed.
 Notifying the shipping department for the order to be shipped to
the customer, or access to the service to be granted.
Types of e-commerce: Business models and
examples
As commerce continues to evolve, so
do the ways that it’s conducted.
THE MOST TRADITIONAL TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
BUSINESS MODELS AND EXAMPLES OF HOW THEY
WORK INCLUDE:
1. Business to Consumer (B2C): B2C e-commerce is the most
popular e-commerce model. Business to consumer means that
the sale is taking place between a business and a consumer, like
when you buy something from an online retailer.
2. Business to Business (B2B): B2B e-commerce refers to a
business selling a good or service to another business, like a
manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer.
Business to business e-commerce isn’t consumer-facing, and
usually involves products like raw materials, software, or
products that are combined. Manufacturers also sell directly to
retailers via B2B ecommerce.
3. Direct to Consumer (D2C): Direct to consumer e-commerce
is the newest model of ecommerce, and trends within this
category are continually changing. D2C means that a brand is
selling directly to their end customer without going through a
retailer, distributor, or wholesaler. Subscriptions are a popular
D2C item, and social selling via platforms like InstaGram,
Pinterest, TikTok, Facebook, SnapChat, etc. are popular
platforms for direct to consumer sales.
4. Consumer to Consumer (C2C): C2C e-commerce refers to
the sale of a good or service to another consumer. Consumer to
 consumer sales take place on platforms like eBay, Etsy, and
Fivver.
5. Consumer to Business (C2B): Consumer to business is when
an individual sells their services or products to a business
organization. C2B encompasses influencers offering exposure,
photographers, consultants, freelance writers, etc.
6. Business to Government (B2G): Also known as business-to-
administration (B2A), business to government involves the sale
of goods and services between the business sector as a supplier
and a government entity as a customer. For example,
government agencies may orders goods or services from
external third-party contractors for cleaning and maintaining of
public spaces like parks.
7. Consumer to Government (C2G): Also called consumer-to-
administration (C2A), consumer to government enables
consumers to provide feedback or request information regarding
public agencies directly to the government administration or
authorities. Examples include paying an electricity bill or taxes
through a government website.