Whenever a link failes and alternate link takes times almost 50

seconds and you want to skip that time, we can do so by telling that
switch to skip the forward delay time , resuting in switch brings that
UPLINK FAST
port up right away

- this funtionality should be running on access switches

When a switch loses connectivity to root switch, it sends other

nono-root swicth BPDUS claimng that it is the root switch, Other
switches are still in connection to root switches but they will not
respond bcz of mazx age timer, and after the timer finishes they
BACKBONE FAST
will say here is the better root ID

Backbone fast tells switches not wait for max age timer whern
Utilization
that happens

When non-switch device like a PC is connected to the the switch,

we know there are no loops going to happen, still it would go
through all the STP states before it could send the traffic, (30
seconds)

also whenever user shutdown the PC, switch is gonna send TCN to
root and it will flood to everyone, That was casuing unncesseary STP PORT FAST
traffic...

1-that port is directly gonna turn forwarding

2- NO tcn is gonna be send for that port

If we wanna skip this timer we use the portfast

To avoide single point of failure we Problems like

used redundany in our network, -Brodacst Storms
Why do we need it ? -->But adding resdundancy introduced -Recieving multipel copies of frames
IEEE 802.1D has only one topology tree and totally new set of problems -Instable MAC address table
a slower convergence which can be
problematic.
Why ?
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) IEEE
802.1W reduces the number of port states As a switch initializes, it assumes that it is the root bridge and uses the local bridge identifier as the root bridge
to be faster and more efficient. identifier.

It then listens to its neighbor’s configuration BPDU, Two possible scenarios will happen
!!
-It works by maintaining multiple topologies 1--> If the neighbor’s configuration BPDU is inferior to its own BPDU, the switch ignores that BPDU.
for different VLANS What is BPDU ?
2--> If the neighbor’s configuration BPDU is a better to its own BPDU, the switch updates its BPDUs to include the
- It reduced the stated to three new root bridge identifier along with a new root path cost that is total cost to root bridge
States
1 Discard
2 Learning
3 Forwarding Identify the root bridge

This process of exchaging BPDUs

continues until all switches in a topology
A port at the edge of the network where have identified the root bridge switch.
hosts connect to the Layer 2 STP prefers lower priority number then
topology with one interface and cannot goes to lower MAC address.
Edge port
form a loop. These ports directly correlate
to ports that have the STP portfast feature Spanning Tree 1
enabled
when a switch advertises a root path cost, it is calulated
A port that has the best path cost toward locally , which consist of
the root bridge. There can be only one root
Root port Types ((advertised root path cost + local interface port cost ))
port on a switch.
Terminologies

Any port that connects to another RSTP switch with full duplex. The root path cost is always zero on the
Full-duplex links do not permit more than two devices on a root bridge
network segment, so determining whether a link is full duplex is
Point- to - point
the fastest way to check the feasibility of being connected to a
switch.
Per Vlan Spanning Tree  How the cost to root is calulated

Nearest port to the ROOT bridge Root port

port that exchanges BPDUS and network It contains, Local bridge ID, Root Bridge ID,
Configuration BPDU
traffic & also connnect to downstream Designated port Cost to reach the Root ID
swithces
The switch that detects a link status change sends a topology
Cisco Propritery A network port that provides alternate change notification (TCN) BPDU toward the root bridge out of its RP.
Alternate Port Roles It is a message that contains infoarmtion about topology
connectivity to root swicth via other switch 802.1D THere are Two types of BPDUs:
What Actually happens in it? -Configuration BPDU If an upstream switch receives the TCN, it sends out an
A network port that provides link redundancy acknowledgment and forwards the TCN out its RP to the root
-Topology change notification
toward the current root bridge.
switch. A backup port exists only when Backup port
multiple links connect Upon receipt of the TCN, the root bridge creates a new
between the same switches topology change BPDU chnages flow from root to EDGE switches configuration BPDU with the Topology Change flag set, and it is
then flooded to all the switches.
1. As the first two switches connect to each other, they These are fixed values for types of ports
verify that they are connected with a point-to-point link we have long mode and short mode stp cost.
When switches receive this, they set their MAC address timer to a
by checking the full-duplex status. The original method, known as short mode, is the default
default 15 seconds. Then the device flushes its MAC table if has not
mode.
heard from a device in that last 15 seconds.
2. They establish a handshake with each other to
advertise a proposal (in configuration BPDUs) that their TCNs are generated on a VLAN basis, so the impact of TCNs
interface should be the DP for that port. Root port represents the port that is nearest to root brodge, directly correlates to the number of hosts in a VLAN.

3. There can be only one DP per segment, so each

switch identifies whether it is the superior or inferior !1- Nearest in terms of root path cost, lower is better.
switch, using the same logic as in 802.1D for the system
identifier (that is, the lowest priority and then the lowest Flavours of STP The interface associated to lowest path cost is more preferred.
MAC address). Find the root port The interface associated to the lowest system priority of the advertising switch is preferred next.
-RSTP switches exchange handshakes with The interface associated to the lowest system MAC address of the advertising switch is preferred next.
other RSTP switches to transition through When multiple links are associated to the same switch, the lowest port priority from the advertising switch is
4. The inferior switch (SW2) recognizes that it is inferior
the following STP states faster. preferred.
and marks its local port (Gi1/0/1) as the RP. At that same
time, it moves all non-edge ports to a discarding state. Building topology? How it works ? When multiple links are associated to the same switch, the lower port number from the advertising switch is
At this point in time, the switch has stopped all local preferred.
-They form a bidirecitional handshake
switching for non-edge ports.
across the shared link to identify the root
bridge
5. The inferior switch (SW2) sends an agreement All other ports are considerd as Designated
(configuration BPDU) to the root bridge (SW1), which ports
signifies to the root bridge that synchronization is
occurring on that switch. Who blocks the port--->?
Finding the Designeted port
6. The inferior switch (SW2) moves its RP (Gi1/0/1) to a The switch with the lower path cost to the root bridge
forwarding state. The superior switch moves its DP If two nonroot switches ar connected on forwards, and the one with the higher path cost blocks. If
(Gi1/0/2) to a forwarding state, too. there desingated ports then one of them they tie, they move on to the next step.
must a port to blocking state.
7. The inferior switch (SW2) repeats the process for any The system priority of the local switch is compared to the
downstream switches connected to it. system priority of the remote switch. The local port is moved
Bokcing the port to a blocking state if the remote system priority is lower than
Rapid PVST  that of the local switch. If they tie, they move on to the next
step.
PerVlan SPanning tree + 
The system MAC address of the local switch is compared to the
system priority of the remote switch. The local designated port is
IEEE standard 802.1W Rapid Spanning tree  moved to a blocking state if the remote system MAC address is lower
than that of the local switch. If the links are connected to the same
Multiple spannign tree  switch, they move on to the next step