Contents

B.Tech. Maths, Physics & Chemistry Syllabus................................................................... 2

Section – A: Mathematics ................................................................................................... 2
Section – B: Physics ............................................................................................................. 7
Section – C: Chemistry ...................................................................................................... 13
B.Tech. Biology, Physics & Chemistry Syllabus .............................................................. 21
Section – A: Biology - Botany ............................................................................................ 22
Section – A: Biology -Zoology ........................................................................................... 25
Section – B: Physics ........................................................................................................... 29
Section – C: Chemistry ...................................................................................................... 34
Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry Syllabus
Section – A: Mathematics

UNIT – 1

SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS: Sets and their representation, Union,

Intersection and compliment of sets, and their algebraic properties, power set, Relation,
Types of relation, Equivalence relation, Functions, one-one, into and onto functions,
composite functions.

UNIT – 2

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple

applications.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING: Statements, Logical operations and, or, implies, implied

by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, Converse and Contra positive.

UNIT – 3

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS & THEORY OF EQUATIONS:

Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Reminder and
Factor Theorems, common Roots, General Quadratic expression, Finding the range of a
function, Location of roots, Solving inequalities using location of roots.

THEORY OF EQUATIONS: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an

equation; Solving the equation when two or more roots of it are connected by certain
relations; Equations with real coefficients, imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs and its
consequences; Transformation of equations, Reciprocal equations.

UNIT – 4

BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties
of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

UNIT – 5

SEQUENCES AND SERIES: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of

arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and
G.M. Sum to n terms of special series  n,  n2 ,  n3 . Arithmetic - Geometric
progression.
 UNIT – 6

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS:

Definition of linear and circular permutations; To find the number of permutations of n
dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time. To prove nPr = ( n − 1)P + r ( n − 1)P from the first
r r −1

principles; To find number of Permutations of n Dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time

when repetition of things is allowed any number of times.; To find number of circular
Permutations of n Different things taken all at a time.; To find the number of Permutations
of ‘n’ things taken ‘r’ at a time when some of them are alike and the rest are dissimilar; To
find the number of combinations of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time; To prove i) If
nC = n then n = r+s or r=s ii) nC r + nC r −1 = ( n + 1) .
r Cs Cr

UNIT - 7

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices,

determinants and matrices of order two and three. Properties of determinants, evaluation
of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of
a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test for consistency
and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants
and matrices, and rank of matrix.

UNIT - 8

VECTOR ALGEBRA: Algebra of Vectors – angle between two non-zero vectors – Linear
combination of vectors – Geometrical applications of vectors. Scalar and vector product of
two, three and four vectors and their application.

UNIT- 9

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY: Co-ordinates of a point in space, Distance between

two points, Section formula, Direction ratios and direction cosines, Angle between two
intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.
Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, Intersection of a line and a plane,
Coplanar lines.

UNIT- 10

TRIGONOMETRY: Trigonometric ratios, Compound angles, multiple and sub-multiple

angle, Transformations, Trigonometric expansions using
Demovier’s Theorem. Trigonometric equations, Inverse Trigonometry and Heights and
distances (only 2D problems).
 UNIT – 11

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES: Sine rule, cosine rule, Tangent rule, projection rule, Half
angle formulae and area of triangle. In-circle and ex-circle of a Triangle. Pedal Triangle,
Ex-central Triangle, Geometry relation of Ex-centres, Distance between centres of Triangle.
m-n Theorem, problems and quadrilateral, regular polygon, solution of Triangle
(Ambiguous cases).

COMPLEX NUMBERS: Definitions, Integral Power of iota(i), Algebraic operations with

complex numbers, square root of a complex number, Geometrical representation of a
complex number, Modz, Arg of Z, polar term of Z, Eulors form of Z, Conjugate of Z,
3
Properties of conjugate, solving complex equations, Demovre’s Theorem, Properties of √1,
𝑛
√1, √1, Geometrical applications of complex numbers.
4

UNIT – 12

LIMITS, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY (LCD): Real - valued functions,

algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential
functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and
differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two
functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential,
composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two.

UNIT – 13

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES: Rate of change of quantities, Errors and

approximations, Tangent and normals, maxima and minima of functions of one variable,
mean value theorems (Rolle’s, lagrange’s, Intermediate value theorem).

UNIT - 14

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION: Fundamental Integration formulae, Method of

integration, Integration by parts, Integration by substitution, Integration of Rational and
Irrational Algebraic functions, Integral of the form ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 (a+𝑏𝑥 𝑛 )p𝑑𝑥 Integration using
Euler’s substitution. Reduction formulae over indefinite integrals, Integration using
differentiation.

UNIT - 15

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS: Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of

integral calculus. Problems on all the properties of definite integrals. Libnitz rule.
Determining areas of the regions bounded by curves.
 UNIT - 16

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY: Locus: Definition of locus; Equation of locus and its

illustration on complete geometry; Translation & Rotation of axes and its illustrations

STRAIGHT LINES: Different forms of straight lines, distance of a point from a line, lines
through the point of intersection of two given lines, angular bisectors of two lines, Foot of
perpendicular, Image point (vs) point, point (vs) line and line (vs) line. Concurrences of
lines, centroid, orthocenter, incentre and circumcentre of triangle.

UNIT - 17

CIRCLES: Equation of a circle-Standard form-centre and radius-Equation of a circle with

a given line segment as diameter- Equation of circle through three non-colinear points-
parametric equations of a circle. Position of a point in the plane of the circle- power of a
point-Def. of a tangent-Length of tangent. Position of a straight line in the plane of the
circle-condition for a straight line to be a tangent– chord joining two points on a circle -
equation of the tangent at a point on the circle – point of contact – Equation of normal.
Chord of contact-Pole, Polar-conjugate points and conjugate lines- Equation of chord with
given mid point. Relative positions of two circles-circles touching each other-externally,
internally, common tangents-points of similitude-Equation of tangents from an external
point. Angle between two intersecting circles. Conditions for Orthogonalities. Concepts of
Radical axis and Radical Centre.

UNIT - 18

PARABOLA, ELLIPSE, HYPERBOLA AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES:

a) PARABOLA: Conic sections-parabola-Equation of parabola in standard form-Different
forms of parabola; parametric equations. Equation of tangent and normal at a point on the
parabola (cartesian and parametric)- condition for a straight line to be a tangent.

b) ELLIPSE: Equation of Ellipse in standard form, parametric equations. Equation of

tangent and normal at a point on the Ellipse (Cartesian and parametric) condition for a
straight line to be a tangent.

c) HYPERBOLA: Equation of hyperbola in standard form-parametric equations,

Rectangular Hyperbola.; equation of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola
(Cartesian and parametric) condition for a straight line to be a tangent. Asymptotes.
 UNIT - 19

DIFFERENTIAL EQUALITIONS: Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree.

Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of
separation of variables, solution of homogeneous, Non-Homogenous, linear differential
equations. Bernoulli’s Equation, Orthogonal Trajectory. Applications of Differential
equations.

UNIT - 20

PROBABILITIES, RANDOM VARIABLES & DISTRIBUTIONS AND STATISTICS:

PROBABILITY: Random experiment, random event, elementary events, exhaustive

events, mutually exclusive events, Sample space, Sample events, Addition theorem on
Probability. Dependent and independent events, multiplication theorem, Baye’s theorem.

RANDOM VARIABLES & DISTRIBUTIONS: Random variables, Distributive functions,

probability distributive functions, Mean, variance of a random variable; Bernoulli trials and
Binomial distributions.

STATISTICS: Measures of Dispersion; Calculation of Mean, Median, Mode of grouped

and ungrouped data, Calculation of Standard Deviation, Variance and Mean deviation for
grouped and ungrouped data.

---------
 Section – B: Physics

UNIT - 1

1. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS :Units for fundamental and derived quantities; Systems of
Units; SI system of units – rules for writing unit, derived units, multiple units and sub
multiple units in SI system; Measurement for quantitative study, Accuracy and precision
of measuring instruments; Errors due to external causes – constant type, systematic type
and environmental type; Errors due to imperfections in experimental
techniques/procedure/personal/observation – random errors, gross errors, absolute errors,
mean absolute error and relative error percentage error; errors due to addition,
subtraction, multiplication division and powers of observed quantities; Significant figures,
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae, applications and limitations of
dimensional analysis.

2. ELEMENTS OF VECTORS: Classification of physical quantities as vectors and scalars

Geometrical representation of vectors – Addition and subtraction of vectors. Laws of
addition of vectors – Equal and null vectors. Unit vectors – Unit vectors in Cartesian co-
ordinate system – position vector and its magnitude. Parallelogram law of vectors –
Expression for the resultant vector. Triangle law and polygon law of vectors – concept of
relative velocity- application to relative motion of a boat in a river. Multiplication of a vector
with a scalar – Scalar product with examples of work and energy – Vector product with
examples of torque and angular momentum – Vector and Scalar product of unit vectors.

UNIT - 2

1. KINEMATICS : Force and Inertia, Newton’s Law of Motion, Momentum, Impulse. Concept
of resultant force, equilibrium of concurrent forces. Force of Friction, Types of friction,
Types of Coefficient of friction. Angle of friction, Angle of repose. Motion of a body on a
smooth and rough horizontal surface. Motion of a body on a smooth and rough inclined
plane. Law of Conservation of Linear momentum and its applications. Motion in a
straight line, speed and velocity. Uniform non uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity, Uniformly accelerated motion. Position-time graph, Velocity-time
graph, Acceleration-time graphs relation for uniformly accelerated motion. Motion of freely
falling body, Vertically projected body. Projectile motion.

2. WORK-POWER-ENERGY: Work done by a constant force and a variable force. Power,

Types of Energies: Mechanical Energy, Potential energy and Kinetic energy. Work energy
theorem. Conservative and Non-Conservative forces. Conservation of Mechanical energy.
Potential energy of a spring.
 UNIT - 3

1. CENTRE OF MASS: Introduction, Centre of mass, difference between centre of mass

and centre of gravity. Co-ordinates of centre of mass. Centre of mass of particles along
a line, center of mass of system of particles in a plane, center of mass of system of
particles in space. Centre of mass of rigid body with homogenous distribution of mass
of a thin rod, circular ring, disc and sphere. Motion of centre of mass (Velocity and
acceleration of center of mass) characteristics of centre of mass, laws of motion of the
centre of mass, velocity and acceleration. Explosion - motion of the centre of mass of
earth - moon system

2. COLLISIONS: Introduction - Elastic and inelastic collisions. Collisions in one dimension

(elastic and inelastic) body at rest, bodies moving in same direction and opposite
directions. Co- efficient of restitution definition. Equation for height attained for freely
falling body after number of rebounds on floor. Two dimensional collision.

UNIT - 4

1. ROTATORY MOTION: Introduction, uniform circular motion, concept of angular

displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration, relation between linear
velocity and angular velocity, centripetal acceleration and Centripetal force, torque,
couple. Moment of Inertia: Perpendicular axis theorem. Parallel axis theorem. MI of a
thin rod, uniform disc, rectangular lamina, solid and hollow spheres, circular ring
and cylinder. Angular Momentum: Relation between angular momentum and
torque, law of conservation of angular momentum with examples. Motion in vertical circle.

Rolling without shipping and toppling.

2. GRAVITATION: Basic forces in nature; The Universal law of gravitation; Nature of

gravity; Relation between Universal gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to
gravity(g); variation of “g” with altitude, depth, latitude and shape of earth; Limitations
of Newton’s third Law. Idea of inertial and non-inertial frames – Inertial and gravitational
masses – Gravitational Potential and Gravitational Potential Energy. Escape velocity, orbital
velocity and relation between them – Geo stationary Satellites, their uses.

UNIT – 5

1. ELASTICITY: Elasticity & Plasticity – Stress and Strain – Hooke’s Law, Moduli of elasticity
(Y, n, K) – Poission’s ratio – definition and its limit; behaviour of wire under gradually
increasing load – elastic fatigue, strain Energy.

2. SURFACE TENSION: Surface tension – definition and applications, Molecular theory of

surface tension, surface energy. Angle of contact, Capillarity Determination of surface
tension by capillary rise method - theory and experiment. Effect of temperature on surface
tension, Excess pressure in liquid drops and soap bubbles.
3. FLUID MECHANICS: Introduction, Principle of Buoyancy, pressure due to fluid column.
Pascal’s Law and its applications. Stream line flow, Turbulent Flow, Reynolds number,
Bernoulli's theorem. Applications- aerodynamic lift, motion of a spinning ball.
Viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, effect of temperature on viscosity, Poiseuille's
equation. Motion of objects through fluids, Stoke's law, terminal velocity.

UNIT - 6

1. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Temperature and heat, measurement of

temperature. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Specific heat capacity,
Colorimetry, change of state, latent heat, Triple point. Heat transfer, Conduction,
Convection and Radiation. Black body radiation, Stefan’s Law, Wien’s Displacement
Law, Newton’s Law of Cooling.

2. THERMODYNAMICS: Thermal Equilibrium, Zeroth Law of thermodynamics. Heat

internal energy and work. First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic processes –
Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric, Isochoric, Quasi static processes. Second law of
thermodynamics; Reversible and Irreversible processes. Carnot engine and
refrigerator.

3. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: Gas Laws, ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases
– assumptions, pressure of an ideal gas. Kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS
speed of a gas molecule. Degree of Freedom, Law of equipartition of energy. Specific
heats of gases. Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

UNIT – 7

1. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: Periodic motion – Period, Frequency, Displacement

as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion and its equations,
phase. Oscillations of simple pendulum, Oscillations of a spring – Restoring force and
force constant. Energy in S.H.M – Kinetic and potential energies. Free, forced and
damped oscillations, resonance.

2. WAVE MOTION: Longitudinal and transverse waves, Equation for a progressive wave,
principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Formation of stationary waves on
a stretched string.

3. SOUND: Characteristics of sound - speed of sound in solids, liquids and gases Standing
waves in Organ Pipes - Open Pipes, Closed Pipes, Fundamental frequency,
Overtones, Harmonics, Beats. Doppler Effect: Applications and limitations of Doppler
Effect. Echoes.
 UNIT – 8

1. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Reflection of light, Reflection of light at

plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Reflection of light, Snell’s Law, Total internal
reflection. Lens formula, Magnification power of a lens, Combination of lenses, Culling of
a lens, Silvering of a lens. Refraction through a prism. Microscope and astronomical
telescope and their magnifying powers.

2. WAVE OPTICS: Huygens Principle and wavefront. Law of reflection and refraction using
Huygens principle. Interference of light, Young’s double slit experiment, Fringe width.
Diffraction of light, Diffraction due to a single slit, Width of central maxima. Resolving
power of a microscope and telescope. Polarization of light, Plane of polarized light.
Brewster’s law. Polaroids and their uses.

UNIT – 9

1. ELECTROSTATICS AND CAPACITORS: Charges - conservation of charge and additive

property of charges. Coulomb's Law: Permittivity of Free Space and Permittivity of Medium
- Force between two point charges. Force due to multiple charges - Principle of
Superposition with examples. Electric field - Electric lines of force, their properties -
Electric intensity definition – Electric intensity due to isolated charge and due to -multiple
charges. Electrostatic Potential - Definition of Electrostatic Potential in an electric field -
Potential due to single charge - multiple charges – Electrostatic potential energy - Relation
between electrostatic potential and electric intensity. Electric Flux Definition, Gauss’ Law
- Statement of Gauss’ Law, Application of Gauss’ Law to find electric intensity and
electrostatic Potential due to continuous charge distribution of Infinite Long wire, Infinite
Plane Sheet and Spherical Shell. Capacitance - Definition of Electrical Capacity of a
Conductor - Capacitance - Dielectric constant - Definition of Condenser, its uses - Parallel
plate Condenser - Formula for Capacitance of Parallel Plate Condenser, Dielectric -
Dielectric Strength - Effect of dielectric on capacitance of capacitors. Capacitors in series
and in parallel - derivation of the equivalent capacitance for the above cases. Energy stored
in a Condenser - Effect of dielectric on Energy of Condenser - Types of capacitors - their
uses.

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY: Electric current - Flow of Electric charges in a metallic

conductor – Drift velocity and mobility - Relation between electric current and drift
velocity. Ohm's Law: Ohmic and Non Ohmic elements with examples-conductance-specific
resistance-variation of resitivity with temperature-variation of resistance with temperature
– thermistors, Colour code for resistors. E.M.F. of Cell - Internal resistance and back E.
M.F. - Difference between EMF of a Cell and potential difference. Electrical energy, Power
definition of KW hr. Kirchhoffs laws: Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law - Kirchhoffs
current law - Application to Wheatstone bridge - condition for balancing - Meter bridge -
Determination of resistance of a conductor using meter bridge. Principle of Potentiometer
determination of internal resistance and E.M.F. of a cell using potentiometer. Series
and parallel combination of cells - Derivation of equivalent EMF for the above cases.
3. CR CIRCUITS (DC ONLY): Growth of charge in C-R series circuit. Decay of charge in C-
R series circuit. Time constant of C-R circuit.

UNIT – 10

1. ELECTROMAGNETISM: Biot-savart Law – Ampere Law – Magnetic field near a long

straight wire and magnetic field at the center of a circular coil carrying current (with
derivation) – Field on the axis of a circular coil carrying current (with expressions
only)Tangent Galvanometer – principle and working – Definition of reduction factor – force
on a moving charge in a magnetic field – force on a current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field – force between two long straight parallel conductors carrying current –
definition of ampere – Fleming’s left hand rule-current loop as a magnetic dipole, force
and torque on current loop in a uniform magnetic field – magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron – principle , construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer –
conversion of moving coil galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter – comparison of
M.C.G with T.G.

2. MAGNETISM: Magnetic moment, Magnetic moment of bar magnet. Magnetic induction

on the axial and equatorial line of a bar magnet. Couple on a bar magnet in a magnetic
field. Elements of Earth’s magnetism dip, declination. Dia, Para, Ferro magnetic
substances.

3. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND AC CIRCUITS: Faraday’s Law, induced emf

and induced current. Lenz’s Law, Fleming’s right hand rule. Self induction, Mutual
induction, Motional emf.

Alternating currents. Peak, RMS and average values of AC and AV. Series L-R, C-R, L-C
and L-C-R Circuit. Reactance, impedance. Resonance of L-C-R circuit. Quality factor,
power in AC circuits, Transformers.

UNIT- 11

1. DUALNATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION: Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric

effect, Hertz’s and Lenard’s observation. Einstein’s photoelectric equation particle
nature of light. Matter wave’s and de-Broglie’s theory, Davison-Germer experiment.

2. ATOMS AND NUCLEI: Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment. Bohr’s atomic

model, Hydrogen spectrum, energy levels. Composition of nucleus, atomic mass unit,
isotopes, isobars, isotones. Radio activity, Radioactive disintegration law α. β and γ decay.
Mass defect, Binding energy, average binding energy. Binding energy curve. Mass energy
relation. Nuclear fission and fusion.

3. SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Intrinsic and

Extrinsic semiconductors (n and p type) Junction diode – p-n junction, depletion layer and
barrier potential, forward and reverse bias – current voltage characteristics of junction
diode – p-n diode as half wave and full wave rectifier, (only qualitative treatment) Zener
diode as a voltage regulator – I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener
diode – Transistor – function of emitter, base and collector - p-n-p, n-p-n transistors –
Biasing of transistors, current, voltage – Characteristics of transistor in CE configuration –
Transistor as common emitter amplifier (qualitative treatment). Logic gates (OR, AND,
NOT, NAND and NOR) – Communication systems; Elements of communication systems
(block diagrams only) Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data) bandwidth of
Transmission medium – Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and
space wave propagation – Modulation – Need for modulation.

********
 Section – C: Chemistry

UNIT - 1

1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Characteristics of Electron, Proton and Neutron, RutherFord's

model of atom - Nature of electromagnetic theory - Plancks Quantum Theory, Explanation
of photoelectric effect - Features of atomic Spectra - Characteristics of Hydrogen
spectrum, Bohr's theory of structure of atom, Bohr's explanation of spectralines, failure of
Bohr's theory - Wave particle nature of electron - de Brogile's hypothesis, Heisensbergs
uncertainly principle, Important features of the Quantam mechanical model of atom,
Quantum numbers, concept of orbitals – Expressing atomic orbitals interms of quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, Aufbau principle, paulis exclusion principle,
Hunds'.rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration of atoms, explanation of
stability of half - filled and completely filled orbitals.

2. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: Composition of Nucleus, Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars,

Isodiaphers, Factors effecting nuclear stability, mass defect, binding energy, N/P ratio.
Radioactive disintegration and its rate – Half life and average life, Types of nuclear reactors
– Fission and Fussion with examples one each. Radioactive isotopes and their applications
– Iodine 131, Cobalt 60, Sodium 24, C14 and P30-Properties of α β and γ rays.

3. CHEMICAL BONDING: Orbital overlap and covalent bond, Ionic bond and Fajan’s rules,
Lattice energy, Hybridisation involving S, P and d orbitals, MOT(Homo nuclear diatomic
species only), H-bond, Dipolemoment, VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules.

UNIT - 2

1. CLASSIFICAITON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES : Concept

of grouping of elements in accordance with their properties, The periodic law, The
significance of atomic number and electronic configuration as the basis for periodic
classification - Classification of elements into s,p,d, f blocks and their main characteristics -
Classification of elements based on their properties.

2. HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS : Position of hydrogen in the periodic table.

Occurance, isotopes of hydrogen, Preparation, properties and uses (including as fuel) of
hydrogen. Reactions of hydrogen with different types of elements leading to Ionic,
molecular and non-stoichiometric hydrides, Physical and chemical properties of water and
heavy water, hydrogen peroxide - Methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties – oxidation – reduction, decomposition and disproportionate and addition
reactions. Detection of hydrogen peroxide -structure and uses of Hydrogen peroxide.
3. ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS: General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence, anamolous properties of first element in each group, diagonal
relationship, trends in properties like Ionisation enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii, reactivity
with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water. Preparation and properties and uses of the
compounds sodium hydroxide, salts of oxoacids, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen
carbonate, sodium chloride, biological importance of sodium and potassium, preparation
and uses of CaO, CaCO3 and CaSO4 , Industrial uses of lime and limestone - Biological
importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT - 3

1. STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS: Grahams Law of diffusion, Dalton’s law
of partial pressures, Avogadro's law. Ideal behavior, Emperical derivation of Gas equation,
Ideal gas equation. Kinetic molecular theory of gases, Kinetic gas equation (No derivation)
and deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation, Distribution of molecular velocities -
types of molecular velocities, behavior of real gases, Deviation from ideal behavior,
compressibility factor Vs pressure diagrams of real Conditions for liquefication of gases,
critical temperature, Liquid state - properties of liquids in terms of Intermolecular
attractions, Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (Quantitative Idea only. No
mathematical derivation).

2. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS : THERMODYNAMICS: Concepts of system, types of

systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state
functions, First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and
specific heat, Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Measurement of U and H, Enthalpies
of bond dissociation, combustion, neutralization, formation, atomization, sublimation,
phase transition, ionization and dilution, Thermo-chemical equations.

Hess's law of constant heat summation, Driving force for a spontaneous process,
Thermodynamic representation of criteria of spontaneity in terms of entropy, entropy as a
state function, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs free energy change for spontaneous, non
spontaneous process and equilibrium process.

UNIT - 4

1. SOLUTIONS: Classification of solutions, Molarity Normality, Molality, Mole fraction, Dilute

solutions, vapour pressure, Raoult's Law, Limitations of Raoults Law Colligative properties,
relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point,
Osmosis and osmotic pressure, theory of dilute solutions, determination of molar masses
using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.

2. IONIC EQUILIBRIUM: Lowry - Bronsted acids and bases theory, Lewis theory,
limitations of Lewis theory, Ionic equilibrium, ionization of acids and bases, strong and
 weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionic product of water. Concept of pH, Hydrolysis of
salts (elementary idea), hydrolysis constant, buffer solutions, solubility product and
common ion effect with illustrative examples.

3. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: Equilibrium in physical and chemical process, Dynamic

nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, Equilibrium constant, Factors affecting
equilibrium, Relation between Kp and Kc, Le- Chatlier's principle, applications to the
industrial processes like (I) ammonia - Haber’s process (2) H2SO4-Contact process.

UNIT - 5

1. SOLID STATE: Classification of solids based on different binding forces such as molecular,
ionic, covalent solids and metallic solids, Treatment of metallic bond and metallic / solids,
Amorphous and crystalline solids, Unit cell in two-dimensional and three- dimensional
lattices, Seven crystal systems and Bragg's equation, X-ray study of crystal structure, Bragg's
method. Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, No. of atoms per cubic unit
cell. Point defects - Schottky and Frenkel defects. Electrical and magnetic properties.

2. SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption, physical and chemical adsorption. Adsorption of

gases on solids, factors affecting the adsorption - pressure (Langmuir and Freundlich
Isotherms) and temperature, Catalysis-types of catalysis, autocatalysis. Colloidal state -
colloidal solutions, classification of colloidal solutions, protective colloids and Gold number
emulsions - classification of emulsions, micelles, cleansing action of soap, properties of
colloids -Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, Coagulation.

UNIT - 6

1. CHEMICAL KINETICS: Concept of reaction rate, factors affecting reaction rates, Rate
law, units of rate constant, Order and molecularity, methods of determination of order of
reaction, Integrated rate equations and half lives for zero and first order reaction, Collision
theory of reaction rates (elementary ideas), concepts of activation energy (Arrhenius
equation).

2. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY: Conductance in electrolytic solutions, Specific and molar

conductances- variation of conductance with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, application to
calculation of equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes. Electrolytes and non-
electrolytes, redox reactions, electrolysis - some typical examples of electrolysis viz; fused
NaOH, brine solution, fused MgCl2, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, Galvanic and voltaic cells
representation and notation of electrochemical cells with and without salt bridge, Standard
hydrogen electrode and electrode potentials, electro chemical series, EMF of cell, Nernst
equation and its applications, calculation of EMF of electro chemical cells, Primary cell-dry
cell/Lechlanche cell, secondary cells - fuel cells - Hydrogen – Oxygen fuel cell.
 UNIT - 7

1. GROUP 13 ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurance,

variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, Anomalous
properties of first element of the group, Boron: - Physical and chemical properties, uses,
some important compounds: Borax and Boric acid. Boron hydrides, aluminium - uses,
reactions with acids and alkalies, Alums.

2. GROUP 14 ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,

Variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, Anomalous
behavior of the first element of the group Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical
and chemical properties and uses. Similarities between carbon and silicon, uses of oxides
of carbon, Important compounds of silicon - silicon dioxide and a few uses of silicon
tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites (Elementary ideas) Fuel gases : Manufacture
and uses of producer gas and water gas.

3. GROUP 18 ELEMTNS (ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS): General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence, Isolation trends in physical and chemical properties, uses,
compounds of xenon oxides and xenon Fluorides (structures only).

UNIT - 8

1. GROUP 15 ELEMENTS (V A GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence- physical states of

Nitrogen and Phosphorous; allotropy, catenation. electronic configuration, oxidation
states, General characteristics of hydrides, structure of hydrides, general characteristics of
oxides, general characteristics of halides, Oxyacids of nitrogen, Oxyacids of phosphorous,
preparation and uses of nitric acid and ammonia, superphosphate of lime.

2. GROUP 16 ELEMENTS (VI GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence, electronic configuration,

oxidation states,physical states of Oxygen and Sulphur and their structure, allotropy,
general characteristics of hydrides, oxides and halides, structural aspects of oxyacids of
chalcogens, Ozone, uses of ozone, Sodium thiosulphate, Sulphuric acid - industrial process
of manufacture.

3. GROUP 17 ELEMENTS (VII A GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence, electronic

configuration and oxidation states, Physical states of halogens, I.P values, electronegativity
and electron affinity, bond energies, chemical reactivity, oxidizing power of fluorine,
chlorine, structural aspects of oxy acids of chlorine, preparation, properties and uses of
fluorine, chlorine and bleaching powder, Interhalogen compounds -structures only.
 UNIT - 9

1. TRANSITION ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, Occurrence

and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of first row transition
elements- metallic character, ionization energy, Variable oxidation states, atomic and ionic
radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds, Alloy formation.
Preparation and properties of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Ag2O, AgNO3, Ag2S2O3.

2. LANTHANIDES: Electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, chemical reactivity and

lanthanide contraction.

3. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, Werner's

theory of coordination compounds, Shapes of coordination compounds, valence bond theory,
IUPAC nomenclature of mono nuclear coordination compounds, Bonding, isomerism, EAN rule,
Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals,
Biological systems (chromo proteins, hemoglobin, chlorophyll structures only).

UNIT - 10

1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALURGY: Principles and methods of extraction-

concentration, reduction by chemical and electrolytic methods and refining, Occurrence
and principles of extraction of copper, zinc, iron and silver. Process of molten electrolysis
to extract Al, Mg and Na. Extraction of gold and lead.

2. PRINCIPLES OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: Group I to V (only Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+,

Pb2+,Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+); nitrate, halides (excluding
fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.

UNIT - 11

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction,

methods of purification, quantitative and qualitative analysis. Classification and IUPAC
nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond,
Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, Fission of a
covalent bond - homolytic and heterolytic fissions, Types of reagents: Electrophiles,
nucleophiles and free radicals - examples and reactive intermediates, Common types of
organic reactions - substitution, addition. Elimination and rearrangement reactions with
examples. Shapes of simple organic molecules. Structural and geometrical isomerism;
optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres (R,S and E,Z
nomenclature excluded). Keto-enol tautomerism.

2. HYDROCARBONS : Classification of hydrocarbons, Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism

conformations (Ethane and butane), Methods of preparation of Ethane, physical
 properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion and pyrolysis of ethane, Cycloalkanes: Preparation and properties of
cyclohexane, Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), physical
properties, methods of preparation of ethylene, physical properties, chemical reactions:
addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markonikov's addition and peroxide
effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Reaction with
Baeyer’s reagent. Akynes-Preparations and properties of alkynes. Acidity of alkynes.

3. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: Introduction - IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene ,

resonance, aromaticity chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution -
nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel crafts alkylation and acylation, directive
influence of functional group in mono substituted Benzene carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Effect of O,M,P directing groups in monosubstituted benzene.

UNIT - 12

1. HALOALKANES: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, Ethyl chloride and chloroform,

preparation, physical and chemical properties, Mechanism of substitution reactions
SN1&SN2 reactions. Reactions of Grignard reagent.

2. HALOARENES: Nature of C - X bond, Chlorobenzene substitution reactions (directive

influence of halogen for mono substituted compounds only). Nucleophilic aromatic
substitution in haloarenes.

3. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS:

ALCOHOLS: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of ethyl alcohol, physical and chemical
properties (of primary alcohols only), Identification of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols,
Mechanism of dehydration. Uses of some important compounds - methanol and ethanol

PHENOLS: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of phenol, Physical and chemical

properties, Acidic nature of phenol, Electrophilic substitution reactions, Uses of phenols.
Comparison of acidic nature of substituted phenols.

ETHERS: Nomenclature, Methods of preparation of diethyl ether, physical and chemical

properties, uses.
 UNIT - 13

1. ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLLIC ACIDS:

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES : Nomenclature, Nature of carbonyl group, Methods of

preparation of acetaldehyde and acetone, physical and chemical properties, Mechanism of
nucleophilic addition, Reactivity of alpha- hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. Distinction of
Aldehydes and ketones. Reactions of Benzaldehyde.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: Nomenclature, acidic nature, Methods of preparation of acetic

acid, Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Comparison of acidic strength of aliphatic and
aromatic acids. Preparations and properties of Benzoic acid.

2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Preparation and properties of Nitro compounds.

AMINES: Nomenclature, Classification, Structure, methods of preparation of aniline,

physical and chemical properties, Uses, Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines and aromatic amine (Aniline). Comparison of basic strength of aliphatic amines and
substituted anilines.

DIAZONIUM SALTS: Preparation, Chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic

chemistry, Uses of azodyes. Azo Coupling reactions of diazonium salts of aromatic amines.

3. PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Detection of elements (N, S, Halogens); detection

and identification of the following functional groups: alcoholic and phenolic, aldehyde and
ketone, carboxyl, amino and nitro. Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional
organic compounds from binary mixtures.

UNIT - 14

1. POLYMERS: Classification of polymers, addition, condensation, copolymerization, Natural

rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubber, molecular weights of polymers – number
average and weight average molecular weights (definitions only). Bio - polymers, bio-
degradable polymers, Some commercially important polymers like polythene, nylon,
polyesters and Bakelite.

2. BIOMOLECULES:
CARBOHYDRATES: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), Monosaccharides (glucose and
fructose), Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen) and Importance.

AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide, Polypeptides,

proteins Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary
structures (qualitative ideas only). Denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
 VITAMINS: Classification, Functions in bio systems.

NUCLEIC ACIDS: Types of nucleic acids, primary building blocks of nucleic acids, Chemical
composition of DNA & RNA, Structure of D.N.A, genetic code.

UNIT – 15

1. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE : Uses of chemicals in medicine: Analgesics - narcotics

(morphine, codeine), Non- narcotics (Asprin, Ibuprofen); Antipyretic (analgin, Phenacetin,
paracetamol), Tranquilizers (barbituric acid, luminal, secpnal, valium, serotonin),
Antiseptics(chioroxylenol, bithional), disinfectants (formalin, formaldehyde), Anti-
microbials (lysozyme, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid in stomach). Antifertilitydrugs,
Antibiotics (pencillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadiazine), Antacids (omeprazole,
lansoprazole), antihistamines (histidine), Chemicals in food preservatives (sodium
benzoate, potassium metabisulphite etc.), Artificial sweetening agents (aspartame,
alitane, sucralose).

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: Definition of terms: Air, water and soil pollution. Oxides
of carbon - carbon monoxide, Oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen, Chloro Fluoro Carbons,
Chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acidrains, Ozone
and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer. Green house effect and global
warming, Pollution due to industrial wastes, Green chemistry as an alternative tool for
reducing pollution.

***
Biology, Physics & Chemistry Syllabus

Contents
SECTION – A: BIOLOGY - BOTANY ........................................................................... 22
SECTION – A: BIOLOGY -Zoology ............................................................................. 25
SECTION – B: PHYSICS................................................................................................ 29
SECTION – C: CHEMISTRY ......................................................................................... 34
 Section – A: Biology - Botany

UNIT – 1

Diversity in living world:

1. What is living? Biodiversity, Need for classification. Three domains of life. Taxonomy &
systematic concepts of species and taxonomical hierarchy. Binomial nomenclature tools
for study of Taxonomy, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

2. Five kingdom classifications, Silent features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fuji
into major groups.

3. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups. Algae (spirogyra) Bryophytes
(Funenia), Ptenidophytes (Pteris), Gymnosperms (Cycas).

UNIT - 2

External morphology:
Root, Stem, Leaf, Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit and Seed.

UNIT - 3
Internal Morphology:
1. Histology: Meristems, Simple tissues, Complex tissues and special tissues.
2. Tissue System: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular tissue systems.
3. Anatomy: Anatomy of Dicot and monocot root, dicot and monocot stem, dicot and
monocot leaf, secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root.

UNIT - 4

Cell Biology:
1. Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell,
plant and animal cell. Cell wall, cell membrane, cell organelles structure and function 1
chromosomes.
2. Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
enzymes.
3. Cell division: Cell cycle, Mitosis and meiosis.
 UNIT - 5

Plant Taxonomy:
Introduction: Principles of plant classification, brief account of Bentham & Hooker’s
system.
Families: Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solenacrae, Liliaceae poaceae.

UNIT - 6

Reproduction:
1. Reproduction organisms, Modes of reproduction. Asexual and sexual. Asexual
regproduction – Binary fission, Sporulation, Budding, gemmule, Fragmentation, Vegetative
propagation in plants.

2. Sexual reproduction flowering plants. Development of male and female gametophytes.

Pollination types, agents. Out breeding devices, Double fertilization, post fertilization
changes. Development of endosperm, embryo and seed. Apomixis, parthenocerpy,
polyembryony.

UNIT - 7

Microbiology:
1. Bacteria and Viruses

2. Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage

treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and bio fertilizers.

UNIT - 8

Human welfare:

Improvement in food production. Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,
Mushroom cultivation, Bio fortification.

UNIT - 9

Biotechnology and its applications:

1. Principles and process of Biotechnology, Genetic engineering.
2. Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture and health. Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms, Bt. Crops, Transgenic animals,
Biosafety issues - Biopiracy and patents.
 UNIT - 10

Plant Physiology:

1. Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport –
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations – Imbibition, water
potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast,
symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation. Transpiration – Opening and
closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients – Transport of food,
phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (Brief mention).

2. Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;
Deficiency symptoms: Mineral Toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to
study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism; Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

3. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition, Site of

photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea);
Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and
photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways;

4. Factors affecting photosynthesis.

5. Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic),

TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy Relations-Number of ATP
molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

6. Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of plant growth and plant
growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation;
Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators – auxin, gibberellin,
cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

******
 Section – A: Biology -Zoology

UNIT - 1

Animal Classification:
1. Salient features (3 to 5) and two examples of Non-chordate phyla.

2. Salient features (3 to 5) and two examples of chordate classes.

UNIT - 2

Structural Organization in animals:

1. Cockroach: Brief account of morphology, anatomy and functions of digestive circulatory,

respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems.

2. Animal tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.

UNIT - 3

Human Physiology-Digestive and Respiratory systems:

1. Digestive System : Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and
gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins,
carbohydrates and fats; caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion;
Nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, Jaundice,
diarrhea.

2. Respiratory system: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in

humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - Exchange of gases;
transport of gases and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes; Disorders related
respiration-Asthma Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

UNIT - 4

Human Physiology: Circulatory and Excretory Systems:

1. Circulatory System: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;

composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system - Structure of human
heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, Cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation
of Cardiac activity, Disorders of circulatory system – Hypertension, Coronary artery disease,
Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
2. Excretory System : Modes of Excretion – Ammonotelism, ureotelism, Uricotelism;
Human excretory system – Structures and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation;
Regulation of Kidney function – Renin – angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor; ADH and
Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uremia, Renal Failure,
Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial Kidney.

UNIT - 5

Human Physiology–Locomotion & Movement and Neuro Endocrine System:

1. Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement – ciliary, Flagellor, muscular; Skeletal
muscle – Contractile proteins muscle contraction; Disorder of muscles. Myasthenia gravis,
Tetany, Muscular distrophy.

2. Skeletal System and its functions: joints; Disorders of skeletal system – Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, Gout.

3. Nervous System: Neurons and nerves; Nervous system in humans – central nervous
system, Peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and
conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs: Elementary structure and
function of eye and ear.

4. Endocrine System: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system -

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and
regulators, Hypo and hyperactivity and related disorders (e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly,
cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).

UNIT - 6

Human Physiology – Reproduction:

1. Human Reproduction: Male and Female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of
testis and ovary; Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual Cycle;
Fertilization, Embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and
placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation
(Elementary idea).

2. Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually

transmitted diseases (STDs); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive
technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness);
 UNIT - 7

Genetics:
1) Heredity and Variations: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviation from Mentalism –
Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups,
Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome Theory of inheritance;
chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and
crossing over; Sex linked inheritance – Hemophilia, Colorblindness; mendelian disorders in
humans – Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans – Down’s syndrome, Turner’s
and Klinefelter’s Syndromes.

2) Molecular basis of Inheritance : Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic
material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma;
Transcription; genetic code; translation Gene expression and regulation – Lac operon;
Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

3) Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution from
Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular, evidence - Darwin’s
contribution, Modern synthetic theory of Evolution, Mechanism of evolution – Variation
(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural selection with examples, types of natural
selection; Gene flow and genetic drift, Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation;
Human evolution.

UNIT - 8

Human Health and Diseases:

1) Pathogens; Parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid

Pneumonia, Common Cold, Amoebiasis, Ringworm).

2) Basic concepts of immunology – Vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS.

3) Adolescence, Drug and alcohol abuse.

UNIT - 9

Ecology and Environment:

1) Organisms and environment : Habitat and niche; Population and Ecological

adaptations; Population Interactions – Mutualism, Competition, Predation, Parasitism;
Population attributes – Growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
2) Ecosystem: Patterns, Components; Productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;
Pyramids of numbers, biomass, energy, Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous);
Ecological succession; plant communities; Ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination,
oxygen release.

3) Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity;

Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots;
endangered organisms, extinction; Red Data Book; Biosphere reserves, National parks and
sanctuaries.

4) Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control;
Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive Waste
management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any
three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

*****
 Section – B: Physics
UNIT - 1

1. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS :Units for fundamental and derived quantities; Systems of
Units; SI system of units – rules for writing unit, derived units, multiple units and sub
multiple units in SI system; Measurement for quantitative study, Accuracy and precision
of measuring instruments; Errors due to external causes – constant type, systematic type
and environmental type; Errors due to imperfections in experimental
techniques/procedure/personal/observation – random errors, gross errors, absolute errors,
mean absolute error and relative error percentage error; errors due to addition,
subtraction, multiplication division and powers of observed quantities; Significant figures,
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae, applications and limitations of
dimensional analysis.

2. ELEMENTS OF VECTORS: Classification of physical quantities as vectors and scalars

Geometrical representation of vectors – Addition and subtraction of vectors. Laws of
addition of vectors – Equal and null vectors. Unit vectors – Unit vectors in Cartesian co-
ordinate system – position vector and its magnitude. Parallelogram law of vectors –
Expression for the resultant vector. Triangle law and polygon law of vectors – concept of
relative velocity- application to relative motion of a boat in a river. Multiplication of a vector
with a scalar – Scalar product with examples of work and energy – Vector product with
examples of torque and angular momentum – Vector and Scalar product of unit vectors.

UNIT - 2

1. KINEMATICS : Force and Inertia, Newton’s Law of Motion, Momentum, Impulse. Concept
of resultant force, equilibrium of concurrent forces. Force of Friction, Types of friction,
Types of Coefficient of friction. Angle of friction, Angle of repose. Motion of a body on a
smooth and rough horizontal surface. Motion of a body on a smooth and rough inclined
plane. Law of Conservation of Linear momentum and its applications. Motion in a
straight line, speed and velocity. Uniform non uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity, Uniformly accelerated motion. Position-time graph, Velocity-time
graph, Acceleration-time graphs relation for uniformly accelerated motion. Motion of freely
falling body, Vertically projected body. Projectile motion.

2. WORK-POWER-ENERGY: Work done by a constant force and a variable force. Power,

Types of Energies: Mechanical Energy, Potential energy and Kinetic energy. Work energy
theorem. Conservative and Non-Conservative forces. Conservation of Mechanical energy.
Potential energy of a spring.

UNIT - 3

1. CENTRE OF MASS: Introduction, Centre of mass, difference between centre of mass

and centre of gravity. Co-ordinates of centre of mass. Centre of mass of particles along
a line, center of mass of system of particles in a plane, center of mass of system of
particles in space. Centre of mass of rigid body with homogenous distribution of mass
 of a thin rod, circular ring, disc and sphere. Motion of centre of mass (Velocity and
acceleration of center of mass) characteristics of centre of mass, laws of motion of the
centre of mass, velocity and acceleration. Explosion - motion of the centre of mass of
earth - moon system

2. COLLISIONS: Introduction - Elastic and inelastic collisions. Collisions in one dimension

(elastic and inelastic) body at rest, bodies moving in same direction and opposite
directions. Co- efficient of restitution definition. Equation for height attained for freely
falling body after number of rebounds on floor. Two-dimensional collision.

UNIT - 4

1. ROTATORY MOTION: Introduction, uniform circular motion, concept of angular

displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration, relation between linear
velocity and angular velocity, centripetal acceleration and Centripetal force, torque,
couple. Moment of Inertia: Perpendicular axis theorem. Parallel axis theorem. MI of a
thin rod, uniform disc, rectangular lamina, solid and hollow spheres, circular ring
and cylinder. Angular Momentum: Relation between angular momentum and
torque, law of conservation of angular momentum with examples. Motion in vertical circle.

Rolling without shipping and toppling.

2. GRAVITATION: Basic forces in nature; The Universal law of gravitation; Nature of

gravity; Relation between Universal gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to
gravity(g); variation of “g” with altitude, depth, latitude and shape of earth; Limitations of
Newton’s third Law. Idea of inertial and non-inertial frames – Inertial and gravitational
masses – Gravitational Potential and Gravitational Potential Energy. Escape velocity, orbital
velocity and relation between them – Geo stationary Satellites, their uses.

UNIT – 5

1. ELASTICITY: Elasticity & Plasticity – Stress and Strain – Hooke’s Law, Moduli of elasticity
(Y, n, K) – Poission’s ratio – definition and its limit; behaviour of wire under gradually
increasing load – elastic fatigue, strain Energy.

2. SURFACE TENSION: Surface tension – definition and applications, Molecular theory of

surface tension, surface energy. Angle of contact, Capillarity Determination of surface
tension by capillary rise method - theory and experiment. Effect of temperature on surface
tension, Excess pressure in liquid drops and soap bubbles.

3. FLUID MECHANICS: Introduction, Principle of Buoyancy, pressure due to fluid column.

Pascal’s Law and its applications. Stream line flow, Turbulent Flow, Reynolds number,
Bernoulli's theorem. Applications- aerodynamic lift, motion of a spinning ball.
Viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, effect of temperature on viscosity, Poiseuille's
equation. Motion of objects through fluids, Stoke's law, terminal velocity.
 UNIT - 6

1. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Temperature and heat, measurement of

temperature. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Specific heat capacity,
Colorimetry, change of state, latent heat, Triple point. Heat transfer, Conduction,
Convection and Radiation. Black body radiation, Stefan’s Law, Wien’s Displacement
Law, Newton’s Law of Cooling.

2. THERMODYNAMICS: Thermal Equilibrium, Zeroth Law of thermodynamics. Heat

internal energy and work. First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic processes –
Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric, Isochoric, Quasi static processes. Second law of
thermodynamics; Reversible and Irreversible processes. Carnot engine and
refrigerator.

3. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: Gas Laws, ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases
– assumptions, pressure of an ideal gas. Kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS
speed of a gas molecule. Degree of Freedom, Law of equipartition of energy. Specific
heats of gases. Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

UNIT – 7

1. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: Periodic motion – Period, Frequency, Displacement

as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion and its equations,
phase. Oscillations of simple pendulum, Oscillations of a spring – Restoring force and
force constant. Energy in S.H.M – Kinetic and potential energies. Free, forced and
damped oscillations, resonance.

2. WAVE MOTION: Longitudinal and transverse waves, Equation for a progressive wave,
principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Formation of stationary waves on
a stretched string.

3. SOUND: Characteristics of sound - speed of sound in solids, liquids and gases Standing
waves in Organ Pipes - Open Pipes, Closed Pipes, Fundamental frequency,
Overtones, Harmonics, Beats. Doppler Effect: Applications and limitations of Doppler
Effect. Echoes.

UNIT – 8

1. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Reflection of light, Reflection of light at

plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Reflection of light, Snell’s Law, Total internal
reflection. Lens formula, Magnification power of a lens, Combination of lenses, Culling of
a lens, Silvering of a lens. Refraction through a prism. Microscope and astronomical
telescope and their magnifying powers.
2. WAVE OPTICS: Huygens Principle and wavefront. Law of reflection and refraction using
Huygens principle. Interference of light, Young’s double slit experiment, Fringe width.
Diffraction of light, Diffraction due to a single slit, Width of central maxima. Resolving
power of a microscope and telescope. Polarization of light, Plane of polarized light.
Brewster’s law. Polaroids and their uses.

UNIT – 9

1. ELECTROSTATICS AND CAPACITORS: Charges - conservation of charge and additive

property of charges. Coulomb's Law: Permittivity of Free Space and Permittivity of Medium
- Force between two point charges. Force due to multiple charges - Principle of
Superposition with examples. Electric field - Electric lines of force, their properties -
Electric intensity definition – Electric intensity due to isolated charge and due to -multiple
charges. Electrostatic Potential - Definition of Electrostatic Potential in an electric field -
Potential due to single charge - multiple charges – Electrostatic potential energy - Relation
between electrostatic potential and electric intensity. Electric Flux Definition, Gauss’ Law
- Statement of Gauss’ Law, Application of Gauss’ Law to find electric intensity and
electrostatic Potential due to continuous charge distribution of Infinite Long wire, Infinite
Plane Sheet & Spherical Shell. Capacitance - Definition of Electrical Capacity of a Conductor
- Capacitance - Dielectric constant - Definition of Condenser, its uses - Parallel plate
Condenser - Formula for Capacitance of Parallel Plate Condenser, Dielectric - Dielectric
Strength - Effect of dielectric on capacitance of capacitors. Capacitors in series and in
parallel - derivation of the equivalent capacitance for the above cases. Energy stored in a
Condenser - Effect of dielectric on Energy of Condenser - Types of capacitors - their uses.

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY: Electric current - Flow of Electric charges in a metallic

conductor – Drift velocity and mobility - Relation between electric current and drift
velocity. Ohm's Law: Ohmic and Non Ohmic elements with examples-conductance-specific
resistance-variation of resistivity with temperature-variation of resistance with temperature
- thermistors, Color code for resistors. E.M.F. of Cell - Internal resistance and back E. M.F.
- Difference between EMF of a Cell and potential difference. Electrical energy, Power
definition of KW hr. Kirchhoff’s laws: Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law - Kirchhoff’s
current law - Application to Wheatstone bridge - condition for balancing - Meter bridge -
Determination of resistance of a conductor using meter bridge. Principle of Potentiometer
determination of internal resistance and E.M.F. of a cell using potentiometer. Series and
parallel combination of cells - Derivation of equivalent EMF for the above cases.

3. CR CIRCUITS (DC ONLY): Growth of charge in C-R series circuit. Decay of charge in C-
R series circuit. Time constant of C-R circuit.

UNIT – 10

1. ELECTROMAGNETISM: Biot-savart Law – Ampere Law – Magnetic field near a long

straight wire and magnetic field at the center of a circular coil carrying current (with
derivation) – Field on the axis of a circular coil carrying current (with expressions
 only)Tangent Galvanometer – principle and working – Definition of reduction factor – force
on a moving charge in a magnetic field – force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic
field – force between two long straight parallel conductors carrying current – definition of
ampere – Fleming’s left hand rule-current loop as a magnetic dipole, force and torque on
current loop in a uniform magnetic field – magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
– principle , construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer –conversion of moving
coil galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter – comparison of M.C.G with T.G.

2. MAGNETISM: Magnetic moment, Magnetic moment of bar magnet. Magnetic induction on

the axial and equatorial line of a bar magnet. Couple on a bar magnet in a magnetic field.
Elements of Earth’s magnetism dip, declination. Dia, Para, Ferro magnetic substances.

3. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND AC CIRCUITS: Faraday’s Law, induced emf and

induced current. Lenz’s Law, Fleming’s right-hand rule. Self-induction, Mutual induction,
Motional emf.

Alternating currents. Peak, RMS and average values of AC and AV. Series L-R, C-R, L-C
and L-C-R Circuit. Reactance, impedance. Resonance of L-C-R circuit. Quality factor, power
in AC circuits, Transformers.
UNIT- 11

1. DUALNATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION: Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric

effect, Hertz’s and Lenard’s observation. Einstein’s photoelectric equation particle nature
of light. Matter waves and de-Broglie’s theory, Davison-Germer experiment.

2. ATOMS AND NUCLEI: Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment. Bohr’s atomic

model, Hydrogen spectrum, energy levels. Composition of nucleus, atomic mass unit,
isotopes, isobars, isotones. Radio activity, Radioactive disintegration law α. β and γ decay.
Mass defect, Binding energy, average binding energy. Binding energy curve. Mass energy
relation. Nuclear fission and fusion.

3. SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Intrinsic and

Extrinsic semiconductors (n and p type) Junction diode – p-n junction, depletion layer and
barrier potential, forward and reverse bias – current voltage characteristics of junction diode
– p-n diode as half wave and full wave rectifier, (only qualitative treatment) Zener diode as
a voltage regulator – I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode –
Transistor – function of emitter, base and collector - p-n-p, n-p-n transistors – Biasing of
transistors, current, voltage – Characteristics of transistor in CE configuration – Transistor
as common emitter amplifier (qualitative treatment). Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND
and NOR) – Communication systems; Elements of communication systems (block diagrams
only) Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data) bandwidth of Transmission medium
– Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation
– Modulation – Need for modulation.

********
 Section – C: Chemistry
UNIT - 1

1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Characteristics of Electron, Proton and Neutron, Rutherford’s

model of atom - Nature of electromagnetic theory - Plancks Quantum Theory, Explanation
of photoelectric effect - Features of atomic Spectra - Characteristics of Hydrogen
spectrum, Bohr's theory of structure of atom, Bohr's explanation of spectralines, failure of
Bohr's theory - Wave particle nature of electron - de Brogile's hypothesis, Heisensbergs
uncertainly principle, Important features of the Quantam mechanical model of atom,
Quantum numbers, concept of orbitals – Expressing atomic orbitals in terms of quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, Aufbau principle, paulis exclusion principle, Hunds'
rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration of atoms, explanation of stability of
half - filled and completely filled orbitals.

4. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: Composition of Nucleus, Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars,

Isodiaphers, Factors effecting nuclear stability, mass defect, binding energy, N/P ratio.
Radioactive disintegration and its rate – Half life and average life, Types of nuclear reactors
– Fission and Fussion with examples one each. Radioactive isotopes and their applications
– Iodine 131, Cobalt 60, Sodium 24, C14 and P30-Properties of α β and γ rays.

5. CHEMICAL BONDING: Orbital overlap and covalent bond, Ionic bond and Fajan’s rules,
Lattice energy, Hybridization involving S, P and d orbitals, MOT(Homo nuclear diatomic
species only), H-bond, Dipole moment, VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules.

UNIT - 2

1. CLASSIFICAITON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES: Concept

of grouping of elements in accordance with their properties, The periodic law, The
significance of atomic number and electronic configuration as the basis for periodic
classification - Classification of elements into s,p,d, f blocks and their main characteristics -
Classification of elements based on their properties.

4. HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table.

Occurance, isotopes of hydrogen, Preparation, properties and uses (including as fuel) of
hydrogen. Reactions of hydrogen with different types of elements leading to Ionic,
molecular and non-stoichiometric hydrides, Physical and chemical properties of water and
heavy water, hydrogen peroxide - Methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties – oxidation – reduction, decomposition and disproportionate and addition
reactions. Detection of hydrogen peroxide -structure and uses of Hydrogen peroxide.

5. ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS: General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence, anamolous properties of first element in each group, diagonal
relationship, trends in properties like Ionisation enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii, reactivity
with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water. Preparation and properties and uses of the
compounds sodium hydroxide, salts of oxoacids, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen
 carbonate, sodium chloride, biological importance of sodium and potassium, preparation
and uses of CaO, CaCO3 and CaSO4, Industrial uses of lime and limestone - Biological
importance of Mg and Ca.
UNIT - 3

1. STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS: Grahams Law of diffusion, Dalton’s law
of partial pressures, Avogadro's law. Ideal behavior, Emperical derivation of Gas equation,
Ideal gas equation. Kinetic molecular theory of gases, Kinetic gas equation (No derivation)
and deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation, Distribution of molecular velocities -
types of molecular velocities, behavior of real gases, Deviation from ideal behavior,
compressibility factor Vs pressure diagrams of real Conditions for liquefication of gases,
critical temperature, Liquid state - properties of liquids in terms of Intermolecular
attractions, Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (Quantitative Idea only. No
mathematical derivation).

3. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS : THERMODYNAMICS: Concepts of system, types of

systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state
functions, First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and
specific heat, Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Measurement of U and H, Enthalpies
of bond dissociation, combustion, neutralization, formation, atomization, sublimation,
phase transition, ionization and dilution, Thermo-chemical equations.

Hess's law of constant heat summation, Driving force for a spontaneous process,
Thermodynamic representation of criteria of spontaneity in terms of entropy, entropy as a
state function, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs free energy change for spontaneous, non
spontaneous process and equilibrium process.

UNIT - 4

1. SOLUTIONS: Classification of solutions, Molarity Normality, Molality, Mole fraction, Dilute

solutions, vapour pressure, Raoult's Law, Limitations of Raoults Law Colligative properties,
relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point,
Osmosis and osmotic pressure, theory of dilute solutions, determination of molar masses
using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.

2. IONIC EQUILIBRIUM: Lowry - Bronsted acids and bases theory, Lewis’s theory,
limitations of Lewis theory, Ionic equilibrium, ionization of acids and bases, strong and
weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionic product of water. Concept of pH, Hydrolysis of
salts (elementary idea), hydrolysis constant, buffer solutions, solubility product and
common ion effect with illustrative examples.

3. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: Equilibrium in physical and chemical process, Dynamic

nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, Equilibrium constant, Factors affecting
equilibrium, Relation between Kp and Kc, Le- Chatlier's principle, applications to the
industrial processes like (I) ammonia - Haber’s process (2) H2SO4-Contact process.
 UNIT - 5

1. SOLID STATE: Classification of solids based on different binding forces such as molecular,
ionic, covalent solids and metallic solids, Treatment of metallic bond and metallic / solids,
Amorphous and crystalline solids, Unit cell in two-dimensional and three- dimensional
lattices, Seven crystal systems and Bragg's equation, X-ray study of crystal structure, Bragg's
method. Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, No. of atoms per cubic unit
cell. Point defects - Schottky and Frenkel defects. Electrical and magnetic properties.

2. SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption, physical and chemical adsorption. Adsorption of

gases on solids, factors affecting the adsorption - pressure (Langmuir and Freundlich
Isotherms) and temperature, Catalysis-types of catalysis, autocatalysis. Colloidal state -
colloidal solutions, classification of colloidal solutions, protective colloids and gold number
emulsions - classification of emulsions, micelles, cleansing action of soap, properties of
colloids -Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, Coagulation.

UNIT - 6

1. CHEMICAL KINETICS: Concept of reaction rate, factors affecting reaction rates, Rate
law, units of rate constant, Order and molecularity, methods of determination of order of
reaction, Integrated rate equations and half-lives for zero and first order reaction, Collision
theory of reaction rates (elementary ideas), concepts of activation energy (Arrhenius
equation).

2. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY: Conductance in electrolytic solutions, Specific and molar

conductances- variation of conductance with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, application to
calculation of equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes. Electrolytes and non-
electrolytes, redox reactions, electrolysis - some typical examples of electrolysis viz; fused
NaOH, brine solution, fused MgCl2, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, Galvanic and voltaic cells
representation and notation of electrochemical cells with and without salt bridge, Standard
hydrogen electrode and electrode potentials, electro chemical series, EMF of cell, Nernst
equation and its applications, calculation of EMF of electro chemical cells, Primary cell-dry
cell/Lechlanche cell, secondary cells - fuel cells - Hydrogen – Oxygen fuel cell.

UNIT - 7

1. GROUP 13 ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,

variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, Anomalous
properties of first element of the group, Boron: - Physical and chemical properties, uses,
some important compounds: Borax and Boric acid. Boron hydrides, aluminum - uses,
reactions with acids and alkalies, Alums.
2. GROUP 14 ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
Variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, Anomalous
behavior of the first element of the group Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical
and chemical properties and uses. Similarities between carbon and silicon, uses of oxides
of carbon, Important compounds of silicon - silicon dioxide and a few uses of silicon
tetrachloride, silicones, silicates, and zeolites (Elementary ideas) Fuel gases: Manufacture
and uses of producer gas and water gas.

3. GROUP 18 ELEMTNS (ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS): General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence, Isolation trends in physical and chemical properties, uses,
compounds of xenon oxides and xenon Fluorides (structures only).

UNIT - 8

1. GROUP 15 ELEMENTS (V A GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence- physical states of

Nitrogen and Phosphorous; allotropy, catenation. electronic configuration, oxidation
states, General characteristics of hydrides, structure of hydrides, general characteristics of
oxides, general characteristics of halides, Oxyacids of nitrogen, Oxyacids of phosphorous,
preparation and uses of nitric acid and ammonia, superphosphate of lime.

2. GROUP 16 ELEMENTS (VI GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence, electronic configuration,

oxidation states, physical states of Oxygen and Sulphur and their structure, allotropy,
general characteristics of hydrides, oxides and halides, structural aspects of oxyacids of
chalcogens, Ozone, uses of ozone, Sodium thiosulphate, Sulphuric acid - industrial process
of manufacture.

3. GROUP 17 ELEMENTS (VII A GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence, electronic

configuration and oxidation states, Physical states of halogens, I.P values, electronegativity
and electron affinity, bond energies, chemical reactivity, oxidizing power of fluorine,
chlorine, structural aspects of oxy acids of chlorine, preparation, properties and uses of
fluorine, chlorine, and bleaching powder, Interhalogen compounds -structures only.

UNIT - 9

1. TRANSITION ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration, Occurrence

and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of first row transition
elements- metallic character, ionization energy, Variable oxidation states, atomic and ionic
radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds, Alloy formation.
Preparation and properties of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Ag2O, AgNO3, Ag2S2O3.

2. LANTHANIDES: Electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, chemical reactivity and

lanthanide contraction.

3. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, Werner's

theory of coordination compounds, Shapes of coordination compounds, valence bond theory,
 IUPAC nomenclature of mono nuclear coordination compounds, Bonding, isomerism, EAN rule,
Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals,
Biological systems (chromo proteins, haemoglobin, chlorophyll structures only).

UNIT - 10

1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALURGY: Principles and methods of extraction-

concentration, reduction by chemical and electrolytic methods and refining, Occurrence
and principles of extraction of copper, zinc, iron and silver. Process of molten electrolysis
to extract Al, Mg and Na. Extraction of gold and lead.

2. PRINCIPLES OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: Group I to V (only Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+,

Pb2+,Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+); nitrate, halides (excluding
fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.

UNIT - 11

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction,

methods of purification, quantitative and qualitative analysis. Classification and IUPAC
nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond,
Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, Fission of a
covalent bond - homolytic and heterolytic fissions, Types of reagents: Electrophiles,
nucleophiles and free radicals - examples and reactive intermediates, Common types of
organic reactions - substitution, addition. Elimination and rearrangement reactions with
examples. Shapes of simple organic molecules. Structural and geometrical isomerism;
optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres (R,S and E,Z
nomenclature excluded). Keto-enol tautomerism.

2. HYDROCARBONS : Classification of hydrocarbons, Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism

conformations (Ethane and butane), Methods of preparation of Ethane, physical
properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion and pyrolysis of ethane, Cycloalkanes: Preparation and properties of
cyclohexane, Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), physical
properties, methods of preparation of ethylene, physical properties, chemical reactions:
addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markonikov's addition and peroxide
effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Reaction with
Baeyer’s reagent. Akynes-Preparations and properties of alkynes. Acidity of alkynes.

3. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: Introduction - IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene ,

resonance, aromaticity chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution -
nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel crafts alkylation and acylation, directive
influence of functional group in mono substituted Benzene carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Effect of O,M,P directing groups in monosubstituted benzene.
 UNIT - 12

1. HALOALKANES: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, Ethyl chloride and chloroform,

preparation, physical and chemical properties, Mechanism of substitution reactions
SN1&SN2 reactions. Reactions of Grignard reagent.

2. HALOARENES: Nature of C - X bond, Chlorobenzene substitution reactions (directive

influence of halogen for mono substituted compounds only). Nucleophilic aromatic
substitution in haloarenes.

3. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS:

ALCOHOLS: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of ethyl alcohol, physical and chemical
properties (of primary alcohols only), Identification of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols,
Mechanism of dehydration. Uses of some important compounds - methanol and ethanol

PHENOLS: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of phenol, Physical and chemical

properties, Acidic nature of phenol, Electrophilic substitution reactions, Uses of phenols.
Comparison of acidic nature of substituted phenols.

ETHERS: Nomenclature, Methods of preparation of diethyl ether, physical and chemical

properties, uses.

UNIT - 13

1. ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLLIC ACIDS:

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES : Nomenclature, Nature of carbonyl group, Methods of

preparation of acetaldehyde and acetone, physical and chemical properties, Mechanism of
nucleophilic addition, Reactivity of alpha- hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. Distinction of
Aldehydes and ketones. Reactions of Benzaldehyde.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: Nomenclature, acidic nature, Methods of preparation of acetic acid,

Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Comparison of acidic strength of aliphatic and aromatic
acids. Preparations and properties of Benzoic acid.

2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Preparation and properties of Nitro compounds.

AMINES: Nomenclature, Classification, Structure, methods of preparation of aniline,

physical and chemical properties, Uses, Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines and aromatic amine (Aniline). Comparison of basic strength of aliphatic amines and
substituted anilines.

DIAZONIUM SALTS: Preparation, Chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic

chemistry, Uses of azodyes. Azo Coupling reactions of diazonium salts of aromatic amines.
3. PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Detection of elements (N, S, Halogens); detection
and identification of the following functional groups: alcoholic and phenolic, aldehyde and
ketone, carboxyl, amino and nitro. Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional
organic compounds from binary mixtures.

UNIT - 14

1. POLYMERS: Classification of polymers, addition, condensation, copolymerization, Natural

rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubber, molecular weights of polymers – number
average and weight average molecular weights (definitions only). Bio - polymers, bio-
degradable polymers, Some commercially important polymers like polythene, nylon,
polyesters and Bakelite.

2. BIOMOLECULES:
CARBOHYDRATES: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), Monosaccharides (glucose and
fructose), Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen) and Importance.
AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide, Polypeptides,
protein’s Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary
structures (qualitative ideas only). Denaturation of proteins and enzymes.
VITAMINS: Classification, Functions in bio systems.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: Types of nucleic acids, primary building blocks of nucleic acids, Chemical
composition of DNA & RNA, Structure of D.N.A, genetic code.

UNIT – 15

1. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE : Uses of chemicals in medicine: Analgesics - narcotics

(morphine, codeine), Non- narcotics (Asprin, Ibuprofen); Antipyretic (analgin, Phenacetin,
paracetamol), Tranquilizers (barbituric acid, luminal, secpnal, valium, serotonin),
Antiseptics(chioroxylenol, bithional), disinfectants (formalin, formaldehyde), Anti-
microbials (lysozyme, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid in stomach). Antifertilitydrugs,
Antibiotics (pencillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadiazine), Antacids (omeprazole,
lansoprazole), antihistamines (histidine), Chemicals in food preservatives (sodium
benzoate, potassium metabisulphite etc.), Artificial sweetening agents (aspartame,
alitane, sucralose).

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: Definition of terms: Air, water and soil pollution. Oxides
of carbon - carbon monoxide, Oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen, Chloro Fluoro Carbons,
Chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acidrains, Ozone
and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer. Green house effect and global
warming, Pollution due to industrial wastes, Green chemistry as an alternative tool for
reducing pollution.

***