Softing computing

What Is Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy Logic is defined as a many-valued logic form which may
have truth values of variables in any real number between 0 and
1. It is the handle concept of partial truth. In real life, we may
come across a situation where we can’t decide whether the
statement is true or false. At that time, fuzzy logic offers very
valuable flexibility for reasoning.
Fuzzy logic algorithm helps to solve a problem after considering
all available data. Then it takes the best possible decision for the
given the input. The FL method imitates the way of decision
making in a human which consider all the possibilities between
digital values T and F.

History of Fuzzy Logic Systems

Although, the concept of fuzzy logic had been studied since the
1920’s. The term fuzzy logic was first used with 1965 by Lotfi
Zadeh a professor of UC Berkeley in California. He observed
that conventional computer logic was not capable of
manipulating data representing subjective or unclear human
ideas.

Fuzzy algorithm has been applied to various fields, from control

theory to AI. It was designed to allow the computer to determine
the distinctions among data which is neither true nor false.
Something similar to the process of human reasoning. Like
Little dark, Some brightness, etc.

Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic

Here, are some important characteristics of fuzzy logic:

● Flexible and easy to implement machine

learning technique
 ● Helps you to mimic the logic of human thought
● Logic may have two values which represent two possible
solutions
● Highly suitable method for uncertain or approximate
reasoning
● Fuzzy logic views inference as a process of propagating
elastic constraints
● Fuzzy logic allows you to build nonlinear functions of
arbitrary complexity.
● Fuzzy logic should be built with the complete guidance of
experts

When not to use fuzzy logic

However, fuzzy logic is never a cure for all. Therefore, it is
equally important to understand that where we should not use
fuzzy logic.

Here, are certain situations when you better not use Fuzzy
Logic:

● If you don’t find it convenient to map an input space to an

output space
● Fuzzy logic should not be used when you can use common
sense
● Many controllers can do the fine job without the use of
fuzzy logic

Fuzzy Logic Architecture

 Fuzzy Logic Architecture
Fuzzy Logic architecture has four main parts as shown in the
diagram:

Rule Base:
It contains all the rules and the if-then conditions offered by the
experts to control the decision-making system. The recent
update in fuzzy theory provides various methods for the design
and tuning of fuzzy controllers. This updates significantly
reduce the number of the fuzzy set of rules.

Fuzzification:
Fuzzification step helps to convert inputs. It allows you to
convert, crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs measured by
sensors and passed into the control system for further
processing. Like Room temperature, pressure, etc.

Inference Engine:
It helps you to determines the degree of match between fuzzy
input and the rules. Based on the % match, it determines which
rules need implment according to the given input field. After
this, the applied rules are combined to develop the control
actions.
Defuzzification:
At last the Defuzzification process is performed to convert the
fuzzy sets into a crisp value. There are many types of techniques
available, so you need to select it which is best suited when it is
used with an expert system.

Fuzzy Logic vs. Probability

Fuzzy Logic Probability
Fuzzy: Tom’s degree of Probability: There
membership within the set is a 90% chance
of old people is 0.90. that Tom is old.
Fuzzy logic takes truth Probability is a
degrees as a mathematical mathematical
basis on the model of the model of
vagueness phenomenon. ignorance.

Crisp vs. Fuzzy

Crisp Fuzzy
Fuzzy boundary with a
It has strict boundary T or F
degree of membership
Some crisp time set can be fuzzy It can’t be crisp
True/False {0,1} Membership values on [0,1]
In Crisp logic law of Excluded In the fuzzy logic law of
Middle and Non- Contradiction Excluded Middle and Non-
may or may not hold Contradiction hold
Classical Set vs. Fuzzy set Theory
Classical Set Fuzzy Set Theory
Classes of objects with sharp Classes of objects do not have
boundaries. sharp boundaries.
A fuzzy set always has
A classical set is defined by
ambiguous boundaries, i.e.,
crisp boundaries, i.e., there is
there may be uncertainty about
clarity about the location of
the location of the set
the set boundaries.
boundaries.
Widely used in digital system Used only in fuzzy controllers.
design
Fuzzy Logic Examples
See the below-given diagram. It shows that in a Fuzzy system,
the values are denoted by a 0 to 1 number. In this example, 1.0
means absolute truth and 0.0 means absolute falseness.

Fuzzy Logic with Example

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

● The structure of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and

understandable
● Fuzzy logic is widely used for commercial and practical
purposes
● Fuzzy logic in AI helps you to control machines and
consumer products
● It may not offer accurate reasoning, but the only
acceptable reasoning
● Fuzzy logic in Data Mining helps you to deal with the
uncertainty in engineering
● Mostly robust as no precise inputs required
● It can be programmed to in the situation when feedback
sensor stops working
● It can easily be modified to improve or alter system
performance
 ● inexpensive sensors can be used which helps you to keep
the overall system cost and complexity low
● It provides a most effective solution to complex issues

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems

● Fuzzy logic is not always accurate, so The results are

perceived based on assumption, so it may not be widely
accepted.
● Fuzzy systems don’t have the capability of machine
learning as-well-as neural network type pattern recognition
● Validation and Verification of a fuzzy knowledge-based
system needs extensive testing with hardware
● Setting exact, fuzzy rules and, membership functions is a
difficult task
● Some fuzzy time logic is confused with probability theory
and the terms

Summary

● The term fuzzy mean things which are not very clear or
vague
● The term fuzzy logic was first used with 1965 by Lotfi
Zadeh a professor of UC Berkeley in California
● Fuzzy logic is a flexible and easy to implement machine
learning technique
● Fuzzy logic should not be used when you can use common
sense
● Fuzzy Logic architecture has four main parts 1) Rule
Basse 2) Fuzzification 3) Inference Engine 4)
Defuzzification
● Fuzzy logic takes truth degrees as a mathematical basis on
the model of the vagueness while probability is a
mathematical model of ignorance
● Crisp set has strict boundary T or F while Fuzzy boundary
with a degree of membership
 ● A classical set is widely used in digital system design
while fuzzy set Used only in fuzzy controllers
● Auto transmission, Fitness management, Golf diagnostic
system, Dishwasher, Copy machine are some areas of
Fuzzy Logic applications
● Fuzzy logic in Soft Computing helps you to control
machines and consumer products

Membership Function

The membership function is a function which represents the

graph of fuzzy sets, and allows users to quantify the linguistic
term. It is a graph which is used for mapping each element of x
to the value between 0 and 1.
This function is also known as indicator or characteristics
function.
This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers
of fuzzy set by Zadeh. For the Fuzzy set B, the membership
function for X is defined as: μB:X → [0,1]. In this function X,
each element of set B is mapped to the value between 0 and 1.
This is called a degree of membership or membership value.

Classical and Fuzzy Set Theory

To learn about classical and Fuzzy set theory, firstly you have to
know about what is set.

Set

A set is a term, which is a collection of unordered or ordered

elements. Following are the various examples of a set:
1. A set of all-natural numbers
2. A set of students in a class.
3. A set of all cities in a state.
4. A set of upper-case letters of the alphabet.

Types of Set:

There are following various categories of set:

 1. Finite
2. Empty
3. Infinite
4. Proper
5. Universal
6. Subset
7. Singleton
8. Equivalent Set
9. Disjoint Set

Classical Set

It is a type of set which collects the distinct objects in a group.

The sets with the crisp boundaries are classical sets. In any set,
each single entity is called an element or member of that set.
Mathematical Representation of Sets
Any set can be easily denoted in the following two different
ways:
1. Roaster Form: This is also called as a tabular form. In this
form, the set is represented in the following way:

Set_name = { element1, element2, element3, ......, element N}

The elements in the set are enclosed within the brackets and
separated by the commas.
Following are the two examples which describes the set in
Roaster or Tabular form:
Example 1:

Set of Natural Numbers: N={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ......,n).

Example 2:

Set of Prime Numbers less than 50: X={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47}.
2. Set Builder Form: Set Builder form defines a set with the
common properties of an element in a set. In this form, the set is
represented in the following way:

A = {x:p(x)}

The following example describes the set in the builder form:

The set {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} is written as:
B = {x:2 ≤ x < 20 and (x%2) = 0}

Operations on Classical Set

Following are the various operations which are performed on

the classical sets:
1. Union Operation
2. Intersection Operation
3. Difference Operation
4. Complement Operation

1. Union:
This operation is denoted by (A U B). A U B is the set of those
elements which exist in two different sets A and B. This
operation combines all the elements from both the sets and make
a new set. It is also called a Logical OR operation.
It can be described as:

A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A OR x ∈ B }.

Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13}, Set B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15}, then A ∪
B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

2. Intersection
This operation is denoted by (A ∩ B). A ∩ B is the set of those
elements which are common in both set A and B. It is also
called a Logical OR operation.
It can be described as:

A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∈ B }.

Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13}, Set B = {11, 12, 14} then A ∩ B =
{11, 12}

3. Difference Operation
This operation is denoted by (A - B). A-B is the set of only
those elements which exist only in set A but not in set B.
It can be described as:

A - B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∉ B }.

4. Complement Operation: This operation is denoted by (A`).

It is applied on a single set. A` is the set of elements which do
not exist in set A.
It can be described as:

A′ = {x|x ∉ A}.

Properties of Classical Set

There are following various properties which play an essential

role for finding the solution of a fuzzy logic problem.
1. Commutative Property:
This property provides the following two states which are
obtained by two finite sets A and B:

A ∪ B = B ∪ A
A∩B=B∩A

2. Associative Property:
This property also provides the following two states but these
are obtained by three different finite sets A, B, and C:
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

3. Idempotency Property:
This property also provides the following two states but for a
single finite set A:

A ∪ A = A
A∩A=A

4. Absorption Property
This property also provides the following two states for any two
finite sets A and B:

A ∪ (A ∩ B) = A
A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A

5. Distributive Property:
This property also provides the following two states for any
three finite sets A, B, and C:

A∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B)∩ (A ∪ C)
A∩ (B ∪ C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C)

6. Identity Property:
This property provides the following four states for any finite set
A and Universal set X:

A ∪ φ =A
A ∩ X = A
A ∩ φ = φ
A∪X=X

7. Transitive property
This property provides the following state for the finite sets A,
B, and C:
If A ⊆ B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C

8. Ivolution property
This property provides following state for any finite set A:

9. De Morgan's Law
This law gives the following rules for providing the
contradiction and tautologies:

Fuzzy Set

The set theory of classical is the subset of Fuzzy set theory.

Fuzzy logic is based on this theory, which is a generalisation of
the classical theory of set (i.e., crisp set) introduced by Zadeh in
1965.
A fuzzy set is a collection of values which exist between 0 and
1. Fuzzy sets are denoted or represented by the tilde (~)
character. The sets of Fuzzy theory were introduced in 1965 by
Lofti A. Zadeh and Dieter Klaua. In the fuzzy set, the partial
membership also exists. This theory released as an extension of
classical set theory.
This theory is denoted mathematically asA fuzzy set (Ã) is a
pair of U and M, where U is the Universe of discourse and M is
the membership function which takes on values in the interval
[ 0, 1 ]. The universe of discourse (U) is also denoted by Ω or X.

Operations on Fuzzy Set

Given à and B are the two fuzzy sets, and X be the universe of
discourse with the following respective member functions:
The operations of Fuzzy set are as follows:
1. Union Operation: The union operation of a fuzzy set is
defined by:
μA∪B(x) = max (μA(x), μB(x))
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.6 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.4)}

And, B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.1), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

AUB = {( X1, 0.6), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.9)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μA∪B(X1) = max (μA(X1), μB(X1))

μA∪B(X1) = max (0.6, 0.1)
μA∪B(X1) = 0.6

For X2

μA∪B(X2) = max (μA(X2), μB(X2))

μA∪B(X2) = max (0.2, 0.8)
μA∪B(X2) = 0.8

For X3

μA∪B(X3) = max (μA(X3), μB(X3))

μA∪B(X3) = max (1, 0)
μA∪B(X3) = 1

For X4
μA∪B(X4) = max (μA(X4), μB(X4))
μA∪B(X4) = max (0.4, 0.9)
μA∪B(X4) = 0.9

2. Intersection Operation:The intersection operation of fuzzy

set is defined by:
μA∩B(x) = min (μA(x), μB(x))
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.7), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}

And, B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.8), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

A∩B = {( X1, 0.3), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.1)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μA∩B(X1) = min (μA(X1), μB(X1))

μA∩B(X1) = min (0.3, 0.8)
μA∩B(X1) = 0.3

For X2

μA∩B(X2) = min (μA(X2), μB(X2))

μA∩B(X2) = min (0.7, 0.2)
μA∩B(X2) = 0.2

For X3
μA∩B(X3) = min (μA(X3), μB(X3))
μA∩B(X3) = min (0.5, 0.4)
μA∩B(X3) = 0.4

For X4

μA∩B(X4) = min (μA(X4), μB(X4))

μA∩B(X4) = min (0.1, 0.9)
μA∩B(X4) = 0.1

3. Complement Operation: The complement operation of

fuzzy set is defined by:
μĀ(x) = 1-μA(x),
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}

then,

Ā= {( X1, 0.7 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.9)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μĀ(X1) = 1-μA(X1)
μĀ(X1) = 1 - 0.3
μĀ(X1) = 0.7

For X2

μĀ(X2) = 1-μA(X2)
μĀ(X2) = 1 - 0.8
μĀ(X2) = 0.2

For X3
μĀ(X3) = 1-μA(X3)
μĀ(X3) = 1 - 0.5
μĀ(X3) = 0.5

For X4

μĀ(X4) = 1-μA(X4)
μĀ(X4) = 1 - 0.1
μĀ(X4) = 0.9

Classical Set Theory Fuzzy Set Theory

1. This theory is a class 1. This theory is a class of
of those sets having those sets having un-sharp
sharp boundaries. boundaries.
2. This set theory is 2. This set theory is
defined by exact defined by ambiguous
boundaries only 0 and 1. boundaries.
3. In this theory, there is 3. In this theory, there
no uncertainty about the always exists uncertainty
boundary's location of a about the boundary's
set. location of a set.
4. This theory is widely 4. It is mainly used for
used in the design of fuzzy controllers.
digital systems.

Applications of Fuzzy Logic

Following are the different application areas where the Fuzzy

Logic concept is widely used:
1. It is used in Businesses for decision-making support
system.
2. It is used in Automative systems for controlling the traffic
and speed, and for improving the efficiency of automatic
 transmissions. Automative systems also use the shift
scheduling method for automatic transmissions.
3. This concept is also used in the Defence in various areas.
Defence mainly uses the Fuzzy logic systems for
underwater target recognition and the automatic target
recognition of thermal infrared images.
4. It is also widely used in the Pattern Recognition and
Classification in the form of Fuzzy logic-based
recognition and handwriting recognition. It is also used in
the searching of fuzzy images.
5. Fuzzy logic systems also used in Securities.
6. It is also used in microwave oven for setting the lunes
power and cooking strategy.
7. This technique is also used in the area of modern control
systems such as expert systems.
8. Finance is also another application where this concept is
used for predicting the stock market, and for managing the
funds.
9. It is also used for controlling the brakes.
10. It is also used in the industries of chemicals for
controlling the ph, and chemical distillation process.
11. It is also used in the industries of manufacturing for the
optimization of milk and cheese production.
12. It is also used in the vacuum cleaners, and the timings of
washing machines.
13. It is also used in heaters, air conditioners, and humidifiers.