Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps v = u + at, s = ut + 21 at2 , v 2 − u2 = 2as
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced.
Relative Velocity: ~vA/B = ~vA − ~vB
0.1: Physical Constants

Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s

u
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s y

u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x
Projectile Motion:
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 θ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10−23 J/K O u cos θ
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K) R

Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1

Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10−19 C x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 21 gt2
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 g
y = x tan θ − 2 x2
uum 2u cos2 θ
Permitivity of vacuum 0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ
T = , R= , H=
Coulomb constant 1
4π0 9 × 109 N m2 /C2 g g 2g
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol
Mass of electron me 9.1 × 10−31 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 × 10−27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 × 10−27 kg Linear momentum: p~ = m~v
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV/c2 Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4 )
Newton’s second law: F~ = d~
p
dt , F~ = m~a
constant
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1 Newton’s third law: F~AB = −F~BA
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 × 10−24 J/T
Bohr radius a0 0.529 × 10−10 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = µs N, fkinetic = µk N
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325 × 105 Pa
v2 v2
Wien displacement b 2.9 × 10−3 m K Banking angle: rg = tan θ, rg = µ+tan θ
1−µ tan θ
constant
mv 2 v2
Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = r
2

1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F~pseudo = −m~a0 , Fcentrifugal = − mv

r

Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:

1.1: Vectors
p p
vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl
Notation: ~a = ax ı̂ + ay ̂ + az k̂
q
Magnitude: a = |~a| = a2x + a2y + a2z θ
l
q
l cos θ
Conical pendulum: T = 2π θ T
Dot product: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ g

ı̂ mg
a × ~b
~ ~b
Cross product:
θ k̂ ̂
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
~a ×~b = (ay bz − az by )ı̂ + (az bx − ax bz )̂ + (ax by − ay bx )k̂ Work: W = F~ · S
~ = F S cos θ, W =
R
F~ · dS
~

|~a × ~b| = ab sin θ Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 = p2

2m

Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces.

1.2: Kinematics
Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 21 kx2
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.:

~vav = ∆~r/∆t, ~vinst = d~r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
dent and depends only on initial and final points:
~aav = ∆~v /∆t ~ainst = d~v /dt H
F~conservative · d~r = 0.

Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 2

Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are Rotation about an axis with constant α:
conservative in nature.
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 21 αt2 , ω 2 − ω0 2 = 2αθ
Power Pav = ∆W
∆t , Pinst = F~ · ~v

mi ri 2 , r2 dm
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i I=
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision
P R
R xdm
2
Pxi mi ,
1
2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
Centre of mass: xcm = xcm = mr 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 mr 2
mi dm 2 mr 3 mr 5 mr 12 ml 12

b
a
CM of few useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle

m1 r m2
1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C
m2 r m1 r Ik Ic
m1 +m2 m1 +m2 2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md d
cm
h
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = 3 h
C
h
3
z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
2r
x
3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π
p
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3π C 4r
r ~ = ~r × p~, ~ = I~
3π Angular Momentum: L L ω
r y
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r ~ P θ ~
r 2
Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ , ~τ = dL
dt , τ = Iα F
~
r x
O
3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
r 8 ~ ~τext = 0 =⇒ L ~ = const.
Conservation of L:
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for Equilibrium condition:
P~
F = ~0,
P
~τ = ~0
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 12 Iω 2

Motion of the CM: M =

P
mi Dynamics:
P
mi~vi F~ext ~τcm = Icm α
~, F~ext = m~acm , p~cm = m~vcm
~vcm = , p~cm = M~vcm , ~acm = 1 2 1 2 ~
M M ~ + ~rcm × m~vcm
K = 2 mvcm + 2 Icm ω , L = Icm ω

Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ∆~
R
p
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2

v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = − GMr m
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
−(v10 − v20 )

1, completely elastic
e= = h


v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − R

2h


Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1  m2 then v10 = −v1 . R

If v2 = 0 and m1  m2 then v20 = 2v1 . Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:

Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v10 = v2 and v20 = v1 . gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)

Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics
∆θ dθ
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆t , ω= dt , ~ × ~r
~v = ω
∆ω dω
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆t , α= dt , ~ × ~r
~a = α

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 3

ω
~ ~
A
~2
A
2
Superposition of two SHM’s:  δ
mg mω R cos θ
mgθ0 = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ ~1
A
θ
R
x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + )
q q
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
q A2 sin δ
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan  =
R A1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter
a
F/A ∆P F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ
~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL/dt = 0). 1
2 3 2 4π 2 3 Compressibility: K = = − V1 dV
Third: T ∝ a . In circular orbit T = GM a . B dP

lateral strain ∆D/D

Poisson’s ratio: σ = longitudinal strain = ∆l/l

1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion 1

Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume
Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
d2 x k
Acceleration: a = dt2 = −m x = −ω 2 x Surface tension: S = F/l
2π
= 2π m
p
Time period: T = ω k
Surface energy: U = SA

Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ) Excess pressure in bubble:

√
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2 ∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R

2S cos θ
Capillary rise: h = rρg

Potential energy: U = 12 kx2 U

x
−A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh

Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2 K
x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A 0 A
Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2
v1
Total energy: E = U + K = 12 mω 2 A2
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 21 ρv 2 + ρgh = constant
√
q Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l
dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx

q F
I
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v

Volume flow πpr 4 r

Poiseuilli’s equation: =
q
I
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
time 8ηl
l

2r 2 (ρ−σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η

1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2

Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 k2

k1

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 7

4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes

4.1: Heat and Temperature First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

Temp. scales: F = 32 + 95 C, K = C + 273.16 Work done by the gas:

Z V2
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∆W = p∆V, W = pdV
V
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) = nRT 1 


V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln
Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + α∆T ), V1
A = A0 (1 + β∆T ), V = V0 (1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1 )
F ∆l p1 V1 − p2 V2
Thermal stress of a material: A =Y l Wadiabatic =
γ−1
Wisochoric = 0
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases
General: M = mNA , k = R/NA T1
Q1
n Efficiency of the heat engine: W
Q2
Maxwell distribution of speed: T2

vp v̄ vrms v work done by the engine Q1 − Q2

η= =
q q heat supplied to it Q1
3kT 3RT
RMS speed: vrms = m = M
Q2 T2
ηcarnot = 1 − =1−
q q Q1 T1
8kT 8RT
Average speed: v̄ = πm = πM
T1
q Q1
Most probable speed: vp = 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: W
m
Q2
T2
Pressure: p = 13 ρvrms
2
Q2 Q2
COP = W = Q1 −Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of Rf
∆Q ∆Q
freedom. Thus, K = f2 kT for molecule having f de- Entropy: ∆S = T , Sf − Si = i T
grees of freedoms.
Q Tf
Const. T : ∆S = T, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln Ti
f
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = 2 nRT .
Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant

4.3: Specific Heat

4.5: Heat Transfer
Q
Specific heat: s = m∆T ∆Q
Conduction: ∆t = −KA ∆T
x
Latent heat: L = Q/m x
Thermal resistance: R = KA
∆Q
Specific heat at constant volume: Cv = n∆T  
V 1 x1 x2 K1 K2 A
Rseries = R1 + R2 = A K1 + K2
∆Q x1 x2
Specific heat at constant pressure: Cp = n∆T
p
K2 A2
1 1 1 1
Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp − Cv = R Rparallel = R1 + R2 = x (K1 A1 + K2 A2 ) K1 A1

x
Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp /Cv
emissive power Ebody
Relation between U and Cv : ∆U = nCv ∆T Kirchhoff ’s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody

Specific heat of gas mixture: Eλ

Wien’s displacement law: λm T = b

n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 n1 Cp1 + n2 Cp2
Cv = , γ= λ
n1 + n2 n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 λm

∆Q
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT 4
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. dT
Newton’s law of cooling: dt = −bA(T − T0 )

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