Research

Dependent Variable – It is the one being manipulated

Independent Variable – It is the one that manipulates of causes change

Constant Variable – they are the same in all set up

Research – It is a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering,

analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting and interpreting data for the
solution of a problem

 It is for the prediction, invention, discovery of the truth or for the

expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the
preservation and improvement of the quality of human life

 It is a process of gathering data or information to solve a specific

problem in a scientific manner
Purposes of Research
1. To discover new facts about a known phenomenon

2. To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by

existing methods of information

3. To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or

products

4. To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements

5. To discover pathways of action of known substances and elements

6. {To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science}

7. To provide basis for decision making in business, industry,

education, governments and in other undertakings

8. To satisfy researcher’s curiosity

9. To find answer to queries by means of scientific method

10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about the

phenomenon

11. To expand or verify existing knowledge

12. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school

products

13. To promote health and prolong life

14. To provide man with more of his basic needs

15. To make work, travel, communication faster, easier and more

comfortable

 The GOAL of research is  The Purpose of research

to improve the quality of is to serve man
human life or

 The MAIN Purpose or

Goal of research is the
preservation and
improvement of human
life
The Scientific Method of Research
1. Determining the problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Doing the library research
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6. Collecting data
7. Analyzing data
8. Determining the implications and conclusions from the findings
9. Making recommendations for further research

Principles of the Scientific Method

1. Rigid Control – It refers to the manipulation of variables

 Variable – They are the things that vary in quantity and

quality which are to be manipulated by the researcher
[Example: Age, Sex, Population, Efficiency]

2. Objectivity – It means that there should be no bias or partiality in

treating the results of the inquiry

 The results should not be tampered with, whatever it may be

3. Systematic Organization – It refers to the proper and accurate

tabulation of data as well as presenting then in statistical tables ready
for interpretation

4. Rigorous Standards – It refers to the setting up of standards or

principles which serves as bases for evaluating the findings of a study

 Such standards should not be changed to suit the expectation

of the researcher

 It refers to the accurate statistical computation and

interpretation of quantified data
Characteristics of a Good Research:
It follows an orderly and sequential
procedure that leads to the
discovery of truth, solution of a
Research is systematic
problem, or whatever is aimed to be
discovered

All variables except this that are

tested or being experimented upon
are kept constant so that the changes
Research is Controlled made on the subject of the study can
be attributed only to the
experimental variable

All the procedures and the data

gathered are perceived in the same
Research is Empirical
manner by all observers

This is to guide the investigation

Research Employs Hypothesis process

Data are transformed into numerical

measures and are treated
Research Employs Quantitative or
statistically to determine their
Statistical Methods
significance or usefulness

Except historical Research, data are

gathered from primary sources or
first-hand sources and not from
Research is Original Work
secondary sources such as books
and theses

The researcher uses valid and

carefully designed procedures, valid
Research is Done by an Expert data-gathering instruments, and
valid data

Research must be done accurately so

that all findings will lead to the
Research is Accurate Investigation,
formation of scientific
Observation, and Description
generalizations

Research is Patient and Unhurried

This is to ensure accuracy
Activity
No research can be done without the
Research Requires an Effort exertion of much effort

Research requires courage because

the researcher often times undergo
Research Requires College
hazards, and discomforts
Kinds and Classification of Research:
a) Predictive or Prognostic research –
has the purpose of determining the
future operation of the variables
under investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for
the better

b) Directive research – determines

what should be done based on the
According to Purpose
findings. This is to remedy an
unsatisfactory condition if there is
any

c) Illuminative research – It is
concerned with the interaction of the
components of the variable being
investigated

a) Basic or pure research – is done for

the development of theories or
principles. It is conducted for the
intellectual pleasure of leaning
According to goal
b) Applied Research – It is the
application of the results of pure
research. This is testing the efficacy
of theories and principles

a) Exploratory Research – It is where

the researcher studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation

b) Descriptive Research – It is where

According to Levels of the researcher studies the
Investigation relationships of the variables

c) Experimental Research – It is where

the experimenter studies the effects
if the variables on each other

a) Analytic Approach – It is where the

researcher attempts to identify and
isolate the components of the
research situation
According to the type of Analysis
b) Holistic Approach – It begins with
the total situation, focusing attention
on the system first and then on its
internal relationships
 Under this category is Action
Research. This type of research is
done on a very limited scope to
According to Scope
solve a particular problem which is
not so big

a) Evaluation Research – It is where

all possible courses of action are
specified and identified and the
researcher tries to find the most
advantageous
According to Choice of Answers to
Problems
b) Developmental Research – The
focus is on finding or developing
more suitable instruments or
process than has been available

a) Quantitative or Statistical Research

– It is one in which inferential
statistics are utilized to determine
the results of the study. This type of
research usually includes
comparison studies, cause-and-
According to Statistical Content effect relationships, etc.

b) Non-Qualitative Research – This is

research in which the use of
quantity or statistics is practically nil
(0)

a) Historical Research – It describes

what WAS
b) Descriptive Research – It describes
According to Time Element
what IS
c) Experimental Research – It
describes what WILL BE

Some Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry

1. Tradition – This is accepting beliefs, practices and superstitions are

true and are parts of the daily lives of men
2. Authority – This is accepting without question, an opinion about a
certain subject which is given by someone who is considered authority
on the subject

3. Inaccurate investigation – This is describing wrongly what is actually

observed

4. Over Generalization – This is establishing a pattern out of a few

instances

5. Selective Observation – This is persisting to believe an observed

pattern from an over generalization and ignoring other pertinent
patterns

6. Made-up Information – This is making up information to explain

away confusion

7. Illogical reasoning – This is attributing something to another without

any logical basis

8. Ego-Involvement in Understanding – This is giving an explanation

when one finds himself in a unfavorable situation

9. Mystification – This is attributing to supernatural power, the

phenomena that cannot be understood

10. To err is Human – This is an attitude that admits fallibility of man

11. Dogmatism – This is an unwritten policy of certain institutions and

governments prohibiting the study of topics that are believed to run
counter to be established doctrines of each institution or government