DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Induction and Synchronous Machines Laboratory 20EE4L07 IT B.Tech I Sem STUDENT LAB MANUAL Pragati Engineering College (Autonomous) (Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to INT University, Kakinada) 1-378, ADB Road, Surampalem-533 437 Pragati engiINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) 178, AD Rood Surerpetem €G0wtie AP.- 533437 oredr nee et aera en cna a Fae, ileal canes cana pte es a ene nen eee Vision of the Institution: To emerge as a Premicr Institution for Technical Education in the Country through Academic Excellence and to be recognized as a Centre for Excellence in Research & Development, catering to the needs of our Country”. Mission of the Institutior To realize a strong Institution by consistently maintaining State-of-art-infrastructure and building a cohesive, World Class Team and provide need based Technical Education, Research and Development through enhanced Industry Interaction”. n of the Department To excel in Engineering Education and Research, inculcating professional and social ethies among the students through academic excellence in the field of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Mission of the Department: ML: To impart quality Technical Education with good infrastructure for students to make them globally competent and technically strong. M2: To collaborate with industries and academic institutions to enhance creativity and innovation with professional and ethical values. ‘M3: To motivate faculty and students to do impactful research on societal needs and to build team work among them. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) PEOL: To produce graduates with a strong foundation in the Basie Sciences, Mathematics, Computing and core knowledge in Electrical and Electronics Engineering through high quality Technical Education. PEO2: To prepare graduates for successful and productive engineering careers, with emphasis on technical competency and with an attention to serve the needs of both private and public sectors by developing novel products and solutions for the real-time problems in a socio- economic way. PEO3: To inculcate ethical attitude, honing effective communication skills and managerial skills to work ina multidisciplinary environment as a technocrat/administrator/entrepreneur and to acquire the knowledge for pursuing advanced degrees in Engineering, Science, Management, Research and Development. Pragati engineering college, EEE DeptINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) 178, AD Rood Surerpetem €G0wtie AP.- 533437 oredr nee et aera en cna a Fae, ileal canes cana pte es a ene nen eee Program Outcomes (POs) 1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. 2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Engineering Sciences. 3. Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. 4, Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. 5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modem engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations. 6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. 7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engincering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and. need for sustainable development. 8. Ethies: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethies and respon: and norms of the engineering practice. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. 10, Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and. write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. 11, Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments. Pragati engineering college, EEE DeptINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) 178, AD Rood Surerpetem €G0wtie AP.- 533437 oredr nee et aera en cna a Fae, ileal canes cana pte es a ene nen eee 12, Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) Engineering Students will be able to: PSOI: Apply the concepts of Power Systems, Power Electronics and Utilization of Renewable Energy in implementation of interdisciplinary projects. PSO2: Acquire the knowledge of Electrical and Electronics Engineering to participate in national and international competitive examinations for successful higher studies and employment. Pragati engineering college, BEE DeptINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB. PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) fii 278,A08 Road, Srampaiam EGOMNCLAP. 598497 | pn ness” 262036, 200084, s62288, Pax. 202809, Wabete srr page ncin {eponsored by Gayot Educstional Society) Ne 224-12 round Ror senseen Pox Rand Sages Manage 3 O64 2368000, Fax 2363000 Name: Roll No: (Academic year 2023-24) S.No Description of the Experiment 1 _| Performance characteristics ofa three-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test 2 | Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction motor by conducting No-load & Blocked rotor tests on three-phase Induction motor. Determination of Regulation of a three-phase alternator by synchronous impedance 3 & M.M.F.Methods. 4 _| Determination of Regulation of a three-phase altemator by potier triangle method, 5 _| Determination of V and Inverted V curves of a three-phase Synchronous motor. 6 _| Determination of Xd and Xq ofa salient pole Synchronous machine, 7__| Speed control of three phase induction motor by Vif method 8 _| Equivalent Cireuit ofa sin -phase Induction motor. 9 | Determination of efficiency of three phase alternator by loading with three-phase Induction motor. 10 _ | Power Factor improvement of I-Phase Induction Motor by using capacitors 11 | Starting of single-phase Induction motor by using capacitor start and capacitor start run methods Determination of efficiency ofa single-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake testPRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE utonomous| INDEX S.No. Name of the Experiment Date Page Nos. | Mark | Sign ‘Average Marks HOD-EEE Pragati engineering college, EEE Dept Lab InchargeINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No: Date: -BRAKE TEST ON THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To conduct the brake test on the given 3-phase induction motor and plot its performance characteristics. APPARATUS: S.No] Name of the Apparatus | Type Range ‘Quantity T “Ammeter MI W-T0Ay T z Voltmeter MI W-00V) 7 3 Wattmeter UPF_| 104, 600V, Is00W |__2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (600V,SA,, UPF THEOR The brake testis a direct method of testing. It consists of applying a brake to a water — cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of the motor. A rope is wound round the pulley and its two ends, are attached to two spring balances S| and S2. The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of swivels. Name plate Detai Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Then, ‘The force acting tangenti IERL is the pulley radius, the torque at the pull; Ifo” is the angular velocity of the motor. (© =2(N/60, Where N is the speed in RPM. Motor output illy on the pulley = (Sj — $2) Kgs. Tsh = (1 ~S2) R kg. mt.wt Tsh x © =2(N(S1 ~S2)kg.mtwt = 9.81 x 21) N (1 ~S2) R watts. The motor input can be measured directly as in the circuit diagram. For finding the performance characteristics, the speed of the motor can also be measured by a tachometer. PROCEDURE: 1, Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Loosen the rope of the break drum such tat $1 = S2 = 0. 3. Close the switch $ and apply the rated 3-phase a.c. supply to the motor. Note the readings of all meters, 4, Gradually increase the load by tightening the rope and note down the readings ofall meters and tabulate the results as shown below 5. Starting from no-load, take the readings as the line current is increased from %, %, %, 1 and 1 % of its full value. 6. The output and input of the motors, Efficiency, Torque and slip can calculated and the performance characteristic. ) Load vs Efficiency b) Load vs Speed ©) Load vs Torque 4) Load vs Slip and speed are drawn TABULAR FORM: a Speed in Input {Output | Eficie No. | # | S1 | S82 | Wi} W2| Rpm | Slip | T | Power|Power| "°Y Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB RESULT: QUIZ: What are the types of starters generally used for squired cage induction motors? How is the supply voltage related to the starting Torque? In what respects slipping ILM. superior to squirrel cage? What is the value of rotor resistance, which give maximum starting torque? BeRe Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp. No: Date: NO-LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To conduct (i) No-Load and (ii) blocked rotor tests on the 3-phase induction motor, construct circle diagram and find performance characteristics of (a) BHP vs efficiency curve (b) BHP vs Torque, slip and speed curves and (©) Find Max. Mechanical Power developed, Max. Torque and starting Torque in terms of full load torque APPARATUS: S.No] Name of the Apparatus | Type Range Quantity T ‘Ammeter MI (TOA) i z Voltmeter MI (0-600V) H 3 Wattmeter UPF_| 104, 600V, 1Is00W [2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: No Load Test: rest 4 I td Name plate Detai Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Blocked Rotor Test: or s04ssoo oi i6aisoow THEORY: ‘The performance characteristics of the given 3 — phase induction motor are obtained from the circle diagram. The circle diagram is constructed from the No-Load and Blocked rotor tests ‘No-Load Test: In this test, supply is given to the stator of the motor through a 3-phase variac. ‘The variae serves as a device to start the motor and also to enable rated voltage to be applied to the stator. In the No-Load test, with the machine running at No-Load, rated voltage is applied to the stator and readings of meters are taken. Let WO, 10 and V0 be the readings of wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter respectively. For the construction of cirele diagram In and Opare evaluated as below. Iron Loss + Mech. Losses of motor = WO 3 Valo Cos v= WO where VO = rated voltage of stator 10 = No-Load current 0 = No-Load p.f. angle. Cos ®o = WO / ( V3 Volo). Blocked Rotor Test : This testis similar to the S.C. test of Transformer. The rotor of the motor is blocked by some means, and a reduced voltage (starting from zero) is applied to the stator till fullload current flows through the stator. Readings of all the meters are noted. Reading of watt meter = Ws Reading of Ammeter = Is Reading of Voltmeter = Vs, Is'=(V/Vs) xs Where “V" is the rated line voltage of stator Stator and Rotor copper Losses: ‘Measurement of stator and rotor resistances is done in the normal way. By measuring the voltage across the slip rings, the tum ratio of the stator to rotor and the ratio of stator copper Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB loss to rotor copper loss at stand-still can be found cut as below Stator copper loss ~3 x GL") xR, R, ~ resistance per phase of stator. Rotor Copper Loss = (3 x (i!) xR) /K?_R = Resistance per phase of rotor. K=N2/Nj = Tum ratio of rotor to stator ‘The circle diagram of the induction motor is constructed as below : Fc bee al od cm oe ; + 3 Elis such that AE/EF = rotor copper loss / stator copper loss. From the diagram, If Vy = Line voltage of stator, when the stator current Qt = I. V3 Vi IK = Motor input 3 Vi IN = Stator copper loss V3 Vi JK =Fixed Losses V3 VMK =Total Loss V3 VMN = Rotor copper loss 3 ViNL= rotor input & Torque V5 Vi ML= mech. Output. Efficiency = outputfinput =MULK slip rotor cu. Loss / rotor input MN/ NL 1-s = NIN, = actual speed /syn. Speed. = rotor output / rotor input = ML /NL Stator power factor = Cos $= LK/OL PROCEDURE: No-Load Test: 1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (a) using meters of suitable ranges, 2. Apply rated three — phase voltage to the stator of the LM. through the variac. 3, Gradually increase the output voltage of the variac till rated voltage is applied to the stator. 4, Allow the rotor to run at no-load for few minutes and note the readings ofall meters. Pragati Engineering College, PEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Blocked Rotor Test: 1. Replace all meters with meters suitable for blocked rotor test as per the circuit. 2. Block the rotation of the rotor of the LM. by a wooden block and keep the position of variac at zero. 3. Slowly adjust the applied voltage to the stator, keeping the rotor blocked, will full load Current flows through the stator. 4, Take the readings of all meters and disconnect the supply. 5. Construct the eirele diagram and predetermine the performance characteristics as explained in theory, TABULAR FORMS: ‘No-Load Test: S.No. Wi Wr Vo To Blocked Rotor Test: S.No. Wi wz Vse Ise RESULT: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB QUIZ: 1, Why this motor is called induction motor? 2, Why this motor is can never run at syn. Speed? 3. Why do you need a starter for the ILM.? In the two tests you have conducted, why did you not use a starter? 4, How do you reverse the direction of rotation of the ILM.? 5. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz, LLM runs at 940 RPM. What is the slip? What is the frequency of the rotor exm.f. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Department Page NoINDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp. No Date: ‘To determine the Regulation of the given 3-phase alternator by Synchronous Impedance Method and MMF Method APPARATUS: S.No]_Name of the Apparatus] Type Range] Quantity 1 Ammeter ML on, 2 z Voltmeter MI 0-600) T 3 Rheostat wits, | 300001.74 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LAE (o-1naynat @-2ae(a onset a7 nv TT \ efit kk + ne LN oe] RECTIFIER [aribicouip sos ise Sx ‘Name plate Det Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEORY: In this experiment the 3-phase alternator is driven by the D.C. shunt motor at rated speed. ‘The field is excited by a variable d.c. voltage output drawn from a rectifier. The regulation of the alternator is determined by (a) synchronous impedance and (b) M.MLF method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C tests. uit Test : ‘The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) or the magnetizing characteristic of the alternator is obtained by plotting the variation of induced voltage E as the field current is gradually increased. The shape of the O.C.C. is as shown in Fig, 5(b). This curve actually shows a small voltage at zero field current due to the residual magnetism. But this is neglectedand not shown. In the initial stages when the field current is small O.C.C. is a straight line since the field is unsaturated. With higher field currents E increases slowly and finally reachesa fixed due to Open magnetic saturation, Short Circuit Test : In this the machine is run at constant speed and the armature terminal are short-circuited, A reduced excitation is applied to the field. The S.C.C. is obtained by plotting armature current Ton the y-axis and the field current on the x-axis. This is characteristic isa straight line as shown in fig. 5(b). Regulation of alternator at a given load current Ia and p.£. Cos isan index of the drop of voltage with load, It is given by % Regulation = (E-V)/V) x 100(1) Where E is the induced voltage in the armature / phase. the rated terminal voltage of the armature / phase. gq 12 Field Curve fa M2 Cures E2=(Vcos + laa)” +Vsing + aXe) Where E and V are phase values, and Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept. Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Ia = Armature current / phase Ra = Armature resistance / phase. Xs = Synchronous reactance / phase. Note: For lagging power factor 6 is positive and for leading power factors @ is negative. Regulation by synchronous impedance method: Suppose it is required to find the synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance of the alternator at a load current of Ia. For the armature current Ia, find the field current Ifa required from the 8.S.C, From the O.C.C. find E1 corresponding to Ifa. Then Za the synchronous impedance is given by Zs = Eva Xs, the synchronous reactance of the altemator is given by Xs= /z2—R,? , Where Ra is the ac. resistance of the armature. Knowing Ra and Xs, for a given rated terminal voltage V, Regulation at any given load current and power factor can be found from equation (1) and ( Regulation by amp — turn or MMF method: Suppose, it is required to find regulation at any armature current Ia and power factor Cos 6 - This is determined by the amp-turn method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C. as below. Corresponding to la, find the field current required Ifa from the $.8.C. Corresponding to V1 the rated terminal voltage, find the field current required If from the O.C.C, shown in fig 5(b). Construct the phasor diagram of these mmts as in fig (b). Fig Phasor Diagram of Alternator Corresponding to Ifr, find the induced voltage E from the O.C.C. then regulation at the given load current and pf. is given by % regulation = (E ~ VE) x 100 Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept. Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Armature Resistance Ra = TABULAR FORMS: O.C TEST: SNO. Tr Vo Vin SNO- Tse Tr PROCEDURE: |, Make connections as per the circuit diagram for obtaining the O.C.C. or magnetization curve. Keep the switch $ is open. 2 Start the D.C. motor by means of the 3-point starter and adjust the speed of the set to the rated value. 3. Switch on the rectifier and supply the field current to the field terminals of the altemator. 4, Starting with zero field current, gradually vary the field current and obtain the corresponding reading of voltmeter connected across the armature, Continue this till you get nearly a constant voltage in the armature. 5. Plot the O.C.C. taking Ifon te x-axis and E-phase on the y-axis. This will be obtained as shown in fig 5(b). 6 For obtaining he S.C.C. make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig 5(a), Replace all the meters with meters of new ranges. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB 7. Start the set by means of the 3-pt starter of the dc. motor and adjust speed to the rated value by the field regulator. & Close the switch S, Switch on the rectifier. Starting with zero field current, gradually increase the field current and note the corresponding armature current, Continue this till full load current flows through the armature. 9. The dec. resistance of the armature is found using the drop method. Allow 20%. extra for the skin effect and find the Rac. 10. Calculate Xs the synchronous reactance of the armature at a given Ia and find the regulation from equations (1) and (2) as explained in theory. Similarly find the regulation using the m.m.f, method as per the procedure given in theory. 11, Draw the regulation vs load curve graphs at (a) 0.8 lag (b) unity and (c) 0.8 lead power factors both the above methods. RESUL Quiz: 1, How is armature reaction considered in the determination of regulation of alternator? 2, Why synchronous impedance is called fictitious impedance? Is it constant for all field currents? 3. The regulation determined by synchronous impedance method is called “pessimistic method”, while the m.m.f method is called optimistic. Why? 4, Do you get zero or negative regulation for some loads? Explain. 5. What are the errors in the two methods of finding regulation? Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No. Date: REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY -POTIER TRIANGLE METHOD AIM: To predetermine the regulation of alternator by at full load different power factor by ZPF method. : APPARATUS: S.No|__Name of the Apparatus_| Type Range Quantity 1 Voltmeter MI (0-600V) 1 2 Ammeters MI (054) : 3 Ammeters MI (0-10A)MI : 4 Rheostat : 3000,1.24. | s Tachometer Digital |(0-10000 RPM) ' 6 Reactive Load . (1-15) amps : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: — AP NST ‘Name plate Det Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEORY: Procedure to draw the potier triangle (zpf method) Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field Current) 2. Mark the point A at X-axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load armature current. 3. From the ZPF test, mark the point P for the field current to the corresponding rated armature current and the rated voltage. 4, Draw the ZPF curve which passing through the point A and P in such a way Parallel to the open circuit characteristics curve. Draw the tangent for the OCC curve from the origin (i.e.) air gap line. Draw the line PX from P towards Y-axis, which is parallel and equal to OA. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from R to the OCC curve Join the points R and S also drop the perpendicular line PX, where the line RS represents armature leakage reactance drop (IX) PS represents armature reaction excitation (Ifa). FORMULAE: EME, E; = (ph cos $+ 1Ra)> + (ph sing 1X, ° + corresponds to lagging power factor ~ corresponds to leading power factor IX, =RS (fiom graph) 1f2 = PS (from graph) If] = field current comesponding to E1 (from graph) IR) = YUP? + 1f2? + 2If1x If 2c0s(180— (90+ 4) EO = open circuit voltage corresponding to 1f0 (from graph) i ss Rein = E02 og PROCEDURE: 2. The no load test and the short circuit test is performed and the readings are tabulated. (refer emf and mmf procedure). 3. Before ZPF test the motor has to be brought to rated speed under no load condition, 4, The field current of the alternator is adjusted using field theostat so that the voltage across the alternator reads 380V and then the inductive load is connected by closing the TPST switch, the load is adjusted so that the alternator reads the rated value of current. 9. The readings taken are tabulated. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB 6. Then the triangle is projected with the same dimension and ZPF curve is the field current corresponding to rated short circuit current. drawn for 7. The altitude RS gives IXL drop and PS gives If? (field current necessary to overcome demagnet ing effect of armature reaction at full load). From the abovevalues the regulation at different power factors are found. OC TES’ Phase Voltage Field Current(lp (Amps) _| Line Voltage(Vi) (Volts) | (Vpn) =(Vi/3 (Volts) Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB MODEL GRAPH: vph (wore) oc aa Characrenisrics ef characteristics ° a = (amps) RESULT: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp. No. Date: AND INVERTED V CURVES OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AIM: To obtain V and inverted V (A) curves of synchronous motor APPARATUS: S.No] Name of the Apparatus_| Type Range ‘Quantity 1 Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1 2 Ammeter Mc (0-20) : 3 PrMeter : . 4 Clampo Ammeter e (0-40A) ' 5 Frequency meter 7 . 7 Cireuit Diagram Ty canes fase: nese Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEORY: ‘The armature current of a synchronous motor changes with the change in field current If the field current is increased from a small value, the armature current la decreases until the armature current becomes minimum. At this point the armature is operating at UPF up to this the motor is operating at a lagging power factor. Ifthe field current increased further, the armature current increases again and the motor will operateat leading pf. When this variation of fa with If is plotted for various loads the resultant curves obtained are called the V curves and since they resemble V in their shape. ‘A family of curves is obtained by plotting the power factor vs field current, These are inverted V curves. The highest point on each of these curves indicates unity power factor .Itis noted that the field current for unity power factor at no load is less than field and for unitypower factor at full load, PROCEDURE: 1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. The prime mover is, “DC motor and by adjusting its field current the speed can be brought to the synchronous machine” rated speed. 3, ‘The synchronous machine field is excited by varying the resistance is the field. synchronous machine the voltage can be adjusted to grid voltage. 4. Conditions for parallel operation are to be checked. Once they are satisfied, close three pole switch of the synchronous machine, itof When bulbs are dark close the synchronous switch and open the de motor supply. Now synchronous machine will run as a motor and de machine as a de generator. Atno load armature current, field current and power factor readings are to be tabulated. Connect the load and adjust the load current to 3A, 6A and 9A respectively. Take the readings of armature current, field current, power factor readings and tabulate the readings. 10. Reduce the load and open the synchronous motor 3pole switch and field switch simultaneously. 11. Draw the V and inverted V curves. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB TABULAR FORMS: SN 1 1 | Power sNo| ls 1, | Tower — . factor factor At No Load ATL=6A Power Power S.No I Ir eae S.No u i factor AT L=6A Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB MODEL GRAPHS: power factor RESULT: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No. Date: DETERMINATION OF Xp AND Xo OF A SALIENT POLE, SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE AIM: To determine the direct axis reactance (Xd) & quadrature axis reactance (Xq) of a Salient pole synchronous machine. APPARATUS: S.No] Name of the Apparatus | Type Range | Quantity 1 Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1 2 Ammeter MI (020A) ' 3 Voltmeter MI (0-300V) : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (0-10) Test ‘Switch (0-300¥ Name plate Detail Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEORY: In the E.MLF. method of finding the voltage regulation of an alternator, armature reaction m.m.f, ‘Fa’ is accounted by means of an equivalent armature reaction e.m.f. “Ea” and. from this concept of Xs is evolved. This is permissible only in case of Non- Salient pole synchronous machine where the air gap is uniform. In Salient pole synchronous machine the armature m.m.f. cannot be accounted by introducing the equivalent reactance. This is because air gap is not uniform & the reluctance among the polar or direct axis is considerably smaller than that along the inter polar or quadrature axis, According to two-reaction theory, the sinusoidal armature m.m.f. ‘Fa’ is resolved into two components ‘Fad’ along d axis & ‘Faq’ along ‘q’ axis. The difference between e.m.f. method & reaction theory method must be carefully noted. The e.m-f. method introduces the concept of Xs, which accounts for the both the armature leakage & armature reaction fluxes. The two reaction theory introduces Xd & Xq, the Xd accounts for the armature leakage flux & *Xq” accounts for the armature reaction flux. In e.m.f, method, the armature reaction e.m.f, Etat Ey MEASUREMENT OF Xd & Xq: ‘The synchronous machine is driven by a separate prime mover at a speed slightly different from synchronous speed. The field winding is left open & positive sequence balance voltages of reduced magnitude at rated frequency are applied across the armature terminals under these conditions. The relative velocity between the field winding & rotating armature ‘m.m{. waves are revolving in the same direction and this is the slip speed. At one instant, when. the peak of armature m.m.f. wave is in line with the field poles or direct axis, the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum. At this instant, the impressed terminal voltage/phase divided by the corresponding la/phase ssives direct axis synchronous reactance *Xd’, Afier the armature of slip eyele, the peak of armature m.m.f. wave acts on the inter poles or q- axis of magnetic circuit & the reluctance offered by long air gap is maximum, At this instant the ratio of armature terminal voltage/phase to corresponding armature current Ia/phase gives quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq). PROCEDURE: 1, Make the connections as per circuit diagram. 2. The DC motor is started & its speed is adjusted till ammeter & voltmeter pointers s ig slowly between maximum & minimum points. 3. Atthis condition maximum & minimum readings of both ammeter & voltmeter are recorded, in order to determine Xd & Xq. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB x, — Maximum armature terminal voltage per phase = Minimum armtuer current per phase Minimum armature terminal voltage per phase ‘Maximum armtuer current per phase TABULAR FORM: S.No Vmax ei Tua Tea RESULT: QUIZ QUESTIONS: ‘What is an alternator? Why alternator is called synchronous generator? ‘What is meant by Xd and Xq? ‘What are the conditions for the parallel operation of the alternator? What is Saliency? What is its importance? What are the differences between salient and non-salient pole machines? What is reluctance power? Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No: Date SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY V/F METHOD 1: To control the speed of the 3 phase induction motor by changing the supply frequency and to plot the speed Vs frequency curve. APPARATUS: S.No] Name of the Apparatus | Type Range Quantity 1 Voltmeter MI | (0-600V) : 2 Ammeters MI on : 4 Rheostat : 3000) 1.24 : 5 Tachometer Digital |(0-10000 RPM) : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: "HEE PONTSTARER : A pF i Lita oi sa. Lin f¥C Dest, tl ‘Name plate Detai Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB ‘THEORY: V/£Control or Frequency Control: Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by 120f oP In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer which is given by Vv EorV =4A46K.T.f or 6 144KT SF Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and fis frequency. Now if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in frequency fluxwill jerease and this change in value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load current of the motor . So, its important to maintain flux, — constant and it is only possible if we change voltage. ie. if we decrease frequency flux increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no change in flux and hence it remains constant. So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/fas constant. Hence its name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by ‘Vit method we have to supply variable voltage and frequency. PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in diagram. 2. Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST1. Start the DC shunt motor using 3-point starter. Adjust the field rheostat of the alternator and bring it to rated speed.(1500rpm).. 3. Now, de supply is given to the altemator field winding and adjust the potential divider so that the generated voltage is rated value (410V). 4. Close the TPST switch. Increase the autotransformer. Induction motor starts running on no load. 5. Apply rated voltage by adjusting autotransformer. Note down the frequency, voltage and speed of the induction motor. 6. Now, decrease the frequency. Decrease the voltage and frequency in proportion and note down the frequency, voltage and speed of the induction motor each time. 7. This procedure is continued till frequency decreases to 48Hz.Switch off the supply after bringing the motor to no-load. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB TABULAR FORM: S.NO VOLTAGE(VOLTS) FREQUNCY(HZ) SPEED OF INDUCTION MOTOR(RPM) MODEL GRAPH: Speedin PHL RESULT: speed Vs frequency curve on load 1800 seseeeceeeee 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 40 60 Frequency in Hz Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp. No. Date: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To calculate and determine the parameters of equivalent circuit ofa single phase induction motor S.No] Name of the Apparatus | Type Range Quantity i Voltmeter MI (0-75V) ! 2 Voltmeter MI (0-300V) ! 3 Ammeters MI (5A) T 4 Ammeters MI (0-10) : 5 Wattmeter LPF | SA,300V,60W : 6 Wattmeter upF | 10A,75v,300W : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: No-Load Test: 3007.5.4.600 7 = LPF warmerer (0-5 — eek x ae tos a te Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Blocked Rotor Test: 10 4.757 6009 pest UP warmeter (0-10) switch Zoos, Mo x ae * -—4enin a NOE i 230%.50H: 1-¢.4C, Supply N | tL 2300~ 2707).50% x 1#.awoT iF THEORY: “Any uni-axial alternating quantity can be represented by two rotating vectors of half the magnitude of alternating quantity and each rotating at Ns=120f/p, Accordingly an altemating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes each of equal magnitude and half the value of the altemating flux, and rotating at synchronous speed Ns=120fip Assume that the flux that is rotating in the same direction as that of rotor as forward flux and other as backward flux. Slip of the rotor w.r.t forward flux Then the slip of the rotor w.s.tbackward flux= S, = Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor, induces an emf, thus produces its own torque. Power developed by the torque = iS ER, Rotor i/p: Rotor ou loss: Rotor o!p = 1: Rotorontput Rotorcopperlosses Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Rotoromput "Sh Rotor power developed = 24NT Equivalent circuit of a 1-@ LM. based on rotating field theory when the rotor is rotating at a slip's’. The parameters of 1-@ LM. can be determined by no load and blocked rotor test as in the ease poly phase induction motor. No-Load Test: Tn no load test, the slip is very small. - = in the forward equivalent circuit is considered as ~ and so the comesponding rotor circuit may be taken as open circuit. 1 x, In the backward sequence circuit, = is omitted because $= ates then = = Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Blocked Rotor Test: When the rotor is at standstill, slip ‘s'=1, then the circuit reduced to the form Hence a >>. The losses are only eu losses since iron losses are negligible removed from the equivalent cireuit W, = 1 (, + 4)) Thea Z.=VGenF+ G+ xiy Assuming =X, =x) = Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE BY DROP TEST: AMC € wk (ay x 2000/2.8A SW, Jes, 220v, DC.supply SW, C, RW, . xX TABULAR FORM: No Load Test: S.No vo) I(amps) POW) SI s2 N(rpm) Blocked Rotor Test: S.No vo) (amps) Pse(W) Drop Test: S.No voy) (amps) R(ohms) Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PROCEDURE: ‘The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Initially autotransformer should be in minimum output position 3. The DPST switch is switched ON and the rated voltage is applied to stator o the 1-@ IM. by gradually increasing the o/p voltage of the variac. 4, Noted down the readings of all meters. 5. For blocked rotor test, the steps 1&2 are repeated. Apply load on the brake drum, which blocks the rotor of the 1 LM. 6. The DPST switch ON and the applied voltage is slowly adjusted to the stator till full load current flows through the stator. 7. The readings of all meters are taken. RESULT: QUIZ QUESTION: 1. Why 1-@ induction motors are not self-starting? 2, What is the range of forward and backward slips of the 1-® induction motor? 3. What is the purpose of the auxiliary winding? 4, Inwhich direction does a shaded pole motor run? 5. What is the universal motor and mention its applicatior Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No: Date: EFFICIENCY THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY LOADING WITH THREE- PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To determination of efficiency of three phase alternator by loading with three-phase Induction motor. APPARATURES: SNO| NAME OF THE TYPE RANGE ‘QUANTITY APPARATUS T_ | Ammeter MI (0A) T 2 | Volimeter MI (6000) T 3 _| Rotor Resistance Starter ‘ H 4_| Auto transformer 3 Phase FISIO-ATOV 1 3 | Tachometer Digital = i 6 | Wattmeter LPF 600V,10A 2 7 | Connecting Leads Required CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: eres ‘Name plate Details: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB sv Dc ‘SUPPLY S.No v 1 Rac= Vil Ri = 1.25 x Rac (For one winding) Total armature resistance=3 x Ra (For three windings). THEORY: ‘Whenever we convert one form of energy into another there are bound to be losses. No ‘machine is perfect. Power is supplied to an alternator both in the form of electrical energy and in the form of mechanical energy. The electrical energy is supplied to the field coil. This energy is used to set up the main magnetic field. This field is constant. There is no energy taken from it in the generation of el . Therefore, since none of the power out comes from this energy, the power by the field must be counted as a loss. Most of the power comes from the prime mover.Some of this mechanical power is lost to the windings and friction of the alternator. The mechanical losses do not depend on the altemator’s load, To find theselosses it is necessary to determine the overall mechanical losses then subtract the losses of the prime mover. Another class of losses that does not vary with load is the core losses. We are speaking here about the armature’score. Since there is an altemating voltage generated, the core is, Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB continually becoming magnetized with one polarity, de-magnetized, then magnetized with the other polarity each cycle. All of this magnetic activity in the corecauses eddy current and hysteresis losses. These core losses depend on the alternator’s voltage, not on load. As load current flows through the armature coils the resistance of the wire causes a power loss. This copper loss isproportional to the square of the current, P= 7R. Copper losses, therefore, increase rapidly with load. Percent efficiency is the ratio between the power out and the power in. % Eff. = PowsPin x100 Ifthe load has unity power factor, Pout = Ex Ix 1.73. Regardless of load, Pia = Post + losses. PROCEDURE: A, ROTATIONAL LOSSES: 1, Connect the DC machine as a shunt motor. Clamp the motor but do not couple the alternator. Give the 220VDC supply to the DC shunt motor. Run the DC shunt motor to the above synchronous speed (1600RPM). Read the motor’s voltage and current and record these readings in TABLE 6-1 Tum off the DC supply to the motor. Multiply voltage and current values of motor this value is rotational losses in motor (PML). 8. Couple the alternator to the motor. 9. With no connections made to the altemator. 10, Run the DC shunt motor to the above synchronous speed (1600RPM) 11, Read the motor’s voltage and current and record these readings. 12, Tum off the DC supply to the motor. 13, Multiply voltage and current values of motor to find total rotational losses in the motor and alternator (PMAL). Record this value in TABLE 6-1 14, Compute the alternator’s rotational losses, PAL, by subtracting PML from PMAL,Record in TABLES 6-1 and 6-5 B, DETERMINE THE FIELD LOS! 1. Run the DC shunt motor to the synchronous speed (1500RPM). 2, Slowly increase the excitation voltage until the terminal voltage of the alternator is 400 (Lto L volts). 3. Read the field voltage and amps of alternator and record in TABLE 6-3. 4, Multiply field volts and amps of altemator to find field loss PFL. Record in TABLE 6-3 and 6-5, C. CORE LOSSES 1. Read the motor’s voltage and current readings at alternator rated voltage condition and record these readings in TABLE 6-4. 2. Multiply the voltage and current readings of motor to find total no-load losses of motor PNLL. Record in TABLE 6-4. 3. Compute the alternator’s core losses, PCL, by subtracting the total rotational losses 4, PMAL from the total no-load losses, PNLL. 5, Record in TABLE 6-4 and TABLE 6-5. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept. Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB OUTPUT POWER : Load the altemator by using 3 phase induction motor load. Break the induction motor drum to load the alternator. Read the terminal voltage and the load current of the alternator at load condition, eres s |. Record these values in TABLE 6-6. 5, Calculate the output power of the alternator using following formula (V3 « VL. IL * cos) 6. Find out the full load armature copper losses (2R) by using full load alternator ‘armature current and total alternator armature resistance Ra, Add the rotational, field, core, and armature losses and record the value in TABLE 6-5 7. Determine the power input =power out put +total losses Note: PML =Motor Rotational Losses © PAL =Alternator Rotational Losses PMAL = Motor Alternator Rotational Losses PFL = Alternator Field Copper Losses PNLL = Motor No Load Losses PCL = Alternator Core Losses © PRR = Alternator Armature Copper losses Ra ‘otal Armature Resistance CALCULATIONS; Note: Total losses in altemator: Vv Iron or core losses (W1) Copper Losses (W2&W3) v Field Copper Losses (W2) Armature copper losses (W3) Rotational Losses (W4) veo WI = CORE LOSSES (PCL), W2 = FIELD LOSSES (PFL), W3 = ARMATURE COPPER LOSSES (PR), W4= ROTATIONAL LOSSES(PAL) POWER INPUT =POWER OUT PUT +TOTAL LOSSES POWER OUTPUT =( 3 * VL IL x Cosd) TOTAL LOSSES =W1+W2+W3+W4, DETERMINATION OF THE ALTERNATOR EFFICIENCY FROM THE EQUATION: % Efficiency= (Power Out Put / (Power Output +Total Losses) x 100 Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB = Exi ("UNCOUPLED MoTOR I Pu = [7 courtep moor Pua Pa = Pua -Pu = TABLE 61 . ROTATIONAL LOSSES T = Foc = Ef Rock +5 ARM RES | aaa] = 7 ee TABLE 6:2- ARMATURE RESISTANCE CURRENT VOLTAGE Pra = €xi TABLE 63-FIELD LOSSES CURRENT VOLTAGE Pre I Pou (Put - Pant) TABLE 6-4- CORE LOSSES ROT Pa) | = [1 | our | Pour vss [TRIED ery (TCORE Pan ] | T(aur*RPLonD) | | + — TOTAL ‘REFFICIENCY TABLE 65- TOTAL LOSSES RESULT: 1. What are the types of three-phase induction motors? 3 4, Why the three phase induction motor draws heavy current at star What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting torque? How to keep the synchronous speed of rotor in alternator? 5. How to determination of efficiency of alternator? TABLE6S - EFFICIENCY Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB . Date: Exp.No: POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF 1-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING ‘CAPACITORS AND LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIME: To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot its performance characteristics. APPARATUS: S.No| Namie of the Apparatus | Type Range Quantity 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300V) : 2 Ammeters MI (o-10A) : 3 Wattmeter UPF 300V,10A : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 10.4.757 6008 r WPF aimee ~10A) tac | =m “e w i bg RW, t (@-757), wr | o RW, oe Pe. 230 (0=2707) 50H 08 1-fentoT/F ‘Name plate Det Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEOR' Inan electrical power system, loads are of resistive, inductive and capacitive. The loads like motor and transformer are inductive in nature as it has coils which are inductive. Hence loads on power system are resistive as well as inductive. Resistance of the power system is low as compared to inductance. Hence the current lags behind the voltage by angle. That angle called as lagging power factor of the system. Industries which primarily depend on inductive load suffers problem of low power factor. Ultimately overall efficiency of the system gets reduced due to increase in line losses. Power sources in power system act as non-linear loads, which draws a distorted waveform that contains harmonics. These harmonies causes problems ranging from telephone transmission interference to degradation of conductors and insulating material in motors and transformers. The summation of all harmonics in a system is known as total harmonic distortion, (THD). Therefore the system with the low power factor has harmonies cause unbalance. Harmonic distortion can have severe effects on power equipment. An unwanted distortion can increase current of system which effects in high temperature in neutral conductor and distribution transformers. High order harmonics can cause excess core loss in motors which results in additional heating of core of motor. Those high order harmonies are causing disturbance in the communication of transmission lines since it oscillate at the same frequencies as the transmit frequency. It can greatly shorten the life of power electronic equipment and damage to power systems, 1.1 POWER FACTOR Power factor can be defined as ratio of an active power in KW to an apparent power in KVA. It shows how much real power utilized in power system. Active power Apperent power Pr vicoso vr Where, cos @ is power factor of system and @ represents an angle between voltage and current. If power factor is unity, that is angle between voltages and current is zero and both are in phase with each other. Loads serve which is resistive in nature. If current is inductive i.e. current lags, behind the voltage by some angle is called as lagging pf. If current is capacitive i.e. Current lead the voltage by some angle is called as leading pf. 1.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Power factor correction is the term given to a technology that has been used since the tum of the 20th century to restore the power factor to as close to unity as is economically viable. This is normally achieved by the addition of capacitors to the electrical network which compensate for the reactive power demand of the inductive load and thus reduce the burden on the supply. There should be no effect on the operation of the equipment. To reduce losses in the distribution system, and to reduce the electricity bill, power factor correction, usually in the form of capacitors, is added to neutralize as much of the magnetizing current as possible. Capacitors contained in most power factor correction equipment draw current that leads the voltage, thus producing a leading power factor. 2. CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR The various load like motors, many electronic equipment like television, mobile chargers, CFL. Due to this, system fails to maintain the power factor near to unity. Therefore, current draw is more than required. Hence, losses get increases. This will leads to increase electricity bill. In small scale industry, loads are varying. The requirement of current also is varying, The power factor gets change continuously. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB 3. NEED OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Due to improper power factor, the energy consumption is more. The penalty charges will increase due to excessive consumption of reactive power. Due to flow of heavy current, the equipment may get damage. Also saturation of parts of equipment may take place. This will cause increase maintenance cost. The system will not be efficient. While designing the equipment, designer should consider over current condition and design appropriate parts of equipment. The cross sectional area of conductor required more due to more current. This will leads to increase in initial cost. In case of induction motor, it lead to frequent maintenance and also shortening the life of motor as it generate lot of heat. This will increase in losses affects efficiency. Low power factor may affect the overall performance of motor. In order to decrease the effect of the distortion, power factor correction circuit are added to load side of equipment used in industries and domestic applications tends to increase the overall efficiency of power usage. 4, POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM Capacitor injects leading current in line which is 90 degree with voltage. The resultant of current will changes and the angle between voltage and current get reduced. Therefore, the power factor will get near to unity. Capacitor is major source of reactive power. It supplies the adequate reactive power in line for the voltage stability. This will help to maintain the power quality of asystem. Following formula used for improvement of power factor P(tand1 — tand2) Kvan Where, P is power consumed by the load in KW 1 is cosine inverse of power factor which to be improved. 2 is cosine inverse of desired power factor. By calculation we get the reactive power in KVAR which should be added by the switching of capacitor. This makes system achieve desired power factor. 5, SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR Induction motor has wide application in industry as well as in domestic. Due inductive coil used in construction, voltage lags behind current. Hence, motor runs at lagging power factor. When motor is on no load condition, power factor of motor is low. Hence, current requirement get increase, This will lead to greater losses in motor and further it will affect overall efficiency. Split phase induction motor runs on single phase supply have wide application in domestic purpose, The application of moderate starting torque like fan, washing machine, oil burner and small machine tools uses split phase induction motor. Power rating is between 60W. to 250W. Single phase induction motor is not self-starting, To make it self-starting, it can be converted into a two-phase motor while starting. This can be achieved by introducing an additional ‘starting winding’ also called as auxiliary winding, Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main winding and (ii) Starting winding (auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart. Phase difference of 90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding. Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces revolving magnetic field which causes rotor to run, Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or 90% of its normal speed, the starting winding gets disconnected form the circuit by means of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on main winding, Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given 3. Loosen the rope of the break drum such tat $1 = S2 = 0. 4, Close the switch S and apply the rated I-phase a.c. supply to the motor. Note the readingsof all meters. 5. Gradually increase the load by tightening the rope and note down the readings of all metersand tabulate the results as shown below 6. Starting from no-load, take the readings as the line current is increased from Yas Yoy Yo, Land 1% of its full value. 7. The output and input of the motors, Efficiency, Torque and slip can calculated and theperformance characteris + Load vs Efficiency + Load vs Speed + Load vs Torque + Load vs Slip and speed are drawn 8. The radius of the brake drum is measured, MODEL GRAPH: oad cure FORMULAE: 1. Circumference of the brake drum = 201K (m) R= Radius of the brake dru 2. Input power =W (watts) W'= wattmeter readings 3. Torque (T) = 9.81" R*(S; ~S2) -m) Si, So ~ spring balance readings (Ke) 2anT 4. Output power = (ovatts) N-Speed in spe s x00 Pe factor, cos @~ 1; Pewecreanieon we 7. %Stip.s~ “5% x100 Na~ synchronous speed = 129L (opmy Pe no. of poles frequency of supply (Hz) Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB ‘TABULAR FOR! sunol +) | to] Nepm| ta] si | s | tT] | % (amps) a RESULT: Why is the power factor of a single-phase induction motor low? .. What is the function of centrifugal starting switch in a single-phase induction motor? Why is the starting torque ofa capacitor start induction motor high? Which type of torque is developed in single phase motors? How the speed of rotation of a split phase induction motor is reversed? How to determine the efficiency of single phase induction motor? Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No: Date: AIM ‘To Conduct the Starting Methods Of Capacitor Start & Capacitor Start Run of single phase Induction Motorand the method of reversing the direction of rotation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the need of the capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit of a single phase induction motor, both in starting and running condition and to determine the method of reversing the direction of rotation. THEORY When single-phase supply is applied across one single phase winding on the stator of a single phase Induction Motor, the nature of the field produced is alternating and as such the rotor will not develop any starting torque. It has however been observed that once the motor is given aninitial rotation it continues to rotate. Ina single-phase motor, to provide starting torque, an additional winding is provided, which is called the auxiliary winding, The main and the auxiliary windings are connected in parallel across a single-phase supply. The impedance of the two windings are made different so that currents flowing through these windings will have a time phase difference as shown in Fig ‘1 Aunlary Wineing \ G 1 Main Winding Fig-1: Single Phase Induction Motor winding carrying currents (®) Necdofa Capacitor iliary Winding Circuit A single phase motor having a main winding and an auxiliary winding fed from a single phase supply can be considered as equivalent to a two phase motor having a single phase supply. Since the two windings are not identical, the two currents Im and Ia will have a time phasedisplacement. Now if by any means the time phase displacement between the two currents Im andla flowing through the two windings can be made 90°, a single phase motor will behave exactly like a two phase motor. The time phase displacement between Im and la can be increased by usinga capacitor in the auxiliary winding as shown in Fig -"2". The capacitor will also improve the overall power factor of the motor. From the phasor diagrams Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB of Fig ‘I’ & Fig -"2° it will be observed that the power factor of the motor is improved when a capacitor is introduced in the auxiliary winding circuit. If a capacitor is to be used only for achieving high starting torque, then the auxiliary winding can be switched off when the motor picks up speed. Fig-2: Time phase difference of nearly 90 degrees between the main and auxiliary winding current is achieved by using a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit. a LR Direction of Ratath The direction of rotation of a split phase type induction motor having main and auxiliary winding, gets reversed if the current direction in any one of its windings is reversed. Thi done by reversing the two terminal connections of the auxiliary or main winding across the supply. Theleads of the main and auxiliary winding can be differentiated from each other (if ead marks are notlabeled) by measuring resistances of the two windings. The resistances of auxiliary winding for motors of 1/16 kW and more are generally greater than the resistance of the main winding APPARATUS REQUIRED Single-phase induction motor split phase type with capacitor in the auxiliary winding, Single-phase wattmeter (one), voltmeter and ammeter (MI type). Fig-3: Connection diagram for determine the effect of capacitor on theperformance of a single phase induction motor. Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB PROCEDURE L. Make connections as per Fig ~"3°, Switch on the supply through variac. Note the direction of rotation of the rotor. Remove the auxiliary winding connections after switching off the supply. Switch on supply and note that the rotor does not rotate. Give aslight rotation to the rotor ina particular direction and note that the rotor picks up speedin that direction. 2 Reconnect the auxiliary winding across the supply but without the capacitor in the circuit (short the two terminals across which the capacitor was connected). Switch on the supply and observe if the rotor starts rotating, In case the rotor rotates, feel the magnitude of starting torque by holding the shaft by hand. Allow the rotor to rotate andthen record voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. 3. Run the rotor with auxiliary winding connected across the supply with the capacitor in the circuit, At starting feel the magnitude of starting torque by holding the rotor by hand. Then release the rotor and record the meter readings. Not the direction of rotation of therotor. 4, Interchange the terminal connections of the auxiliary winding across the supply. Switch on supply and note the direction of rotation of the rotor. Repeat this for the main winding also. OBSERVATIONS SNo. | Input Power | Input Voltage | Input Current | Power Factor Circuit ww) Ww) o Condition cos = Without capacitor in the auxiliary winding With capacitor in the auxiliary winding. Resul Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Exp.No: Date: BRAKE TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION AIM: To conduct the brake test on the given I-phase induction motor and plot its performance characteris APPARATUS: ‘S.No|__Name of the Apparatus | Type Range ‘Quantity 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300V) 1 2 Ammeters MI (0-104) : Wattmeter PF 300V,10A : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 10.4.7 6008 ss Woe nemawr — @-10A) . a " Sets “in ee 3 Le sonia wr ath MI | Saw, - ze N [ * 1 #.auto TF ‘Name plate Details: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB THEORY: single phase induction motor is not self-starting, To make it self-starting, it can be converted into a two-phase motor while starting. This can be achieved by introducing an additional ‘starting winding’ also called as auxiliary winding, Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main winding and (ii) Starting ‘winding (auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart. Phase difference of 90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding. Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces revolving magnetic field which causes rotor to run, Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or 90% of its normal speed, the starting winding gets disconnected form the circuit by means of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on main winding PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram 2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given 3. By adjusting the variae the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. Ifthe wattmeter readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange the terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again starting the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings. 4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor. 5. The motor is unloaded, the autotransformer is brought to the minimum voltage position, DPST is opened 6. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage Position, and the DPST switch is opened, The radius of the brake drum is measured. MODEL GRAPH: oad caret Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept . Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB FORMULAE: Circumference of the brake drum = 211R (m) R= Radius of the brake drum 2. Input power =W (watts) Wa wattmeter readings 3. Torque (T) = 9.81* R * (S;~S2) (N-m) Si, S2~ spring balance readings (Ke) 4. Output power — 27°F (watts) N- Speed in rpm - ‘output power 5. % Efficiency (n) = x100 °Y CD = “input power Ww 6. Power factor, cos om 7. %Stip, s— MS—* x 100 120. Ne~ synchronous speed = 12°F (cpm P=, of poles ffrequency of supply (Hz) TABULAR FORI SLNo| (V) T | Nepm| Pi si S: tip | % : (amps) SP : @ RESULT: Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No:INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB Pragati Engineering College, EEE Dept Page No: