Activity Number: Lab Report 1

Alexis Hyzently de Paz

Bea Balisoro
Rose Nepomuceno
Earl Arvin Arellano
STEM Strand, Department of Education, San Jose del Monte National High
School, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan 3023

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E-mail: kimarvinarellano@gmail.com

Abstract. This experiment shows the connection of how the applied force, static friction
and angle connects with each other to make the crate or object move. It was observed in
the experiment that in order for the motion of object to move it should determine the
applied force. It affects how the object moves as the applied force increases. Relative
error was computed by comparing experimental and theoretical applied force values
which leads to the result of zero percent.

Keywords: Format, Guidelines, References

PACS: 45.50.Tn,mobilebasic 46.55.+d, 84.30.-r

1. Introduction
Sir Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion are fundamental principles in physics that laid the foundation
for classical mechanics. They were first published in his work "Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy" (also known as the Principia) in 1687. Here are three laws of Motion of Isaac
Newton.

First Law (Law of Inertia). An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to
stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external
force. Galileo Galilei had already laid the groundwork for this law by observing that objects tend
to remain in their current state of motion. Newton's contribution was to formalize it. Second Law
(F = ma). The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied to it and
inversely proportional to its mass. This can be expressed as F = ma, where F is the force, m is the
mass, and a is the acceleration. This law was formulated by Newton to quantify the relationship
between force, mass, and acceleration. Third Law (Action-Reaction). For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction. When one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts
an equal force in the opposite direction. This law explains interactions and is fundamental for

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understanding motion and dynamics. Newton's third law describes the reciprocal relationship
between action and reaction.

Newton's Laws of Motion revolutionized our understanding of the physical world and are still
widely used today to describe the motion of objects under various conditions. They form the basis
for classical mechanics and are a crucial part of physics and engineering.

Force is a physical quantity that can cause an object to accelerate or change its motion. It is
typically measured in units such as newtons [N] and can be described by its magnitude
(strength), direction, and point of application. Forces can be categorized into various types,
including gravitational, electromagnetic, and contact forces, like friction or tension. They play a
fundamental role in explaining how objects move and interact in the physical world, as described
by Newton's laws of motion.

In this activity, researchers will verify Newton's laws and reproduce forces exerted on an object
using a simulation. The researchers were also tasked to find the relative errors of the maximum
values from the experimental and theoretical sections. This was all by the usage of the PHET
simulation. The following equations to be used are:

Applied Force: (https://slideplayer.com/slide/8771317/)

Applied Force with angle present: (https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-

answers/f-muek-mgcas-theta-mg-sin-theta-f-mg-mue-cost-heat-sin-theta-mue-r1-cos-theta-sin-
theta-f--q10973183)

Relative Error:

Theoretical value:
Value(Mass(Kg) x Static Friction x acceleration due to gravity (g).

2. Methodology
In Experiment A, we started by setting all parameters to their original values and then applied
forces of 20 N, 200 N, and 400 N to measure motion. Then we reset the static friction coefficient
to 0.5 and restarted the operation. Based on simulation, the maximum force before the object
moves was noted as the experimental value, and the theoretical value was determined using the
1st Law. This process was repeated twice with various values. By comparing Theoretical and
Experimental values, the relative error was calculated.

The researchers used the simulator for Experiment B, setting the parameters to s=0.5 and the
object position to 5 m. We applied forces of 200 N, 400 N, and 600 N at 15° angles, recording the
highest force before the object moved in experimental value and utilizing 1st Law for theoretical
value. This was carried out at 30° and 45° angles. The experimental data was recorded, and
theoretical values were computed using the First Law. By comparing experimental and theoretical
applied force values, relative error was calculated.

3. Results and Discussions

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 We examined the rules regulating motion in both horizontal and inclination planes as part
of our inquiry. We focused on a fundamental problem: the important role of static friction
in determining whether an item remains at rest or begins to move. Static friction provides
the energy needed to keep the object in its resting position.

The precise location where all of an object's weight should be concentrated is known as its
center of gravity. Equilibrium is ensured in any pose thanks to the present support. Every
object has a gravitational center. Through this center of gravity and toward the center of
the Earth, the force of gravity acting on an object is directed. A vector going downward
might be used to indicate the object's weight, w. When an object is placed on a level
plane, the normal force, which is equal to the object's weight and acts perpendicular to
the surface, prevents the object from falling through the surface. A portion of the weight
adjusted by the surface inclination constitutes the normal force on non-level surfaces. The
free-body diagram included in our lab assignment, which explicitly shows an object on an
inclined plane, illustrates this phenomenon. The force that the box applies to the plane is
equal to the normal force, as stated by Newton's Third Law. As a result, the force exerted
by the box and the normal force, which we refer to as the force acting against the plane,
are identical. The box is also propelled downward by a force acting parallel to the plane's
surface. The normal force and the parallel force, both shown in blue, work together to
balance the object's weight. Our results demonstrate the correctness of the applied force,
demonstrating the simulation's accuracy in accordance to the estimated theoretical
figures. This research advances our understanding of basic physics concepts by
illuminating the complex interactions of forces and how they affect moving objects.

4. Summary and Conclusion

This experiment shows the relationship between static friction, applied force, and angle in order
for the object to move. It also shows how objects respond to different applied forces, in particular
when it comes to their motion. It illustrates the importance of taking a look at the role of friction
in the motion of objects as well as the impact of the angle at which a force is applied.

Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge our fellow classmates who aided our struggles in accomplishing
this lab report. We deeply appreciate their eagerness to help us despite of the dilemmas that
they’re dealing with. Also, We are grateful to Sir Joseph Bernard Dalusong for his commitment
to physics, which set an example for our group. We are very grateful for his aid and direction
during this scientific investigation because his knowledge and devotion have been crucial to our
study procedure.

References
[1] Using the Mendeley software, choose IEEE format for in-text citation in the introduction
and reference section

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