Worksheet 1
Worksheet 1
Worksheet 1
POLYNOMIALS
A. Introduction to Polynomials
Recall that a combination of constants and variables connected by the signs of fundamental operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division is called an algebraic expression. We define an algebraic
expression is a polynomial as follows.
Definition:
An algebraic expression which comprises a single real number, or the product of a real number and one or
more variables raised to whole number powers is called monomials .
Example:
3 2 2 7 4 2
6 ,−2 x , 5 a b ,− ,∧3 x y z are all monomials
2
A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the variables have only non negative integer powers or
we can say a polynomial is the sum or difference of a set of monomial.
Example:
3 2
3 x + 2 x +5 , 5 x y +4 x−3 y , etc .
A polynomial is said in standard form if the terms are written in descending order of degree.
Indicate whether the following expressions are polynomials or not
A monomial is polynomial containing ......... term, a binomial is a polynomial containing ....... terms, and a
trinomial is a polynomial that has ......... terms.
If the degree of a polynomial is one, then it is called a ................... polynomial
A polynomial of degree 2 is called a ............................. polynomial
A polynomial of degree 3 is called a ........................... polynomial
Polynomials Function
Definition:
Every function defined from R to R of the form
n n−1 2
P ( x )=a n x +an−1 x + …+a2 x + a1 x +a 0 is called a polynomial function.. n is natural number
In general we use capital letters such as P , Q, R , etc. to denote a polynomial function
a) an , an-1 , an-2 , ....... , a1 , a0 are coefficients of real numbers for every polynomial function .
b) The highest power of variable x in a polynomial is called the ...................... of the polynomial.
A constant polynomial is a polynomial in which the coefficients of all the variables are .......... . The value
of a constant polynomial is the constant term.
Example:
P(x) = 5 Q(x) = - 6 S(x) = c , c is real number
If the constant term in a constant polynomial is zero and a zero polynomial has no degree
P(x) = 0
B. Operation on Polynomials
1. Adding Polynomials
Let P ( x )=a n x n +an−1 x n−1+ …+a2 x 2+ a1 x +a 0 and
m m−1 2
Q ( x )=bm x +b m−1 x +…+b 2 x +b1 x+ b0
be two polynomials such that deg|Q(x)|≥ deg|P(x )|. Then the sum of these polynomials is defined as
P ( x )+Q ( x ) ¿ b m x m +…+ ( an +b n ) x n + ( an−1 +bn−1 ) x n−1+ …+ ( a 2+ b2 ) x2 + ( a1 +b1 ) x+ a0 +b 0
Example:
P(x) = 5x2 + 7x – 9 and Q(x) = - 3x2 – 6x + 8 are polynomials
2. Substracting Polynomials
The difference of two polynomials P(x ) and Q(x ) is defined as P ( x )−Q ( x ) =P ( x ) +|−Q (x)|. In other
words, to subtract polynomials we subtract like terms.
Note
Let deg|P (x)|=n∧deg|Q(x )|=m
If n> m, then deg [ P(x )±Q(x ) ] =n
If n=m , then deg [ P(x )±Q(x ) ] ≤ n
Example:
P(x) = x3 + 5x2 - x + 8 and Q(x) = x3 – 7x – 1 are polynomials
3. Multipliying Polynomials
Let P ( x )=a n x n +an−1 x n−1+ …+a1 x+ a0 and Q ( x )=bm x m +b m−1 x m−1 +…+b 1 x +b0
Then the product of P ( x )∧Q(x ) is defined as
P ( x ) ∙ Q ( x )=( a n x n +an −1 x n−1+ …+a1 x+ a0 ) ∙ ( b m x m +b m−1 x m−1 +…+ b1 x +b 0 )
Example:
Let P(x) = x2 – 1 and Q(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3 . Find the product P(x) . Q(x)
4. Dividing by a Polynomial by a Monomial
When we divide a polynomial by a monomial of lower degree, we divide each terms of the polynomial by
that monomial.
Example:
2 2
4 x −6 x +5 4 x 6 x 5 2 5
1. = − + =2 x −3 x +
2 2 2 2 2
3
12 x 2
2. =12 x
x
5 4 3 5 4 3
5 x −3 x + 4 x 5 x 3 x 4 x 3 3
3. 2
= 2
− 2
+ 2
=5 x −3 x + 4 x
x x x x
B. Dividing by ax +b
In this case, after performing the operation above, we divide the coefficient of the quotient by the leading
coefficient of the divisor
Divide P ( x )=6 x 3+ 13 x 2−x +1 by 2 x+1 using synthetic division
Solution:
2x + 1 = 0 a = ... and b = ...
x = ...
6 13 -1 1
x = ... 6 ... ... +
6 ... ... ...
C. Dividing by a x 2 +bx +c
If ax2 + bx + c can be factorized, we can use Horner’s method
ax2 + bx + c = (ax + p)(x + q)
D1 D2
Example:
Divide 2 x 4−x 3 +5 x 2−3 by x 2−3 x+ 2
Solution:
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
(........)(........) = 0
then x1 = ... and x2 = ...
2 -1 5 0 -3
x = ... 6 ... ... ... +
2 ... ... ... ...
Find:
a) P(x) + Q(x) d) 4P(x) – 2 R(x)
b) 2 R(x) – 3 Q(x) e) 3P(x) + Q(x) – R(x)
c) -3Q(x) + R(x)
2) Dividing polynomial by a monomial
Find the quotiens of
2
5 x −8 x +7
a)
2
2
10 x +6 x−15
b)
3x
4 3 2
15 x −45 x +90 x
c)
5x
5 4 3 2
12 x +6 x −7 x +5 x
d) 2
x
8 6 5 3
21 x −72 x +36 x +15 x +9 x
e) 3
3x
3) Dividing two polynomials
Find the remainders and the quotient use long division and also Horner’s method
a) (x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 1) : (x + 2)
b) (x3 + 4x2 + 5x - 3) : (x2 - 1)
c) (3x4 - 5x3 + 2x2 + x - 7) : (x + 3)
d) (4x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 1) : (2x - 1)
e) (5x6 + 4x5 – 2x3 + 3x + 8) : (x2 + 2x)
EXERCISES
Find:
a) P(x) + Q(x) d) 4P(x) – 2 R(x)
b) 2 R(x) – 3 Q(x) e) 3P(x) + Q(x) – R(x)
c) -3Q(x) + R(x)
2) Dividing polynomial by a monomial
Find the quotiens of
2
5 x −8 x +7
a)
2
2
10 x +6 x−15
b)
3x
4 3 2
15 x −45 x +90 x
c)
5x
5 4 3 2
12 x +6 x −7 x +5 x
d) 2
x
8 6 5 3
21 x −72 x +36 x +15 x +9 x
e) 3
3x
3) Dividing two polynomials
Find the remainders and the quotient use long division and also Horner’s method
a) (x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 1) : (x + 2)
b) (x3 + 4x2 + 5x - 3) : (x2 - 1)
c) (3x4 - 5x3 + 2x2 + x - 7) : (x + 3)
d) (4x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 1) : (2x - 1)
e) (5x6 + 4x5 – 2x3 + 3x + 8) : (x2 + 2x)
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