Length-for-age BOYS

Birth to 6 months (z-scores)

75 75
3
2
70 70

65 65

-2

-3
Length (cm)

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Months 3 4 5 6
Age (completed weeks or months)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length-for-age BOYS
6 months to 2 years (z-scores)

100 100

3
95 95
2

90 90

85 85
Length (cm)

-2
80 80
-3

75 75

70 70

65 65

Months 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length-for-age BOYS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

3
95 95
2
90 90

0
85 85

-2
80 80
-3

75 75
Length (cm)

70 70

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Height-for-age BOYS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

125 125
3

120 120
2

115 115

110 0 110

105 105
Height (cm)

100
-2 100

-3
95 95

90 90

85 85

80 80

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length/height-for-age BOYS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

125 125
3
120 120
2
115 115

110 0 110

105 105

100 -2 100

95
-3 95
Length/Height (cm)

90 90

85 85

80 80

75 75

70 70

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age BOYS
Birth to 6 months (z-scores)

11 3 11

10 10
2

9 9

8 0 8
Weight (kg)

7 7

-2
6 6
-3

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Months 3 4 5 6
Age (completed weeks or months)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age BOYS
6 months to 2 years (z-scores)

17 3 17

16 16

2
15 15

14 14

13 13

0
Weight (kg)

12 12

11 11

10 10
-2
9 9
-3
8 8

7 7

6 6

Months 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age BOYS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

17 3 17

16 16

15
2 15

14 14

13 13

12 0 12

11 11
Weight (kg)

10 10
-2
9 9
-3
8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age BOYS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

28 28
3
27 27

26 26

25 25

24 2 24

23 23

22 22

21 21

20 20
Weight (kg)

19 19
0
18 18

17 17

16 16

15 15

14 -2 14

13 13
-3
12 12

11 11

10 10

9 9

8 8
Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age BOYS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

28 3 28

26 26

24 2 24

22 22

20 20

18
0 18
Weight (kg)

16 16

14 -2 14

12
-3 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-length BOYS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

24 3 24

22 2 22

20 1 20

18
0 18

-1
16 16
-2
Weight (kg)

14
-3 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

6 6
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Length (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-height BOYS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

30 3 30

28 28
2
26 26

1
24 24

0
22 22

-1
20 20
Weight (kg)

-2
18 18
-3
16 16

14 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

6 6
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Height (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age BOYS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

22 22

21 21

20
3 20

19 19
2
18 18

17 1 17
BMI (kg/m2)

16 16
0
15 15
-1
14 14
-2
13 13
-3
12 12

11 11

10 10

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age BOYS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

21 21

3
20 20

19 19

2
18 18

17 17
BMI (kg/m2)

1
16 16

15
0 15

14 -1 14

13 13
-2

12 -3 12

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age BOYS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

22 22

21 21

3
20 20

19 19

2
18 18

17 17
BMI (kg/m2)

1
16 16

15 0 15

14 -1 14

13 -2 13

12 -3 12

11 11

10 10

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Height-for-age BOYS
5 to 19 years (z-scores)

200 200
3

190 2 190

1
180 180
0
170 170
-1

160
-2 160

-3
Height (cm)

150 150

140 140

130 130

120 120

110 110

100 100

90 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
90
Months
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Weight-for-age BOYS
5 to 10 years (z-scores)

3
55 55

50 50

45 2 45

40 40
Weight (kg)

1
35 35

0
30 30

-1
25 25
-2
20 -3 20

15 15

Months 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Weight-for-length/height BOYS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

34 34

32 32

30 3 30

28 28
2
26 26

24
1 24

22 0 22

20 -1 20
Weight (kg)

18
-2 18
-3
16 16

14 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Length/height (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age BOYS
5 to 19 years (z-scores)

36 36
3
34 34

32 32

30 30
2
28 28

26 26
BMI (kg/m²)

1
24 24

22 0 22

20 20
-1
18 18
-2
16 16
-3

14 14

12 12
Months 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Head circumference-for-age BOYS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

3
54 54
2
52 1 52

0
50 50
-1
48 48
-2
Head circumference (cm)

46 -3 46

44 44

42 42

40 40

38 38

36 36

34 34

32 32

30 30
Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Arm circumference-for-age BOYS
3 months to 5 years (z-scores)

22 22
3
21 21

20 20
2
19 19
Arm circumference (cm)

18 1 18

17 17

0
16 16

15 -1 15

14 -2 14

13 13
-3

12 12

11 11

Months 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 6 months (z-scores)

75 75

70 2 70

0
65 65

-2
Length (cm)

60 60
-3

55 55

50 50

45 45

Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Months 3 4 5 6
Age (completed weeks or months)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length-for-age GIRLS
6 months to 2 years (z-scores)

3
95 95

90 90

0
85 85

-2
Length (cm)

80 80

-3
75 75

70 70

65 65

60 60

Months 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

3
95 95
2
90 90

0
85 85

80 -2 80

-3
75 75
Length (cm)

70 70

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Height-for-age GIRLS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

125 125
3

120 120
2

115 115

110 0 110

105 105
Height (cm)

100 -2 100

95 -3 95

90 90

85 85

80 80

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Length/height-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

125 125
3
120 120
2
115 115

110 0 110

105 105

100 -2 100

95 -3 95
Length/Height (cm)

90 90

85 85

80 80

75 75

70 70

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 6 months (z-scores)

3
10 10

2
9 9

8 8

0
7 7
Weight (kg)

6 6
-2

5 -3 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Months 3 4 5 6
Age (completed weeks or months)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
6 months to 2 years (z-scores)

17 3 17

16 16

15 2 15

14 14

13 13
Weight (kg)

12 12
0
11 11

10 10

9 -2 9

8 -3 8

7 7

6 6

5 5
Months 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

17 3 17

16 16

15 2 15

14 14

13 13

12 12
0
11 11
Weight (kg)

10 10

9 -2 9

8 -3 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

30 30
3
29 29

28 28

27 27

26 26

25 2 25

24 24

23 23

22 22

21 21
Weight (kg)

20 20

19 19

18 0 18

17 17

16 16

15 15

14 14
-2
13 13

12 -3 12

11 11

10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7
Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

30 30
3
28 28

26 26
2
24 24

22 22

20 20

0
Weight (kg)

18 18

16 16

14 -2 14

12 -3 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-length GIRLS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

3
24 24

22
2 22

20
1 20

0
18 18

-1
16 16
-2
Weight (kg)

14 -3 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

6 6
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Length (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Weight-for-Height GIRLS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

32 32
3
30 30

28 2 28

26 26
1
24 24
0
22 22

-1
Weight (kg)

20 20

-2
18 18
-3
16 16

14 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

6 6
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Height (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 2 years (z-scores)

22 22

21 21

3
20 20

19 19

2
18 18

17 17
BMI (kg/m2)

1
16 16

0
15 15

14 -1 14

13 -2 13

12 -3 12

11 11

10 10

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age GIRLS
2 to 5 years (z-scores)

21 3 21

20 20

19 19
2

18 18
BMI (kg/m2)

17 17
1

16 16

0
15 15

14 14
-1

13 13
-2

12 12
-3
Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

22 22

21 3 21

20 20

19 19
2
18 18

17 1 17
BMI (kg/m2)

16 16

0
15 15

14
-1 14

13 13
-2
12 12
-3
11 11

10 10

Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 6 6
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Height-for-age GIRLS
5 to 19 years (z-scores)

3
180 180

2
170 1 170

0
160 160
-1
150 -2 150
Height (cm)

-3
140 140

130 130

120 120

110 110

100 100

Months 90 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 90
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Weight-for-age GIRLS
5 to 10 years (z-scores)

60 60
3

55 55

50 50

2
45 45

40 40
Weight (kg)

1
35 35

0
30 30

-1
25 25
-2
20 -3 20

15 15

Months
10 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 10
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Weight-for-length/height GIRLS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

34 34

32 32
3
30 30

28 2 28

26 26
1
24 24
0
22 22

20
-1 20
Weight (kg)

-2
18 18
-3
16 16

14 14

12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Length/height (cm)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 BMI-for-age GIRLS
5 to 19 years (z-scores)

36 3 36

34 34

32 32

30 30
2
28 28
BMI (kg/m²)

26 26

1
24 24

22 22
0
20 20

-1
18 18

16
-2 16

-3
14 14

12 12

Months 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (completed months and years)
2007 WHO Reference
 Head circumference-for-age GIRLS
Birth to 5 years (z-scores)

54 3 54

2
52 52
1
50 0 50

48
-1 48
-2
Head circumference (cm)

46 46
-3
44 44

42 42

40 40

38 38

36 36

34 34

32 32

30 30
Months 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Arm circumference-for-age GIRLS
3 months to 5 years (z-scores)

23 23

3
22 22

21 21

2
20 20

19 19
Arm circumference (cm)

1
18 18

17 17
0
16 16

-1
15 15

14 -2 14

13 13
-3
12 12

11 11

10 10
Months 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Age (completed months and years)
WHO Child Growth Standards
 The Division of Developmental Pediatrics,
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta

SNAPSHOTS* DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES

Mnemonic Gotta Find Strong Coffee Soon‡

G = Gotta F = Find S = Strong C = Coffee S = Soon
Age Gross Motor Fine Motor Speech / Language Cognitive / Problem Solving Social / Emotional
Newborn Primitive reflexes – step, place, Primitive reflexes – grasp Primitive reflexes – root, suck Visual focal length ~10” Bonding (parent  child)
Moro, Babinski, ATNR Alerts to sound Fix & follow slow horizontal arc Prefers Self-regulation/soothing
Flexor posture Startles to loud sounds contrast, colours, face
Variable cries Prefers high pitched voice
2 mos Head steady when held Hands open half of time Turns to voice Prefers usual caregiver Attachment (child  parent)
Head up 45o prone Bats at objects Cooing Attends to moderate novelty Social smile
Follows past midline
4 mos Sits with support Palmar grasp Laugh, razz, "ga", squeal Anticipates routines Turn-taking conversations
Head up 90o prone, arms out Reaches and obtains items Purposeful sensory exploration of objects Explores parent's face
Rolls front  back Brings objects to midline (eyes, hands, mouth)
6 mos Postural reflexes Raking grasp Babble (nonspecific) Stranger anxiety Expresses emotions: happy, sad,
Sits tripod Transfers hand to hand Looks for dropped or partially hidden mad
Rolls both ways object Memory lasts ~24 hrs
9 mos Gets from all 4s  sitting Inferior pincer grasp "Mama", "dada" (specific) Object permanence Separation anxiety
Sits well with hands free Pokes at objects Gestures "bye bye", "up" Uncovers toy
Pulls to stand Gesture games ("pattycake") "Peek-a-boo"
Creeps on hands and knees
12 mos Walks a few steps Fine pincer (fingertips) 1 word with meaning (besides mama, Cause & effect Explore from secure base
Wide-based gait Voluntary release dada) Trial & error Points at wanted items
Throws objects Inhibits with “no!” Imitates gestures and sounds Narrative memory begins
Finger-feeds self cheerios Responds to own name Uses objects functionally, eg rolls toy car
1-step command with gesture
15 mos Walks well Uses spoon, open top cup Points to 1 body part Looks for moved hidden object if saw it Shared attention: points at
Tower of 2 blocks 1-step command no gesture being moved interesting items to show to parent
5 words Experiments with toys to make them Brings toys to parent
Jargoning work
18 mos Stoops and recovers Carries toys while walking Points to object, 3 body parts Imitates housework Increased independence
Runs Removes clothing 10-25 words Symbolic play with doll or bear, eg "Give Parallel play
Tower of 4 blocks Embedded jargoning teddy a drink"
Scribbles, fisted pencil grasp Labels familiar objects
2 yr Jumps on two feet Handedness established Follows 2-step command New problem-solving strategies without Testing limits, tantrums
Up & down stairs "marking time" Uses fork 50+ words, 50% intelligible rehearsal Negativism (“no!”)
Tower of 6 blocks 2 word phrases Searches for hidden object after multiple Possessive (“mine!”)
Imitates vertical stroke "I", "me", "you", plurals displacements
3 yr Pedals trike Undresses 3-step commands Simple time concepts Separates easily
Up stairs alternating feet Toilet trained (2 ½ - 3 ½ yrs) 200 words, 75% intelligible Identifies shapes Sharing, empathy
Draws circle, cross + 3-4 word phrases Compares 2 items (eg "bigger") Cooperative play
Turns pages of books W questions ("why?") Counts to 3 Role play ("pretending")
States full name, age, gender
4 yr Hops on one foot Draws x, , diagonals Sentences,100% intelligible Counts to 4 Has preferred friend
Down stairs alternating feet Cuts shape with scissors Tells a story Opposites Elaborate fantasy play
Buttons Past tense Identifies 4 colours
5 yr Balance on one foot 10 secs Skips Draw person (10 body parts) 5000 words Counts to 10 accurately Has group of friends
May learn to ride bicycle (if Tripod pencil grasp Future tense Recite ABC’s by rote Follows group rules
available) Prints name, copies letters Word play, jokes, puns Recognises some letters Games with rules
Independent ADLs, incl tying Phonemic awareness Pre-literacy and numeracy skills

© Compiled by Dr. Debbi Andrews, Division Director, 2009. Amended by D. Andrews and C. Dosman, August 2014.
*Milestone ages approximate the 50th percentile.
‡ Sector heading mnemonic created by P. MacPherson, Class of 2012, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry.
 Development: trends, delays and disabilities

Sector Gross Motor Fine Motor Speech / Language Cognitive / Problem Solving Social / Emotional
Domains/ Posture Tool use Communication Intellect Self-awareness
skills/processes Change of position Dexterity Words and symbols (semantics) Thinking Empathy
Ambulation Precision Grammar (syntax) Remembering Relationships
Strength Bi-manual coordination Pragmatics Categorising Emotional regulation
Balance Articulation/voice/fluency Problem-solving
Coordination Analysis/synthesis
Trends Primitive reflexes to volitional Primitive reflexes to volitional Primitive reflexes to volitional Implicit memory before explicit Bonding: parent>child
movement movement (grasp) movement (suck) Specific>general>specific Attachment: child >parent
Cephalo-caudal Proximal to distal (whole hand to Proximal to distal (back of throat to Increased # of dimensions attended to Increasing social circle: self
Proximal to distal fingertips) lips, tongue, teeth) simultaneously >primary caregiver >extended
Flexor to extensor Effortful to automatic Understanding before speaking (rec "Trial & error" to mental rehearsal family >peers >broader
Postural reflexes fade as balance Unilateral to bimanual coordination before exp) Concrete (sensory, hands-on) to abstract community >country & culture
increases Inc'ing length of utterance Inc'd use of executive functions >world
Single mvts to sequences Inc'ing complexity of syntax Inc'd length of attention span
Effortful to automatic “Metas” “Metas”
Examples of devt’l Cerebral palsy DCD Devt’l language disorders Mental retardation (intellectual impairment) Autism spectrum disorders
disorder in sector Muscular dystrophies Dysgraphia Language-based learning Learning Disabilities Reactive attachment disorder
DCD disability (dyslexia)
Dysarthria/Stuttering
Examples of adult Paresis/paralysis Paresis/paralysis Aphasias Dementia Mental health disorders
functional loss in Apraxia Specific stroke syndromes Post concussion personality
sector changes
Adult disability Walking Feeding Speaking "Mental functions" = Adaptive functioning (eg self-
(mostly based on Dressing Hearing -Adaptive functioning (eg self-care, health & care, social skills
loss of previously "unable to walk even with approp. Elimination (toileting req'd for bowel safety, social skills common, simple
normal function, therapy, medication & devices; OR or bladder functions) "unable to speak/understand even transactions) "unable to perform mental
per Canada requires an inordinate amount of with approp. therapy, medication & -Memory functions* even with approp.
Revenue ) time to walk, even with approp. "unable to do task even with approp. devices; or requires an inordinate -Problem-solving, goal-setting, and judgment therapy, medication & devices;
therapy, medication & devices" therapy, medication & devices; OR amount of time to OR requires an inordinate
Vision: acuity in requires an inordinate amount of speak/understand, even with "unable to perform mental functions* even amount of time to do task, even
both eyes 20/200 time to do task, even with approp. approp. therapy, medication & with approp. therapy, medication & devices; with approp. therapy, medication
(6/60) or less OR therapy, medication & devices" devices" (hearing specifies "in a OR requires an inordinate amount of time & devices"
greatest diameter quiet setting") to do task, even with approp. therapy,
of field of vision in medication & devices"
both eyes is 20
degrees or less.
Who assesses MD MD MD MD MD
PT OT SLP Psychologist Psychologist
Audiologist Optometrist or Ophthalmologist Mental health therapist
RED FLAGS! Persistent primitive reflexes Lack of transfer at 7 mos Problems with feeding and/or Lack of developmentally appropriate Emotional dysregulation
Abnl tone or mvt patterns at any Using one hand exclusively at any swallowing response to visual stimuli Abnormal attachment patterns
REGRESSION age, spasticity, hypotonia, absent age Parents suspect hearing loss, Immature play (like younger child) (over-clingy, indiscriminate)
(loss of skills) & DTRs Delayed self care (ADLs) at 4 years babbling stops at > 6 mos, lack of Stereotypic play; lack of pretend Limited social smiling and shared
PARENTAL Asymmetry Delayed printing at school entry response to sound (check hearing!) School failure (either for specific subjects like enjoyment by 6 mos
CONCERN are Poor head control at 5 mos No single words by 15 mos reading or math or generalised) Limited gestures like pointing,
red flags at any Not sitting independently with No combos by 24 mos response to name, joint attention
age hands-free at 8 mos Stutter past 3 ½ yrs (or earlier if by 12 mos
Not rolling back-front, not taking anxiety/mannerisms) Always check vision and hearing if any Limited social imitative play by 18
weight well through the legs when Idiosyncratic speech, disordered concerns—can be assessed as young as mos (eg imitating housework)
held at 9 mos sequence of development newborn Limited pretend play (eg feeding
Not walking by 18 mos Poor intelligibility for age doll) by 24 mos
No friends at school-age

© Compiled by Dr. Debbi Andrews, Division Director, 2009. Amended by D. Andrews and C. Dosman, August 2014.
*Milestone ages approximate the 50th percentile.
‡ Sector heading mnemonic created by P. MacPherson, Class of 2012, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry.
 Blood Pressure Levels for Boys by Age and Height Percentile

Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)

BP
Age Percentile Í Percentile of Height Î Í Percentile of Height Î
(Year) Ð 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th
1 50th 80 81 83 85 87 88 89 34 35 36 37 38 39 39
90th 94 95 97 99 100 102 103 49 50 51 52 53 53 54
95th 98 99 101 103 104 106 106 54 54 55 56 57 58 58
99th 105 106 108 110 112 113 114 61 62 63 64 65 66 66
2 50th 84 85 87 88 90 92 92 39 40 41 42 43 44 44
90th 97 99 100 102 104 105 106 54 55 56 57 58 58 59
95th 101 102 104 106 108 109 110 59 59 60 61 62 63 63
99th 109 110 111 113 115 117 117 66 67 68 69 70 71 71
3 50th 86 87 89 91 93 94 95 44 44 45 46 47 48 48
90th 100 101 103 105 107 108 109 59 59 60 61 62 63 63
95th 104 105 107 109 110 112 113 63 63 64 65 66 67 67
99th 111 112 114 116 118 119 120 71 71 72 73 74 75 75
4 50th 88 89 91 93 95 96 97 47 48 49 50 51 51 52
90th 102 103 105 107 109 110 111 62 63 64 65 66 66 67
95th 106 107 109 111 112 114 115 66 67 68 69 70 71 71
99th 113 114 116 118 120 121 122 74 75 76 77 78 78 79
5 50th 90 91 93 95 96 98 98 50 51 52 53 54 55 55
90th 104 105 106 108 110 111 112 65 66 67 68 69 69 70
95th 108 109 110 112 114 115 116 69 70 71 72 73 74 74
99th 115 116 118 120 121 123 123 77 78 79 80 81 81 82
6 50th 91 92 94 96 98 99 100 53 53 54 55 56 57 57
90th 105 106 108 110 111 113 113 68 68 69 70 71 72 72
95th 109 110 112 114 115 117 117 72 72 73 74 75 76 76
99th 116 117 119 121 123 124 125 80 80 81 82 83 84 84
7 50th 92 94 95 97 99 100 101 55 55 56 57 58 59 59
90th 106 107 109 111 113 114 115 70 70 71 72 73 74 74
95th 110 111 113 115 117 118 119 74 74 75 76 77 78 78
99th 117 118 120 122 124 125 126 82 82 83 84 85 86 86
8 50th 94 95 97 99 100 102 102 56 57 58 59 60 60 61
90th 107 109 110 112 114 115 116 71 72 72 73 74 75 76
95th 111 112 114 116 118 119 120 75 76 77 78 79 79 80
99th 119 120 122 123 125 127 127 83 84 85 86 87 87 88
9 50th 95 96 98 100 102 103 104 57 58 59 60 61 61 62
90th 109 110 112 114 115 117 118 72 73 74 75 76 76 77
95th 113 114 116 118 119 121 121 76 77 78 79 80 81 81
99th 120 121 123 125 127 128 129 84 85 86 87 88 88 89
10 50th 97 98 100 102 103 105 106 58 59 60 61 61 62 63
90th 111 112 114 115 117 119 119 73 73 74 75 76 77 78
95th 115 116 117 119 121 122 123 77 78 79 80 81 81 82
99th 122 123 125 127 128 130 130 85 86 86 88 88 89 90
 Blood Pressure Levels for Boys by Age and Height Percentile (Continued)

Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)

BP
Age Percentile Í Percentile of Height Î Í Percentile of Height Î
(Year) Ð 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th
11 50th 99 100 102 104 105 107 107 59 59 60 61 62 63 63
90th 113 114 115 117 119 120 121 74 74 75 76 77 78 78
95th 117 118 119 121 123 124 125 78 78 79 80 81 82 82
99th 124 125 127 129 130 132 132 86 86 87 88 89 90 90
12 50th 101 102 104 106 108 109 110 59 60 61 62 63 63 64
90th 115 116 118 120 121 123 123 74 75 75 76 77 78 79
95th 119 120 122 123 125 127 127 78 79 80 81 82 82 83
99th 126 127 129 131 133 134 135 86 87 88 89 90 90 91
13 50th 104 105 106 108 110 111 112 60 60 61 62 63 64 64
90th 117 118 120 122 124 125 126 75 75 76 77 78 79 79
95th 121 122 124 126 128 129 130 79 79 80 81 82 83 83
99th 128 130 131 133 135 136 137 87 87 88 89 90 91 91
14 50th 106 107 109 111 113 114 115 60 61 62 63 64 65 65
90th 120 121 123 125 126 128 128 75 76 77 78 79 79 80
95th 124 125 127 128 130 132 132 80 80 81 82 83 84 84
99th 131 132 134 136 138 139 140 87 88 89 90 91 92 92
15 50th 109 110 112 113 115 117 117 61 62 63 64 65 66 66
90th 122 124 125 127 129 130 131 76 77 78 79 80 80 81
95th 126 127 129 131 133 134 135 81 81 82 83 84 85 85
99th 134 135 136 138 140 142 142 88 89 90 91 92 93 93
16 50th 111 112 114 116 118 119 120 63 63 64 65 66 67 67
90th 125 126 128 130 131 133 134 78 78 79 80 81 82 82
95th 129 130 132 134 135 137 137 82 83 83 84 85 86 87
99th 136 137 139 141 143 144 145 90 90 91 92 93 94 94
17 50th 114 115 116 118 120 121 122 65 66 66 67 68 69 70
90th 127 128 130 132 134 135 136 80 80 81 82 83 84 84
95th 131 132 134 136 138 139 140 84 85 86 87 87 88 89
99th 139 140 141 143 145 146 147 92 93 93 94 95 96 97

BP, blood pressure

* The 90th percentile is 1.28 SD, 95th percentile is 1.645 SD, and the 99th percentile is 2.326 SD over the mean.
For research purposes, the standard deviations in Appendix Table B–1 allow one to compute BP Z-scores and percentiles for boys
with height percentiles given in Table 3 (i.e., the 5th,10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles). These height percentiles
must be converted to height Z-scores given by (5% = -1.645; 10% = -1.28; 25% = -0.68; 50% = 0; 75% = 0.68; 90% = 1.28%;
95% = 1.645) and then computed according to the methodology in steps 2–4 described in Appendix B. For children with height
percentiles other than these, follow steps 1–4 as described in Appendix B.
 Blood Pressure Levels for Girls by Age and Height Percentile

Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)

BP
Age Percentile Í Percentile of Height Î Í Percentile of Height Î
(Year) Ð 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th
l 50th 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 38 39 39 40 41 41 42
90th 97 97 98 100 101 102 103 52 53 53 54 55 55 56
95th 100 101 102 104 105 106 107 56 57 57 58 59 59 60
99th 108 108 109 111 112 113 114 64 64 65 65 66 67 67
2 50th 85 85 87 88 89 91 91 43 44 44 45 46 46 47
90th 98 99 100 101 103 104 105 57 58 58 59 60 61 61
95th 102 103 104 105 107 108 109 61 62 62 63 64 65 65
99th 109 110 111 112 114 115 116 69 69 70 70 71 72 72
3 50th 86 87 88 89 91 92 93 47 48 48 49 50 50 51
90th 100 100 102 103 104 106 106 61 62 62 63 64 64 65
95th 104 104 105 107 108 109 110 65 66 66 67 68 68 69
99th 111 111 113 114 115 116 117 73 73 74 74 75 76 76
4 50th 88 88 90 91 92 94 94 50 50 51 52 52 53 54
90th 101 102 103 104 106 107 108 64 64 65 66 67 67 68
95th 105 106 107 108 110 111 112 68 68 69 70 71 71 72
99th 112 113 114 115 117 118 119 76 76 76 77 78 79 79
5 50th 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 52 53 53 54 55 55 56
90th 103 103 105 106 107 109 109 66 67 67 68 69 69 70
95th 107 107 108 110 111 112 113 70 71 71 72 73 73 74
99th 114 114 116 117 118 120 120 78 78 79 79 80 81 81
6 50th 91 92 93 94 96 97 98 54 54 55 56 56 57 58
90th 104 105 106 108 109 110 111 68 68 69 70 70 71 72
95th 108 109 110 111 113 114 115 72 72 73 74 74 75 76
99th 115 116 117 119 120 121 122 80 80 80 81 82 83 83
7 50th 93 93 95 96 97 99 99 55 56 56 57 58 58 59
90th 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 69 70 70 71 72 72 73
95th 110 111 112 113 115 116 116 73 74 74 75 76 76 77
99th 117 118 119 120 122 123 124 81 81 82 82 83 84 84
8 50th 95 95 96 98 99 100 101 57 57 57 58 59 60 60
90th 108 109 110 111 113 114 114 71 71 71 72 73 74 74
95th 112 112 114 115 116 118 118 75 75 75 76 77 78 78
99th 119 120 121 122 123 125 125 82 82 83 83 84 85 86
9 50th 96 97 98 100 101 102 103 58 58 58 59 60 61 61
90th 110 110 112 113 114 116 116 72 72 72 73 74 75 75
95th 114 114 115 117 118 119 120 76 76 76 77 78 79 79
99th 121 121 123 124 125 127 127 83 83 84 84 85 86 87
10 50th 98 99 100 102 103 104 105 59 59 59 60 61 62 62
90th 112 112 114 115 116 118 118 73 73 73 74 75 76 76
95th 116 116 117 119 120 121 122 77 77 77 78 79 80 80
99th 123 123 125 126 127 129 129 84 84 85 86 86 87 88
 Blood Pressure Levels for Girls by Age and Height Percentile (Continued)

Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)

BP
Age Percentile Í Percentile of Height Î Í Percentile of Height Î
(Year) Ð 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th
11 50th 100 101 102 103 105 106 107 60 60 60 61 62 63 63
90th 114 114 116 117 118 119 120 74 74 74 75 76 77 77
95th 118 118 119 121 122 123 124 78 78 78 79 80 81 81
99th 125 125 126 128 129 130 131 85 85 86 87 87 88 89
12 50th 102 103 104 105 107 108 109 61 61 61 62 63 64 64
90th 116 116 117 119 120 121 122 75 75 75 76 77 78 78
95th 119 120 121 123 124 125 126 79 79 79 80 81 82 82
99th 127 127 128 130 131 132 133 86 86 87 88 88 89 90
13 50th 104 105 106 107 109 110 110 62 62 62 63 64 65 65
90th 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 76 76 76 77 78 79 79
95th 121 122 123 124 126 127 128 80 80 80 81 82 83 83
99th 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 87 87 88 89 89 90 91
14 50th 106 106 107 109 110 111 112 63 63 63 64 65 66 66
90th 119 120 121 122 124 125 125 77 77 77 78 79 80 80
95th 123 123 125 126 127 129 129 81 81 81 82 83 84 84
99th 130 131 132 133 135 136 136 88 88 89 90 90 91 92
15 50th 107 108 109 110 111 113 113 64 64 64 65 66 67 67
90th 120 121 122 123 125 126 127 78 78 78 79 80 81 81
95th 124 125 126 127 129 130 131 82 82 82 83 84 85 85
99th 131 132 133 134 136 137 138 89 89 90 91 91 92 93
16 50th 108 108 110 111 112 114 114 64 64 65 66 66 67 68
90th 121 122 123 124 126 127 128 78 78 79 80 81 81 82
95th 125 126 127 128 130 131 132 82 82 83 84 85 85 86
99th 132 133 134 135 137 138 139 90 90 90 91 92 93 93
17 50th 108 109 110 111 113 114 115 64 65 65 66 67 67 68
90th 122 122 123 125 126 127 128 78 79 79 80 81 81 82
95th 125 126 127 129 130 131 132 82 83 83 84 85 85 86
99th 133 133 134 136 137 138 139 90 90 91 91 92 93 93

BP, blood pressure

* The 90th percentile is 1.28 SD, 95th percentile is 1.645 SD, and the 99th percentile is 2.326 SD over the mean.
For research purposes, the standard deviations in Appendix Table B–1 allow one to compute BP Z-scores and percentiles for girls
with height percentiles given in Table 4 (i.e., the 5th,10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles). These height percentiles
must be converted to height Z-scores given by (5% = -1.645; 10% = -1.28; 25% = -0.68; 50% = 0; 75% = 0.68; 90% = 1.28%;
95% = 1.645) and then computed according to the methodology in steps 2–4 described in Appendix B. For children with height
percentiles other than these, follow steps 1–4 as described in Appendix B.