Smart 1
Smart 1
Smart 1
This work was supported by MŠMT within NPU I program No. LO1605 – J. Včelák, A. Vodička, M, Maška and J. Mrňa are with Czech Technical
University Center for Energy Efficient Buildings. University in Prague – University Center for Energy Efficient Buildings,
Třinecká 1024, Buštěhrad, Czech Republic (e-mail: jan.vcelak@cvut.cz).
𝑀𝑅 = (𝑅 ) (2)
A. Moisture monitoring of wooden constructions
Wood is one of the most common material for building
constructions. Usage of wood as a main construction material The sensor consists of the stainless steel screw electrodes which
for houses in different countries is shown in the figure 1 are used to penetrate the monitored wooden construction and to
[1],[2],[3]. fix the sensor on its position. These screw electrodes also
ensure good electrical contact to the measured material. The
90 whole system consists of sensors deployed in the building
80 structure (figure 2) and central unit which gathers the data from
the sensors, processes data locally and send them to the cloud
Wooden buildign share [%]
𝑅 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑀𝑅𝐵 (1)
B. Smart GLT with integrated FBG monitoring
GLT is commonly used as a material for roof constructions for
bigger buildings covering ware-houses, sport centers,
swimming pools etc.. GLT is rarely used for family house
construction. The reason is that it is more expensive than
standard massive timber and usually there are no requirements
for long construction beams like in case of halls. The main
advantages of GLT are quality control by selection of higher
strength class wooden pieces, unlimited shape and length
definition according to customer preferences.
Smart GLT structure is equipped with optic fibers with
integrated Fiber Brag Grating structure which is used to
measure mechanical strain of the GLT. The optic fibers are
integrated in the GLT directly during GLT manufacturing
process.
Block diagram of external unit is shown in figure 4. Unit Fig. 4. Block diagram of SmartGLT monitoring test setup with FBG sensors
[5]
consists of optical broad band laser which supplies the light into
the optic fiber. The light is travelling in the fiber to the FBG
structure where only part of the light is reflected back to the
optical spectrum analyzer. The central wavelength of the
reflected light depends on the mechanical strain applied to the
FBG structure glued in GLT. Mechanical strain ε can be
determined from the measured values of the reflected
wavelengths according to equation (3):
Δ𝜆𝐵
𝜀𝜆 = (3)
𝜆𝐵 ∙ (1 − 𝜌𝑒 )
where λB is Bragg wavelength of the sensor inside the unloaded Fig. 5. Example of GLT beam with integrated FBG sensor and output signal
from spectral analyzer.
sample, ΔλB is difference of the Bragg wavelength before and
after loading of the sample and ρe is photoelastic coefficient
dependent on effective refractive index, Poisson's ratio and
photo-elastic tensor components [5]. The sensors could be
chained in to a string which can monitor several wooden beams C. Monitoring of indoor air quality using IoT enabled sensor
at the same time. platform
Indoor air quality is problem of many administrative as well as
residential buildings. The fact that average human spends 90%
The optical signal is processed locally and the information is of his live indoor is forcing facility managers, owners and users
sent using IoT to the operator or owner. Warning or alarms are to focus on the indoor environment quality. Terms as “Sick
triggered only in the case that the mechanical load exceeds the Building Syndrome” defined in last decade of 20th century
thresholds. The presented system works as an early warning points to the global problem of indoor environment [7]. Indoor
system for detection of construction overloading. Output of the environment is characterized usually by four basic categories:
system and connection to the GLT beam with integrated FBG
sensors is shown in figure 5. - thermal environment
- indoor air quality
- acoustical environment
- lightning environment
112
26
(°C)
24
Temp (°C)
Teplota
TABLE I 22
INDOOR AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS
CO2 (ppm)
2500
VOC concentration 0,5 mg/m3 2000
3 1500
Particle matter PM10 – 40 µg/m
(annual average) PM2,5 - 25 1000
Sensing of complex lightning conditions or acoustical Fig. 6. Temperature and CO2 levels in regional high school – Czech Republic
environment is quite ambitious and requires special expensive
hardware. On the other hand air quality sensors are already
available on the market. Therefore the team from CTU-UCEEB control and
The main parameters which are measured are temperature monitoring group decided to develop all-in-one IoT enabled
(T), relative humidity (RH), CO2 concentration level, volatile sensor platform which can be used for complex monitoring of
organic compounds (VOC) or particle matters (PM). These indoor air quality and can communicate to building
variables are quite often measured and sometimes are used for management system as well as to IoT networks using plug-in
active control of the building technology. The common values modules for LoRa, Sigfox or IQRF. The parameters measured
for comfort indoor environment are given in TABLE I. are temperature, relative air humidity, CO2 concentration, VOC
concentration. The result of development is shown in figure 7.
Detailed monitoring of the indoor environment is not Since the device uses several electrochemical sensors the
common in buildings. Temperature and air humidity are often overall consumption is not well suitable for long term-battery
measured. In last years also the CO2 levels are in interest of operation and thus external power supply is available.
building users. VOC reading are also in interest since buildings
are equipped with furniture, paints, carpets and other possible
contaminants rich on organic compounds.