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M24727 CF1 Coursework 2023 - 2024 Main Sit

The document provides instructions for completing coursework as part of the Electrical Machines and Drives M24727 module. It outlines four exercises involving rectifier circuits and transformers that students are required to simulate and analyze using Multisim software. The deadline for submitting all parts of the coursework is December 8th, 2023. The work is subdivided into parts that are recommended to be completed by certain dates to help manage workload.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
41 views30 pages

M24727 CF1 Coursework 2023 - 2024 Main Sit

The document provides instructions for completing coursework as part of the Electrical Machines and Drives M24727 module. It outlines four exercises involving rectifier circuits and transformers that students are required to simulate and analyze using Multisim software. The deadline for submitting all parts of the coursework is December 8th, 2023. The work is subdivided into parts that are recommended to be completed by certain dates to help manage workload.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Academic Year 2023/24

Electrical Machines and Drives M24727

CF-1-PRASKIL -CW 30%

Deadline For Submission: 12 noon UK time, Friday 8th December 2023

Submission Instructions You should submit to the various quizzes as listed in the details of the
exercises.

Instructions for completing the There are a number of tasks you are required to complete as part of the
assessment: coursework assessment.

There is a single deadline for this work, however, to assist with your workload
planning, the work has been subdivided with indicative deadlines for when
individual parts of the work should be completed.
Recommended completion dates:
Rectifiers Exercise 1 and Simulink Certificate: 10th November 2023
Rectifiers 2: 17th November 2023
Rectifiers 3 and Transformer Tests: 24th November 2023
Rectifiers 4 and DC Motor Tests: 1st December 2023

Examiners: Dr Richard Walters


Part 1

Exercise 1: The Half-Wave Rectifier


1. Before you start this exercise, if completing at home, you need to make sure you have:
a. Installed Global Protect VPN on your machine
b. Installed Multisim on your machine.
c. Logged on to the VPN using your username and password.
d. Set up the licence on Multisim to link to the university licence server.
2. Run Multisim. You should now see a screen like that below

3. Multisim is quite a complex and sophisticated simulation tool. As such there are a lot of facilities
available to you but don’t let that put you off. Over the next few weeks, we will use some of these
facilities in these simulations. Feel free to experiment with others too. The first thing we need to do
is to add some components to our circuit. Do one of the following:
a. Click the ‘Place’ menu and select ‘Place Component’
b. Right-click and select ‘Place Component’ from the drop-down menu
c. Press ‘CNTL W’

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4. The ‘Select a Component’ window will open:

The component database contains a large number of components. These are divided into groups
and families. By default, all groups are shown in the left-hand list. Scroll down this list to ‘Power
Sources’ and select ‘AC_POWER’.
5. Click ‘OK’ and place this on the page in the middle to the left.
6. When you place it, the ‘select a component’ window automatically reappears. Now select
‘GROUND’ and place this in the middle of the page slightly below the middle.
7. Now select the ‘Basic’ group and the ‘Resistor’ family in the left-hand box and select ‘150Ω’.

Click ‘OK’ and place this to the right of the centre higher up the page than the power supply.
8. Finally, select the ‘Diodes’ group, and the ‘Diode family. Scroll down and select ‘1N4004G’. Place
this level with and to the left of the resistor.
9. You have now placed all the components needed, so click ‘Close’ and you should have a screen
which looks like this:

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We now need to do some tidying up and connect the components together.
10. Firstly, we need to change the power to UK voltage and frequency. Right-click on the voltage source
and a drop-down menu will appear

11. Select ‘Properties’ from the bottom of the list.

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12. Select the ‘Value’ tab and then change V (RMS) to 240 and the frequency to 50Hz

13. We are now in a position to wire-up the circuit. Connect the positive end of the power supply to
Diode D1. Diodes work in one direction, so you need to connect from the power supply to the
terminal at the base of the triangle.
14. Connect the other end of D1 to R1. With the resistor it doesn’t matter which terminal you use.
15. Connect the free terminal on R1 to the free terminal on V1.
16. Connect the ground to the wire along the bottom.
17. Finally connect this wire to ground. Your circuit should look like this:

Note that I have zoomed in a couple of times using the scroll wheel on the mouse to make the circuit
nice and large.
When you connect the circuit up make sure the wiring is neat just as you should when connecting an
actual circuit.
18. Select the voltage probe, either from the menu at the top of the screen or ‘Place>Probe>Voltage’.
Place one of these on the wire between the voltage source and the diode, and one between the

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diode and the resistor.

19. We are now ready to simulate. Press the ‘Play’ button to start the interactive simulation

20. You will notice that information is displayed on pop-out boxes on each of the voltage probes

21. Make a folder on your computer to save all the simulations you do on this module and save this with
an appropriate name.
22. Use ‘Print Screen’ to grab an image of the circuit, save this as an image file and upload to Moodle
alongside a copy of the Multisim file. 1 mark
23. Record the values shown in the voltage probe pop-out boxes in the appropriate positions on
Moodle. 3 marks
24. Stop the simulation.
25. Go to the ‘Simulate>Instruments’ menu and select ‘Oscilloscope’. This is about the fourth option
down in the list, not the Agilent or Tektronix oscilloscopes further down. Connect channel 1+ to V1
and channel 1- to ground. Connect channel 2+ to the resistor and channel 2- to ground. NOTE THAT
YOU ARE CONNECTING MAINS VOLTAGE TO THE SCOPE HERE. YOU CAN DO THIS ON THE
SIMULATOR BUT DO NOT DO THIS WITH A REAL SCOPE UNLESS THE SCOPE IS SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED FOR MAINS VOLTAGES.

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26. Double-click on the scope and the ‘screen’ will open up

Note the settings for Timebase, Channel A, Channel B and the Trigger as shown at the bottom of the
scope screen. Set yours the same.
27. Press run, and you should see an image like that above. Use print screen to save an image file of the
scope and upload to Moodle. 1 mark
28. Stop the simulation again.

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29. Go to ‘Simulate>Analyses and Simulate’

30. Change the simulation to ‘Transient’. This is the time-based simulation.


31. Set the ‘End time’ to 0.04s (40ms)
32. Press Run. A graph will appear with traces corresponding to each voltage probe.

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33. Print screen and upload the image to Moodle. Note that you can save these image files, or export
the data to Excel. Also, if you run several simulations, each graph appears as a separate tab above
the graph window.
34. We are now going to add an inductor to our circuit. Select the wire from the resistor to ground and
press ‘delete’.
35. Go to ‘Place a Component’, select the ‘Basic’ group and the ‘Inductor’ family. Select 390mH
inductor. When you select it, the inductor is horizontal

Before placing the component, press ‘CNTL+R’. This will rotate the inductor. Connect the vertical
inductor between the resistor and ground.

36. Save the new version of the circuit with a new name and upload a copy of this file to Moodle. 1 mark
37. Run the transient simulation again and upload an image file of the graph to Moodle. 1 mark Note
that to get an accurate plot, you may need to change the maximum step time (TMAX) in the
transient simulation settings (see step 29 above). I would recommend about 1us.
38. Run an ‘Interactive Simulation’ and note down the voltage values to the locations on Moodle.
3 marks
39. Comment on the difference in output waveform between this and the resistor-only circuit. 2 marks
40. Stop the interactive simulation.
41. Place a 1N4004G ‘freewheeling’ diode with its anode to ground and the cathode to the cathode of
D1.
42. Run an interactive simulation and note the voltage values on Moodle. 3 marks
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43. Upload an image file of the circuit on Moodle 1 mark
44. Run a transient simulation and upload an image file of the graph to Moodle. 1 mark
45. Comment on the effect of the freewheeling diode. Why do you think this is the case? 3 marks

Exercise 1 marked out of 20 marks

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Exercise 2: The Full-Wave Rectifier
1. Start with the final circuit from the half-wave rectifier circuit.
2. Disconnect the wires from the voltage source and move it to the left.
3. Go to ‘Place a Component’ and place a third diode.
4. Select ‘All Groups’, and scroll down to ‘Transformers’. Select ‘1P 1S_Tapped’. This is a single
primary, single secondary- centre-tapped transformer. If you cannot find this component in the list,
use a twin secondary transformer and join the central ends together to make the centre tap.
5. Finally, place a 0.5Ω resistor just above the voltage source. We are going to connect the transformer
primary across the voltage source, but one of the limitations with SPICE-based simulators like
Multisim is that it cannot resolve circuits containing only a voltage source and inductor so a small
resistor is required.
6. The circuit should be connected up as shown

7. Save the circuit under a new name and upload a copy of the file to Moodle. 1 mark
8. Print Screen and upload an image of the circuit to Moodle 1 mark
9. Run an interactive simulation and note down the voltages on Moodle. 6 marks
10. Comment on the difference between the voltages here and for the half-wave rectifier. 2 marks

Exercise 2 marked out of 10 marks

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Exercise 3: The Bridge Rectifier
1. Start with the final circuit from the half-wave rectifier circuit.
2. Add two more Diodes.
3. Reconnect the circuit as shown

You may need to rearrange the circuit a bit to get it tidy. You may also need to delete and redraw
some of the wires. It is important that the final circuit is neat.
NOTE: Notice that the voltage probe on the output side has been replaced by a ‘differential probe’.
You need to do this because the load is now floating and neither end is connected to ground. Delete
the previous probe, and select ‘Place>probe>differential probe’. It will ask you to place the positive
terminal of the probe first and then the reference. This is just the same as placing the red and black
probes of a multimeter to set the measurement points.
4. Save the circuit under a new name and upload a copy of the file to Moodle. 1 mark
5. Print Screen and upload an image of the circuit to Moodle 1 mark
6. Run an interactive simulation and note down the voltages on Moodle. 6 marks
7. Comment on the difference between the voltages here and for the half-wave rectifier. 2 marks

Exercise 3 is marked out of 10 marks

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Exercise 4: The Controlled Rectifier
1. Start with the final circuit from the bridge rectifier circuit.
2. Delete Diodes D2 and D3
3. Replace them with two ‘2N1599’ Thyristors
4. Control also needs to be included. Here we will simplify things because the simulator is being used.
Place the following, with the properties listed:
Component Group Family Properties

Sources Control Function Value: Delay=10ms


Delay
Blocks
Sources Controlled Voltage Value: Voltage Gain
Voltage Controlled
Sources (E)= 1V/V
Voltage Source
Sources Signal Voltage Sources See screenshot below
Pulse Voltage

2023-24 Page 12 of 29
5. Reconnect the circuit as shown

6. Save the circuit under a new name and upload a copy to Moodle 1 mark
7. Print Screen and upload an image of the circuit to Moodle 1 mark
8. Run an interactive simulation.
9. Comment on the differences you notice between the output here and with the bridge rectifier.
3 marks
10. Save an image of the scope screen and upload to Moodle. 1 mark
11. Note the peak-to-peak, rms and dc voltage measures from the probe. 3 marks
12. Stop the simulator and change the ‘delay’ on the pulse voltage source. This will change the
triggering time of the thyristor (between 0ms and 10ms)
13. Restart the simulator and repeat steps 10-12, recording the new values of Vpp, Vrms, and Vdc.
Tabulate these either in Word or Excel, or similar.
14. Change the delay time once more and repeat again.
15. Upload the completed results file to Moodle 8 marks
16. Comment on the differences you notice as the thyristor timing is altered. 3 marks

Exercise 4 marked out of 20


Marking Scheme
Note that the mark for exercise four is scaled to be out of ten. This gives a total mark for this part out of 50.

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Part 2

Simulink Certificate
In order to complete this part of the coursework and make all of your work and marks count you have to first
successfully complete the Simulink tutorial and obtain the Mathworks Simulink Certificate. This tutorial will
teach you how to use the Simulink software in sufficient depth to complete the rest of this coursework. The link
for this tutorial is:
https://uk.mathworks.com/learn/tutorials/simulink-onramp.html#getstarted

Once you have completed this, you should upload your certificate to the quiz on Moodle.
This exercise is worth 10 marks.

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Power Transformer Tests
After Branislav Vuksanovic 2022
1. Start Simulink
2. Open a Blank Model.
3. In the “Library Browser” search for the “Linear Transformer” block.
4. When it is found, select it and drag it into your “untitled” model window.

5. Double click on this block in order to edit the transformer parameters. You should see the following
default set of parameters.

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6. Change them to some reasonable but different set of parameters. Please do not ask “What to put in
here?”, try to come up with some reasonable quantities. I have tried the following parameters to start
with, but you should try something else.

7. After applying the change, providing you have also unticked the “Three windings transformer” box,
your transformer block should change to two-winding transformer.

8. Now find the “AC voltage source” and add it to your model. If more than one voltage source is found,
select the one from “powerlib” library. (Hover above the block to see this info.) Use the settings
suggested below or similar suitable settings.

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9. Now find the blocks “current measurement” and “voltage measurement” and add them to your model.

10. Add some “grounds”. Make sure you use the ones from “powerlib”.

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11. Now connect it all in order to perform the measurements. (Why did I include the second ammeter? No
need for it here.)

12. A couple of more things to do before trying to run this model.


• Add a “powergui” block to your model. You can leave it running in “Continuous” simulation
type mode.
• Save your model under some sensible name. (In order not to lose it.)
• Reduce the simulation time (“Stop Time” at the top of your window) a bit. 0.1 seconds should
do.

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13. You can now run your model, perhaps just to check if you have made any errors or not. It should run
OK providing you have not made any mistakes in selecting or connecting those components.
However, you will not be able to “see” your measurements. You need some way of displaying saving
or exporting the measured results in order to make some use of them.

Search for “Display” and add some to your model. Upon running it again, some numbers are
displayed, but they make little sense (to me). Changing the simulation time does not help. Deleting
the extra ammeter does nothing either. Any idea why this would be the case? (Do not look at the
next step below.)

14. To get some sensible numbers displayed, you need to obtain the root-mean-square value of AC
voltages and current you are measuring. The “RMS” block will do that. Make sure you use the RMS
block from “powerlib” library. The displayed measurements should make more sense now.

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15. You can export those measurements to the Matlab workspace. The “To Workspace” element will do
this.

16. “To Workspace” might need a bit of configuration to simplify things slightly (for Matlab beginners). For
example, change the format and the number of exported data samples:

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17. If you now go to the Matlab workspace, those measurements should be there. Check by examining
the variables in your workspace using the “who” command.

18. You can perform some calculations. Let’s try and calculate transformer ratio using measured the
primary and secondary voltages:

19. The same calculation can be performed in Simulink as indicated in the figure below. The “GoTo” and
“From” blocks can make the whole model a bit tidier, although, for such a simple model, it can be
done without those blocks as well.

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However, you will definitely need those “connection points” for any slightly more difficult Simulink
models, so best to make sure you know how to use them now.

20. Without even noticing, we are almost ready to perform the Open Circuit transformer test. The missing
measurement is power. This can be done by including the “Power Measurement” (i.e. Wattmeter –
remember – we need the active power consumed by this transformer) block in your model. But I’ll
leave this bit to you.

21. Upload your open circuit Simulink file, the transformer turns ratio from step 18 above, and the open
circuit values for V, I, and P to the spaces on Moodle.

22. Now complete the short circuit test and upload the corresponding file and values for V, I and P to
Moodle.

23. Comment on whether you think these values correspond to your original values loaded into the
transformer model and justify your answer.

This exercise is worth 20 marks

Please note – this is not the only and probably not even the best solution, so I would expect you NOT to come up with a simple
replica of what’s been done here. Please experiment a bit to see if you can do better and more than me. I am sure you can.

Branislav

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DC Machines Test
After Branislav Vuksanovic 2022
1. Start Simulink
2. Open a Blank Model.
3. In the “Library Browser” search for the following blocks and drag them into your “untitled” model window:
• “DC Machine”
• “DC Voltage Source” – use the one from the “powerlib” library, change its voltage to 240 V
and replicate it in the model window – you will need two of those, one to feed the field winding
and the other one to feed the armature winding
• “Gain” – use the one from “Simulink/MathOperations” library and set its gain to 0.23
• “Demux” – use the one from “Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks” library and set its number of
outputs to 4
• “Scope” - use the one from “Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks“ and replicate it twice in the
model window – you will need three of those in order to display speed of rotation, armature
current and torque
• “XY Graph” – initially, configure the range of this plot to: X-min = 0; X-max = 150; Y-min = 0
and Y-max = 500; readjust those plot limits later, if needed. Leave the sample time at -1.
• “powergui” – leave it on its default settings as before

4. Connect and (if you wish) label your “equipment” as indicated in the figure below. You will notice there is an
additional component connected to the third “Demux” output which is a “Terminator”. It can be found in
“Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks“ library. You can run the whole thing without it, but best to keep it all tidy.
The “Demux” block is slightly modified in this system, try to work out how to do this, in case you want
an exact copy of this model. Otherwise, you can leave it as it is. It makes no real difference to the
model operation.
To properly identify plots on each scope, it is important to know the order in which they appear from
the “Demux” block. I have indicated this in the figure below for you.

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5. Run your model and observe the results. You will have to explain and comment those results in your report, so
try to understand what is going on. Generating results is a relatively easy task, explaining them properly and
succinctly is the tricky bit.
I have reduced the simulation time to 1 s, it seems to be enough to capture the full transient period for
this setup.
6. You can reduce the number of scopes used in this experiment by adding the “Mux” block. In that case
the “Show Legend” option in the scope display window should also be enabled in order to indicate the
meaning of each trace in the plot. Try to find out how to do this. You should upload the Simulink
file and the Scope plot to the quiz on Moodle.

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7. From the obtained results you should be able to anticipate what kind of problems this setup could
cause in the laboratory. The lab assistant would certainly get upset for having to keep replacing fuses
for you if you ran this in the lab. You should explain and comment on this in more detail in
answer to the question on Moodle, but the urgent task now is to try and avoid this problem.
One way of improving the situation is to start our DC motor at a reduced voltage, then gradually
increase the voltage to its constant value.*
To simulate this setup, we need to remove the DC Voltage Source from the model and add the
following blocks to it:
• “Controlled Voltage Source” from “powerlib” library
• “Ramp” block from “Simulink/Sources” library – set the “Slope” of this block to 70 in the
parameter dialogue
• “Saturation” block from “Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks” set – set the “Upper limit” to 240
and “Lower limit” to 0 for this block

The new but unconnected setup is shown in the figure below.

* You might want to save your model under a different name before starting to make changes to it. Just so that
you have the first (hopefully, fully working) Simulink model safely stored and protected from those changes.
You can then go back to it whenever you need to.

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8. The connected experimental setup is shown in figure below.
Simulation period is increased to 5s in order to capture the full transient period.
Another scope has also been added, to observe the armature voltage which is adjusted to linearly
increase to its maximum value after approximately 3.5s. Just to check that everything is working
properly. Run this experiment and observe the results. Upload the Simulink file for this part and
the corresponding graph to Moodle, and comment on the benefits observed.

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9. An alternative method for starting our DC motor without danger of damaging the equipment or
blowing fuses in the lab is to use a so-called step resistance starter.

As already mentioned, before starting to make any changes to your model, it might be a good idea to
save the working “variable voltage source” model under a different name, once it is fully working. That
might save some time if you want to recreate or check some of its results in the future.
To construct a three-step resistance starter you will need the following equipment in your model
window:
• 3 resistors - find the “Series RLC Branch” block, set the “Branch type” to “R” and replicate it twice in the
model window. Specify the following resistances for each block, i.e. resistor:

3.66 Ω, 1.64 Ω, 0.737 Ω


• 3 switches to switch each individual resistor on or off in your starter – find the “Breaker” element,
replicate it and keep its default settings
• 3 “Step” blocks from “Simulink/Sources” set; those blocks should provide timing for switches; “Step time”
for those blocks should be set to 2.3 s, 4.6 s and 6.9 s.

The connected starter is shown in the figure below. Note – it still needs to be connected to the rest of
the system.
Controlled Voltage Source, Ramp and Saturation blocks have been removed from the setup as they
are no longer needed.

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10. The setup is completed by adding another 240 V DC Voltage Source to our model. This source needs
to be connected to armature winding via the constructed step resistance starter.
Reconfigure the XY Graph element to observe the change of speed of rotation ω (rad/s) versus
torque Te (Nm) as indicated in the figure below.
Run the experiment and observe the results. Again, the Simulink file and output graphs should
be uploaded to Moodle and you should comment on your results.

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This exercise is worth 20 marks

2023-24 Page 29 of 29

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