Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V
Schools Division of Sorsogon
PILAR NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Marifosque, Pilar, Sorsogon
School ID : 302230

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET _1_

Name of the Student:__________________________________________________

Date:____________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT/ PANIMULANG KONSEPTO

In this Learning Activity Sheet (LAS), I presented the parts of the full-blown research
that you are going to follow in completing your chosen research topic. Surely, it will be just easy
for you because for two semesters you have started already most of the parts of the research.
Good luck and happy writing.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM MELCs/ KASANAYANG

PAMPAGKATUTO MULA SA MELCs

MELC: prepares a plan and a focus on issues and ideas in their respective field

III. ACTIVITIES/ MGA GAWAIN

a. Let Us Review

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research gathers data in a numerical form which can be put into categories, or in rank order, or
measured in units of measurement. This type of data can be used to construct graphs and tables of raw
data.
Quantitative researchers aim to establish general laws of behavior and phenomenon across different
settings/contexts. Research is used to test a theory and ultimately support or reject it.
b. Let Us Study

PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

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INITIAL PAGES
 Cover Page
 Title page
 Approval Sheet
 Acknowledgment
 Dedication
 Table of Contents
 List of Tables
 List of Figures
 Abstract
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem
 Scope and Delimitation
 Significance of the Study
 Definition of Terms
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 Review of Related Literature

 Review of Related Studies
 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 Synthesis of the State of the Art
 Gap Bridged of the Study
Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
 Research Design
 Respondents/Participants of the Study
 Instrument of the Study
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Treatment
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 Presentation of Data

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  Analysis
 Interpretation
 Discussion
Chapter 5- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Summary of Findings
 Conclusion

 Recommendation

 References
 Appendices
 Curriculum Vitae

CHAPTER 1
Writing a Statement of the Problem
After identifying a research problem, the next step is to write a problem statement. It has to be concise and concrete.
Writing a problem statement can help the researcher put the topic in context and have a deeper understanding of its
significance.
A problem statement may be written in several paragraphs or in several sentences incorporated in the introduction.
For practical research, look at the concrete details of the situation and ask yourself these questions:
a) Where and when does the problem arise?
b) Who are affected by the problem?
c) What attempts have been made to solve the problem?
Problem statement should also address the relevance of the research: why is it important to resolve the problem.
The problem statement need not lay worldchanging impact. What is important is that the he problem statement
should lay how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not be to find a conclusive solution, but to seek
out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective approaches to understanding it. So a researcher
must set the objectives of the study. You may start with the following phrases:
a) The aim of this study is to determine…
b) This project aims to explore…
c) I aim to investigate…
The following are tasks that may help a researcher enhance skill in discovering and identifying a research problem
a. Refer to related literature.

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b. Attend webinars.
c. Be observant of the situations around you.
d. Visit libraries and online research gates.
e. Subscribe to research journals.
f. Conduct mini researches and note the gaps in the findings.
General problem statement is usually followed by specific problems which are in a form of a question. There are two
types of questions: researchable questions and non-researchable questions. Non-researchable questions are those
answerable by yes or no. Researchable questions are questions of value or opinion.
Researchable question:
a. What are the effects of internet accessibility in the campus to the academic performance of the students?
b. What learning enhancement project may be implemented to improve students’ academic performance?
Definition of Terms
Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of the important words acronyms that researcher defines particularly those
used in a special way in the study so as to avoid ambiguity.
Your proposed study will likely include words that are not widely known outside your discipline. It may include
constructs, formulas and operational definitions that differ from colloquial definitions or other schools of thought. This
part of your study offers provides the reader a list of definitions of these terms. Your definition can considerably affect
how the reader understands your thesis. Be sure you use these terms in a consistent manner from the start to finish
of your study. In writing your definition of terms, make an introductory sentence or paragraph. It must also be noted
that a word may be defined conceptually and operationally in the study.
Example: The following words defined are used in this study:
Photo Manipulation. This refers to editing of the pictures using the different features available in the mobile
phone or computer. Its purpose is for the person to look better and beautiful and handsome before they post it on
social media platforms.
Self-esteem. This is operationally defined as the manner the students value themselves through the
affirmation and motivation they get through the posting they make in the social media platform.
Selfie. This refers to self-portrait photograph typically taken using mobile phone and shared on social media
such as Facebook and Instagram. To some people they consider it as vanity and to some it is the best way to share
the both important and non-important things about themselves.
Conceptual Framework
Researchers create conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design
their work. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework. Miles and
Huberman (1994) defined a conceptual framework as a visual or written product, one that ‘explains, either graphically
or in narrative form, the main things to be studied—the key factors, concepts, or variables—and the presumed
relationships among them. One of the most important things about conceptual framework is that it primarily becomes
the model of what is out there that you plan to study.
Guide on How to Make the Conceptual Framework

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 1. Pick your research topic. Remember the considerations in choosing the research topic. You may refer to the
previous discussion in this module.
2. Do a literature review. Read relevant and updated research on the general topic that you decide to work on.
3. Identify the important variables. Find studies with the same variables and figure out how these are related to your
study. You may go over the abstract of the published research. Some abstracts contain the variables. If variables are
not apparent from the abstract, you may do a skimming of the discussion. .
4. Then build your conceptual framework using the variables from the related studies you have read. IPO (Input-
Process-Output) is one of the most used paradigms that seek to understand a factor or variable that causes a
problem or change in the subject.
KULANG PA
Variables in hypotheses
In experimental and correlational research, hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables. An
independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the
researcher observes and measures.
Developing a Hypothesis
1. Ask a question. Hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be
specific and researchable.
2. Do some preliminary research of the previous studies. Your initial answer to the question should be based on what
is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated prediction.
3. Formulate your hypothesis. Foresee the idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in
a concise sentence.
Example of Null Hypothesis

a. There is no significant relationship between the reasons for using alternative medicine and the
level of comfort of the patients.
b. The kind of teaching methods used has no effect on the level of performance of students as shown
in their academic grades and behavior in class.

Significance of Study
Significance of the study answers the fifth W of an academic quest. That is the why. Why do you think your study is
significant? When discussing this, you deal with the general contribution that your study makes.
According to Unite for Sight, the goal of research is to inform action. Your study must contextualize its findings within
the larger body of research. It must have a high quality that is applicable outside of the research setting.
Dissemination of the research outcomes is the expressed contribution of the researcher. Leann Zarah in her article
offered 7 reasons why research is important.
They are as follows:

1. Research is a tool for facilitating learning.

2. It is a way to understand various issues and it increases public awareness.
3. Research leads to business success.

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4. It is a way to negate fallacious claims.
5. It finds and seizes opportunities.
6. Research is a key to love reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable Information
7. Research nourishes and exercises the brain.
Example A

Significance of the Study

The study is beneficial to the following people:

The Students. This study will give awareness to students on the effects of social media addiction on
their behavior. Moreover, they can be enlightened and may practice using social media in an
appropriate way.

The Parents. This study will help the parents to understand why their children are being addicted to
social media. Through this study, they can think of some preventive measures to help their children
control the use of social media.

Future Researchers. This study may benefit future researchers since this will serve as blueprint of
the findings and conclusions which may lead to further studies.

Example B

Significance of the Study

This study is considered beneficial to the following:

Community. This study will benefit the community in general as the findings will give the people
better understanding of the millennial and their manner of boosting self-esteem through the use of
social media platforms.

Teachers. This will help them understand the developmental, social and behavioral effects of using
social media to their students. The results of this study will be their basis in incorporating
intervention and strategies on how to enhance the teaching and learning process and promote and
develop students’ interpersonal skill.

Example C
The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Teenagers. The result of this study will greatly help them for they will be guided appropriately in
order to avoid early pregnancy. The proposed activity or programs are intended for them which
will guide them to address the problems or issues in early teen pregnancy.

Parents. This will help them to guide their children on how to avoid early teenage pregnancy.
They are the first persons which should know what is right for their children, hence, they should
know how to control and discipline them to become responsible individuals.

Community. Being aware of the causes and effects of early teen pregnancy will lead to a healthy
and progressive community. This study will make the people in the community be aware and
concerned on the issues on early teen pregnancy. Thus, they can make ways in order to prevent
it. 6
Scope and delimitation Everything must have limits. Government, politics, power, rights and sports have its own
bounds. Conduct of a study must have bounds as well. It is necessary to narrow down research topic and limit its
bounds. Otherwise, it will not be manageable and your study will go nowhere. Readers of your research must know
these limits. The scope identifies the boundaries of the study in term of subjects, objectives, facilities, area, time
frame, and the issues to which the research is focused.
Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study:
The coverage of this study ___________________________________________.
The study consists of _______________________________________________.
The study covers __________________________________________________.
The study focuses on _______________________________________________.
The purpose of the delimitation of the study is to delimit by geographic location, age, sex, population traits, population
size, or other similar aspects. Delimitation makes study more manageable and feasible. Part of it sets the constraints
or weaknesses of a study which are beyond the control of the researcher. An example of limitation is accessibility of
data. The quality of the research findings will depend upon the ability of the researcher to access information from
people or organization. Another example of limitation is the time that a research has to devote in the conduct of the
study. So, the researcher must be careful in deciding on a research problem. Interest over the topic will not suffice. It
must be practicable within a manageable period of time.
Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study:
The study does not cover the _________________________________________.
The researcher limited this research to__________________________________.

Here is an example of Scope and Delimitation.

Predictors of Students’ Performance in Chemistry Laboratories Of Selected Private Schools (Estrella, 2009)
This study was focused on the factors affecting students’ performance in Chemistry laboratory in selected
schools in Balanga City for the School Year 2008-2009.

In this study, the students’ performance refers to the average grade of the students in their
Chemistry laboratory from the first to third grading period. Chemistry, the chosen field for the study is the
science with more abstract theories which must be proven with actual events through experiments by the
students. The study considered the following schools in Balanga City Schools as the research locale of the
investigation Tomas del Rosario College Asia Pacific College of Advance Science of Bataan Christian School.
This is because these schools belong to the same category as private institutions. Specifically, the factors in
this research were students-related ones which pertain to the attitude of the students in Chemistry
laboratory. Teacher related factors pertain to the teaching strategies, competencies and teachers’ attitude in
conducting experiments in the Chemistry laboratory. Lastly, laboratory related factors pertain to the
adequacy, availability and usability of the laboratory equipment and the laboratory manual and facilities. The
grade point average (GPA) were gathered and tabulated to measure their performance in the Chemistry
laboratory. 7
C. Let Us Practice
Write your own Research Hypothesis if your chosen topic is quantitative research in nature.
1.
2.
3.
D. Evaluation
Submit the complete chapter 1

Prepared by:
MARIFE D. CANTORIA
MT-II