Bams-Final Research Complete Notes

राधे गोविन्दाय नम: 1
Dr.VIRENDRA SINGH BISHNIO MD MEDICINE MMM Govt.Ayu.Col.UDAIPUR 9413720487

SYLLABUS –RESEARCH & STATISTICS-BAMS-FINAL YEAR

PART – A –ResearchMethodology-30 अंक
1. Brief historical background of research in Ayurved and contemporary medical

science Evidences of researches in ayurvedic classics.
2. Etymology, definitions and synonyms (Anveshana, Gaveshana, Prayeshana,
Anusandhan and Shodha) of the word Research
3. Research in Ayurved - Scope, need, importance, utility
4. Types of Research (familiarization of the terms)
a) Pure and Applied
b) Qualitative , Quantitative and Mixed Observational and interventional.
5. Research process (Importance of each steps in brief)
a. Selection of the topic
b. Review of the literature
c. Formulation of Hypothesis
d Aims and Objectives
e. Materials and methods
f. Observations and results
g. Methods of communication of Research
6. Research tools – Role of the pramanas as research tools

7. The concept and importance of ethics in research
8. Concept of Evidenvce Based Medicine and Scientific Writing
9. Importance of IT in data mining and important research data portalsconcerned with
Ayurved and contemporary medical science (DHARA , PubMed, Ayush Research
Portal, Bioinformatics Center, Research Management Informatic System etc.)
Part – B Medical-Statistics-20 अंक
1. Definition, scope and importance of the Medical statistics

2. Common statistical terms and notations-
a. Population b. Sample c. Data d. Variable e. Normal distribution
3. Collection and Presentation of data
a. Tabular b. Graphical c. Diagrammatical
4. Measures of location- a. Average b. Percentile
5.Measures of Central Tendency- a. Arithmetic mean b. Median c. Mode
6.Variability and its measurement- a. Range b. Standard deviation c. Standard error
7.Introduction to probability and test of significance
8.Parametric and non parametric tests
9.Introduction to commonly used statistical soft-wares.

PART – A –Research Methodology
1. Brief historical background of research in Ayurved and contemporary

medical science Evidences of researches in ayurvedic classics-
(आयु र्वेदीय अनु सन्धान की सं क्षिप्त ऐक्षतहाक्षसक पृ ष्ठभू क्षम-)
 आयुर्वेद अर्वतरण-
-ब्रम्हा ने आयुर्वेद का स्मरण  दक्ष प्रजापतत अतिनी कुमारो को इं द्र-भारद्वाज आत्रेय
6 तिष्य
 प्रथम संतहता –ब्रह्म संतहता –1000 अध्याय -1 लाख श्लोक
 र्वैक्षदक काल में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान –

-ऋगर्वेद र्व अथर्ववर्वेद में आयुर्वेद सम्बन्धित तर्वषय तर्विेष रूप से र्वतणवत है |
-आचायव चरक सुश्रुत र्वाग्भट ने आयुर्वेद को अथर्ववर्वेद का उपर्वेद माना है जबतक व्यासकृत र्व
िं करोक्त कुछ अन्य ग्रंथो ने आयुर्वेद को ऋग्वेद का उपर्वेद माना है |
-काश्यप ने आयुर्वेद को पंचम र्वेद माना है |
अथर्ववर्वेद =
o अथर्ववर्वेद का नाम अथर्ववन ऋतष के नाम पे पड़ा |
o काल 1500 इ.पूर्वव. मानते है |
o आयुर्वेद , अथर्ववर्वेद का उपां ग है |
o अथर्ववर्वेद को ब्रम्हार्वेद भी कहते है |
o अथर्ववर्वेद की 9 िाखाये र्व 5 कल्प सूत्र है |
o अथर्ववर्वेद में तपत = मायू ; ज्वर =तक्मा; कफ=आम OR बलास पयाव य िब्द
o अति र्व सूयव को कृतम नािक बताया है |
o अथर्ववर्वेद में कुल 289 र्वनोषतधयो का र्वणव न
o अथर्ववर्वेद में आयुर्वेद संबतधत अतधकतर भाग – 2nd काण्ड में र्वतणव त
o औषध के 4 तर्वभाग -1 र्वानस्पत्य 2 र्वनस्पतत 3 औषध 4 तर्वरुद्ध
o प्रयोग भेद से -1.आथर्ववर्वनी 2.आन्धगगरासी 3.दै तर्व 4.मनुषज्य
ऋग्वे द =
67 औषध द्रव्य,RY,ह्रद्रोग,चमवरोग,बन्ध्यत्व,अंगप्रत्यारोपण,संजीर्वनी तर्वधा,रसायन,तत्रदोष ,दोष
यजुर्वेद=82 औषध द्रव्य का नामोल्लेख
 उपक्षनषदो में आयुर्वेद –

उपतनषद के समकालीन या कुछ काल बाद में अतिर्वेि र्व र्वृद्धसुश्रुत ए ह ह। त तब तक आयुर्वेद
समुन्नत अर्वस्था प्राप्त कर चुका थात उपतनषद काल तक आयुर्वेद में और नर्वीन अनुसिान ए ह
तजसमें आयुर्वेद का और पररष्कृत स्वरूप सामने आया है त आहार पाक की प्रतिया में अन्न का
स्थूल, सूक्ष्म र्व अततसूक्ष्म पाक का तर्वधान है त आहार-रस के रस र्व तकट्ट दो भाग होते ह। त रस के
स्थूल र्व सूक्ष्म दो भाग होते ह। , यह तचतकत्सकों को ज्ञान हो गया थात रोगों के क्षेत्र में कुष्ठ के भेद
पामा का ज्ञान, िरीरतिया के क्षेत्र में हृदय की तियातर्वतध का ज्ञान, भूततर्वधा, पुरुष र्व रोगोत्पति
का कारण आतद तर्वषयों का ज्ञान उपतनषद काल तक तचतकत्सकों को हो गयो थात षोडि कला
पुरुष, हषणा तर्वषयक तर्वचार, गभोत्पति में यथेष्ट गभव प्रान्धप्त हे तु तर्वतर्वध प्रकार के भोजनों का
तनदे ि, केर्वल अनुसिान से ही जाना जा सकता है त षड् रसोत्पति द्रव्यगुण में ए ह अनुसिान
की द्योतक हैत दि प्राणायतन, तत्रदोष तसद्धान्त में बात के स्पष्ट पााँ च भेद, चतु ष्पाद तसद्धान्त
आतद का ज्ञान भी तचतकत्सा तर्वज्ञान की उिरोिर उन्नत अर्वस्था को इं तगत करता है क्ोंतक आगे
चलकर संतहताओं में इन्ीं का तर्वस्तृत स्वरूप दे खने को तमलता है त
 बृहत्रयी की संक्षहताओ में आयुर्वेद – चरक –सुश्रुत –र्वाग्भट
1.चरक संक्षहता में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान –
 कायतचतकत्सा का प्रधान ग्रन्थ

 तत्रदोषर्वाद का व्यर्वन्धस्थत र्वैज्ञातनक र्वणव न
 पंचमहाभूत
 षडरस
 41 गुण
 तद्वतर्वध र्व अष्टतर्वध र्वीयव
 तत्रतर्वपाक
 षड पदाथव
 13प्रकार की अति –जठराति +7 धात्वािी +5 भुतािी
 षड तचतकत्सा उपिम –
 अष्ट तनन्धित पुरुष
 तत्रसुत्र –स्वस्थातु रपरायण
 तत्रसुत्र/तत्रस्कंद –हे तु तलं ग औषध
 स्कित्रय –हे तु दोष द्रव्य
 कुल सात सम्भाषा-प्रथम संभाषा पररषद् –पािव तहमर्वत िु भे
राति पुरुष उत्पतत सम्बिी संभाषा – यज्ज पुरुषीय च.सु.25, प्रश्नकताव कािीपतत र्वामक
रस संभाषा –आत्रये भद्रकाप्य –चैत्ररथ र्वन में –
 आचार रसायन का र्वणवन
 स्वभार्वोपरम र्वाद
 पंचकमव
 र्वात के 5 भेद के नाम –चरक
 तत्रतर्वध व्रण परीक्षा –दिवन,स्पिव न,प्रिन
 दितर्वध रोगी परीक्षा –चरक

 5 रोग परीक्षा—5-तनदान पंचक
 मधुमेह को /ओजोमेह कहा
 ओज का रस –मधु रस, लाजगंध , सतपवर्वणव/रक्ततमषतपीतकम (िुि-मधु गन्धि)
 संभाषा -7 सूत्रस्थान -4 *1 12 25 26 + िरीर स्थान -2 *3 6 +-खुड्डीका गभाव र्वािान्धन्त ,िरीर
तर्वचय तसन्धद्धस्थान -1 फलमात्र तसन्धद्ध
 कुल श्लोक -12000 सूत्र -9295 उपलब्ध श्लोक -9498
 युन्धक्त प्रमाण –चरक की दे न (उपमान प्रमाण –सुश्रुत की दे न )
 चरक ने भेषज/तचतकत्सा को षोडिकला युक्त माना (सु.= पुरुष को )
 चरक ने प्रमाण को परीक्षा कहा i
 अररष्टो का र्वणव न
 चरक में 14 दे ि र्व 68 आचायव का र्वणव न ह।
 दृढ़बल ने चरक का पूरण क्षिलोच्छर्वृक्षि से तकया
2.सुश्रुत संक्षहता में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान -

 सर्वव प्रथम िर्वछे दन का र्वणव न सु िा 5
 व्रण उपिम -60 अपतपवण से रक्षातर्वधान तक
(चरक के 36 उपिम –िोफ्घ्न प्रथम र्व अंततम लोमहरण)
 िल्य तर्वषयाधव –ममव
 िल्य तचतकत्साधव –तिरार्वेध
 नातभ में प्राणों र्व ज्योतत की न्धस्थतत
 तसरा र्व धमनी मूल नातभ माना ह।
 औपसतगवक रोगों का र्वणव न “कुष्ठ ज्वरिोषश्च नेत्राक्षभश्यंद :
 अयस्कृतत का सर्वव प्रथम र्वणव न
 फेनाश्म हरताल र्वत्सनाभ का सर्वव प्रथम र्वणव न
 तर्वष कन्या िब्द का सर्वव प्रथम प्रयोग –कल्प स्थान (र्वाग्भट तर्वषकन्या बनाने की तर्वतध र्व तर्वस्तृत
र्वणव न)
 प्रभार्व नही तदया, जबतक प्रभार्व का अंतभाव र्व र्वीयव में तकया गया i
(प्रभार्व को चरक ने तदया i) सुश्रुत ने प्रभार्व को अतचन्त्य र्वीयव कहा ह। (भा.प्र.-प्रभार्व को िन्धक्त
कहा)
 सैतनक तचतकत्सा का र्वणव न –
 आयुष्कामीय रसायन,बुन्धद्धमेधार्वधवकगण,आयुर्वधवक गण सुश्रुत रसायन की दे न|
 रसायन तनमाव ण में तत्रपदागायत्री मन्त्र का जाप
 धन्वन्तरी के 7 या 12 तिष्य
 रक्त को चतु थव दोष माना ह।
3.र्वागभट में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान = अ.स. अ.ह.

 गुग्गुल के अततसेर्वन से क्लैब्य र्व तततमर
 7 पंचमूल बताई (अ.ह. ने र्वल्ली,कण्टक नही माना; सुश्रुत -जीर्वनीय मध्यम नही माना)
 ऋतू संतध 14 तदन –र्वागभट की दे न; तु लसी िब्द का प्रयोग सर्ववप्रथम –अ.स.
 *यमद्रष्टा काल 16 तदन –िा-काततव क के अंततम8+अगहन के िु रू के 8 तदन +
 स्ने ह भोजन का पाचन काल -4 याम*12 घंटे+ औषध भोजन का पाचन काल -2 याम*6घंटे+
 अष्टां ग संग्रह में हाररतद्रक ज्वर का र्वणव न i तर्वष का तचतकत्सीय प्रयोग तकया
 अष्टां ग संग्रह में र्वाजीकरण में पाद् ले प का प्रयोग (सु.में भी)
 मलो की िु न्धद्ध की अपेक्षा क्षय अतधक कष्टकर होता ह।
 गभव पोषण केदार कुल्या न्याय से(केदार कुल्या न्याय से धातु पोषण –भा.प्र.दे न)
 रस र्वृन्धद्ध –श्लेष्म तर्वकार उत्पन्न
 रक्त र्वृन्धद्ध –तपि तर्वकार उत्पन्न
 मां स र्वृन्धद्ध –श्लेष्म रक्त तर्वकार उत्पन्न
 मेदोर्वृन्धद्ध –श्लेष्म रक्त मां स तर्वकार उत्पन्न
 आयुर्वेदीय लघुत्रयी ग्रंथो में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान – माधर्व , िा.भार्वप्रकाि
1.माधर्व क्षनदान –
ले खक – माधर्वकर (इगदु कर का पुत्र )-तिर्व का उपासक  “त्रैलोक्िरणं तिर्वम् ”
ले खक काल – 7र्वी िताब्दी
कुल अध्याय -69
 “अल्पबुद्धि प्रयोजन तन्त्र” भी कहते है | (But अल्पबुन्धद्ध प्रबोधन तटका –BY-श्रीकंठदि ON
अ.ह.)
“नानातन्त्रक्षर्वहीनानां क्षभषजामल्पमेधसाम”
 “रोग तर्वतनश्चय” अथावथव जो रोगों के भेद र्व साध्यता-असाध्यता का ज्ञान करर्वाये|
माधर्व की अन्य रचनाये – पयाव य रत्नमाला; रस कौमुदी; कूटगुदगर; आयुर्वेद प्रकाि ; आयुर्वेदीय
रसिास्त्र
 स्त्री रोगों का 7 अध्याय में र्वणवन
आमर्वात , श्लीपद, पररणाम िूल, अन्नद्र्र्व िू ल , सूततका रोग , योतनकि,अम्लतपि , मेदो रोगों
का पृथक अध्यायों में र्वणव न
2.िारं गधर संक्षहता- ले खक – िारं गधर (दामोदर का पु त्र)

काल-13 र्वी सदी
 भेश्ज्य कल्पना का आधार भुत ग्रन्थ
 लघुत्रयी में से एक
 िोढल क्षनघंटु पर आधाररत िैली
 सर्ववप्रथम अतहफेन ,अकरकाभ, भां ग का तचतकत्सीय प्रयोग बताया
 िास –प्रिास की तियातर्वतध का तर्वस्तार से र्वणवन
 OXYGEN को तर्वष्णु पदामृत, र्व अम्बर तपयूष कहा
 आसर्व –अररष्ट में भेद बताया
3.भार्वप्रकाि –
 16 र्वी िती –ले खक भार्वतमश्र
 तपता –लटकन तमश्र
 3 खण्ड
 पूर्वाव धव में तदनचयाव ,रोगों के तनदान आतद का र्वणव न ले तकन अध्यायों में तर्वभातजत नही
 उतराधव में मध्यम खण्ड र्व उिर खण्ड र्वतणव त
 मध्यम खण्ड में 71 अध्याय
 उिर खण्ड में 2 ही अध्याय िमि र्वाजीकरण र्व रसायन का र्वणव न
 रस संर्वहन में केदारी कुल्या न्याय समथव क (र्वा=गभव पोषण में)
 ओज को अति सोमात्मक माना : ( सुश्रुतानुसार ओज सोमात्मक)
 स्वणव क्षीरी मूल को चोक कहा ह।
 प्रमेह तपड़काओ में प्राककमव=रक्तातार्वसेचन
 जीर्वन की न्धस्थतत सम्पूणव िरीर में मानी पर तर्विे ष रूप से िु ि रक्त र्व पुरीष में मानी ह।
 तफरं ग तचतकत्सा –रस कपुवर र्व चोपचीनी प्रयोग
 र्वातज व्यातध की तरह तपिज और कफज व्यातध का स्वतं त्र र्वणव न
 सोमरोग,मुत्राततसार, र्वणव न (FA- र्वंगसेन -12th सदी)
 िय्यामूत्र का र्वणव न
 सभी पंचमहाभूत के नाम र्वकारादी से र्वन्ी र्वयार तर्वषद र्वारर र्वसुंधरा
 आयुर्वेदीय अन्य ग्रं थो में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान-
काश्यप र्वैक्षिष्ट्य ----

 आयुर्वेद को पंचम र्वेद माना
 ह्रदय को पंचकोि र्व िरीर को षटकोष कहा ह।
 बालको में अष्टतर्वध स्वेद –हस्तस्वेद -4 मास तक
 पट स्वेद -6 र्वषव बाद प्रयोग कराये (पट स्वेद 8 स्वेदो में सक्षमद्धित नही ं)
 औषध को युन्धक्तव्यापश्रय र्व भेषज को दै र्वव्यपाश्रय माना ह।
 आतु रालय को अररष्टागार कहा (सु. ने सूततकागार को अररष्टागार कहा है )
 आहार र्व िु ण्ठी को महाभेषज कहा
 सूततका रोग-64
 अम्लतपि का िु क्तक नाम से सर्ववप्रथम र्वणव न
भेल संक्षहता =
 आलोचक तपि को दो भेद –बुन्धद्ध र्वैिेतषक र्व चक्षु र्वैिेतषक
 जनोपध्वंस को जनमार कहा i जनोपध्वंस को सुश्रुत ने मरक कहा ह।
 िु कनाि घृत,काकादनी घृत –अपतं त्रक तचतकत्सा में
2. Etymology, definitions and synonyms (Anveshana, Gaveshana,

Prayeshana, Anusandhan and Shodha) of the word Research-
The word research Re=means, once more, afresh,anew OR Back; with return to a
previous state;
Search=look thorough or go over thoroughly to look something OR Examine to find
anything concealed.
Research is composed of two syllables ‚re‛ and ‚search‛.
‚Re ‛ is a prefix meaning again or over again.
‚Search ‛ is a verb meaning to examine, to test and try or to probe closely and
carefully.
Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in
some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. - (Grinnell
1993).
Research Def. by WHO  Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent
search or investigation or experimentation aimed at discover and inter-relation of
new knowledge.
PV Sharma “कायवकारणभार्वष्य द्रव्याणां गु णकमवयो: | परीक्ष्य स्थापनं सम्यक् अनुसंधान
उच्यते ||”
अनु = to follow
संधान= appropriate knowledge
Thus, अनुसंधान means to follow appropriate knowledge. A/C to P.V. Sharma, the
study of cause & effect relationship between द्रव्य, गु ण & कमवafter several
observations & through verifiable examinations, arrival at final conclusion is called
अनुसंधान.
Synonyms
 अनुसंधान- अनुसिान - अनु + सम् + धाञ् + ल्युट्त
तनरुन्धक्त /उत्पति – 'अनु हर्वं सम्' इन उपसगव द्वयपूर्ववक 'डु धाञ्’ धारणपोषणयोोःत इस 'जु होत्यातद' गण
की धातु से कमव में 'ल्युट् प्रत्यय' करने पर 'अनुसिान' पद बनता है त
-तकसी भी तर्वषय को तचन्तन/तकव द्वारा सम्यक् रूप से दृढ़ कर पुष्ट करना/धारण करना/संस्थातपत
करना ही अनुसिान है त
 गर्वेषण =to search or to achieve with the help of all senses.
 गर्वेषणा - गर्वेष्यते स्मत गर्वेषमागवणे (अमरकोष)

 उत्पति – अन्वेषणाथवक्, मागवणाथवक् 'गर्वेष्' इस चौरातदक धातु से भार्वाथव + ‘युच्’ प्रत्यय करने
पर गर्वेष्-युच् (अन्) और 'णत्व' तकये जाने पर 'गर्वेषण' िब्द की तनष्पति होती है त
 इसका अतभप्राय है तक पूर्वव में आश्रमों में गोचारण तकया जाता थात गायें चरती-चरती र्वन
र्वनान्तर में इधर-उधर सुदूर तक भटक जाती थीं और तफर चरर्वाहा उनको खोज कर लाया
करता थात अतोः गाय को ढू ाँ ढना जो हक तर्विे षाथव क था र्वह कालान्तर में सामान्याथवक में रूढ़
हो गया अथाव त् तकसी भी र्वस्तु, व्यन्धक्त या स्थान को खोजने के अथव में गर्वेषण िब्द प्ररूढ़ हो
गयात
(i) गोतभवोः इन्द्रयें: हषणं (अमरकोष)

इन्द्रय- Sense organs
हषण- Probing
-Gaveshana is defined as to search or to achieve with the help of sense organs.
(ii) गर्वातम हषणम्
गर्व-Cow+हषण - Probing
 Just as a shapherd probes for disappeared cows in the forest, similarly a
researcher probes for the hidden facts.
 अन्वेषण =desire to searchअनु (अनन्तर) + हषण (इच्छा), Desire
 -तनरुन्धक्त – अनु उपसगव+गतत तहं सादिव नेषु धातु से भार्वाथवक+ ‚ल्युट् प्रत्यय" के जुड़ने से अनु
और हषण तसद्ध होता हैत
 'अनु और हषण' पद में यण् सन्धिकायव करने पर ‚अन्वे षण‛ िब्द का तनमाव ण होता है
 -तकसी तर्वषयतर्विे ष या र्वस्तुतर्विे ष को समग्ररूप जानना अन्वे षण िब्द है त
 -िब्दाथव - अन्वे षणा Searching, Investigation, Seeking for
 पयेषण =to search from all the dimensions.

-पयेषणा – परर + इष् + ल्युट्,
-तनरुन्धक्त/उत्पति – ‘परर’ उपसगव पूर्ववक गत्यथवक ‚इष्‛ तदर्वातद धातु से अथर्वा इच्छाथवक तुदातद 'इषाँ'
धातु से 'तणच् ' प्रत्यय करके 'ल्युटर' प्रत्यय करने पर या 'युच्’ प्रत्यय करने पर
-अथावत् तकव द्वारा सभी प्रकार से खोज करना (पूछताछ करना) पयेषणा कहलाता है त
-िब्दाथव - ESHANA, see Parish (Monior & Monior)
-Desire, to search, to achieve, Probing Paryeshana is defined as to search from all the
dimensions. Which means the activity to search a solution for improved designs of
functioning.
In other words we can say-
 खोज is observation/investigation/experimentation.
-खोज is defined as to find the truth about any fact or phenomenon.
 िोध is the process of revalidating the old facts on the basis of modern parameters.
 यथाथव ज्ञान -is discovery of new facts or re-establishment of old facts i.e.,
establishment of a theory or solution to a problem.
GOOD RESEACH Criteria is “FINER”

 F-Feasibility- easy to do or can done easily.
 I-Interest- desire to learn
 N- Novelty- quality of being new, different
 &interesting
 E-Ethics - study of moral principles.
 R-Relevance- related with current situation.
Basic study steps for Research

 State the problem (what are the questions?)
 Devise a plan of action (what will I do?)
 Implement the plan (how I do it?)
 Analyze data (what happened?)
 Interpret data (what does this mean?)
 Re-examination (is my logic correct? What next?)
Research design can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research study which
involves the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling
technique, tools and methods of datacollection and analysis to answer a specific
research question or for testing research hypotheses.
Research design is a plan of how & where data are to be collected & analyzed.
Research AIM  find out new fact (invention) , verification of the old facts
(revalidation).
3. Research in Ayurved - Scope, need, importance, utility-

-Research aims at finding out new facts or varifying old facts, which is directed to the
solution of the problem.
-The ultimate goal of research is to discover cause and effect relationship.

Desire of absolute knowledge
-Desire of better standard of living
-Finding out the new facts or varification of the old facts.
-To follow the appropriate knowledge.
-Maintenance of health and treatment of diseases is the main objective of the

Ayurveda. धातु साम्य तिया चोक्ता तं त्रस्यास्य प्रयोजनं त (च.सू. 1/43)
-To investigate basic priniciples of Ayuveda and explain in modern terminology.
-To study and understand specialities of Ayurveda and their utility.
-To conduct clinical trials with integral approach considering Ayurvedic and modern
parameters.
-To establish Ayurvedic management in epidemics.
-To establish critical management of diseases.
-To find solutions for current problems like autoimmune diseases, sound & air
pollution
-To study aetiology, pathogenesis of new diseases like AIDS, chickengunia, dengue
& find out Ayurvedic management.
-To study the cause and effect relationship (R) for the proper under standing of
Ayurvedic concepts.
-In understanding Ayuvedic science, some points may need eloboration, because
many times topics either have short description or less clarification (अव्यक्त, अनुक्त,
ले िोक्त), some may even raise doubts . All these points can be made clear and
understood by intelligent persons with the help of techniques of expositions
(तन्त्रयुन्धक्त) or scientific presentation.
-To understand things in their right perspective (faufa)
-To establish importance of pathya-apathya in Ayurvedic treatment.e.g. samsarjana

krama after panchkarma.
-Development of new diagnostic tools and operative techniques.
-To study pharmacological action of different Ayurvedic formulations experimental

pharmacology (animal study) by radio isotope etc.
-Aims & Objectives of Ayurvedic Drug Research
1. To standardize Ayurvedic raw drugs.

2. To standaridize drug dose administration time.
3. To standardize drug manufacturing process.
4. To standardize final products.
5. To identify and standardize the contraversial drugs in Ayurveda.
6. To formulate new drugs from Ayurvedic texts and prove their efficacy.
-Aims & Objectives of Ayuvedic Literary Research
1. Collection of critical revised edition of available manuscripts.

2. Cataloguing of original manuscripts related to Ayuveda.
3. Classification of the available ancient original sanskrit literature related to
Ayuveda.
4. The traditional facts and theories can be re-examined and re-evaluated. Their
validity should be re-established scientifically.
5. To put forth practical applications of basic principles.
-Aims & Objectives of Clinical Research in Ayurveda
1. To assess the results of different types of Ayuvedic treatements given in

classical texts.
2. To search aetiological factors with Ayuvedic perspective for various diseases.
3. Evaluation of Ayuvedic therapies on the basis of their effects and side effects.
4. Conducting clinical trials with integral approach considering Ayurveda as well
as modern parameters.
IMP FULL FORMS
 GMP- GOOD MANUFACURING PRACTICES- it is a production and testing

practices which ensure a quality product.
 GLP- GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES- experimental research arena, ‚quality of

management controls for research laboratories‛
 API- Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india
 CDCSO- CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL ORGANISATION (under

directorate genral of health services, ministry of health & family welfare, govt of
INDIA
 OECD ORGANISATIONFOR ECONOMICCO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT-
Founded in 1961, it’s an international organization.
4.Types of Research (familiarization of the terms)
a) Pure and Applied
b) Qualitative , Quantitative and Mixed Observational and interventional.
Pure Research/Basic research/ Fundamental/ exploratory research-

- It is a scientific research aimed to improve understanding or prediction of natural
or other phenomenon.
-Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world It generates new
ideas, principles and theories which become basis for applied research.
- Basic or Pure research is exploratory in nature and is conducted without any
practical end-use in mind. It is driven by gut instinct, interest, curoisity or intention. It
simply aims to advance knowledge and explain relationship between variables. Pure
research is also called as Exploratory research or Fundamental research
-The research which deals with the basic principles of Ayurveda like
panchamahabhuta, dosha, dhatu, mala, agni, srotasa, prakriti and dravya-guna-
karma-virya-vipaka-prabhava etc is called fundamental research in Ayurveda.
तजस RESEARCH के तनष्कषों द्वारा तकन्ी तर्विे ष र्वैज्ञातनक तनयमों(Theories) का प्रततपादन हो |
-Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. It results in general

knowledge and understanding of nature and its laws. The general knowledge
provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems,
though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them.
Basic research leads to new knowledge. It provides scientific capital. It creates the
fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. . . .
Today it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological
progress.
सीधा सा मतलब ये है की इसमें नये तसद्धां त बनाये जाते है , तथा पुराने तसद्धान्तो को तफर से तसद्ध
तकया जाता है , pure research के बनाये तसद्धां तो को pactically apply करके आगे जो research
की जाती है उसे ही applied research कहा जाता है |
pure research के बाद applied research द्वारा कोई भी ज्ञान व्यर्वहाररक स्तर पर टे स्ट करते है
और ज्ञान या तसद्धां त अपनी पूणवता को प्राप्त करता है |
-Example-
a)The Einstein's theory of relativity (b) Newton's contributions etc.

(c) Basic principles of Ayurveda like Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha, Prakruti, Agni, Ama,
Srotasa etc.
(d) various sidhanta like "sarvada sarva bhavanam vrudhi karanam..." etc.
Applied Research/ Descriptive Research-
-Applied research is a type of research which uses scientifc theories to develop

technologies or techniques to intervene and alter natural or other phenomenon.
-Applied research is a descriptive type of research which tends to solve specific and
practical questions or problems . It is conducted having a predetermined goal in
mind . A hypothesis about a phenomenon is generated which is based on a theory,
then scientific methods are applied to prove it. Applied research is often based on
pure research.
Qualitative Research-
Qulaitative research is a type of scientific research consists of an investigation that:
-Seek answers to a question
-Systematically use a predefined set of procedures to answer the question
-Collects evidence
-Produces findings that were not determined in advance
-Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the
study.
Qualitative research shares these charecteristics. Additionally it seeks to understand

a given research pboblem or the topic from perspective of the local population it
involves.
Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific

information about the values, opinions, behaviours and social contexts of
particular populations.
The stength of qualitative research is its ability to provide complex textual

description of how people experience a given research issue. It provides
information about the 'human' side of an issue-that is often condradictory
behaviours, beliefs, opinions, emotions and relationship of individuals.
When used along with quantitative methods, qualitative research can help us to
interpret and better underestand the complex reality of a given situation and the
implication of quantitative data.
Advantages of Qualitative mehtods for exploratrry research-
The main advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is the use of

open ended questions and probing gives the participants the opportunity to
respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed
responses, as quantitative methods do. Open ended questions have ability to evoke
responses that are
-Meaningful and culturally salient to the participant

-Unanticipated by the researcher
-Rich and explanatory in nature
-Qualitative data consists of open-ended information that the researcher usually

gathers through interviews, focus groups and observations. The analysis of the
qualitative data (words, text or behaviours) typically follows the path of aggregating
it into categories of information and presenting the diversity of ideas gathered
during data collection.
Quantitative Research – quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics,

while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
-Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or
confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish
generalizable facts about a topic.
-Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as
numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.
-Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts,
thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth
insights on topics that are not well understood.
-Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions,

observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and
theories.
-Quantitative data includes close-ended information such as that found to measure
attitudes (e.g., rating scales), behaviours (e.g., observation checklists), and
performance instruments. The analysis of this type of data consists of statistically
analysing scores collected on instruments (e.g., questionnaires) or checklists to
answer research questions or to test hypotheses.
Mixed Research-
-'Mixed methods' is a research approach whereby researchers collect and analyse

both quantitative and qualitative data within the same study.
-Mixed methods research is a methodology for conducting research that involves
collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys) and
qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews) research. This approach to research is used
when this integration provides a better understanding of the research problem than
either of each alone.
One of the most advantageous characteristics of conducting mixed methods
research is the possibility of triangulation, i.e., the use of several means (methods,
data sources and researchers) to examine the same phenomenon. Triangulation
allows one to identify aspects of a phenomenon more accurately by approaching it
from different vantage points using different methods and techniques.
Observational Research-
An interventional trial is specifically designed to evaluate the direct impacts of
treatment or preventative measures on disease. During a randomized controlled
trial, which is one example of an interventional trial, participants with the same
disease will be randomly separated into one of two or more groups: intervention
groups or control groups. Some will be given the intervention, which could be a
drug, device, or some other medical intervention (i.e., diet change). Some will not
receive the intervention, or will receive the current standard intervention. Both
groups are essential to the objectives of a trial, which is to measure the safety and
efficacy of whatever drug, device, or other medical intervention is being tested.
interventional Research-
During an observational study, no intervention is implemented by the investigator.
As the National Cancer Institute explains it, participants are observed or certain
outcomes are measured, but no attempt is made to affect the outcome. Which is to
say, no treatment is given. One benefit to this approach is the fact that a large
population can be studied, over a long period of time, if needed. An observational
study could even be a survey in which the investigator is sampling a particular group
of people and asking them questions over time.
differences between these two research approaches are their aim and organization.
The aim of an interventional trial is to get more information about a particular
intervention. Participants are organized into different treatment groups so
investigators can compare results.
On the other hand, observational studies aim to get more information about
populations, diseases, beliefs or behaviors , without any intervention. The
investigators observe the participants taking part in the study, but don’t directly
influence their treatments or behaviors.
5.Research process (Importance of each steps in brief)
1. Selection of the topic-1. Selection of Research Problem and Defining it
A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher

experiences in the contex of either a theoritical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution for the same.
The basic things which should be kept in mind while selecting a problem are as
(i) The particular research must add in the knowledge. If it is not going to provide an
entirely new concept, at least the study should be able to varify the old knowledge.
(ii) The research work must be useful and in priority of public policy related with
health.
(iii) Subject which is over done should not be normally choosen, for it will be a
difficult task to throw any new light in such a case.
(iv) The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible so that the
related research material or source of research are within ones reach.
Finer criteria given by Hussy
F-Feasibility
I-Interesting
N-New
E-Ethical
R-Reproducive
(v) Too narrow or to vague problems should be avoided.
(vi) Contraversial subjects should not become the choice of an average researcher.
(vii) The importance of the subject, the qualification involved, the time factor are
other criteria that must also be considered in selecting a research problem.
A proper definition of research problem will enable the researcher to be on the right
track where as an ill-defined problem may create hurdles.
Research problem must be stated in a scientific manner in such a way that it can be
analyzed objectively with appropriate tools. The task of formulation and rephrasing
the research problem is very important as it determines the further research steps. It
decides the sample frame, method of sample selection and data type.
2. Review of the literature

A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers. Besides enlarging researcher's knowledge about
the topic it also lets him gain and demonstrate skills in two areas-
(1) Information seeking-The ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or
computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books.
(2) Critical appraisal-The ability to apply principles of analysis to identify valid
studies.
A Literature review must do these things
(1) Be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question
(ii) Synthesized results into a summary of what is and what is not known.
(iii) Identify areas of controversy in the literature.

(iv) Formulate questions that need further research.
To undertake any new research project, the research has to refer the previous work
done by the scientist in the concerned field. It gives an orientation about the
proposed research project. Many times the methodological insight is percieved by
the researcher with the literature review.
A good literature review is the basis of both theoretical and methodological

sophistica tion, thereby improving the quality and usefulness of subsequent
research.
3. Formulation of Hypothesis-
After extensive literature review, researcher should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis. Working hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out
and test its logical or emperical consequences. It must be very specific so that it can
be tested. For example one may hypothesize that kaphaja prakruti persons are more
susceptible for obesity.
Hypothesis always keep a researcher on right track by indicating the type of data
required and the type of method of data analysis to be used. Hypothesis sharpens
researcher's thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the
problem.
The following approach is used to develop the working hypothesis
(a) Discussion with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and
objecttives in seeking a solution.
(b) Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for
possible trends, pecularities and other clues.
(c) Review of sin ler studies in the area or the studies on similar problems.
(d) Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews on
limited scales with interested parties and individuals with a view to secure greater
insight into the practical aspect of the problem.
Hypothesis may be either research hypothesis or the statistical hypothesis
For example-"Smoking causes lung cancer"- This particular statement can be a Re

search hypothesis which doesn't give any quantitative dimenisions.
However it is to be explored, it should be stated by using quantitative terminology

like "The average rate of lung cancer in smoking persons is greater than in non-
smoking persons."
This is Statistical hypothesis.

So, to make valid conclusions and interpretations a properly stated hypothesis is
very important.
4. Aims and Objectives
The term research aim usually refers to the main goal or overarching purpose of a
research project. Sentences stating the aim of a project are usually quite brief and to
the point.
A research aim will usually be followed by a series of statements describing a

project’s research objectives. Research objectives indicate in more detail the specific
research topics or issues the project plans to investigate, building on the main
theme stated in the research aim. Normally at least two or three research objectives
will be stated. It is good practice to put these in a numbered list so they can be
clearly identified later in a proposal or report.
The objectives reflect how you achieve your research aim.

In other words, the road map of achieving your research aim.
The aims or goals of a study are short general statements (often just one statement)
of the overall purpose of the trial. For example, the aim of a study may be ‚to assess
the safety and efficacy of drug XYZ in patients with moderate hyperlipidemia.‛
The objectives are much more specific than the aims. Objectives usually refer to the
effect of the product on specific safety and efficacy variables, at specific points in
time, in specific groups of subjects. An efficacy study may have many individual
efficacy objectives, as well as one or two safety objectives; a safety study may or may
not have efficacy objectives.
"To find out the truth which is hidden and has not been discovered as yet" is the
main purpose/aim of research.
The proper formulation of objectives is useful to-

(i) Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials)
(ii) Avoid the collection of unnecessary data.
(i) Organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
(iv) Facilitate the development of research methodology.
(v) Orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.
5. Materials and methods-

The materials and methods outline WHAT WAS DONE and HOW IT WAS DONE.
It should be arranged in a logical manner (i.e., keep related ideas together and write
chronologically where possible).
This section must be written in paragraph form so you must include the materials
within the logical and/or chronological order of use.
The materials and methods section describe in detail all the materials that have been
used to conduct a study as well as the procedures that are undertaken. As research
writing should be orderly and organized therefore the materials in each of its sub-
section should be presented in a logical manner.
In each section of the materials and methods start with the most important
procedure and go on to the least important. Also provide headings and subheading
to make each sub part of the materials and methods section clear and
understandable. There are various reasons why you should state all the materials and
methods in detail:
1. it enables the readers to evaluate the appropriateness of your research
methodology,
2. it helps you prove the reliability and validity of your results,
3. it enables other researchers to replicate your research exactly the same way you
did it,
6. Observations and results-
Observations
Definition- As a means of gathering information for research, may be defined as
perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, tastes, touch and smell.
Observation, as the name implies, is a way of collecting data through observing.
Purposes of Observation-
1. To enable the researcher to gather empirical data which are difficult to obtain by
other means.
2. To enable the researcher to gather sufficient data to supplement or verify
information gathered by other means.
3. To enable the researcher to gather information or data needed to describe the
aspect of a variable being studied which cannot described accurately without
observation.
4. To enable the researcher to gather directly primary data or first-hand information
for his study for a more accurate description and interpretation.
5. To enable the researcher to gather data from the laboratory or elsewhere through
experimentation.
RESULT-
The results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the
methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information. The results
section should state the findings of the research arranged in a logical sequence
without bias or interpretation. A section describing results is particularly necessary if
your paper includes data generated from your own research.
The results section is a section containing a description about the main findings of a
research, whereas the discussion section interprets the results for readers and
provides the significance of the findings.
The Results section of a scientific research paper represents the core findings of a
study derived from the methods applied to gather and analyze information. It
presents these findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation from the
author. A major purpose of the Results section is to break down the data into
sentences that show its significance to the research questions.
6. Research tools – Role of the pramanas as research tools –

यथाथव ज्ञान ही प्रमा है और उस ज्ञान की प्रान्धप्त का साधन प्रमाण है
Any knowledge which is valid and correct is termed as Prama & the measure to
acquire this knowledge is known as Pramana.
Prama can be considered as knowledge of science which has already been explored
by various scientific methods.
आप्तज्ञान-Authoritative statement is the precept of the apta person. Apta are those
who possess knowledge devoid of doubt, indirect & partial acquisition, attachment
& aversion. Apat always cite truth & so undoubtedly can be considered as the
source of valid knowledge. Text of great personalities in their respective fields, are
cited for authoritative knowledge. The researcher should acquire existing knowledge
& training in physical & mental skills necessary to do the activities implied in
research.
The existing knowledge of science can be acquired through Aptopadesha or
authoritative statement. According to Sushruta the drugs whose mode of action is
indisputable & inexplicable & which are well- known by their usage should be used
by the intelligent physician on the basis of authoritative traditional scriptures.
Vagbhata says since information described in the text is approved by the ancient
scriptures & since benefits are perceptible, these should be administered without
discussions.
:
Siddhanta concept is an evidence of ancient research method which is systematic,

critical & which makes use of various examinations & reasoning to establish truth or
fact.
Siddhanta is of four types:
I. Sarvatantra Siddhanta (common to all branches of knowledge) -
II. Pratitantra Siddhanta (specific to a given branch of knowledge) -
III. Adhikarana Siddhanta (truth implied in given context)-

IV. Abhyupagama Siddhanta (hypothesis or postulate).-
The search for facts may be made through either:

a) Arbitrary (or unscientific) method
b) Scientific method
Arbitrary method of seeking answers to questions is based on imagination, opinion,
blind belief or impression. Ayurveda is the science of medicine which adopts critical
scientific approach or scientific method to acquire knowledge. It is objective, precise
& arrives at conclusions on the basis of verifiable evidences.
Ayurveda adopted scientific method to search for truth which is evident from
elaboration of Pramana. As ancient Ayurvedic texts mainly follow prescriptive
method to present facts, there is a large scope of exploration of these basic
concepts.
Aptopadesha Pramana (Authoritative Statement):
Apta means learned, the precept of learned, are free from defects of rajas & tamas is
known as ‘Aptopadesha’ (Authoritative Statement) which is regarded as Pramana.
Authoritative statement is the precept of the apta (credible persons). Apta are those
who possess knowledge devoid of doubt, indirect & partial acquisition, attachment
& aversion. Thus the persons endowed with knowledge & experience, devoid of
attachment & aversion are apta, their statement is Pramana. Apta, who are free from
defects of rajas & tamas, speak always truth & so undoubtedly can be considered as
the source of valid knowledge. The words or works of such persons form
Aptopadesha. This is true even today. Text books of great personalities in their
respective fields are quoted for authoritative knowledge. One of the qualities of a
researcher is that he should acquire existing knowledge & training in physical &
mental skills necessary to do the activities implied in research. The existing
knowledge of science can be acquired through Aptopadesha or authoritative
statement.
According to Sushrutacharya; The drugs whose mode of action is indisputable &

inexplicable & which are well- known by their usage should be used by the
intelligent physician on the basis of authoritative traditional scriptures. The drugs,
properties & actions of which are evident & which are well-known by their nature,
need not be tested for their mode of action & causation by the wise physician.
Vagbhatacharya is also of the same opinion. He says- Since information described
in the text is approved by the ancient scriptures & since benefits are perceptible,
these should be administered without discussions. From these quotations; one
should not get the impression that Ayurvedic medicines have no evidence-base. Ever
since ancient times; Ayurveda has been evidence conscious.
Pratyaksha Pramana:
Though Ayurveda has mentioned several types of the methods of attaining

knowledge; the significance of Pratyaksha Pramana remains obvious. A source of
knowledge: After obtaining the primary knowledge to expand one’s horizon, one has
to take recourse of this method. Other Pramanas like anumana, yukti, etc. more or
less depend upon pratyaksha Pramana. Pratyaksha is manifested as a result of the
sanyoga of Aatam, Indriya, Mana and Vishaya. The knowledge which is perceived by
Indriyas (sense organs) and Mana (mind) is called as Pratyaksha & means of it is
called as Pratyaksha Pramana.
Anumana Pramana:
The procedure of inferring i.e. knowledge of unknown from the known facts is called
as Anumana . Anumana or inference is the indirect knowledge based on reasoning.
Anumana Pramana is a logical conclusion based on reasoning. Inference is based on
prior perception. It is of three types & is related to the three times .
I. Inference of the cause from the effect - relates to past. This can be
correlated with the casecontrol study design (i.e. retrospective study)
II.Inference of the effect from the cause – relates to future. This can be
correlated with cohort or prospective study design.
III. The commonly observed events at present.
This can be correlated with Case sectional study design (Time prevalence study).
Anumana (Inference) is used extensively as means to acquire knowledge. Various
causes of non-perceptibility can create hurdles in direct perception. In this field,
Anumana helps in acquiring knowledge. Anumana Pramana plays a vital role in
interpretation of results. Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from
the collected facts after an analytical or experimental study. It is search for broader
meaning of research findings. Generalization of results is based on inference only.
Anumana Pramana Also have two types:
I. In one type it is for one’s own self i.e. स्वाथाव नुमान
II. In another condition; it is used to provide knowledge to others i.e. पराथाव नुमान
In Pararthanumana somebody after getting inferential knowledge makes other
understand and achieve the same knowledge with the help of Panchavayavi vakya:
a) Pratidnya (Hypothesis)
b) Hetu (Reason or Cause)
c) Udaharana (Example)
d) Upanaya (Justification)
e) Nigamana (Conclusion/ Thesis).
Thus Pararthanumana is an important means through which not only knowledge

recognized by one person is distributed to others but, also the hypothesis is proved.
Yukti Pramana:
The knowledge which perceives the facts which are produced by arrangement of
multiple causative factors is yukti (rationale or logical reasoning). It is accurate in all
past, present and future and also achieves the three purusharthas i.e. dharma, artha
& kama).
Rational & fruitful combination of several factors is yukti. Yukti helps in determining
one effect in relation to the various causative factors responsible there of Yukti is the
rational planning of therapeutic measures. Recognition of yukti as a measure of
gaining knowledge is the peculiarity of Charak Samhita. Deciding the dosage and
kaal of administration of drug, route of administration, along with the selection of
drug requires proper planning and thus the effects of treatment depends upon yukti.
The physician who knows yukti (logical reasoning) is always superior to the one who
knows only drugs.
So Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana & Yukti Pramana are required at all steps of
research like for planning, operation & reporting. To gain clear & entire knowledge
of science of Ayurveda, it is necessary to search for scientific devices or methods of
approach. Due to this necessity Charaka has adopted Pramanas. Pramanas are called
as Pariksha in Ayurveda, which means scientific investigation. Pramanas can be
considered as scientific tools of research. Pramana vidnyana proves that Ayurveda,
based on logical reasoning, accepts the only scientific method in search of truth.
Hence, Pramanas can be considered as ancient methods of research which are
essential in development of research methodology of ancient medical science of
India, i.e. Ayurveda. The concept of Pancha-avyava-vakya is the journey from to
Partigya i.e. hypothesis (formulation of an idea/ research problem) to Nigmana i.e.
thesis (valid conclusions) finally.
7. The concept and importance of ethics in research –

Ethics deal with the set of principles of right conduct.
The four basic principles of bioethics –
1.Autonomy,
2.Beneficence,
3.Non-maleficence and
4.Justice
are known as ‚principlism".
Though these four principles are influenced by the western world; in the medical
field they are adapted as universal ethics. Originally, Ayurveda, the Indian medical
system, has strongly advocated ethical code of conduct for physicians, but does not
get its due recognition till this date.
Medical ethics in ancient India-
The training of doctors, and their code of ethics and practice, in ancient India holds a
salutary position in the history of medicine.
Before 200 BC, Charaka described the importance of healthy life - health (Aarogya)
as an excellent source to acquire virtue (Dharma), wealth (Artha), gratification (Kama)
and emancipation (Moksha).
According to Charaka, person should pursue three desires - desire for living a
healthy life (Praneshana), desire for wealth (Dhaneshana) and desire for the great
beyond after this life (Paralokeshana).Out of these desires one should consider the
desire to live before all because on death everything departs, which is similar to the
principle of the universal declaration of human right ‚everyone has the right to life
liberty and security of person.‛
The high ideals of medical practice and the responsibility of the physician are
emphasised in Caraka’s poignant statement: ‘No other gift is better than the gift of
life’. Caraka clearly outlined four ethical principles of a doctor: ‘Friendship, sympathy
towards the sick, interest in cases according to one’s capabilities and no attachment
with the patient after his recovery’. The Caraka samhita emphasizes the values
central to the nobility of the profession, thus: ‘Those who trade their medical skills
for personal livelihood can be considered as collecting a pile of dust, leaving aside
the heap of real gold’.
Furthermore, ‘He who regards kindness to humanity as his supreme religion and
treats his patients accordingly, succeeds best in achieving his aims of life and obtains
the greatest pleasures’.
In the Susruta samhita, the doctors’s duty and obligations to the patient are
stressed: ‘The patient may doubt his relatives, his sons and even his parents but he
has full faith in the physician. He *the patient+ gives himself up in the doctor’s hand
and has no misgivings about him. Therefore, it is the physician’s duty to look after
him as his own son’. Prospective medical students were carefully selected according
to the criteria of the noble ethos of the profession.
Ayurvedic medicine is a repository of ancient medicine which finds resonance even
today. It was in the past elevated to the status of the Vedas. The issues of ethics,
closely compared to the concept of ′Dharma′ are inlaid in Ayurvedic treatises.
Acharya bhel mentioned ‚dharmeshna‛ in ‚tri-eshnas‛.
In Ayurveda, the issue of ethics is closely comparable with Dharma. In ancient
medicines, there are no separate sections on ethics, but the flavor of ethical spirit
runs throughout the text, which indicates, how the base of ethics inculcate.
Textbooks of Ayurveda offer many guidelines on good medical practices. Qualities of
good patient and good physician are mentioned in the form of Chatushpada. The
Adhyayana Vidhi enlightens the procedure of medical education and rules for
setting subsequent practices. Sadvritta and Vaidya Vruttiare other mile stones which
elaborate set of rules for professional good conduct. Acharyas of Ayurveda also
guides the physician how to interact with the patient.
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Basic Tenets of Bioethics and Ayurveda
Autonomy
Autonomy literally means the ‚self-law‛ or ‚self-governance.‛ This ethical principle

refers to every individual's right of self-determination, independence and freedom of
making their own choices. It implies that one can freely act according to one's own
plan. In other words autonomy can be defined as the ability of a person to make his
own decision. The principle of respect for autonomy involves the respectful attitude
toward the patient and profession. That corresponds to Charaka's Vaidyavritti.
Charaka describes the friendliness (Maitri), compassion toward the diseased
(Karunyaarteshu), attachment to the remediable (Shakyasyapriti) and indifference to
those who are moving toward the end (Upekshanam) as fourfold attitude of
physician.
Charaka insists to acquire the code of good conduct (Sadvritta) for those who desire
to promote their well-being. He explains in good conduct that one should worship
God, preceptor (Guru), elderly people, accomplished teachers; should take the
initiative in talk; remain cheerful; should have a presence of mind even in difficult
circumstances; should donate; help the poor. He even recommends wearing white
clothes, cutting hair and nails, use of flower and fragrance. One should not be
attached to women, friends and servants with sinful attitude. One should never insult
women. One should not be in the habit of breaking rules. One who follows the code
of conduct acquires virtue.
In Ayurveda, physician (Bhishak), drug (Dravya), attendant (Upasthata) and patient

(Rogi) are mentioned as the four pillars of treatment (Chatushpada). This quadruple,
if endowed with qualities, leads to alleviation of disorder. This quadruple, comprising
16 qualities (four of each) is the basis of success of treatment. Yet, the physician who
is excellent in theoretical knowledge, has extensive practical experience, dexterity
and cleanliness, beholds supreme position. Besides these, learning (Vidya), rationality
(Vitarka), clear-cut knowledge (Vijnana), memory (Smruti), swift in action (Tatparta)
and treating patient appropriately (Kriya) also are the qualities of a physician
(Vaidya).
Charaka advises not to prescribe medicine for women without permission of their
husband or guardian.While entering into a patient's house, physician should take
along some known person whose entry is permitted, with head lowered, having
good memory, with stillness, thinking carefully and moving accordingly. Having
entered there, physician should not engage his speech, mind and senses anywhere
except the patient's disease and care. He should not entertain the other entities of
the patient's body. He should have respect for female patients. Thus in the light of
morals of bioethics one should not enjoy oneself in patient's house while the patient
is suffering from disease.
In western bioethics patient's right to autonomy requires informed consent and
dictates that the patient's medical situation is truthfully revealed. However Charaka
infers that speaking truthfully about the disease is not absolute, if by doing so, one
might harm the diseased or the others. Thus Ayurveda ethics confer preference to
the physician, whether to speak the truth or not. This is the fundamental ethical
expression of Ayurveda's basic morals.
Beneficence
Beneficence is the duty always to act in the best interest of patient or the action that
is done for benefits of others. This action can be taken to help prevent or remove
harm to others. The goal of medical science is to promote the welfare of patient. To
achieve this goal, physician should possess the skill and knowledge that enables him
to assist others.
Sushruta gives guidelines for the physician to enter the profession. That physician
should enter in the profession, who has completed the study of the texts,
understood the interpretations, who has made himself thorough practical training
and recapitulating the teachings of the science always and obtained the permission
from the king. This is suggestive of the existence of the rules regarding the control
and regulation of medical practice during ancient times, similar to registration of a
medical practitioner of present days. ‚Don’t behave like a quack.‛ This is the warning
given to the physicians to be always careful in conduct and behavior with patient to
avoid loss of reputation and respect in society.
Sushruta devoted a complete chapter Yogyasutriyam (practical training) to make a
student fit for surgical work. In the view of Sushruta, though the student has
understood the element of the science fully, he must be made a competent (Yogya).
Because by acquiring only theoretical knowledge and no practical training, he
becomes unfit and incompetent for surgical procedures. With this purpose, Sushruta
explained and demonstrated different kinds of Yogya Vidhi. For example practice of
excision (Chhedana Karma) can be done on pumpkin (Pushpaphala) and cucumber
(Trapusa); scraping (Lekhana Karma) can be practiced using broad sheet of dead
animal leather with hair; puncturing (Vedhana) can be practiced using veins of dead
animal and stalk of lily plant; probing (Eshana Karma) can be practiced using holes in
pieces of wood eaten by moths; should practice on similar objects and become
skilled in surgical art. Sushruta says that, in this way the intelligent, who has made fit
himself by using methods and techniques suitable for practical training described in
the texts, does not falter in his actions. We must appreciate Sushruta's effort to give
most importance to practical training and make every student fit to perform surgical
procedures.
As for the code of ‚prevention‛ in treatment of disease, Charaka says that plan of
action should be ready ‘in order to prevent the flood’ to avoid hazards. In the same
way preventive treatment can be applied after observing the premonitory symptoms
(Poorvarupa) of the future disease. Avoiding the cause of disease (Nidanparivarjana)
is the treatment in brief to protect the health of a person.
Non-maleficence
Principle of non-maleficence asserts that ‚do not harm‛ or ‚risk no harm on other.
Therefore medical services of the health care professionals reach the optimum
standard of patient care through proper training, competent and acquired skills. In
health care, harm - by narrower definition - could be pain, dysfunction or death.
However broader definition of harm is often required in ethical consideration. This
principle includes not doing harm, preventing harm and removing harmful
condition.Physician should not provide ineffective treatments to the patient as these
offer risk with no possibility of benefits and thus have a chance of harming patient.
Physician must not do anything that would purposely harm the patient without the
action of benefit because many medications, cause harm in addition to benefit.
In concern with principle of non-maleficience basic texts of Ayurveda consist of

many evidences. In Ayurveda science, evacuative (Shodhana) therapy includes
emesis (Vamana), purgation (Virechana), enema (Basti) and nasal medication (Nasya).
For each procedure, Charaka has described the fit and unfit person for the therapy,
along with the adverse effects of the therapy in an unfit person and also the
treatment for adverse effects.Acharya expounds complications due to carelessness
of the physician (Vaidyanimitta Vyapada), which should be avoided by a good
physician. This shows the dignity of Acharya in preventing and removing harm.
Justice
Principle of justice involves being fair in allocation of resources and in the physician's
obligation to the patients. According to this principle all person in the society should
be treated fairly.Sushruta advises the physician that he should be in easy reach of all
people especially the poor ones who may not have the courage to come to the
physician easily. Hence master suggests to wear white clothes (Shuklavastra) which
symbolizes cleanliness and similarity to all, which can be compared with the ‚white
coat‛ ceremony as a rite of passage for students entering medical college. Wishing
good of all in word and deed (Kalyanabhivyaharen), living friendly with all the living
beings (Bandhubhuten), showing compassion towards the suffering and wishing
happiness for all is the philosophy of the medical profession, which all physicians
should inculcate in their life.
Pathyapathya Kalpana is another milestone in the light of the principle of non-

maleficence. In the section of treatment (Chikitsa Sthana) Charaka has summed up
every disease with the regimen of indicated and contra indicated diet to avoid the
risk of harm. In modern science also certain guidelines are given for people to
maintain a proper diet which shows resemblance of both streams towards avoiding
harm
ethical importance in research steps

Planning a research
A research should be planned to avoid misleading results and meet acceptability
while the questions regarding ethical procedure should also be resolved.
Furthermore, the researcher should ensure welfare and dignity of the subjects.
Safeguarding collected information

Researcher should collect responses from participants related to the study. Thus, the
researcher should avoid the use of faulty equipments to ensure accuracy.
Furthermore, the researcher must follow disciplinary standards and practices to

safeguard the responses of the subjects.
Responsibility of protecting the respondents
The researcher should take care of their subjects from any discomfort arising due to
their involvement in the research process. In addition to, the researcher should
adhere inform the subjects about any risks, benefits and purpose of the study.
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality
The researcher should maintain the confidentiality of the responses of the subjects
involved in the study. Furthermore the researcher must ensure privacy of the
participants. Researcher should maintain a trustworthy relationship with the
respondents, so that their responses will not be divulged to others. The researcher
can also use codes in order to record the data to encrypt personal information.
8. Concept of Evidenvce Based Medicine and Scientific Writing 

The most common definition of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is from Dr. David
Sackett. EBP/EBM is the conscientious(ईमानदार), explicit(स्पष्ट), and
judicious(समझदारी से) use of current best evidence in making decisions about
the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means
integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical
evidence from systematic research.
EBM integrates clinical experience and patient values with the best available research
information.
EBM application means relating individual clinical signs, individual clinical experience
with the best scientific evidences obtained by the clinical research .
The revised and improved definition of evidence-based medicine is a systematic
approach to clinical problem solving which allows the integration of the best
available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. Under the
individual clinical noticing we thought of the ability, skill that doctors acquired
during years of clinical practice, and clinical experience is necessary and
indispensable part that makes a good doctor. The best scientific evidence is
considered to be a randomized controlled clinical study conducted on the amount
of respondents that can prove the effectiveness of many drugs, as well as the harm
and the inefficacy of others in comparison with the best existing therapy . The
practice of evidence based medicine is a process of lifelong, self-directed, problem-
based learning in which caring for one’s own patients creates the need for clinically
important information about diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and other clinical and
health care isses.

Evidence-Based Practice is defined as, "Making a conscientious effort to base
clinical decisions on research that is most likely to be free from bias, and using
interventions most likely to improve how long or well patients live."
What EBM skills do all practicing clinicians really need?
While EBM is a large step forward, these skills are necessary but not sufficient for the
practice of contemporary medicine. All clinicians should:-
 Find the best evidence for every day practice (Information mastery)
 Assess relevance before rigor. Is the evidence patient oriented?
 Evaluate information about therapies, diagnostic tests, and clinicaldecision
rules. Is it true?
 Understand basic statistics.
 Have at fingertips "just in time" information at the point of care using web
based and/or handheld computer based information and tools for clinical
decision making
 Evaluate expert-based information, including colleagues, CME, presentations,
reviews and guidelines.
 Critically evaluate information from pharmaceutical representatives
EBM Principals 
1. Construct a well-built clinical question and classify into one
category(therapy,diagnosis,etiology, or prognosis)
2. find the evidence in health care literature –
PRIMARY LITERATURE -resources include articles and studies presented in peer-
reviewed journals. Manuscript (Pandulipi), text books, monograph, modules,
dictionaries. Research surveys and reports, by Govt and non-Govt organisations.
Review articles, original articles in journals or books and thesis or dissertation
submitted and seminars proceedings. Different guideline for practice, protocols etc.
SECONDARY LITERATURE- is compiled by indexing and abstracting services that can
be used to systematically locate various types of published literature. Different
formats of secondary literature are available in the form of various databases like
DHARA: Digital Helplinefor Ayurvedaic Research Articles www.dharaonline.org;
AYUSH Research Portal Ayushportal.nic.in; CAM-QUEST (Complimentary and
Alternative medicine)www.cam-quest.org/in; Pubjet pubjet.com; RMIS: Reserch
Management information System) Rmis.nic.in
TERTIARY LITERATURE -is core knowledge established via primary literature or
accepted as standard of practice within the medical community. The tertiary
reference may consist samhitas, textbooks on various drugs or disease topics.
3. critically test(appraise) or formally evaluate for validity and usefulness -
"Critically appraise" refers to determining the appropriateness of a some evidence
(usually a journal article) for a particular clinical situation. (I) Internal validity: Refers
to the soundness of the research methodology
• Does the study measure what it says it is measuring?
• Related to efficacy: performance under ideal (or laboratory) conditions.
– done or not ?
– Mentioned or not ?
– Done or not ?
– Done or not ?
re the groups similar at the start of the trial ?
- Done or not?
(ii)External validity:
to critically appraise an article: 1. Are the results

valid? 2. What are the results? 3. How can I apply these results to my patient? 34
4. collect the evidence with the patient factor to carry out the decision
•Compare the patient with those in the study (similar disease state and stage, similar
baseline characteristics )
• Consider the patient’s baseline risk for the outcome of interest and other risks
associated with therapy
• Consider the patient’s values, beliefs, concerns and readiness for the intervention:
5.evaluate(मूल्ांकन) the whole process- Once the therapy is administered,
evaluate the following - Did I formulate a focused question? - Did I use the most
appropriate resource ? - Did the evidence work in my patient?
BENEFITS OF ADOPTING EBM

CHALLENGES ADOPTING EBM

sources must be available to the clinicians
is must
regular updating of knowledge and not merely on the years of clinical experience
EBM as Lifelong Learning
The practice of evidence-based medicine is a process of lifelong, self-directed,
problem-based learning in which caring for one's own patients creates the need for
clinically important information about diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and other
clinical and health care issues.
Instead of routinely reviewing the contents of dozens of journals for interesting
articles, EBM suggests that you target your reading to issues related to specific
patient problems. Developing clinical questions and then searching current
databases may be a more productive way of keeping current with the literature.
Evidence-based medicine "converts the abstract exercise of reading and
appraising the literature into the pragmatic(तथ्यात्मक) process of using the
literature to benefit individual patients while simultaneously(साथ ही)
expanding the clinician's knowledge base."
Five Step Model of Evidence-Based Medicine

1. Convert information needs into answerable questions
2. Track down with maximum efficiency the best evidence with which to answer
them
3. Critically appraise that evidence for its validity and usefulness
4. Apply the results of this appraisal in your practice
5. Evaluate your performance
Major Evidence Based Medicine Databases (EBM Foraging Tools)

A high-quality foraging tool employs a transparent process that-
1. systematically surveys or reviews the literature,
2. filters out disease-oriented research and presents only patient-oriented
research outcomes,
3. demonstrates that a validity assessment has been performed using

appropriate criteria,
4. assigns levels of evidence, based on appropriate validity criteria, to individual
studies,
5. provides specific recommendations, when feasible, on how to apply the
information, placing it into clinical context,
6. comprehensively reviews the literature for a specific specialty or discipline, and
7. coordinates with a high-quality hunting tool.
✅PRE-PG
✅UPSC
✅State-MO
✅NRHM-MO
✅Ph.D
✅BAMS-UG-SAMHITA CLASSES
❤ONLINE/OFFLINE-LIVE
CLASSES
❤A to Z Saved Classes
❤GOLD STANDARD PRINTED
NOTES MATERIAL
❤AIAPGET Pattern based Online
Test Series
9. Importance of IT in data mining and important research data portals

concerned with Ayurved and contemporary medical science (DHARA , PubMed,
Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Center, Research Management
Informatic System etc.)
I. INTRODUCTION –
Data mining is the extraction of useful patterns and relationships from data sources,
such as databases, texts, the web. It has nothing to do however with SQL, OLAP, data
warehousing or any of that kind of thing. It uses statistical and pattern matching
techniques. The concern in data mining are noisy data, missing values, static data,
sparse data, dynamic data, relevance, interestingness, heterogeneity, algorithm
efficiency, size and complexity of data. The data we have is often vast, and noisy,
meaning that it’s imprecise and the data structure is complex. This is where a purely
statistical technique would not succeed, so data mining is a solution. Data mining
has become a popular tool for analyzing large datasets. The efficient database
management systems have been very important assets for management of a large
corpus of data and especially for effective and efficient retrieval of particular
information from a large collection whenever needed. The proliferation of database
management systems has also contributed to recent massive gathering of all sorts of
information. Information retrieval is simply not enough anymore for decision-
making II. What are Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery? With the enormous
amount of data stored in files, databases, and other repositories, it is increasingly
important, if not necessary, to develop powerful means for analysis and perhaps
interpretation of such data and for the extraction of interesting knowledge that
could help in decision making
[1]. Data Mining, also popularly known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD),
refers to the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially
useful information from data in databases. While data mining and knowledge
discovery in databases (or KDD) are frequently treated as synonyms, data mining is
actually part of the knowledge discovery process. The Knowledge Discovery in
Databases process comprises of a few steps leading from raw data collections to
some form of new knowledge. The iterative process consists of the following steps:
1. Data cleaning: It is also known as data cleansing, it is a phase in which noise data
and irrelevant data are removed from the collection.
2. Data integration: In this stage, multiple data sources, often heterogeneous, may
be combined in a common source.
3. Data selection: At this step, the data relevant to the analysis is decided on and
retrieved from the data collection.
4. Data transformation: also known as data consolidation, it is a phase in which the
selected data is transformed into forms appropriate for the mining procedure.
5. Data mining: it is the crucial step in which clever techniques are applied to extract
patterns potentially useful.
6. Pattern evaluation: in this step, strictly interesting patterns representing
knowledge are identified based on given measures.
7. Knowledge representation: is the final phase in which the discovered knowledge is
visually represented to the user.
This essential step uses visualization techniques to help users understand and
interpret the data mining results. It is common to combine some of these steps
together. For instance, data cleaning and data integration can be performed
together as a preprocessing phase to generate a data warehouse. Data selection and
data transformation can also be combined where the consolidation of the data is the
result of the selection, or, as for the case of data warehouses, the selection is done
on transformed data.
The KDD is an iterative process. Once the discovered knowledge is presented to the
user, the evaluation measures can be enhanced, the mining can be further refined,
new data can be selected or further transformed, or new data sources can be
integrated, in order to get different, more appropriate results. Data mining became
the accepted customary term, and very rapidly a trend that even overshadowed
more general terms such as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) that describe a
more complete process. Other similar terms referring to data mining are: data
dredging, knowledge extraction and pattern discovery.
III. Five Major Elements in Data Mining
1) Extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data warehouse system.
2) Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system.
3) Provide data access to business analysts and information technology
professionals.
4) Analyze the data by application software.
5) Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.
IV. What can be discovered?
The kinds of patterns that can be discovered depend upon the data mining tasks
given. Two types of data mining tasks are there descriptive data mining tasks that
describe the general properties of the existing data, and predictive data mining tasks
that attempt to do predictions based on inference on available data.
The data mining functionalities and the variety of knowledge they discover are
briefly presented in the following list:
 Characterization: Data characterization is a summarization of general features of
objects in a target class, and produces what is called characteristic rules. module to
extract the essence of the data at different levels of abstractions.
 Discrimination: Data discrimination produces what are called discriminate rules and
is basically the comparison of the general features of objects between two classes
referred to as the target class and the contrasting class[4,5].
 Association analysis: Association analysis is the discovery of what are commonly
called association rules. It studies the frequency of items occurring together in
transactional databases, and based on a threshold called support, identifies the
frequent item sets.
 Classification: Classification analysis is the organization of data in given classes.
Also known as supervised classification, the classification uses given class labels to
order the objects in the data collection. Classification approaches normally use a
training set where all objects are already associated with known class labels. The
classification algorithm learns from the training set and builds a model. The model is
used to classify new objects.
 Prediction: Prediction has attracted considerable attention given the potential
implications of successful forecasting in a business context. There are two major
types of predictions: one can either try to predict some unavailable data values or
pending trends, or predict a class label for some data. The latter is tied to
classification.  Clustering: Similar to classification, clustering is the organization of
data in classes. However, unlike classification, in clustering, class labels are unknown
and it is up to the clustering algorithm to discover acceptable classes.
 Outlier analysis: Outliers are data elements that cannot be grouped in a given class
or cluster. Also known as exceptions or surprises, they are often very important to
identify.
 Evolution and deviation analysis: Evolution and deviation analysis pertain to the
study of time related data that changes in time. Evolution analysis models
evolutionary trends in data, which consent to characterizing, comparing, classifying
or clustering of time related data. It is common that users do not have a clear idea of
the kind of patterns they can discover or need to discover from the data at hand. It is
therefore important to have a versatile and inclusive data mining system that allows
the discovery of different kinds of knowledge and at different levels of abstraction.
This also makes interactivity an important attribute of a data mining system.
V. What are the kinds of data can be mined ?
 Flat files: Flat files are actually the most common data source for data mining
algorithms, especially at the research level. Flat files are simple data files in text or
binary format with a structure known by the data mining algorithm to be applied.
The data in these files can be transactions, time-series data, scientific measurements,
etc.
 Relational Databases: a relational database consists of a set of tables containing
either values of entity attributes, or values of attributes from entity relationships.
Tables have columns and rows, where columns represent attributes and rows
represent tuples. A tuple in a relational table corresponds to either an object or a
relationship between objects and is identified by a set of attribute values
representing a unique key
 Transaction Databases: A transaction database is a set of records representing
transactions, each with a time stamp, an identifier and a set of items. Associated with
the transaction files could also be descriptive data for the items.
 Multimedia Databases: Multimedia databases include video, images, audio and
text media. They can be stored on extended object-relational or object-oriented
databases, or simply on a file system. Multimedia is characterized by its high
dimensionality, which makes data mining even more challenging.
 Spatial Databases: Spatial databases are databases that, in addition to usual data,
store geographical information like maps, and global or regional positioning. Such
spatial databases present new challenges to data mining algorithms.
 Time-Series Databases: Time-series databases contain time related data such
stock market data or logged activities. These databases usually have a continuous
flow of new data coming in, which sometimes causes the need for a challenging real
time analysis. Data mining in such databases commonly includes the study of trends
and correlations between evolutions of different variables, as well as the prediction
of trends and movements of the variables in time.
 World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the most heterogeneous and dynamic
repository available. Data in the World Wide Web is organized in inter-connected
documents[3].
VI. Challenging Problems In Data Mining
1. Developing a Unifying Theory of Data Mining
2. Scaling Up for High Dimensional Data and High Speed Data Streams
3. Mining Sequence Data and Time Series Data
4. Mining Complex Knowledge from Complex Data
5. Data Mining in a Network Setting
6. Distributed Data Mining and Mining Multi-agent Data
7. Data Mining for Biological and Environmental Problems
8. Data-Mining-Process Related Problems
9. Security, Privacy and Data Integrity 10. Dealing with Non-static, Unbalanced and
Costsensitive Data
VII. Application Of Data Mining
Now a days data mining are used in lots of areas but In this section , here we mainly
listed some application areas for data mining.
1. Data mining Application in Healthcare
2. Future Direction of Health care system through Data mining tools
3. Data mining used in many different areas in manufacturing Engineering
4. Data mining is used for market basket analysis
5. Data mining is used an emerging trends in the educational system
6. Data mining Application can be generic and domain specific
7. Data mining techniques used in the CRM
8. Large scope for application of data mining in Medical Science
9. Data mining Methods are used in the Web Application
10. Data mining method is used to classify the network traffic control
11. Data mining and its techniques is used for an application of Sports Center
12. Data mining methods are used for application in a malicious executable is Threat
i.e. in System Security.
How Data Mining is useful in Ayurveda
Data mining is a computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets
involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning,
statistics and database systems.
The term data mining appeared around 1990 in the database community. Currently,
data mining and knowledge discovery are used interchangeably. To achieve valuable
information, in context of Data Mining, it follows three major steps i.e, data
collection, data shrink and valuable data quest.
There are various approaches adopted by variety of researchers. Such approach

involves; association analysis, Extrapolative modeling, database fragmentation and
divergence detection. Data Mining Practices is mainly decision Tree Model structures
for representing collection of decisions to generate various rules for the
classification of data set.
Some of the examples are Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) and
Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to apply on unclassified data sets to
predicate the records with fine outcomes. Another data mining practices are Artificial
Intelligence. In this technique, major techniques used are knowledge acquisition and
representation, machine learning, pattern recognition, code based reasoning,
intelligent agents and neural networks.
From the eve of 1970’s the GOI has made enormous attempts to standardize
Ayurveda by formulating numerous qualifications for Ayurveda practitioners and
necessitated accreditation policies to institutions across states. Some of the
initiatives are, Indian Medical Central Council Act-framed in 1970, Central Council of
Indian Medicine (CCIM) under the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) established in 1971, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare-framed to monitor higher education in Ayurveda and Central
Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) designed to pursue research in
Ayurveda.
There are lots of countries practicing Ayurveda as their fundamental medical
practice. Around, 75% - 80% of the people in Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, European and
Western countries use some form of Ayurvedic products and the governments have
established various ministries, medical regulations and universities to offer Ayurveda
practice to common people also, therefore, as to enable this medicine system an
everlasting practice. This information base is accessible through Decision Support
System (DSS), data mining tool and digitized searchable texts. The data-mining tool
enables precise knowledge searches using Boolean operators. Information related to
diseases, causative factors, symptoms, treatment guidelines, drugs, dietary recipes,
lifestyle changes and treatment procedures can be searched through complex
queries employing any number of combinations of search strings. The chief sources
pertaining to Ayurved are described as follows.
www.ayurveda-herbs.com
www.planetayurveda.com
www.ayurveda-foryou.com
www.Ayurveda.in
www.nia.nic.in
www.ayush.com
www.ayurveda-in.com
www.ayurveda.org/index.aspx
www.ayurindus.com
www.maharshiayurvedaindia.com
www.blissayurveda.com
www.ayurveda.md
www.soukya.com
www.ayurvedaschool.in
www.ayurvedanextdoor.com
www.ayurhelp.com
www.healthandayurveda.com
www.alwaysayurveda.com
www.ayurveda-seminars.com
www.ayushportal.nic.in
www.dharaonline.org
www.pubmed.gov
http://ayusoft.cdac.in
✅PRE-PG
✅UPSC
✅State-MO
✅NRHM-MO
✅Ph.D
✅BAMS-UG-SAMHITA CLASSES

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राधे गोविन्दाय नम: 1

Dr.VIRENDRA SINGH BISHNIO MD MEDICINE MMM Govt.Ayu.Col.UDAIPUR 9413720487

SYLLABUS –RESEARCH & STATISTICS-BAMS-FINAL YEAR

1. Brief historical background of research in Ayurved and contemporary medical

a) Pure and Applied

b) Qualitative , Quantitative and Mixed Observational and interventional.

5. Research process (Importance of each steps in brief)

a. Selection of the topic

b. Review of the literature

d Aims and Objectives

e. Materials and methods

f. Observations and results

g. Methods of communication of Research

6. Research tools – Role of the pramanas as research tools

Part – B Medical-Statistics-20 अंक

1. Definition, scope and importance of the Medical statistics

a. Population b. Sample c. Data d. Variable e. Normal distribution

3. Collection and Presentation of data

a. Tabular b. Graphical c. Diagrammatical

4. Measures of location- a. Average b. Percentile

5.Measures of Central Tendency- a. Arithmetic mean b. Median c. Mode

6.Variability and its measurement- a. Range b. Standard deviation c. Standard error

7.Introduction to probability and test of significance

8.Parametric and non parametric tests

9.Introduction to commonly used statistical soft-wares.

PART – A –Research Methodology

1. Brief historical background of research in Ayurved and contemporary

 र्वैक्षदक काल में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान –

 उपक्षनषदो में आयुर्वेद –

 बृहत्रयी की संक्षहताओ में आयुर्वेद – चरक –सुश्रुत –र्वाग्भट

1.चरक संक्षहता में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान –

 कायतचतकत्सा का प्रधान ग्रन्थ

 दितर्वध रोगी परीक्षा –चरक

2.सुश्रुत संक्षहता में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान -

3.र्वागभट में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान = अ.स. अ.ह.

 आयुर्वेदीय लघुत्रयी ग्रंथो में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान – माधर्व , िा.भार्वप्रकाि

2.िारं गधर संक्षहता- ले खक – िारं गधर (दामोदर का पु त्र)

 आयुर्वेदीय अन्य ग्रं थो में आयुर्वेदीय अनुसन्धान-

काश्यप र्वैक्षिष्ट्य ----

2. Etymology, definitions and synonyms (Anveshana, Gaveshana,

 अनुसंधान- अनुसिान - अनु + सम् + धाञ् + ल्युट्त

 गर्वेषण =to search or to achieve with the help of all senses.

 गर्वेषणा - गर्वेष्यते स्मत गर्वेषमागवणे (अमरकोष)

(i) गोतभवोः इन्द्रयें: हषणं (अमरकोष)

 अन्वेषण =desire to searchअनु (अनन्तर) + हषण (इच्छा), Desire

 पयेषण =to search from all the dimensions.

In other words we can say-

GOOD RESEACH Criteria is “FINER”

Basic study steps for Research

3. Research in Ayurved - Scope, need, importance, utility-

-The ultimate goal of research is to discover cause and effect relationship.

-Desire of better standard of living

-Finding out the new facts or varification of the old facts.

-To follow the appropriate knowledge.

-Maintenance of health and treatment of diseases is the main objective of the

-To investigate basic priniciples of Ayuveda and explain in modern terminology.

-To study and understand specialities of Ayurveda and their utility.

-To establish Ayurvedic management in epidemics.

-To establish critical management of diseases.