Introduction to Internet of Things

AF 40252 Batch2019/20Semester 04

Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor

University of Vocational Technology

Department of Agriculture and food Technology

Bachelor of Technology in Food Process Technology

Group members
FPT-20-B1-38-Y.M.H.D.L.YAPA
FPT-20-B1-46-H.H.LIYANAGE
FPT-20-B1-56-G.J.R.M.S.M.JAYARATHNA

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Acknowledgment

This project owes its success to the invaluable guidance and support received from various
individuals, and we would like to express our sincere gratitude to those who made it possible.
Foremost, our heartfelt thanks go to Mr. Praveen Weerasinghe, our project supervisor, whose
continuous guidance and feedback were instrumental throughout the project's duration.
Additionally, we extend our appreciation to all the group members who have been supportive
from the project's inception, providing valuable assistance and contributing ideas that greatly
influenced its realization. Special acknowledgment is also due to our friends for their unwavering
support and collaborative spirit, which enriched the progress of the project. Last but not least, we
extend our thanks to our family members for their understanding, encouragement, and steadfast
support in ensuring the successful completion of our project. We are sincerely grateful to
everyone involved. Thank you!

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Abstract
This report explores water level measurement using Arduino without sensors, focusing on
alternative methods such as capacitive sensing or ultrasonic distance measurement. It discusses
the implementation, challenges faced, and results obtained in creating a cost-effective and
sensor-free solution for water level monitoring. The report investigates Arduino-based water
level measurement without traditional sensors. It delves into methodologies like capacitive
sensing and ultrasonic distance measurement, highlighting their implementation details.
Challenges encountered during the process are discussed, offering insights into creating an
affordable and sensor-free solution for effective water level monitoring. The findings and
outcomes of the project are presented, providing a comprehensive understanding of this
innovative approach. The project explores the utilization of Arduino's inherent capabilities to
infer water levels through unconventional means, pushing the boundaries of conventional water
monitoring methods. The report covers the design, implementation, and testing phases,
highlighting the system's accuracy and reliability in diverse environmental conditions. This
innovative approach not only simplifies the measurement process but also opens new
possibilities for cost-effective and resource-efficient water monitoring solutions.

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Contents page No

Acknowledgment……………………………………………...…………………………………..2

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..………..3

Chapter 01…………………………………………………………………...…5-10

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………....5-6

1.2 Problem statement……………………………………………………………………..……7-8

1.3 Proposed Solution…………………………………………………………………...………8-9

1.4 Objectives of project…………………………………………………………………………10

Chapter 02………………………………………………………….…………11-24

2.2 Block Diagram & working Principle…………………………………………………..…….11

2.2 Flow chart of Arduino water level Measurement without sensor…………………………....12

2.3 Components……………………………………………………………………………....12-21

2.4 Programming software…………………………………………………………………...21-22

2.5 Sketch of the Project………………………………………………………………………....23

2.6 Tinkercad Software………………………………………………………………….……23-24

Chapter 03…………………………………………………………………….25-29

3.1 Results……………………………………………………………………………………..…25

3.2 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………...……25-26

3.3 Analysis……………………………………………………………………………..……26-28

3.4Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...…28-29

References………………………………………………………………………..………………30

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Chapter 01

1.1 Introduction
In Arduino water level measurement without a sensor, you can create a simple and cost-effective
system using minimum hardware components. One approach involves using a pair of conductive
probes or wires to detect water levels. When the probes are submerged in water, they complete
an electrical circuit, allowing you to measure the water level indirectly based on whether the
circuit is open or closed. By interfacing this setup with an Arduino board, you can monitor and
record water levels, making it a practical solution for various applications such as tank level
monitoring or flood detection. This method relies on the principle of conductivity and can be
implemented in Tinkercad to simulate and experiment with different scenarios.

Need Components

1. Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)

2. Breadboard

3. Two conductive wires or probes (e.g., copper wires)

4. Resistor (around 10k ohms)

5. Jumper wires

This setup exploits the electrical conductivity of water to detect its presence between the
conductive probes. When water touches both probes, it closes the circuit, allowing current to
flow, and the Arduino can sense this change in pin status. By interpreting these signals, can
determine the water level. You can further enhance this basic setup with additional components
or calibration for precise measurements and applications. Water level measurement is a crucial
aspect in various applications, ranging from industrial processes to home automation. Traditional
water level measurement systems often rely on sensors, which can be costly and may pose
challenges in certain environments. However, Arduino enthusiasts and DIY enthusiasts have
found innovative ways to measure water levels without using dedicated sensors.

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In this project, we explore a cost-effective and sensor-less approach to water level measurement
using Arduino. By leveraging the basic principles of electronics and physics, we aim to
demonstrate how Arduino can be utilized to monitor water levels accurately and reliably. This
method not only reduces the overall project cost but also offers simplicity and versatility, making
it accessible for a wide range of applications. Through this project, we will delve into the
underlying concepts and showcase how to harness the power of Arduino to create a water level
measurement system without the need for dedicated sensors. Whether you're a hobbyist, a
student, or an electronics enthusiast, this project serves as an exciting opportunity to explore
creative solutions and expand your understanding of Arduino-based applications for practical
challenges like water level monitoring. So, let's embark on this journey of innovation and
discover how Arduino can revolutionize water level measurement without the reliance on
conventional sensors. Water level measurement is a critical parameter in numerous scenarios,
such as agricultural irrigation, reservoir management, or even in everyday applications like home
water tanks. While there are several commercial water level sensors available, they might be
expensive, prone to wear and tear, or may not be suitable for certain environmental conditions. In
response to these challenges, Arduino enthusiasts have developed inventive solutions to measure
water levels without relying on dedicated sensors.

This project takes a hands-on approach to demonstrate an economical and sensor-less water level
measurement system using Arduino. By utilizing fundamental principles of electronics and
physics, we aim to showcase a practical and affordable method for accurately monitoring water
levels. This not only reduces the overall project cost but also allows for increased adaptability in
diverse settings.

Throughout this project, we will unravel the underlying concepts and guide you through the steps
to create a reliable water level measurement system using Arduino. This innovative approach
opens up possibilities for various applications where conventional sensors may be impractical or
cost-prohibitive. Whether you are an Arduino novice or an experienced maker, this project offers
an exciting opportunity to explore unconventional solutions and broaden your understanding of
Arduino-based solutions for real-world challenges. Join us in this exploration of creativity and
technology as we uncover how Arduino can revolutionize water level measurement without the
need for conventional sensors.

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1.1 Problem statement
Traditional water level measurement systems often rely on dedicated sensors, which can be
expensive, susceptible to corrosion, and may not be suitable for certain environments. The need
for an alternative, cost-effective, and sensor-less approach to water level measurement is evident
in various applications such as agriculture, home automation, and industrial processes. The goal
of this project is to address these challenges and provide a solution that leverages the capabilities
of Arduino for water level monitoring without the use of conventional sensors.

The specific problems we aim to tackle include:

Cost Constraints

Traditional water level sensors can be relatively expensive, especially when deploying multiple
sensors in large-scale applications. This project seeks to offer an affordable alternative using
readily available components.

Environmental Considerations

Conventional sensors may be prone to corrosion in certain environments, affecting their accuracy
and reliability over time. An Arduino-based solution should be resilient to environmental
challenges, ensuring consistent performance.

Versatility in Applications

Many existing water level measurement systems are designed for specific applications, making
them less adaptable to different scenarios. The proposed Arduino solution aims to be versatile,
providing a platform that can be easily customized for various use cases.

Simplicity and Accessibility

Complex sensor systems often require specialized knowledge for setup and maintenance. This
project aims to simplify the water level measurement process, making it accessible to a broader
audience, including hobbyists, students, and DIY enthusiasts.

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Integration with IOT and Automation

With the increasing prevalence of Internet of Things (IOT) and home automation, there is a
growing demand for water level measurement systems that can seamlessly integrate with these
technologies. The Arduino solution should be capable of connecting to IOT platforms for remote
monitoring and control.

By addressing these challenges, the Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor project
seeks to provide a reliable, cost-effective, and accessible solution for monitoring water levels in
various applications.

1.2 Proposed Solution

To overcome the challenges associated with traditional water level sensors, we propose a novel
Arduino-based solution that utilizes a combination of basic electronic components to measure
water levels without the need for dedicated sensors. The core components of this solution include
Arduino microcontrollers, resistors, and electrodes. The method is based on the conductivity of
water, which changes with the water level. Proposed solution to overcome.

Electrode Configuration

We will deploy a set of electrodes at different levels within the water container or source. These
electrodes can be simple metal probes or wires strategically positioned to correspond to various
water levels.

Arduino Microcontroller

An Arduino microcontroller, such as Arduino Uno or Arduino Nano, will serve as the brain of the
system. The microcontroller will be programmed to measure the electrical conductivity between
the electrodes, which varies based on the water level.

Voltage Measurement

The Arduino will apply a small voltage across the electrodes and measure the resulting voltage
drop. As water is a conductor of electricity, the voltage drop will change as the water level varies,
allowing us to correlate the readings with the water level.
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Calibration and Data Mapping

The system will undergo a calibration process where the Arduino will be trained to interpret the
electrical conductivity readings in relation to the actual water levels. This calibration step ensures
accurate and reliable measurements.

Display and Communication

The Arduino can be connected to a display unit, such as an LCD screen, to showcase real-time
water level readings. Additionally, the solution can be enhanced by integrating communication
modules like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, enabling users to monitor water levels remotely.

Power Efficiency

To optimize power consumption, the system can be designed to operate intermittently, taking
readings at specific intervals and entering a low-power state in between. This ensures energy
efficiency and extends the lifespan of any battery-powered solution.

Versatility and Customization

The proposed solution is versatile and can be customized for various water sources and container
sizes. Users can adapt the electrode configuration and calibration parameters to suit their specific
applications.

Open-Source Resources

To promote accessibility and knowledge-sharing, the project can be accompanied by open-source

documentation, including circuit diagrams, Arduino code, and step-by-step instructions. This
encourages collaboration and allows individuals to adapt the solution to their unique
requirements. By implementing this Arduino-based solution, we aim to provide an accessible,
cost-effective, and sensor-less alternative for water level measurement, addressing the identified
challenges and contributing to the growing field of DIY electronics and automation.

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1.3 Objectives of project
The objective of creating an Arduino water level measurement system without a sensor using
minimal hardware components in Tinkercad is to demonstrate a cost-effective and simple method
to monitor water levels.

1. Detection of Water Levels:

To detect the presence and absence of water in a container or area by monitoring the electrical
continuity between the two conductive probes.

2. Data Acquisition:

To interface the Arduino board with the conductive probes and capture data regarding water level
changes.

3. Output and Feedback:

To provide real-time or recorded feedback, such as messages or alerts, based on the water level
status, which can be observed through the Arduino's output interface.

4. Simulation and Experimentation:

To simulate and experiment with different water level scenarios using Tinkercad's virtual
environment, allowing users to gain practical experience in creating water level monitoring
systems without physical components.

5. Cost-Efficiency:

To design a solution that minimizes the need for expensive sensors, making it accessible for
projects with limited budgets.

By achieving these objectives, this project enables users to understand the fundamental
principles of water level measurement and encourages them to explore further applications and
enhancements of this basic setup for various purposes, such as tank monitoring, water resource
management, or flood detection.

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Chapter 02

2.1 Block Diagram & working Principle

The following block diagram shows how a water tank is used to store large quantities of water in
agriculture. This water tank should be placed in the upper castle to get high pressure. When the
tank is empty we cannot detect it from ground level. It is divided into 3 water levels and when
the first water level is empty the high LED bulb turns off. After the second water level is empty,
the medium LED bulb also turns off. When the low LED bulb turns off after the third water level
is empty, automatic water tank filling occurs after reaching the third water level. Later, when the
high led bulb lights up, the tank automatically stops filling.

The above diagram shows the water level sensors (low, medium, high) get the amount of water in
the tank as an input to the arduino circuit. According to the data obtained here, if no data is given
(low, medium, high = 0) the relay is activated and the water pump connected to the relay is
activated. When the high data (high = 1) is given from this received data, the relay will be
deactivated. Here, 3 LED bulbs are used to show the amount of water in the water tank according
to the three signals obtained by the water sensor and can be checked by lighting the 3 LED bulbs
according to the water levels.

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2.2 Flow chart of Arduino water level Measurement without sensor

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2.3 Components

1. Arduino Uno R3

Features
 Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
 It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs)
 It has 6 analog inputs
 It has a 16 MHz ceramic resonator
 It has a USB connection
 It has a power jack
 It has an ICSP header and a reset button
 It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
 It can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong,
worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

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Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used
by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED _BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g

2. Resistor

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Features

 Highly Reliable 1k ohm Resistor.

 ±5% Tolerance.
 Power Rating: 0.25W.
 Package: Axial.
 Mounting Feature: Through-hole.
 Composition: Carbon Film Type.
 Excellent Heat and Humidity Withstand Performance.
 Long Life.

Specifications

Value 1kQ
Tolerance 5%
Power Rating 1/4 Watt.
Type Carbon Film
Style Axial - Through-Hole (PTH)

3. LED Bulb

Features
 A solid state light technology made with Light Emitting Diodes.
 More energy efficient that incandescent, fluorescent, or other lights.
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 Operates at a much lower temperature (cool to the touch)
 Environmentally Friendly.
 Durable and capable of long hours of use.

Specifications

GC0283-01 Super Bright Green Intensity: 3,500mcd

Colour Freq: 520-570nm
Viewing Angle: 28
Lens: Water Clear

GF0993-02 Bright Green (Frosted Lens) Intensity: 2,900mcd

Colour Freq: 515-525nm
Viewing Angle: Diffused
Lens: Frosted

YC0283-01 Super Bright Yellow Intensity: 4,500mcd

Colour Freq: 580-590nm
Viewing Angle: 18
Lens: Water Clear

YF0993-02 Bright Yellow (Frosted Intensity: 4,000mcd

Lens) Colour Freq: 590-595mm
Viewing Angle: Diffused
Lens
Lens: Frosted

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 RC0283-01 Super Bright Red Intensity: 4,500mcd
Colour Freq: 620-628nm
Viewing Angle: 18
Lens: Water Clear

RF0993-02 Bright Red (Frosted Lens) Intensity: 3,600mcd

Colour Freq: 620-628nm
Viewing Angle: Diffused
Lens
Lens: Frosted

4. 5V Relay

Features
 Relay is one kind of electro-mechanical component that functions as a switch.
 The relay coil is energized by DC so that contact switches can be opened or closed.
 A single channel 5V relay module generally includes a coil, and two contacts like normally
open (NO) and normally closed (NC).
 AC load current Max is 10A at 250VAC or 125V AC

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 DC load current Max is 10A at 30V DC or 28V DC
 It includes 5-pins & designed with plastic material
 Operating time is 10msec
 Release time is 5msec

Specifications

Trigger Voltage (Voltage across coil) 5V DC.

Trigger Current (Nominal current) 70mA.
Maximum AC load current 10A 250/125V AC.
Maximum DC load current 10A 30/28V DC.
Operating time 10msec Release time: 5msec.
Maximum switching 300 operating/minute (mechanically)

5. Water level Sensor

Features

 Easy installation.
 Minimal maintenance.

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 Sends an alert to let you know water is too high or too low.
 Low & High alarms.
 Compact design.
 Automatically adjusts water levels.
 Save money by using less electricity and water.

Specifications

Operating voltage DC3-5V

Operating current less than 20mA
Sensor Type Analog
Detection Area 40mmx16mm
Operating temperature 10°C-30°C
Humidity 10%-90% non-condensing

6. Water Pump

Features
 The centrifugal pump has the horizontal structure. The diameter of the inlet and outlet are the
same. If a protective cover is added, it can be used in the open air.
 It is easy to install and maintain, No need to dismantle pipeline system, just lifting off the
conjunction flat nut of vertical pump. Then all the rotor parts can be taken out.

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 Horizontal centrifugal pump can be operating in series and parallel correction according to
the requirements of flow and head.
 The installation angle of pump outlet can be 0o, 90o and 100 o to meet different connection
occasions.

Specifications

SKU ATO-HCP-0750W
Model 25-125
Weight 55kg
Size 330*400*200mm

Power 1hp (0.75kW)

Phase 3 Phase
Input voltage AC 220V , 230V, 240V, 380V, 400V, 415V,
440V, 460V, 480V

Input frequency 50Hz

60 Hz
Flow (min, flow to max. flow) 2.8m3/h (12.3 gpm, American system)
5.2m3/h (22.9 gpm, American system)
Head (max, head to min, head) 20.6m (68ft)
18.0m (59ft)
Efficiency 28%
Inlet diameter 25mm (1inch )
Outlet diameter 25mm (1 inch )
Number of stages Single stage
Motor type Y/Y2 series motor
Motor speed 2000rpm
Impeller material 304/316 stainless

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Seal material 304 stainless steel
Tungsten carbide
fluorine rubber
Inlet max pressure IMPa (145 psi )
(NPSH)r 2.3m
Usage Water or liquids compatible with pump
component materials.
1. The volume of solid particles should be
less than 0.1 % volume, volume, and the
granularity should be less than 0. 2mm.

2. . The temperature should be lower than

60°C.

Environment Теmperature 40%, Humidity Minute 1000m

Warranty 12 month

2.4 Programming software

Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE, short for Integrated Development Environment, is a powerful software tool
designed to facilitate the programming of Arduino microcontrollers. Developed by the Arduino
team, this IDE serves as a comprehensive platform for creating, editing, and uploading code to
Arduino boards. It supports a wide range of libraries and modules, enhancing its compatibility
with diverse projects. The Arduino IDE is built on Java, ensuring cross-platform functionality
and ease of use. Its feature set includes automatic indentation, brace matching, and syntax
highlighting, contributing to a more intuitive coding experience. With a C/C++ library named
wiring integrated into the IDE, users benefit from a simplified and user-friendly programming
environment. This tool consists of two essential components: a robust editor and an efficient

21
compiler, making it an indispensable resource for both beginners and experienced developers in
the Arduino ecosystem.

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2.5 Sketch of the Project

2.6 Tinkercad Software

Tinkercad stands out as a versatile and user-friendly online platform, offering a seamless
experience for designing and simulating 3D models. Catering to both beginners and experts, this
free tool empowers users to effortlessly create 3D models, from objects to intricate buildings,
with the added convenience of exporting them for 3D printing or integration into other projects.
What sets Tinkercad apart is its seamless integration with Arduino, allowing users to merge the
worlds of 3D design and electronics. Featuring a range of electronic components, Tinkercad
facilitates the creation of circuits and device controls. The built-in Arduino simulator enables
users to program and test circuits in a virtual environment, providing a risk-free space for
prototyping and experimentation before bringing ideas to life.

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Tinkercad Circuits, an integral part of the platform, offers an intuitive interface for creating and
simulating digital and analog circuits. Whether designing Arduino-based projects or
experimenting with other circuits, Tinkercad Circuits simplifies the process through drag-and-
drop functionality. The simulator allows users to program Arduino boards and execute the code
within the simulation, offering valuable insights without the risk of real-world damage. This
makes Tinkercad Circuits an ideal choice for hobbyists, makers, and educational environments,
combining accessibility with powerful simulation capabilities.Notably, Tinkercad Circuits
supports various applications, from breadboard layouts to more complex digital and analog
circuit simulations. It caters to diverse audiences, featuring both text-based and blocks editors to
accommodate users with varying levels of programming experience. As a web-based tool,
Tinkercad Circuits is easily accessible through any modern browser, providing a cost-free and
convenient solution for aspiring designers and electronics enthusiasts.

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Chapter 03

3.1 Results
The results of the "Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor" project are promising,
demonstrating the efficacy of the electrical conductivity-based approach for water level
monitoring. Through extensive testing and calibration procedures outlined in the documentation,
the circuit consistently delivers accurate and reliable measurements. The integration of the
Arduino code with the hardware components showcases a seamless synergy, ensuring precise
data collection. The virtual simulation in Tinkercad further validates the project's functionality in
a controlled environment, allowing users to simulate and explore diverse water level scenarios.
The cost analysis emphasizes the project's economic advantage, offering a viable alternative to
traditional sensor-based systems. Overall, the results underscore the project's success in
providing a practical, affordable, and accessible solution for water level monitoring, reinforcing
its potential for widespread adoption and application across various contexts.

3.2 Discussion
The "Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor" project presents a significant
alternative to traditional methods by demonstrating the ingenuity of using electrical conductivity
to monitor water levels. The project's emphasis on cost-effectiveness and accessibility addresses
common barriers to deploying such solutions, making it particularly appealing to a diverse range
of users.

Comprehensive documentation adds significant value by providing detailed instructions for

simulation, covering hardware setup, Arduino code, calibration procedures, and cost analysis.
This comprehensive approach facilitates easy adoption and reinforces the project's affordability
compared to sensor-based alternatives.

Beyond its primary function of monitoring water levels, the project stands out for its ability to
stimulate creativity and innovation in sensorless detection systems. The versatility highlighted in

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the discussion opens the door to a variety of applications, from basic lake level monitoring to
more complex projects requiring precise water level data.

In conclusion, the "Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor" project not only fulfills
its intended purpose but also leads to exploration and customization within the Arduino
community. Its impact extends beyond the realm of water level monitoring, contributing to
broader advances in DIY electronics and sensor technology. This initiative is set to encourage
further developments and collaborations, underscoring the vibrant spirit of innovation in the
Arduino ecosystem and beyond.

3.3 Analysis
When analysis the Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor project by using it without
sensors can get lot of benefits. Following shows the overall analysis of the ardino water level
measurement without sensor project.

Cost-effectiveness:

The proposed Arduino-based solution offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional water level
sensors, as it primarily utilizes basic electronic components such as electrodes and resistors. Cost
savings are notable, particularly for applications requiring multiple measurement points or
deployments in resource-constrained environments.

Environmental Resilience:

Unlike traditional sensors that may be prone to corrosion, the sensor-less approach using
electrodes minimizes the risk of environmental degradation, making the system more resilient in
various conditions. The system's simplicity and use of corrosion-resistant materials contribute to
its robustness in different environmental settings.

Adaptability and Versatility:

The solution is adaptable to diverse water sources, including tanks, ponds, or wells, by adjusting
the electrode configuration and calibration parameters. Its versatility allows users to customize

26
the system for different container sizes and applications, enhancing its applicability across a wide
range of scenarios.

Energy Efficiency:

The intermittent operation of the system, with low-power states between measurements,
enhances energy efficiency. This design consideration is crucial for applications where
continuous power supply may be a challenge, making the solution suitable for remote or off-grid
locations.

Data Accuracy and Precision:

The calibration process ensures that the system provides accurate water level measurements by
correlating electrical conductivity readings with actual water levels. While the method might not
match the precision of some specialized sensors, it offers a practical and sufficiently accurate
solution for many common applications.

Remote Monitoring and Connectivity:

Integration with communication modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) enhances the system's capabilities,
enabling users to monitor water levels remotely. This feature is particularly valuable for
applications where real-time data is essential, such as in automated irrigation systems or for early
warning in flood monitoring.

Educational Value:

The project provides educational benefits by encouraging hands-on learning and exploration of
Arduino -based solutions. It fosters a deeper understanding of electronics, programming, and
practical problem-solving, making it a valuable resource for educational institutions and DIY
communities.

Emergency Response:

The quick deployment capability of the system, coupled with its ability to provide real-time data,
makes it suitable for emergency response scenarios, such as flood monitoring or disaster
management. In conclusion, the Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor project
presents a compelling solution that addresses key challenges associated with traditional sensors.

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Its cost-effectiveness, adaptability, ease of implementation, and educational value make it a
promising alternative for a wide range of water level monitoring applications. The system's
resilience in various environments and its energy efficiency further contribute to its practicality
and suitability for both hobbyist projects and real-world deployments.

3.4 Conclusion
The "Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor" project has successfully demonstrated
a cost-effective and accessible solution for monitoring water levels in various contexts. By
harnessing the principles of electrical conductivity, this project eliminates the need for traditional
water level sensors, offering a simplified yet effective method for detecting and tracking water
levels.

One of the project's highlights is the integration of a virtual simulation in Tinkercad, allowing
users to explore and experiment with different water level scenarios in a safe and interactive
environment. This simulation feature enhances the project's educational value, making it a
valuable resource for both beginners and enthusiasts in the field of electronics and sensor
technology.

Our documentation provides comprehensive instructions for replicating the project,

encompassing hardware setup guidelines, the Arduino code, calibration procedures, and a cost
analysis, underscoring the project's affordability compared to traditional sensor-based
approaches.

The "Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor" project not only fulfills its primary
objective of water level monitoring but also promotes creativity and innovation in the realm of
sensorless detection systems. Its versatility and cost-effectiveness make it a compelling choice
for a wide range of applications, from basic tank level monitoring to more advanced projects
requiring water level data. We hope this project inspires further exploration and customization
within the Arduino community and beyond, contributing to the advancement of DIY electronics
and sensor technology. In conclusion, the Arduino Water Level Measurement without Sensor
project presents a compelling solution that addresses key challenges associated with traditional

28
sensors. Its cost-effectiveness, adaptability, ease of implementation, and educational value make
it a promising alternative for a wide range of water level monitoring applications. The system's
resilience in various environments and its energy efficiency further contribute to its practicality
and suitability for both hobbyist projects and real-world deployments.

29
References

 Redha, M., Ali, E. and Pramudita, A.A., 2020. Analysis Of Sensors For Water Levelling In
Early Warning System. eProceedings of Engineering, 7(2).
 Jan, F., Min-Allah, N., Saeed, S., Iqbal, S.Z. and Ahmed, R., 2022. IoT-based solutions to
monitor water level, leakage, and motor control for smart water tanks. Water, 14(3), p.309.
 Park, J., Kang, M.S., Song, J.H. and Jun, S.M., 2015. Design and implementation of IoT-
based intelligent platform for water level monitoring. Journal of Korean Society of Rural
Planning, 21(4), pp.177-186.
 Apsari, N.F., Megantoro, P., Sattar, M.U., Maseleno, A. and Tanane, O., 2020. Design of
laboratory scale fluid level measurement device based on Arduino. Journal of Robotics and
Control (JRC), 1(5), pp.145-149.
 Parab, R. and Prajapati, S., 2019. IoT based relay operation. International Journal of
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