Foreign Related Literature

According to Yolande (2023) Night markets have been recognized as part of people's

lives for a long period of time, and strolling through night markets has long been a public leisure

activity. Nowadays, it is quite challenging to have a clear picture of the term "night market”

because of the associated mix of activities, merchandise, and complex meanings. Fang (2017)

defined night market as closely related to Timmons definition of entrepreneurship as initiating,

doing, achieving, and building an enterprise or organization, concept of night market traders

which is they did the same activities and characteristics. It is also a place where the traders either

wait for buyers every day in shops or stalls or proceed on specific days at more or less frequent

regular intervals at a place business under certain rules and regulations, in certain kinds of goods.

(Chin et al 2015) The night market is a small business that operates during the evening and

consists of a variety of low-priced products and cooked food. It is increasingly becoming a

preferred choice for customer attraction because it is usually well located near a residential area.

According to Aziz (2012) the night markets are becoming a market economy as they create jobs

and help money circulation, forming sustainable and livable communities. One example is the

Night markets of Taiwan, which not only brought a great number of employment opportunities

but also great economic benefits to the city itself from its daily transactions. It has become

ingrained as a fundamental part of Taiwanese culture and society since they provide rich social

activities and important employment opportunities to the local population. It is estimated that on

average a vendor can make around $1130 USD a month though it is believed they make much

more than this. Overall, not only have street markets helped reduce unemployment for the

population, it also contributed greatly to the economic growth of the country (Li et.al, 2023).
Similarly, in an article entitled “The Hidden Potential of India’s Night-time Economy”

highlighted that it’s not only cafes, bars and nightclubs that make up the night-time economy. In

cities with an active nightlife, apart from going to pubs and restaurants, a wide array of activities

exists to complement the hospitality sector. The impact of these is felt in increased revenues and

employment generation wherein a report released expressed around 1.6 million people—

constituting a third of everyone working in the city—worked at night in 2017. In New York City

the pubs and restaurants sector’s economic output were measured at $2 billion from night-time

sales, with tax revenue for the city coming in at $697 million. Plus, the pubs and restaurants

sector generated around 13,400 jobs and $492 million in wages at night for the year, according to

a 2016 report commissioned by the New York Mayor’s Office of Media and Entertainment (Das,

2022). Moreover, a more proactive approach to night business paves a way for opportunities for

a better quality of life. Night-time businesses are also considered an important field to attract

talents, business people, tourists, and promote the country’s culture. With these economic,

financial, and socio-cultural benefits, an article by Li and Wang highlighted the risks and

challenges faced by the businesses operating at night. Even though the night market has become

an important place for leisure and entertainment for some residents in the face of people’s greater

survival pressure and increasing material and cultural needs. However, in the face of new

development opportunities, traditional night markets also have the problems such as single

service varieties, lack of characteristics to attract consumers, poor hygiene conditions, and

occupation of roads that obstruct the traffic. Shah (2019) noted the same concerns such as no

access to basic facilities and infrastructure, no protection from harsh weather conditions, vending

on busy and no space footpath. Furthermore, most of them encounter inadequate access to clean

water, high risk to face occupational hazard, and suffer from health problems and injury due to
lack of proper safety and improper regulations of traffic in commercial areas. Given the

implications of the opportunities of the night market, it is surprising there has been somewhat

limited developments that counters those concerns above. According to Brotons (2019) The

Livelihood Support for Corridor Towns project-built night market facilities, provided access to

finance, and enabled poor communities to run sustainable businesses along the Mekong River.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) supported the project with a $2.5 million grant from the

Japan Fund for Prosperous and Resilient Asia and the Pacific (formerly Japan Fund for Poverty

Reduction). It empowered the urban poor along the Mekong Delta by providing a venue and

capital for livelihood activities that can give them a higher income and create more jobs.

Testimonies from market vendors, who are mostly women, showed that it became easier to sell

their products and earn more profits.

Local Related Literature

The vibrant buzz of night markets in the Philippines pulsates with both economic

potential and complex challenges. Research by Abitria (2023) in the Journal of Education,

Management and Development Studies highlights the substantial financial opportunities

associated with these bustling hubs, particularly in Polangui, Albay. Abitria identifies five key

variables impacting night market success: vendor and customer profiles, support from local

government units (LGUs), competition among vendors, and product types and prices.

Understanding the demographic landscape, encompassing age and gender distribution of both

buyers and sellers, is crucial to navigating this dynamic environment. Abitria further emphasizes

the effectiveness of night markets as business incubators, requiring minimal initial capital for

aspiring entrepreneurs to launch their ventures.

 Beyond financial gains, night markets breathe life into the local economy. Almaden and

Veloso (2017) explored the Colon Night Market Program in Cebu City, revealing that

participating vendors experience improved income and an enhanced quality of life. This

exemplifies the economic viability of night markets, not just as lucrative sources of revenue, but

as viable paths to sustainable livelihoods. The initiative also fosters job creation, adding a vital

economic dimension by generating employment opportunities within the community.

Additionally, the study identified vendors offering better deals and lower prices, positioning

them with a competitive advantage that attracts a broader customer base and potentially leads to

increased sales. Almaden and Veloso further highlight the camaraderie among vendors,

suggesting collaborative opportunities and shared resources that could further contribute to

individual financial success. Remarkably, the study discovered a significant return on

investment: for every one dollar invested by the government, the Colon Night Market Program

generates $6.44. This underscores not only the socio-economic benefits for vendors but also the

program's positive impact on overall economic returns (Almaden & Veloso, 2017).

Pavo (2019) delves deeper, investigating the Roxas Night Market in Davao City through

the lens of Henri Lefebvre's concept of space. This presents the night market as a dynamic entity

shaped by the ongoing activities of vendors, their adherence to LGU regulations, and their

responses to external events like the "three-month rule" and a 2016 bomb blast. Pavo argues that

vendors, seeking to maximize their space and capitalize on their resilience as survivors,

showcase creative ways to extend their stay in the market. This, in turn, becomes an assertion of

their agency and identity. Analyzing this through Michel Foucault's perspectives on power, the

vendors' transformation of the night market into a "space of practice" highlights their ability to
challenge and influence the LGU. They demand that the local government secure the area and

provide alternative spaces for the growing number of vendors. Essentially, the financial

opportunities of the Roxas Night Market, as discussed by Pavo, are intertwined with the vendors'

ability to navigate, shape, and assert their agency within the space, demonstrating not only

economic dimensions but also the socio-political dynamics that influence their livelihoods (Pavo,

2019).

However, night markets also face challenges. Rappler (2023) reported on ambulant

vendors in Cebu City struggling with a recent traffic restriction near the Carbon night market.

Implemented during Mayor Mike Rama's first 100 days, the rule aims to clear roads for easier

consumer access. However, vendors argue that this has significantly reduced customer traffic,

particularly affecting those dependent on vehicle-owning shoppers. Linda Ruiz, a 63-year-old

vendor, highlighted a substantial decline in sales, stating that the restriction has impacted her

family's ability to make ends meet. The vendors have protested, submitting a position paper to

express their dissent and call for a reconsideration of the rule due to its adverse effects on their

livelihoods (Rappler, 2023).

Despite these challenges, there are positive developments. Daugdaug (2022) reported on

the Davao City Government's plans to expand its night market to provide more opportunities for

small vendors. City Councilor Bernie Al-ag, chairperson of the committee on trade, commerce,

and industry, revealed plans to open a night market in Toril Public Market and is considering

additional locations. To ensure the program supports small-scale entrepreneurs, vendors found
selling their slots will be banned from participating. The city ordinance distinguishes between

regular awardees selected through raffles and reserve awardees chosen in case of insufficient

regular awardees. Al-ag urged businessmen not to exploit the program, emphasizing the

importance of providing opportunities for small vendors to generate income. The city

government recently approved this ordinance, paving the way for night market expansion in

different parts of the city (Daugdaug, 2022).

REFERENCES

Abitria, M. L. (2023). The rise of night market in Polangui Albay: An advantage to

SMEs. Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies, 14(2), 1-10.

https://journals.cspc.edu.ph/index.php/jemds/article/view/167
 Almaden, P. J., & Veloso, A. R. (2017). Financial opportunities for ambulant vendors in

the context of night markets: A case study of the Colon Night Market Program in Cebu City,

Philippines. Philippine Journal of Applied Industrial Economics, 46(1), 1-23.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326818503_Social_and_Economic_Impact_of_the_Col

on_Night_Market_to_Small_Scale_Vendors

Daugdaug, T. (2022, February 8). Davao City to expand night market to accommodate

more small vendors. SunStar Davao. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1930668/davao/local-

news/city-enterprise-2nd-night-market-possible

Pavo, J. R. (2019). Night market as a practiced space: The case of the Roxas Night

Market in Davao City, Philippines. Journal of Asian Studies, 29(2), 35-50.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332153803_Night_market_as_lived_space_the_case_o

f_Davao_City_Philippines

POTTIE-SHERMAN, Y. (2013). Vancouver’s Chinatown Night Market: Gentrification and

the Perception of Chinatown as a Form of Revitalization. Built Environment (1978-), 39(2), 172–189.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/43296842

Chin, O., & Harun, M.Z. (2015). Night market: A platform for creating new

entrepreneurs. Humanities and social sciences, 3, 32.

Mashuri, M.A. (2022). Does COVID-19 stop night market’s traders from losing their

income? Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 14(2), 24-34

 Das, A. (2022, August 17). The Hidden Potential of India's Night-time Economy. Business Today.

Retrieved December 12, 2023, from https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/economy/story/the-hidden-

potential-of-indias-night-time-economy-344917-2022-08-17

Rappler. (2023, October 26). Cebu City vendors protest vehicle restriction near Carbon

Night Market. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/visayas/vendors-protest-cebu-night-

market-vehicle-restriction/

Shah, A. (2019). Organizing Chaos - Finding the 'Invisible Infrastructure' for Urban Street

Vendors in India. Academia.edu. Retrieved December 12, 2023, from

https://www.academia.edu/43497454/Organizing_Chaos_Finding_the_Invisible_Infrastructure_f

or_Urban_Street_Vendors_in_India

Brotons, J. (2019, August 12). Economic Activities through Night Markets. Development

Asia. Retrieved December 12, 2023, from https://development.asia/case-study/increasing-

economic-activities-through-night-markets

Li, R., Wang, X., & Wang, Y (n.d.). Night Market Cultural Transformation and

Upgrading. ResearchGate. Retrieved December 12, 2023, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353554368_Night_Market_Cultural_Transformation_a

nd_Upgrading

Liu, C.-H.S. & Fang, Y.-P. (2016), "Night markets: entrepreneurship and achieving

competitive advantage", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.

28 No. 11, pp. 2374-2398. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2015-0114

 CURRICULUM VITAE

MARY LYN A. AZUCENA

Barangay Tagburos, Pruerto Princesa City
Contact No: +639166869380
Email Address: marylynazucenaaa@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : September 21, 2002
Place of Birth : Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Age : 21 years old
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Harry A. Azucena
Mother’s Name : Medilyn A. Azucena

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Palawan State University

BSBA major in Financial Management
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City
(2021-Present)

Senior High School Palawan National School

Bgy. Model, Puerto Princesa City
(2019-2021)

Junior High School San Jose National High School

Bgy. San Jose, Puerto Princesa City
(2016-2019)

Elementary School East Central School

 Bgy. Model, Puerto Princesa City
(2011-2015)

RAZELLE ANNE B. CALLO

Barangay Tiniguiban Puerto Princesa City
Contact No: 09197809748
Email Address: hazelcallo2@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : February 04, 2003
Place of Birth : Lemery, Batangas
Age : 20 years old
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Ricky Callo
Mother’s Name : Jennifer Callo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Palawan State University

BSBA major in Financial Management
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City
(2021-Present)

Senior High School Saint Benilde International School

Calamba Laguna
(2019-2021)

Junior High School Balayan, Batangas National High School

Batangas City
(2018-2019)

Elementary School Camp Vicente Lim Elementary School

Calamba Laguna
(2012-2015)
DYESEBEL ANN T. CAYAON
Barangay San Manuel, Puerto Princesa City
Contact No: +639939472743
Email Address: Dyesebelann@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : January 19, 2003
Place of Birth : Cagayancillo, Palawan
Age : 20 years old
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Baptist
Father’s Name : Josue Cayaon
Mother’s Name : Annabel Cayaon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Palawan State University

BSBA major in Financial Management
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City
(2021-Present)

Senior High School Palawan National School

Bgy. Model, Puerto Princesa City
(2019-2021)

Junior High School San Jose National High School

Bgy. San Jose, Puerto Princesa City
(2015-2019)

Elementary School Manuel Austria Memorial Elementary School

Bgy. San Manuel, Puerto Princesa City
(2009-2015)
RYAN C. CORTEZ
Barangay Santa Monica Puerto Princesa City
Contact No: +639272343750
Email Address:ryanthecortez18@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : July 22, 2003
Place of Birth : Rizal, Palawan
Age : 20 years old
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Narciso Cortez
Mother’s Name : Norihan Cortez

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Palawan State University

BSBA major in Financial Management
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City
(2021-Present)

Senior High School Quezon National Senior High School

Quezon, Palawan
(2019-2021)

Junior High School Quezon National High School

Quezon, Palawan
(2015-2019)

Elementary School Quezon Central School

Bgy. San Manuel, Puerto Princesa City
(2009-2015)