Scribd
Upload
97 views

The Numeral

The document discusses the key differences between Ukrainian and English numerals and descriptive words. Ukrainian numerals and adjectives have grammatical categories like gender, number, and case, while English is generally invariable. It also outlines the main classes of numerals, adjectives, adverbs, and statives in both languages.

Uploaded by

Христина Ілійчук
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
97 views

The Numeral

The document discusses the key differences between Ukrainian and English numerals and descriptive words. Ukrainian numerals and adjectives have grammatical categories like gender, number, and case, while English is generally invariable. It also outlines the main classes of numerals, adjectives, adverbs, and statives in both languages.

Uploaded by

Христина Ілійчук
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

The numeral

In Ukrainian all Numerals are declinable, possessing the categories of number, case and gender distinctions:
десяти, другого, двом цілим і чотирьом десятим тощо.

Ukrainian numerals also denote the indefinite number (e.g., декілька, кільканадцять) and a group of
objects (e.g., тринадцятеро, п’ятеро). Collective numerals in U have diminutive forms: двійко, п’ятірочко.

In English the Numerals are invariable.

Of interest is also the usage of the separate numeral score in English meaning twenty pieces (двадцять
штук). It does not have the plural form similar to words hundred, thousand, e.g.: three score “шістдесят”,
four score “вісімдесят”, five score “сто”.

In English cardinal numerals are often used in the role of ordinal ones. e.g.: page five (п’ята сторінка),
lesson two (другий урок).

The structure of numerals

4 1. Simple-stem, cf. one, eleven; один, п’ять;

4 2. Derivative stem, formed with the help of the suffixes -teen and -ty (cardinals) and -th (ordinals)
in English and -надцять, -дцять (cardinals), in Ukrainian, cf. nineteen, twenty; тринадцять,
п’ятнадцять;

4 3. Compound-stem, cf. кількадесят, кількасот, триста; cf. twenty-one, forty-three; три двадцятих.

4 4. Composite, cf. one hundred and twenty, twenty two thousand; три цілих і одна четверта.

CLASSES OF NUMERALS

4 cardinal (e.g., three, один, двадцять три);

4 ordinal (e.g., the second, восьмий);

4 fractional (e.g., one-fourth, дві треті).

THE ADJECTIVE

The adjective expresses the attributes of substances (an interesting book, важливі заходи) and can serve
as a predicative (the child was small, дитина була маленькою).

The Ukrainian adjective possesses grammatical categories of gender, number, case and degrees of
comparison, whereas the latter is the only category registered in English.

CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES

4 Qualitative

usually

- possess the category of degrees of comparison: cold, good

- create pairs of antonyms (гіркий – солодкий, вузький – широкий)

4 Relative - express relations to qualities. They characterize objects and phenomena through their
relation to other objects and phenomena (economic progress, golden, wooden, міський житель).

Possessive and relative:

are formed from nouns denoting family names or names of countries by adding the suffix –ic; -ian:

Shakespearian; Byronic
Relative Adjectives in U

In Ukrainian this group is numerous and non-divided (київський, журавлиний, козацький,


виборчий). Ukrainian also contains contracted root adjectives like винен, зелен; diminutive and
augmentative forms of adjectives (малесенький; здоровенний).

Possessive adjectives existing only in U: батьків, сестрин

They are translated by means of possessive case forms of nouns (father’s)

Quantitative adjectives existing only in E (кількісні прикметники): little, few (мало), much, many (багато).
The Ukrainian language does not have such adjectives and the corresponding meanings are rendered with
the help of adverbs or indefinite numerals (неозначені числівники: кілька, декілька, багато etc. present
only in the Ukrainian language).

THE ADVERB

It is an indeclinable notional part of speech expressing the quality or the state of an action, the
circumstances in which the action proceeds, or a degree of some other quality.

CLASSES OF ADVERBS

Adverbs denote certain circumstances

(time – now, yesterday, щойно, рано;

place or direction – here, somewhere, надворі, десь;

cause and purpose – why, на зло;

frequency and repetition – usually, twice, завжди, часто;

degree – extremely, fairly, цілком, майже;

manner of action – likewise, suddenly, upside-down, нехотячи, випадково;

consequence and cause – therefore, hence, тому що, у зв’язку з).

Adverbs are formed with

4 suffixes:

Slowly, eastwards, sideways, twofold

4 prefixes:

aside, besides

4 suffixes:

гарно, добре, дарма, по-французьки, по-їхньому, по-моєму

4 prefixes:

по-людськи, найкраще, щонайбільше, якнайшвидше

Adverbs may be formed from other parts of speech:

4 nouns: вгору, across

4 Numerals: вдруге, twice

4 The formation of adverbs by way of reduplication: so-so, willy-nilly, скоро-скоро, тихо-тихо.

QUALITATIVE ADVERBS
Denote manner in which the action is performed (e.g., slowly); intensity (completely happy); quantity
(almost nine).

- Include adverbs of degree (entirely, enough, досить, дуже).

- May be used in the comparative and superlative degrees: швидко-швидше-якнайшвидше;

often-more often-most often

4 Denote the quality:

badly, красиво

4 Denote state of an action:

upside-down, by chance

THE STATIVE

They are invariable notional words denoting the physical state of persons, things or phenomena, the
psychological state of persons, state in motion.

English statives possess a characteristic prefix a- (alike, afloat, awake).

Ukrainian statives are built by means of the suffix –o (прикро), -e (добре), -a (шкода).

They may be graded (e.g., He is more dead than alive. Їй стало холодніше).

Ukrainian Statives

Ukrainian statives also denote:

(1) state of nature, cf. холодно, тепло, сонячно, тихо;

(2) possibility, impossibility, necessity, cf. треба, слід, доцільно, можна, необхідно;

(3) temporal and locative characteristics, cf. пізно, рано, далеко, близько, низько

(4) perception, cf. видно, чутно

English Statives:

4 combinability of statives with the gerund: cf. afraid of answering,

ashamed of having said that.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy