BIOLOGY ORGANISM

- is a natural science that deals with the - A living thing in a population.

study of living organisms.
POPULATION
- came from the Greek word bios which
means “life” and logia which means - A particular species living together.
“study of”. COMMUNITY
LIFE - Different organisms living in a particular
- is the state in which an organism can area.
perform bodily functions. ECOSYSTEM
PALEONTOLOGY - It consists of various species and the
- scientific study of life that existed physical components in an
before. It includes the study of fossils environment.
to determine organisms’ evolution and BIOMES
interactions with each other and their - A distinct biological community that has
environment. formed in response to a shared
FOSSILS climate.
- a remnant of plant, animal, or other BIOSPHERE
organism that may have been replaced - highest level of biological hierarchy.
by rock material or left imprinted on a
sedimentary rock. THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

BACTERIAS ABIOGENESIS / SPONTANEOUS

- first life forms that ever existed on GENERATION THEORY
Earth. - Life originated spontaneously from
nonliving things.
EVOLUTION
- gradual change and development of a FRANCISCO REDI
species or a group of organisms that - He conducted an experiment using
leads it to a more advanced form. meat and flies to show that maggots
developed from tiny eggs laid by flies,
ATOMS
not by spontaneous generation.
JOHN NEEDHAM
- Building blocks of matter. - He experimented with heated gravy
and concluded that the microscopic
MOLECULES
organisms that appeared were the
- Combinations of atoms.
result of spontaneous generation.
ORGANELLES
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
- Membrane-bound structures which
- He experimented with Needham’s
perform specific functions.
gravy to show that the microscopic
CELLS organisms entered from the air, not
- Basic structural and functional unit of using spontaneous generation.
life. LOUIS PASTEUR
TISSUES - He conducted an experiment with
- Group of specialized cells. nutrient broth in curved-neck flasks to
finally disprove spontaneous
ORGAN generation.
- A group of specialized cells and other
structures that perform a specific MARINE THEORY
function. - It states that life originated from the
sea.
ORGAN SYSTEM
- Several organs that function together. DIVINE CREATION THEORY
- It states that life originated from a ANIMALIA
supernatural power whom we call God. - Constitutes all animals’ multicellular
organisms.
COZMOZOIC / INTERPLANETARY
THEORY FUNGI
- It states that life originated from outer - Variety of organisms such as
planets in the form of a resistant spore mushrooms, yeast, and mold, made up
propelled by radiation pressure, of feathery filaments called hyphae.
reached Earth, and started the first
PHYLUM PORIFERA
form of life.
- Porifera means organisms with holes.
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF ETERNITY
- It states that life has no beginning and PHYLUM NEMATODA
no end. - Phylum Nematoda consists of
- It states that whatever forms of life we nematodes or roundworms.
have now been here right from the PHYLUM ANNELIDA
beginning of time. - Annelids are commonly known as
EVOLUTIONARY OR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL segmented or ringed worms.
THEORY
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
- It is the most scientific and most
accepted theory. - Arthropod means jointed legs. Animals
- It states that life came about as a result which has jointed appendages belong
of a chain of chemical reactions that to this phylum. This is the largest
gave rise to a mass of living phylum in the animal kingdom.
protoplasm, which then was gradually PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
modified, giving rise to present forms of
- Phylum Mollusca consists of a large
life.
group of animals.
BACTERIA
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
- Large domain of prokaryotic organism.
- The term Echinodermata is derived
ARCHAE from the Greek words, echinos
- Some are single-cellular, but some are meaning hedgehog, and derma
multicellular organisms. meaning skin.
- Thus, echinoderms are spiny-skinned
EUKARYOTES
animals.
- Large domain of eukaryotic organisms.
PHYLUM CHORDATA
2. KINGDOM - The Chordates possess the following
MONERA characteristics:
- That contains unicellular organisms • They are bilaterally symmetrical,
with a prokaryotic cell organization triploblastic with an organ-system
(having no nuclear membrane), such level of classification.
as bacteria. • They possess a notochord and a
PLANTAE nerve cord.
- Mainly multicellular organisms, • The circulatory system is closed type.
predominantly photosynthetic SOMATIC CELLS
eukaryotes.
- (non-reproductive or body cells) have
PROTISTA sets of chromosomes.
- Is any eukaryotic organism that is not - Undergo MITOSIS - production of 2
an animal, plant, or fungus. diploids (2n) identical cells.
- 2n = number of chromosomes
- Human chromosomes: 23 pairs of
chromosomes x 2 = 46 chromosomes
 GAMETES CHROMOSOMES
- (Reproductive cells or sex cells: Sperm - are threadlike structures within the
and eggs) have half as many nucleus where genes are found.
chromosomes as somatic cells.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- Undergo MEIOSIS - production of 4
- a molecule that contains the
haploid (n) non-identical cells.
instructions an organism needs to
DNA develop, live, and reproduce.
- a molecule composed of deoxyribose
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
nucleotides and contains the genetic
- it carries information on amino acids
information of living cells.
from genes to where proteins are
CHROMOSOMES assembled on ribosome and
- a single DNA double helix together with cytoplasm.
proteins that helps to organize the
GENETIC PROFILE
DNA.
- is a collection of information about a
CHROMATID person's genes.
- one of the two identical strands of DNA
GENOME
and protein that form a replicated
- All the genetic material in the
chromosome.
chromosomes of a particular organism;
GENE its size is generally given as its total
- a unit of hereditary: specifies the amino number of base pairs.
acid sequence of proteins and hence
SEX CHROMOSOMES
particular traits.
- The X and Y chromosome in human
ALLELE beings determines the sex of an
- one of several alternative forms of a individual.
particular gene. - Female - XX
- Male – XY
LOCUS
- the physical location of a gene on a INHERITANCE
chromosome. - It is how traits, or characteristics, are
passed on from generation to
DIPLOID
generation.
- referring to a cell with pairs of
homologous chromosomes. PHENOTYPE
- Observable characteristics of an
HAPLOID
organism.
- referring to a cell that has only one
member of each pair of homologous GENOTYPE
chromosomes. - pair of alleles present in an individual.
- (homozygous or heterozygous)
HEREDITY
- is the sum of all biological processes HOMOZYGOUS
by which characteristics are - two alleles of the trait are the same.
transmitted from parents to offspring.
HETEROZYGOUS
GENES - two alleles of the trait are different.
- are the functional units of heritable
CAPITALIZED
material that are found within all living
- traits dominant phenotypes.
cells.
LOWERCASE
- traits recessive phenotypes.
 GENERATIONS KREBS CYCLE
- P = parental generation - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and
- F1 = 1st filial generation, progeny of generates a pool of chemical energy
the P generation (ATP, NADH & FADH2) from the
- F2 = 2nd filial generation, progeny of oxidation of pyruvate.
the F1 generation (F3 and so on) - CITRIC ACID CYCLE
FERMENTATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - it complements glycolysis and makes it
- a process by which plants make their possible for ATP to be continually
own food. produced in the absence of oxygen.
- the conversion of sunlight to energy.
MAJOR PARTS OF A PLANT
CHLOROPHYLL
- green pigment used in photosynthesis. ROOTS
- serves as the anchorage of the plant.
TWO TYPES OF REACTION - it absorbs water and nutrients from the
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION soil.
- occurs in the thylakoid. STEM
- occurs where the sun’s light energy is - it supports the plant, so it can get
absorbed by chlorophyll. sunlight.
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION - it carries water and nutrients from roots
- occurs in the stroma. to different parts of the plant.
- it does not need light to function but
needs the product of light reaction. LEAVES
- the product of this reaction is sugar. - captures sunlight to make food.
FLOWERS
TWO TYPES OF REACTION
- the reproductive parts of most plants.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SEPALS
- is the process by which the chemical
energy of food molecules is released - green leaves that protect the bud until
and partially captured in the form of it opens.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) PETALS
- it is referred to as the enzymatic - are often brightly colored to attract
breakdown of glucose (sugar) in the pollinators.
presence of oxygen to produce cellular
energy (ATP) PISTIL
- occurs in the mitochondria. - female reproductive part of the flower
which consists of:
GLYCOLYSIS • Stigma - the sticky part that
- occurs in the cytosol. catches the pollen grains.
- it is the process by which glucose (6- • Style - is the long tube-like part that
carbon sugar) is broken down into two connects the stigma to the ovary.
molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon • Ovary - where the seeds are
sugar) produced.
- the products of this process are 2
pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH STAMEN
(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) - male reproductive part of the flower
molecules. which consists of:
- Pyruvate - the ionized form of a three- • Anther - produces the pollen grains.
carbon acid and it is the product of • Filament – supports the anther.
glycolysis. • Pollen - tiny grains containing the
sperm that is necessary for sexual
reproduction.
 BINARY FISSION RUDOLF VIRCHOW
- the simplest process of asexual - he concluded that all cells came from
reproduction where a body of an pre-existing cells.
organism divides into new bodies.
BUDDING ROBERT BROWN
- a new individual develops from some - he discovered the nucleus.
generative anatomical point of the 1. CELL MEMBRANE
parent organism. - protects the cell from its environment.
- atp
REGENERATION 2. CYTOPLASM
- a specialized form of asexual - includes all the material inside the cell
reproduction wherein detached parts of and outside the nucleus.
some organisms can grow back.
3. NUCLEUS
FRAGMENTATION - stores the cell's hereditary materials.
- happens when an organism's body is
divided into two or more parts and 4. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
each fragment develops into an - site of lipid and steroid hormone
organism like its parent. synthesis.

POLLINATION 5. LYSOSOMES
- the transfer of pollen from anther to the - organelles that contain digestive
stigma. enzymes.

SELF-POLLINATION 6. VACUOLES
- the transfer of pollen from anther to - it serves as the storage for salts, sugar
stigma of the same plant. and wastes.

CROSS POLLINATION
- the transfer of pollen to the stigma of
another plant.

CELLS
- basic structural and functional unit of
life.
- made up of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids salt and water.
ROBERT HOOKE
- he was the first to observe and
describe cells, but he did not
comprehend their significance.
- he coined the term cell because the
boxes reminded him of small cells
occupied by the monks in a monastery.
MATTHIAS JACOB SCHLEIDEN
- he concluded that plants are made up
of cells.
THEODOR SCHWANN
- he concluded that animals are made
up of cells.