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Idea of Sets

This document provides information about sets and operations on sets that were covered in a mathematics class in the second term of senior secondary school. It defines what a set is, introduces set notation, and defines types of sets such as finite, infinite, subset, empty set, and disjoint sets. It also explains common set operations like intersection, union, and complement and provides examples of using these operations to find elements of sets. Exercises are provided for students to practice applying the concepts through problems involving multiple sets.

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GIDEON PAUL
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24 views5 pages

Idea of Sets

This document provides information about sets and operations on sets that were covered in a mathematics class in the second term of senior secondary school. It defines what a set is, introduces set notation, and defines types of sets such as finite, infinite, subset, empty set, and disjoint sets. It also explains common set operations like intersection, union, and complement and provides examples of using these operations to find elements of sets. Exercises are provided for students to practice applying the concepts through problems involving multiple sets.

Uploaded by

GIDEON PAUL
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SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS: SS 1

DATE:
TERM: 2nd TERM
REFERENCE BOOK
• New General Mathematics SSS 1 M.F. Macrae et al
• WABP Essential Mathematics For Senior Secondary Schools 1 A.J.S Oluwasanmi

WEEK FOUR

TOPIC: IDEA OF SETS


CONTENT
• Notation of Set
• Types and Operation of Set.

Definition of Set
A set is a welldefined collection of objects or elements having some common characteristic
or properties. A set can be described by
1. Listing of its elements
2. Giving a property that clearly defines its element

Notations used in set theory


1. Elements of a set: the members of a set are called elementse.g list the elements of set

A= even numbers less than 10

1. n(A) means number of elements contained in a set


2. E means ‘is an element of or ‘belongs to’ e.g 6EA
3. E means ‘is not an element of’ or‘did not belong to’ e.g 5 A defined in number 1 above
4. (:) means such that e.g B={X : 3 ≤ X ≤ 10} means X is a member of B such that X is a
number from 3 to 10
5. Equal set: two sets are equal if they contain the same elements e.gIf S = {a,d,c,b} and P=
{b,a,d,c,a,b}, then S=P repeated elements are counted once
6. Ф or { } means empty set or null set i.e A set which has no element e.g
{secondary school student with age 3}
1. means subset. B is a subset of A if all the elements of B are contained in A e.gIf A
={1,2,3,4} and B = {1,2,3} then B is a subset of A i.e B ⊂A
2. U means union: all elements belonging to two or more given sets. A U B means list all
elements in A and B e.g.If A ={2,4,6,8,10} and B = {1,3,5,7,9} then A U B
={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
3. ∩ means intersection i.e elements common to 2 or more sets e.gA ={1,2,3,4,5,6} and B
={1,3,5,7,9} then A∩B = {1,3,5}
4. Ʋ and E means universal set i.e a large set containing all the original given set i.e A set
containing all elements in a given problem or situations under consideration
5. Complement of a set i.e A|. A| means ‘A complement’ and it is the set which contains
elements that are not elements of set A but are in the universal set under
consideration. E.gIf E ={shoes and sock} and A={socks}, then A| ={shoes}

EVALUATION
1. State the elements in the given set below: Y= {Y: Y E integer -4≤Y≤ 3}
2. Let E={x÷10<x< 20} P= {prime numbers} Q= {odd numbers}
Where P and Q are subsets of E
1. List all elements of set P (b) What is n(P)? (c) List all elements of set Q (d) List
the elements of P|
1. Make each of the following statements true by writing E or E in place of *
1. 17 * 1,2,3,………7, 8,9 { }
2. 11 * 1,3,5,7…………. 19 { }
TYPES OF SETS
1. Universal set: A larger set containing all other sets under consideration i.e a set of
students in a school
2. Finite set: is a set which contains a fixed number of elements. This means that a finite
set has an end. E.g B={1,2,3,4,5}
3. Infinite set: is a set which has unending number of elements or which has an infinite
number of elements. An infinite set has no end of its elements. E.g
D={5,10,15,20…………….}
4. Subset: B is a subset of A if all elements of B are contained in Ai.e it is a smaller set
contained in a larger or bigger set. E.g if A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and B= {2,3,6} then B is a
subset of A i.e B ⊂ A
5. Empty set Ф or { }. An empty set or null set contains no element
6. Disjoint set: if two sets have no elements in common, then they are said to be disjoint
e.g If P= {2,5,7} and Q= {3,6,8} then P and Q are disjoint.

OPERATIONS OF SET
1. Intersection ∩: the intersection of two sets A and B is the set containing the elements
common to A and B e.g if A= {a,b,c,d,e} and B= {b,c,e,f}, then A ∩ B= {b,c,e}
2. Union Ʋ: the union of A and B, A Ʋ B is a set which includes all elements of A and B e.g
if A = {1,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,6}, then A Ʋ B ={1,2,3,4,6}
3. Complement of a set: the complement of a set P, P| are elements of the universal set
that that are not in P e.g if U = {1,2,3,4,5,6} P= {2,4,5,6}, then P|= {1,3}

Examples
Given that U = {a,b,c ,d,e,f}, P={b,d,e} Q= {b,c,e,f}
List the elements of
1. P∩ Q (b) P Ʋ Q (c) (P ∩ Q)|
(d)(P Ʋ Q)| (e) P|Ʋ Q (f)Q|∩ P|

Solution
1. P∩ Q = {b,e}
2. P Ʋ Q= {b, c, d, e, f}
3. Since (P ∩ Q ) = {b, e}
Then (P ∩ Q)| = {a, c, d, f}
1. Sine (P Ʋ Q)= {b, c, d, e, f}, then (P Ʋ Q)| ={a}
2. P|Ʋ Q
P| ={a, c, f}
Q={b, c, e, f}
Therefore P|Ʋ Q={a, b, c, e, f}
1. Q| ={a, d}
P|={b, d, e} = P|∩ Q| = {d}
EVALUATION
Given that U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}, A= {2,4,6,8} B= {1,2,5,9} and C= {2,3,9,10}
Find: a) A∩B∩C (b) C|∩(A∩B) (c) C∩(A∩B)| (d) C|Ʋ(A∩B)

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Given that U= {1,2,3…………19,20} and A ={1,2,4,9,19,20} B= {perfect square}
C={factors of 24}. Where A,B, and C are subsets of universal set U
1. List all the elements of all the given sets
2. Find (i) n(A Ʋ B)| (ii) n(A ƲB Ʋ C) (iii) n(A|Ʋ B|∩ C)
3. Find (i) A∩B∩C (ii) AƲ(B ∩ C) (iii) (A|∩ B|)Ʋ C
1. List all the subsets of the following sets
1. A={Knife, Fork}
2. P={a, e, i}

READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SSS1 page 71-72, exercise 5b and 5c.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. If A={a, b, c} B={a, b, c, e} and C={a, b, c, d, e, f} find A∩B(AƲC) A.{a,b,c,d} B. {a,b,c,d,e}
C.{a,b,d,d,e} D.{a,b,c}
2. If Q={0<x<30,x is a perfect square}, P={x÷1≤x≤10,x is an odd number} find Q∩P A.
{1,3,9} B.{1,9,4} C.{1,9} D.{19,16,25}
Use the following information to answer questions 3 – 5
A,B and C are subsets of universal set U such that U={0,1,2,3……..11,12}, A={x:0<x<7},
B={4,6,8,10}, C={1<x<8}
1. Find (AƲC)| A{0,1,9} B.{2,3,4,5} C.{2,3,5,7} D.{0,1,2,9}
2. Find A|∩ B ∩C
3. A Ʋ B|∩ C A.{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} B.{2,3,5,7} C.{6,8,10,12} D.{4,5,7,9,11}

THEORY
1. The universal set U is the set of integers: A,B and C are subsets of U defined as follows
A= {….., -6,-4,-2,0,2,4,6…….}
B= {X: 0 <x < 9}
C= {X: -4 < x < 0}
1. Write down the set AI, where AI is the complement of A with respect to U
2. Find B∩C
3. Find the members of set BƲC, A∩B, and hence show that A∩(BƲC)=(A∩B)Ʋ(A∩C)
1. The universal set U is the set of all integers and the subsets P,Q,R of U are given by
P={X: X<0}, Q = {……,-5-,3,-1,1,3,5…….}, R= {X: -2<X<7}
1. Find Q∩ R
2. Find R| where R| is the complement of R with respect to U
3. Find P| ∩ R|
4. List the members of (P∩Q)

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