Heredity Line by Line

HEREDITY AND INHERITANCE
HEREDITY
The transfer of
characters from parents
to offspring is known as
hereditY.
INHERITANCE
The process through
which characters pass
from one generation to Mother
Father has
another is called big nose
has bushy
eyebrows
inheritance.
Son has big

nose & bushy
eyebrows
Genes are the functional units of heredity that transfer
characteristics from parents to offspring. Genes are
short stretches of DNA that code for a specific protein or
RNA. Every gene controls one or several particular
characteristic features in living organisms.
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the

study of genes, heredity and variations.
Allele:
One of the different forms of a particular gene,
occupying the same position on a chromosome.
Mendel worked out the
main rules of such
inheritance, and it is
interesting to look at
some of his experiments
from more than a
century ago.
● Mendel was educated in a monastery & studied science & mathematics at
the University of Vienna.
● Failure did not suppress his zeal for scientific quest.
● He went back to his monastery & started growing peas.
● Mendel blended his knowledge of science & mathematics and was the
first one to keep count of individuals exhibiting a particular trait in each
generation. This helped him to arrive at the laws of inheritance.
● This is why Mendel is referred to as ‘Father of Genetics’.
● He formulated the laws of inheritance that define the basis of the

process of heredity and transmission of characters.
Some Terms to Understand
F1 Generation:
Generation produced
as a result of cross
fertilization.
F2 Generation:
Generation produced
as a result of selfing
or self-fertilization of
F1 generation.
Law of Dominance
● First law of inheritance. In this law,

each character is controlled by a
pair of genes.
If the pairs are heterozygous, one

will always dominate the other.
● When parents with pure,

contrasting traits are crossed
together, only one form of trait
appears in the next generation.
The hybrid offspring will exhibit
only the dominant trait in the
phenotype.
Law of Segregation
● Second law of inheritance.
● This law explains that the pair of alleles

segregate from each other during
meiosis cell division (gamete formation)
so that only one allele will be present in
each gamete.
This law is based on four basic concepts:
Law of Segregation
- A gene exists in more than one form of an allele (different
forms of given gene- T, t).
- When gametes are produced by meiosis, the allelic pairs

separate, leaving each gamete with a single allele.
- Assortment of each pair of traits is independent of the

other.
- In other words, during gamete formation, one pair of

trait segregates from another pair of traits
independently. This gives each pair of characters a fair
chance of expression.
- We can say that the allele of a gamete which is received

for one gene does not influence the allele received for
another gene.
How Do Traits Get Expressed?
● Cellular DNA is the information source for

making proteins in the cell.
● A part of DNA that provides information for

one particular protein is called a gene for
that protein for example; the height of a
plant depends upon the growth hormone
which is in turn controlled by the gene.
SEX DETERMINATION
The process by which sex of an individual is

decided or determined based on its genetic
material composition is known as
SEX DETERMINATION.
Sex Determination in Animals
● Different species use very different strategies

for this. Some rely entirely on environmental
cues.
● Thus, in some animals like a few reptiles, the

temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept
determines whether the animals developing in
the eggs will be male or female.
● In other animals, such as snails, individuals

can change sex, indicating that sex is not
genetically determined.
● However, in human beings, the sex of the

individual is largely genetically determined.
The explanation lies in the fact that all human
chromosomes are not paired.
1. Most human 2. Women have a perfect

chromosomes have a pair of sex chromosomes,
maternal and a paternal both called X
copy, and we have 22 (homoganetic)
such pairs.
3. But men have a

mismatched pair in
which one is a
normal-sized X while the
other is a short one
called Y (heterogametic)
All children will inherit an X
chromosome from their
mother regardless of whether
they are boys or girls.
Thus, the sex of the children

will be determined by what
they inherit from their father.
Sex Determination in
Human Beings
Why did Mendel choose pea plant?
To study genetics, Mendel chose

to work with pea plants because
they have easily identifiable traits.
For example, pea plants are either tall or short,
which is an easy trait to observe.
Furthermore, pea plants grow quickly, so he

could complete many experiments in a short
period of time.
Mendel also used pea plants because they can

either self-pollinate or be cross-pollinated.
Self-pollination means that only one flower is
involved; the flower's own pollen lands on the female
sex organs.
Furthermore, pea plants grow quickly, so he could

complete many experiments in a short period of
time.
Since, Mendel could move pollen between plants, he

could carefully control and then observe the results
of crosses between two different types of plants.

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HEREDITY AND INHERITANCE

Son has big

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the

● Failure did not suppress his zeal for scientiﬁc quest.

● He went back to his monastery & started growing peas.

● This is why Mendel is referred to as ‘Father of Genetics’.

● He formulated the laws of inheritance that deﬁne the basis of the

● First law of inheritance. In this law,

If the pairs are heterozygous, one

● When parents with pure,

● Second law of inheritance.

● This law explains that the pair of alleles

- When gametes are produced by meiosis, the allelic pairs

- Assortment of each pair of traits is independent of the

- In other words, during gamete formation, one pair of

- We can say that the allele of a gamete which is received

● Cellular DNA is the information source for

● A part of DNA that provides information for

The process by which sex of an individual is

● Different species use very different strategies

● Thus, in some animals like a few reptiles, the

● In other animals, such as snails, individuals

● However, in human beings, the sex of the

1. Most human 2. Women have a perfect

3. But men have a

Thus, the sex of the children

To study genetics, Mendel chose

Furthermore, pea plants grow quickly, so he

Mendel also used pea plants because they can

Furthermore, pea plants grow quickly, so he could

Since, Mendel could move pollen between plants, he

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