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Zeolite formation and deposits

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DOI: 10.2174/978160805261511201010028

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 Natural Zeolites Handbook, 2011, 19-36 19

CHAPTER 2.1
ZEOLITE FORMATION AND DEPOSITS
Ioannis Marantos1*, George E. Christidis2 and Mihaela Ulmanu3
1
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Olympic Village, 136 77 Athens, Greece, E-mail:
marantos@igme.gr, yanmarantos@yahoo.gr
2
Department of Mineral Resources, Technical University of Crete (TUC), Engineering 73100 Chania,
Greece, E-mail: christid@mred.tuc.gr
3
National R&D Institute for Non-Ferrous and Rare Metals, IMNR, Bd. Biruintei 102,
77145 Pantelimon, Romania

Abstract: Zeolites are main mineral components in volcaniclastic rocks ranging in age
and composition. They form by alteration mainly of volcanic glass in various geological
environments, and variable chemical temperature conditions. Proposed genetical models
of zeolite deposits include, wathering, diagenesis in open or closed hydrologic systems,
low temperature hydrothermal systems, primary magmatic environment and impact
craters. The most common zeolite species which may occur in mineable deposits are
clinoptilolite-heulandite, mordenite, chabazite, analcime, and phillipsite. Mineable
zeolite deposits are widespread in many countries all over the world. The world annual
production of natural zeolites remains generally constant over the last 10 years and is
estimated to ca 3 million tons. Although there are large high grade zeolite deposits, and
there also several studies suggesting the efficiency of the zeolite material in many
applications, most of the annual zeolite production is consumed in massive low value
applications like pozzolanic cement and lightweight aggregates.

INTRODUCTION

The name zeolite was first used by Cronsted [1] in 1756 to describe crystals of a mineral from the
Svappari copper mine in Sweden, which was “boiling” during heating. Later Murray and Renard [2],
recognized zeolite minerals in deep sea sediments and more recently mineralogists and geologists
described zeolite minerals in volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks. Today it is generally
accepted that zeolites are widespread minerals, which form in a variety of geological environments.

The structure of zeolites is characterized by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each containing of four O
atoms at their apices, surrounding Si or Al. This framework contains open cavities in the form of channels
and cages, which are usually filled by H2O molecules and extra-framework cations that are commonly
exchangeable, (Fig. 1). The channels are large enough to allow the passage of guest molecules. In the
hydrated phases, dehydration occurs at temperatures mostly below 400o C and is largely reversible. The
zeolite framework may be interrupted by (OH,F) groups; these occupy a tetrahedron apex that is not
shared with adjacent tetrahedra [3].

More than 57 natural zeolite species have been recognized so far [4], but only few species occur in large
mineable mineral deposits. The most common zeolite species which may occur in mineable deposits are
clinoptilolite-heulandite, mordenite, chabazite, analcime, phillipsite, erionite and ferrierite. The
commonest commercial deposits consist of clinoptilolite, chabazite and mordenite.

∗Correspondence Author: Ioannis Marantos, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Olympic Village, 136 77 Athens,
Greece, E-mail: marantos@igme.gr, yanmarantos@yahoo.gr

Vassilis J. Inglezakis and Antonis A. Zorpas (Eds)

All rights reserved - © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 20

Figure 1: Clinoptilolite structure

ZEOLITE FORMATION

Zeolites may form well developed crystals in veins, cavities and vugs of volcanic rocks or as fine grained
crystals mainly in volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks. In the latter cases, zeolites are homogeneously
distributed in the mass of volcaniclastic or sedimentary rocks. Regardless the formation mechanism, the
zeolite deposits are characterized as “sedimentary deposits” [5]. Volcanic glass (silicic, alkalic, mafic) is
the most common parent material of zeolite minerals. Smectite, feldspars, feldspathoiods and biogenic
silica may also act as precursors in the formation of zeolite minerals.

With increasing temperature certain zeolites, such as the alkaline zeolites clinoptilolite or mordenite, may
become unstable and may also act as precursors of stable zeolite species, such as analcime. Zeolites form
by a solution/precipitation mechanism and their genesis is controlled by composition, grain size, porosity
and permeability of the host rock, temperature, pore water chemistry (pH, salinity, alkalinity), depth of
burial, and age of the formation [6, 7]. The role of temperature is a determinative factor in zeolitic
alteration, controlling the type of zeolite species which form, as well as the reaction rate. The
mineralogical zoning commonly observed in geothermal areas, around intrusive bodies and during burial
diagenesis or/and metamorphism is due to the temperature change [8-12 among others]. The chemistry of
the mineralizing fluids including pH, the (Na++K+)/H+ and K+/(Na++Ca2++Mg2+) activity ratios and the
activities of H4SiO4, Al(OH)4-, Fe2+, Fe3+, H2O and CO2 are additional important factors which may
control mineralogical zoning especially in closed systems [6,13-16 among others].

The increase of pressure and temperature by increasing burial in greater depths leads to formation of a
vertical zonal arrangement of more to less hydrous zeolites, finally producing metamorphic mineral
assemblages [11,17]. The composition of the original material, as well as permeability are also important
factors during zeolitic alteration because they determine the type of alteration minerals and the rate of
reaction.

In the last 60 years, zeolite minerals have been recognized as major constituents of altered volcaniclastic
rocks in various geological environments, such as burial metamorphic environments, [17-19], saline
alkaline lakes [6, 21-22], marine and fresh water environments; [6,23-24], geothermal environments, etc.
The distribution of the alteration mineral phases in various zeolite deposits is usually characterized by
zonal patterns depending on the environment of formation.Several genetic classification schemes of
zeolites based on the type of geological environment and the hydrologic system have been proposed by
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 21

various authors [25-31]. Following Iizima’s classification scheme [29], the zeolite genetic types can been
grouped into four main categories subdivided into various subcategories which are shown below.

Zeolite Formed At Elevated Temperatures - The Zones Resulting Primarily By Geothermal

Gradients

Magmatic Primary Zeolites

In some rare cases it has been suggested that analcime may crystallize at the last stages of crystallization
of magmatic rocks [32]. However the determination of primary or secondary origin for analcime is
difficult; therefore the magmatic origin of analcime still remains controversial [33, 34].

Zeolites Formed By Contact Metamorphic Processes

In volcano-sedimentary sequences, concentric alteration zones containing zeolite minerals may be formed
around intrusive bodies, as a result of contact metamorphism. A typical case of this type of alteration has
been described in the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan, [8]. In this area zeolitic alteration zones have been
developed more or less concentrically around a quartz diorite igneous body. Laumontite occurs in the
innermost parts and clinoptilolite and stilbite in the outer alteration zones.

Hydrothermal Zeolites

Various zeolite species may form by hydrothermal activity associated with different types of igneous
rocks. This type of deposits includes mainly alteration in active geothermal fields and alteration
associated with ore deposition. Zeolites are common alteration minerals in active and fossil geothermal
fields with steep geothermal gradients. Typical examples are: the geothermal field of Yellowstone Park in
USA, [10], various geothermal fields in Iceland [9], Warakei New Zealand [35], Onikobe in Japan, etc.
The formation and distribution of various zeolite minerals in the geothermal fields is controlled by several
factors. The temperature is the main controlling factor as it governs the degree of the alteration and the
distribution of individual zeolite minerals. Thus in the geothermal field of Iceland all the zeolites are
stable at temperature lower than 230°C except for analcime and wairakite that are stable at temperatures
up to 300°C [9]. Although mineralogical zoning due to temperature gradients is characteristic for
hydrothermal zeolites, it may not be well defined in fields with high geothermal gradients. For example in
Iceland zoning is better defined in areas with geothermal gradients lower than 150°C/km compared to
areas with gradients higher than 200°C/km [9]. Except for temperature, host rock composition,
permeability and geothermal fluid chemistry are also important factors for zeolitic alteration in
hydrothermal fields [9, 36]. Zeolite minerals may be formed by mineralizing hydrothermal solutions
around ore deposits. A typical example of this environment of formation is the Kuroko-type polymetallic
sulfide deposits which form from black smokers on the seafloor. Alteration patterns are rather complex
because they are produced by the combined action of submarine hydrothermal alteration and low
temperature diagenesis. In this type of alteration, which has been developed on acidic tuffs, the analcime
and Na-mordenite hydrothermal zones have been superimposed to the clinoptilolite-mordenite(II) zone of
burial diagenesis [37, 38].

Genesis In Geoautoclaves

In order to determine the zeolitization of marine ash flow tuffs, in Eastern Rhodope, Bulgaria Aleksiev
and Djourova [39] proposed a genetic model that they called “geoautoclave”. In this model vast quantities
of ignimbrites were deposited in shallow marine environment in successive short cycles. The deposition
of hot pyroclastics in shallow water introduced large amounts of thermal energy in the alteration system.
Due to the insulating properties of pumice and volcanic glass an autoclave system was generated
favouring the alteration of volcanic glass to zeolites at relatively elevated temperatures. This model is
similar to that proposed by Lenzi and Passaglia [40] for the genesis of zeolites in central Italy. The
“geoautoclave” model was accepted by several authors in order to interprete zeolite formation in
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 22

ignimbrites [41-44]. Although the “geoautoclave” environment is rather unlikely to occur in nature [45],
the temperature of volcanic glass and mainly the rate of cooling are important factors controlling the
zeolitization of volcanic tuffs. In volcanic terrains, the presence of magmatic bodies at shallow depths, as
well as the volcanic rocks themselves may drive the formation of low temperature hydrothermal
solutions, favouring the zeolitization of volcaniclastic rocks, [46-48].

Burial Diagenesis Or Metamorphism

In burial diagenetic/metamorphic environments volcaniclastic rocks undergo alteration of volcanic glass

to zeolites in thick sedimentary sequences. Due to progressive burial in greater depths a vertical zonal
arrangement of alteration mineral assemblages develops, which is controlled mainly by thermal gradients,
(Fig. 2). Typical examples of this type of deposits were first described in Triassic sediments in New
Zealand [17]. Moreover, well studied zeolite deposits of burial diagenetic type are widespread in the
Green Tuff region in Japan. [49-51]. The zeolite formations display a vertical zonal arrangement. With
increasing depth the following zones are observed: zone I which is characterized by partly alteration of
glass to smectite and opaline silica and the absence of zeolites; zone II that is dominated by the presence
of alkali clinoptilolite and alkali mordenite; zone III characterized by transformation of clinoptilolite –
mordenite into analcime and laumontite in the lower parts of the zone and zone IV that is characterized by
the transformation of analcime to albite. The aforementioned zonal arrengment is controlled mainly by
temperature. As indicated by measurements in boreholes in Japanese oilfields the temperature in the
boundary between zone I and II i.e the transformation of volcanic glass to alkali-zeolites is 41-50 °C, the
boundary between zones II and III, whereby clinoptilolite and mordenite convert to analcime is 84-91 °C
and the boundary between zones III and IV is 120-124°C [50,11]. Alteration is affected also by pore
water chemistry. Pore fluids of high salinity and alkalinity may lower the temperature of the glass-to-
alkali zeolite transition to ca 21°C and the clinoptilolite/mordenite transition to about 37°C [11].

Fig. 2: Alteration mineral zoning in burial diagenesis environment, (based on Utada, 1971)

Zeolites Form At Or Near Surface Conditions, The Zones Being Principally Controlled By
Chemical Gradients

Percolating Groundwater

In this alteration type, known also as open system tephra alteration [7], meteoric water percolating
through a volcaniclastic pile, reacts with glass, and finally produces vertical zoning of alteration mineral
assemblages, including various types of zeolites, clay minerals, authigenic K-feldspar, etc., due to the
progressive chemical modification of mineralizing fluids with downward migration. Zeolite deposits of
this type hosted in silicic tephra are usually thick. Zeolites in silicic tephra are often formed in depths
greater than 200m. Zeolite minerals display usually zonal distribution patterns, (Fig. 3) in a similar way as
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 23

in burial diagenesis, with clinoptilolite, phillipsite and chabazite in the upper part and analcime in the
lower zone, [20]. Alteration due to percolating groundwater can be distinguished from alteration due to
burial diagenesis because a) the thickness of the glass-to-alkali zeolite zone is significantly more
extensive in the latter and b) the time span for alteration is much shorter in the former compared to the
burial diagenesis [7]. Typical examples of this type of zeolitization are the John Day Formation, in
Oregon USA, [23], Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, [52], Trans-Pecos, Texas [53], etc. In the John Day
Formation zeolite neoformation takes place below the water table; hence pore fluid migration has an
important lateral component [23]. In contrast to acidic tuffs, basic volcaniclastics of basaltic composition
may be altered to zeolites and clay minerals. Typical examples of this type of deposits occurs in the Oahu
island, Hawaii, where tephra of alkali basalt to nephelinite composition has undergone alteration to
palagonite and zeolites, [54], and in northeast Jordan where tephra deposits of alkali olivine basalt
composition have been altered to similar end products [55, 56]. The zeolites formed (faujasite, phillipsite
and chabazite) have lower Si-contents than clinoptilolite and mordenite. In northeast Jordan three
diagenetic zones have been formed having sharp contacts with each other, which follow topography and
reflect differences in permeability, flow rate and pore-fluid composition [56].

Figure 3: Alteration mineral zoning in open hydrologic systems

Weathering

Various zeolite species have been recognised in soils including clinoptilolite, analcime, chabazite,
gismondine, laumontite phillipsite, natrolite and mordenite. Clinoptilolite is the most abundant zeolite
found in soils. Although most zeolite occurrences in soils may originate from volcanogenic material such
as tuffs, there are soils in which zeolites have neither been inherited into nor formed by the influence of
volcanic activity [57]. According to Boettinger and Graham [58], six types of zeolite occurrences have
been distinguished in soils: 1) Pedogenic zeolites in saline alkaline soils of non volcanic origin, 2)
Pedogenic zeolites in saline alkaline soils of volcanic origin, 3) Lithogenic zeolites inherited from
volcanic raw material 4) Lithogenic zeolites inherited from non-volcanic raw material, 5) Lithogenic
zeolites from eolian additions and alluvial deposition and 6) zeolites in other soil environments.

Alkaline, Saline Lake Deposits

 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 24

Saline alkaline lakes are hydrogeologically closed systems, typical of arid or semiarid areas where
evaporation exceeds inflow [28, 30, 59]. Saline or saline-alkaline brines may develop by evaporation,
depending on parent waters composition and chemical evolution [60, 61]. Modern closed basins are
classified into two distinct geological environments a) a playa lake complex in which a broad flat valley is
surrounded by a high mountain range and b) a rift system, which is a steep walled, flat, narrow valley
[61]. In saline, alkaline lake environments, silicic glass is rapidly altered to zeolite minerals, clay
minerals, opaline silica and K-feldspar because of the high pH values, often higher than 9. Clinoptilolite,
analcime, chabazite, mordenite, phillipsite and erionite are typical zeolite minerals forming in saline
alkaline lakes. The deposits exhibit a lateral zonal distribution of alteration mineral assemblages, due to
the zonation of the lake water chemistry from the margins to the centre of the lake. At the margins, where
fresh water is trapped in the interstitial pore water of the volcaniclastics, the fresh glass zone exists. The
zones of zeolite minerals follow in the interiors of the lake, whereas in the innermost parts where higher
pH values prevail, a K-feldspar zone is developed (Fig. 4). In such systems the formation of zeolites from
reaction of volcanic glass with alkaline solutions takes place in two steps [62]. First a gel forms, with a
Si/Al ratio controlled by the Si/Al ratio of the solution followed by nucleation of zeolites from the gel.
The Si/Al ratio of the zeolites is then controlled by the composition of the gel.

Figure 4: Alteration mineral zoning in saline, alkaline lake environment (1. fresh glass zone, 2. zeolite
zone, 3. zone of K-feldspar)

This type of zeolite deposits is relatively common throughout the world. Typical examples among others
include the Pleistocene lake Tecopa, the Pliocene Big Sandy Formation and the Miocene Barstow
Formation in USA [63], the Pleistocene lake Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania [64], the Pleistocene – Holocene
Lake Magadi in Kenya [65], Lake Natron in Tanzania [6], and the Neogene saline alkaline lake of
Karlovassi, Samos Ιsland, Greece [66]. Zeolite minerals may also form in saline environments of low
alkalinity. In these cases saline minerals indicative of alkaline waters are absent, Ca-rich zeolites form,
and the reaction of Ca-zeolites to form K-felsdpar suggest mobility of Ca [67].
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 25

Zeolites Formed At Low Temperature, Without Recognized Zonation

Marine Environment

Zeolite genesis is widespread at low temperatures in deep sea sediments. The most common marine
zeolites are clinoptilolite and phillipsite. Analcime is next in abundance and numerous other zeolite types
such as harmotome, heulandite, mordenite, erionite chabazite gmelinite thomsonite natrolite etc have been
identified in various areas [7]. Phillipsite, which is most abundant in sediments younger than the
Miocene, usually forms close to the sediment-water interface and disappears at greater depths, possibly
because it converts to clinoptilolite. It usually replaces basic volcanic glass in environments characterized
by slow sedimentation rates such as the South Pacific [51]. Clinoptilolite is common in sediments of
Eocene to Cretaceous age. It forms within the sediment column where silica activity is elevated to
stabilize it, mostly from dissolution of opal-A [68]. The source of excess silica is biogenic and
occasionally clinoptilolite forms pseudomorphs after radiolaria, even within basic rocks [51, 69].
Analcime has been identified in deep sea sediments, associated with basic rocks. Although it may coexist
with phillipsite or clinoptilolite there is not evidence for analcime formation from replacement of these
zeolites [7].

Zeolites Formation In Impact Craters

Impact Crater

Zeolites and clays may form as secondary minerals by reaction of fluids with the shock-derived
aluminosilicates and impact glasses within meteorite impact craters. The alteration of glass to zeolites
follows the same patterns and is controlled by the same parameters as in the open systems dominated by
percolating groundwater.

ZEOLITE DEPOSITS AND PRODUCTION

Mineable high grade zeolite deposits are widespread in many countries all over the world. Moreover,
there are several studies suggesting the efficiency of the zeolite materials in many applications [70-76].
Natural zeolites have not achieved what was predicted in the beginning of 70’s, despite studies that
suggest their applicability in numerous agricultural and industrial processes [126]. The same trend is valid
till today. Mining of zeolites is performed by open cast methods. Processing is rather simple and includes
crushing, screening, and classification to various fractions depending on the application field. In certain
cases the zeolite ore may be modified by treatment with acid or salt solutions. The World annual
production of zeolites remains generally constant over the last 10 years to ca 3 million tons. The major
part of the production is consumed by the cement industry for the manufacture of pozzolanic cement. The
world production for 2008 was 2.5 -3 million metric tons (Mt), with individual countries production to be
assigned as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists some geological data, zeolite content and physical properties
of selected zeolite deposits under exploitation in the main production countries.

Table 1: World production of zeolites, Virta (2008) [77]

COUNTRY PRODUCTION (thousand tn)
China 1750 to 2250 (including pozzolan applications)
Jordan 400 to 450 (including pozzolan applications)
the Republic of Korea 160
Japan 140 to 160 (including pozzolan applications)
Turkey 100
USA 60,1
Slovakia 60
Indonesia 30-50 (including pozzolan application)
Ukraine 20-40
Hungary 20 to 30
New Zealand 17
Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 26

Cuba 16,5
Bulgaria 15
South Africa 10
Australia 5-10
Spain 5-10
Canada, Greece, Italy, the Philippines, and Russia 3 to 5 each
Mexico 0,7
Argentina, Germany (excluding pozzolan applications), probably less than 1 to 2
Serbia, and Slovenia
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 27

Table2: Geological data of selected zeolite deposits

Country Location Commodity Grade Geological characteristics Mining Co Reference

Australia Werris Creek, Clinoptilolite, Clinoptilolite and Late Carboniferous, Escott zeolite formation Zeolite Australia P/L [42,78,79,80]
New South minor mordenite cosists of massive-laminated lacustrine
Wales >60%. mudstones- water-lain, ash fall vitric tuffs, red
CEC 1.2 meq/g to green
Quirindi, Castle Clinoptilolite Zeosand 85% Late Carboniferous, Escott zeolite formation Castle Mountain Enterprises Pty Ltd [81,82]
Mountain, New clinoptilolite cosists of massive-laminated lacustrine
South Wales CEC 1.47meq/g mudstones- water-lain, ash fall vitric tuffs, red
Zeobrite 54% to green
clinoptilolite
CEC 1.19meq/g
Willows, Clinoptilolite 50% zeolite Drummond basin: basal Late Devonian shallow Supersorb [78,83,84]
Queensland marine sedimentary rocks, overlain by Early
Carboniferous fluvial and lacustrine sediments
and silicic volcanics.The major zeolite unit is
the Ducabrook formation. Water lain, ash fall
tuffs.
Bulgaria Beli Plasti Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite 52- Lower Oligocene zeolitised ash flow (massive S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. [46]
Eastern 95%, tuffs) -
Rhodopes CEC 1.13-1.51
Haskovo- meqNH4/g
Kardzhali
Jelezni Vrata, zeolitised pumice flows (massive weakly Trasingeneering (Bulgarian) – production for [85, 47, 86]
Eastern welded ignimbrites) + zeolitized fall-out tuffs cement.
Rhodopes, (bedded) – clinoptilolite
Kardzhali
China Dushikou Mine, Clinoptilolite 50-70% zeolite [87]
Chi-cheng (400Mt)
county, Hebei
Province
Jin-yun county Clinoptilolite >100Mt [87]
mine, Zhejiang with minor
Province mordenite
Hai-ling County >65% zeolite [87]
Heilongjiang >100Mt
Province
China Xinyang City Zeolite Broad Xinyang Mining Co
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 28

powder
Zhejiang Shenshi zeolite Zhejiang Shenshi Mining Industry Co, Ltd.,
Henan China Zeolite Huai zeolite powder Xinyang Industry Co.Ltd [88]
Gongyi Zhongdatong Water Material Co, Ltd
Changsha Xian Shan Yuan Agriculture &
Technology Co, Ltd
Fujian China Esytun Industrial Ltd
Tianjin Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite 80- Tianjin Bentonite Minchem Co, Ltd
85%
Tsagaantsav, Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite 80- Dorniin Zeolite LLC
Mongolie 96%
Govi-Tamsag, Clinoptilolite 30-70% zeol Zeolite beds and stratum occurring in siliceous [89]
Mongolia tuff, tuffaceous sandstone and argillite of the
Early Cretaceous Tsagaantsav formation.
Govi-Tamsag, Clinoptilolite 10-80% zeol Early Cretaceous zeolite beds. Can be broken [89]
Mongolia into three productive horizons with a content of
70-90% zeolite (clinoptilolite).
Cuba Caimanes, Moa, clinoptilolite Altered Paleogene volcaniclastics [90]
Holguin
Bueycito, mordenite Zeolitized Paleocene –middle Eocene Massive [90]
Bayamo Granma volcaniclastics of intermediate composition
Prov
Palenque, Clinoptilolite, Zeolitized Paleocene –middle Eocene Sabaneta [90]
Guantanamo mordenite formation
Poijilo, Santa Cretaceous [90]
Clara
Tasajeroas Santa Cretaceous [90]
Clara
Chucho Rojas Cretaceous [90]
Conductora Cretaceous [90]
Joaquina Cretaceous [90]
Carolinas, Heulandite Cretaceous [90]
Cienfuegos type zeolites
Los Congos [91]
deposit, Mariel
region
Germany Kaiserstuhl, SW Zeolites 45%zeolite Miocene Kaiserstuhl volcanic Comlex Hans G. Hauri Mineralstoffwerk [92]
Germany
Hungary Mad-Suba Clinoptilolitic Clinoptilolite 25-35 Altered sarmatian rhyolitic tuffs Geoproduct [93]
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 29

tuffs %, Montmorillonite
25-35%, glass 25-
30%
Ratka Clinoptilolitic Clinoptilolite>40%, Altered sarmatian rhyolitic tuffs Geoproduct [93]
tuffs average 55%,glass
<40%
Bodrogkeresztur Mordenitic Clinoptilolite 1-2, Geoproduct [93]
tuffs mordenite <20%
Mad-Vasut
Indonesia Mount Rataiand Clinoptilolite Canadian – Australian joint venture [94,95,96]
Tarahan, high quality
Lampiung
Province,
Sumatra
Panjung, Clinoptilolite [94,95,96]
Lampung
Province
Java Clinoptilolite, [94,95,96]
mordenite
Japan Oshyamambe, Clinoptilolite Green Tuff Region, Miocene rhyolite-dacite [97]
Hokkaido tuffs, Kun’nui formation
Futatsui, Akita Clinoptilolite Green Tuff Region, Miocene rhyolite-dacite Zeolite Ind. Co. Ltd [97, 98]
Pref tuffs,,Nanakura formation
Itaya, Yamagata Clinoptilolite Green Tuff Region, Miocene rhyolite-dacite Zeaklite Chemical&Mining Company, a [97]
Pref tuffs, Itaya formation. Large lenticular deposit production of at least 60 kt/yr
thickness 250m,lenth 4X3.5Km
Nishiaizu, Clinoptilolite Green Tuff Region, Miocene rhyolite-dacite [97]
Fukushima Pref., tuffs,
Iwami Mine, Clinoptilolite Zeolite tuff, representing the outer zone of a [97]
Shimane Pref. metallic deposit.
Itado, Akita Pref. Mordenite Na-rich mordenite. Sanzugawa formation [97]
Maji, Shimane Mordenite [97]
Pref
Iizaka Mordenite 1.8-1.9meq/g Nitto [99]
Shiroise Mordenite 1.7-1.8 meq/g Nitto [99]
Itaoroshi Mordenite 0.55-1.5 meq/g Shintokoku Chem. Ind. [101]
Jordan Rashadieh Jordan Cement Factories [101]
Tel Remah Scoria deposit Jordan Cement Factories [101]
Tel Hassan Scoria deposit Amanah For Agr&Ind investment [101]
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 30

Al Aritayn Phillipsite 85-96% zeolite. Aritayn volcaniclastic formation. Jordanian factory for soil development & [101]
moisture drying
Al Aritayn Phillipsite Philipsite tuffs Green Technology Group [101]
New Mangatete and Clinoptilolite- Zeolite 50-80%, formed at NZ Natural [102,103,104]
Zealand Twist Road mordenite CEC: 0.8 - 1.1 shallow depth along fault zones by reaction of Zeolite Ltd
quarries, Tokoroa meq/g tuffs with groundwater-diluted geothermal
water during the late Quaternary.
Spain Cabo de Gata, 14 Mordenite Mordenite occurs in an Upper Miocene Minas Volcan [94,95]
km from Almeria bentonite sequence.
Mine in Madrid Zeolites Bentonitas Especiales SA mines [94,95]
Province
South Heidelberg- Clinoptilolite Upper Mesozoic Uitenhage Group [105]
Africa Riversdale
Lebombo Mt, Clinoptilolite 85-90% zeolite Lebombo Group perlite, rhyo;otic ashflows, Pratley Perlite Mining Co Ltd [105,106,106a]
Northern mordenite other volcanics-volcaniclastic rocks
KwaZulu-Natal
The Dalsin mine, clinoptilolite, Miocene lacustrine volcaniclastics of trachytic [94,95]
Republic of Tonghai, mordenite to basaltic composition and volcanics , altered
Korea Kyongsangbuk to clinoptilolite, mordenite

Guryongo area Clinoptilolite altered Miocene tuffs and tuffaceous sediments [107]
and
mordenite
Turkey Manisa / Gordes Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite 85- Miocene most lacustrine, partly fluviatile Teknomin, [108-113]
95%, Neogene basins Rota Mining Corporation,
CEC 1.4-2.1 meq/g Incal Mineral,
Enli mining Co
High Tech Zeolite Producer,
Magic Zeolite Mineral Researcher and
Producer,
Turkish Natural Zeolite Mining Ind.Ltd
Esen Foreign Trade
Ukraine Sokyrnytske, Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite >60% [114]
Hust, CEC 1.3 meq/g
Transcarpathian
USA Bowie, Arizona chabazite 70-80% zeolites Fluviatile-lacustrine deposits of Pliocene to UOP LLC [115,116,117]
Holocene age. The zeolitic tuff, is 22—155 cm GSA Resources Inc
thick consists of a basal massive bed, 10 to
20cm thick, overlain by 4—135cm of thin to
 Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 31

very thin beds. Only the basal bed, termed as

“ore” bed is mined.
Cuchillo Negro, Clinoptilolite Zeolite ore contains The zeolitic tuff is interbedded in a Tertiary St Cloud Mining Co [118,119]
New Mexico 75- 85% volcanic- sedimentary section. The zeolitized
clinoptilolite. tuffs are light-buff to chalk-white tuffs
CEC 0.8 and 1.2 interbedded with silty to sandy altered-tuff,
meq/g sandstone, and conglomerate.
The zeolite occurs in very homogenous,
continuous beds up to 7.5 m thick where it is
mined
Ash Meadows, Clinoptilolite clinoptilolite 50- "sandstone/claystone" unit. The zeolitic tuffs Ash Meadows LLC and KMI Zeolite Inc [120,121]
Amargosa 75%, CEC 1.60 (pale green - yellowish -white, fine-grained,
Valley, meq/g lapilli, hard, with conchoidal fracture-, lies
California within sandstone and claystone of Pliocene to
Oligocene age.
Bear River, Idaho Clinoptilolite 85% clinoptilolite, Bear River Zeolite [122]
rest opaline silica
CEC 1.5-1.8 meq/g
Tilden, Clinoptilolite Clinoptilolite 50- Eocene Manning Formation. Zeolitized air-fall Zeotech Corp [118,123]
McMullen 60% tuffs
County,Texas
Adrian, Oregon Clinoptilolite Sucker Creek Formation. Nearly Teague Mineral Production Co [124,125]
monomineralic Miocene white airfall tuff. The
mined bed is ~30ft
Zeolite formation and deposits Marantos, Christidis and Ulmanu 32

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Prof Y. Yanev and Dr M. Albayrak providing data on zeolite exploitation in Bulgaria and Turkey
respectively are greatly appreciated.

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