The

Introduction
Prof. Ana Maria Josefina P. De Torres
 Content of the Chapter 1
• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem/Research Questions
• Hypotheses/Assumptions
• Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
• Scope and Limitations
• Significance of the Study
• Definition of Terms : Operational Definitions & Conceptual
Definitions
• *may vary or change following the institutional/department’s format
What are you interested about?
Start with:
A Story
Numbers or Statistic
Thoughtful Expression
What is an Intro (Introduction)?

The introduction is like a preview for the remainder

of your paper.
It functions as a background information.
Talk about Transition

Like a funnel, begin with something very general

to a narrow thesis statement.
Background of the Study
• This chapter discusses the composition and writing of a scholarly
introduction.
• Five components of writing a good introduction:
• (a) establishing the problem leading to the study,
• (b) reviewing the literature about the problem,
• (c) identifying deficiencies in the literature about the problem,
• (d) targeting an audience and noting the significance of the problem for
this audience, and
• (e)identifying the purpose of the proposed study.
Background of the Study
• The introduction establishes the issue or concern leading to the research
by conveying the information about a problem.
• The deficiencies model of an introduction is an approach to writing an
introduction to a research study that builds on gaps existing in the
literature. It is a general template for writing a good introduction.
• Five parts of deficiencies model of an introduction; a. state the research
problem b. review studies that have addressed the problem c. indicate
deficiencies in the studies d. advance the significance of the study for
particular audience e, state the purpose statement
• Insert: A Model for Introduction
Research Objective or Purpose Statement
• It indicates why you want to conduct the study and what you intend to
accomplish
• It sets forth the intent of the study, not the problem or issue to a need for
the study.
• It is the most important statement in the entire study and it needs to be
clear, specific and informative.
 Research Objective or Purpose Statement
Script:
 Research Objective or Purpose Statement
Example:
 Research Objective or Purpose Statement
Script:
Research Objective or Purpose Statement
Example:
Statement of the Problem or
Research Questions and
Hypothesis
or Assumptions
• Issues or problems that that leads to a need for study
• The questions to be answered in the study.
Qualitative Research Questions
• The intent is to explore the general complex set of factors
surrounding the central phenomenon and present the broad varied
perspectives or meanings that participants hold.
Quantitative Statement of the Problem and
Hypotheses
• It inquire about the relationships among variables that the
investigator seeks to know. They are frequently used in social
science research and especially survey studies.
• Quantitative Hypotheses – are predictions the researcher makes
about the expected outcomes of relationships among variables.
Testing of hypotheses employs statistical procedures in which the
investigator draws inferences about the population from a study
sample.
Quantitative Statement of the Problem and
Hypotheses
Example: Non-Directional Hypotheses
Quantitative Statement of the Problem and
Hypotheses
Example: Directional Hypotheses
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
• The theory in quantitative research is an interrelated set of
constructs (or variables) formed into propositions, or
hypotheses that or hypotheses, that specify the relationship
among variables (typically in terms of magnitude or direction).
• A theory might appear in a research study as an argument, a
discussion, a figure, a rationale, or a conceptual framework,
and it helps to explain (or predict) phenomena that occur in
the world.
• The theory would provide the explanation for
thisexpectation or prediction.
Significance of the Study
• It conveys the importance of the problem for different
groups that may profit from reading and using the study
• It sets clear rationale for the importance of the study
• In designing this section, one might include the following:
• Reasons that the study adds to the scholarly research and
literature in the field
• Reasons about how the study helps improve practice
• Reasons as to why the study will improve policy or
decision making
Definition of Terms
• The words of everyday language are rich in multiple meanings.
Scientific language ostensibly strips this multiplicity of
meaning from words in the interest of precision.

Several suggestion when defining a terms

• Define a term when it appears in the proposal
• Write definitions at a specific operational or applied level
• Do not define the terms in everyday language
Definition of Terms
Example:
 Content of the Chapter 2
• Conceptual Literature
• Related Studies
• Synthesis
• *may vary or change following the institutional/department’s format
The RRL
✓ Focus is on previous research.
✓ Theories are key concepts.
✓ Include works of experts in the field.
✓ Provide up to date information.
✓ Shows how your study can fill the gap.
✓ Why the necessity for your study.
✓ Sets boundaries.
The RRL
Important Reminders!!
✓ Always make an outline. –Create a literature map
✓ Follow a logical order of thought and processes.
✓ Write good sentences.
✓ Go for economy of expression.
✓ Use academic tone only.
✓ Look professional.
✓ Again, make an outline.
Important and Urgent!!

Set a deadline.
Or
you will be writing your paper forever!
The Abstract
The abstract acts as a major section of the
document and typically begins on the second
page of the paper. It follows directly after the
title page and precedes the main body of the
paper.
What’s in it?
The abstract is a concise, single-
paragraph summary of your paper’s
purpose, main points, method, findings,
and conclusions. To be written after the
rest of your paper has been completed.
Hpow many words?

The abstract’s length should be a

minimum of 150 words and a
maximum of 250 words; it should be
confined within a single paragraph.
Some Practical Tips
✓ Work 2-5 hours per week
✓ Stay healthy
✓ Sleep
✓ Eat and keep hydrated
✓ Keep all documents handy
✓ Take note every single time
 References
Creswell, J.W. (2017) Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage: London.