PUMPS

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of a pump is to transport a fluid from point A to point to B. Point B will normally be
on a higher level than point A.

For the fluid to be transported from a to b there will be a flow.

There must be a pressure differential or a difference in pressure between inlet and outlet of the
pump.

A pressure differential is the same as the condition that is developed when you suck cooldrink,
which is a fluid, from a glass with a straw. By sucking on the straw the pressure is reduced
causing a vacuum. Whereas atmospheric pressure on the cooldrink in the glass remains
constant. It is this pressure difference which forces the cooldrink into the vacuum and so into
your mouth.

In the pump the vacuum is developed at the suction eye of the pump because the fluid is drawn
away from the inlet, and flows through the pump having more energy developed in the fluid at
the outlet than at the inlet. When this energy is converted into pressure, it is higher at the outlet
than the inlet.

There are two main pump groups:

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Where energy is generated by the centrifugal force of a vortex.

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Where flow and pressure is generated by the direct displacement of the fluid.
 end suction

single stage

double entry
centrifugal
ring section

multi-stage

submersible
main
pump
groups
piston

reciprocating
plunger

positive diaphragm
displacement vane

single rotor screw

peristaltic
rotary
gear

multi-rotor lobe

screw
Main pump groups

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

WORKING PRINCIPLE
This type of pump will positively displace a liquid volume at almost a fixed rate, irrespective of
the resistance the liquid encounters when running at a steady speed.

OPERATING PRINCIPLES

Reciprocating
The principle of the reciprocating pump is similar to the motor car engine in that the fluid is
compressed in a cylinder or chamber by the movement of a piston along the cylinder. The
pistons are driven from an external source through a crankshaft, or by riding on a camshaft
against spring pressure on the piston. The pistons can be aligned axially along the driving shaft,
or radially around the driving shaft, depending on the design.

The main components of reciprocating pump are as follows:

Suction Pipe.
Suction Valve.
Delivery Pipe.
Delivery Valve.
Cylinder.
Piston and Piston Rod.
Crank and Connecting Rod.
Strainer
IDENTIFICATION OF PISTON TYPE RECIPROCATING PUMP

Reciprocating pump driven off a crankshaft from an external electric motor

 The crosshead is situated between the crankshaft and piston and converts the rotary
motion of the crankshaft into linear motion of the piston. The crosshead usually runs in
guides in the casing.

 The pistons are fitted with piston rings to take up the clearance between the cylinder wall
and the piston.
 Suction and discharge valves are of the non return type and may be a simple ball-valve
type or spring loaded- disc.

 Lubrication of the moving parts may be a splash-fed system where the crankshaft runs in
an oil bath, or it may be a force-fed system, where an oil pump driven off the crankshaft
through gearing is used to supply the oil.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PLUNGER TYPE RECIPROCATING PUMP

One of the most common practical applications for this type of pump is for metering,
proportioning or dosing accurately controlled volumes of chemicals or additives in a process. A
special requirement is therefore the capability of stroke adjustment whilst the pump is running or
at rest, either manually or by automatic means.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIAPHRAGM TYPE RECIPROCATING PUMP

Diaphragm Type

This type of pump head is normally used for metering pumps where higher flow rates and lower
pressures than the plunger type are required.

Diaphragm pumps get their name from the flexible diaphragm they use to displace the fluids.
The diaphragm extends across the widest part of the pump cavity, completely sealing one half
of the cavity from the other. The completeness and reliability of the seal formed by the
diaphragm makes diaphragm pumps ideal foe containment of caustic chemicals and for
chemical metering.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Centrifugal force is the outward force acting on a body rotating in a circle around a central point.
The force causes the body to move outwards unless it is held in position.

All centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller. This has a series of curved blades specially
shaped for maximum efficiency.

Liquid enters the centre (or eye) of the rotating impeller at supply pressure, where it is then set
in motion by the impeller. The motion of the impeller imparts centrifugal force to the liquid, which
causes the liquid to be flung radially outwards, resulting in an increase of kinetic energy or
velocity. The liquid is then discharged from the impeller blade tips into the casing at high
velocity.

In the casing, this velocity energy is converted into pressure, which results in the liquid being
discharged at a higher required pressure at the pump outlet. The high velocity of the water is
converted to pressure by means of diffuser vanes, or by means of a volute casing.

Volute casing Discharge casing and diffuser

 Impeller

IDENTIFICATION OF END SUCTION CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND

COMPONENTS

End suction centrifugal pump

NOTE: Make use of manufacturers specification or worksite procedures when doing
maintenance or overhauling pumps at your worksite.

Identification of components for a end suction centrifugal pump

MOVING PARTS STATIONARY PARTS

1. Shaft 7. Volute Casing 17. Packing
2. Impeller 8. Discharge Cover 18. Felt Ring Cover
3. Ball Bearing 9. Bearing Pedestal 19. Sealing Ring
4. Deflector 10. Cover Drive End 20. Sealing Ring
5. Impeller Nut 11. Cover Nondrive End 21. Dip Stick
6. Lock Washer 12. Gasket 22. Plug (s/supply)
27. Coupling Half 13. Gasket 23. Plug (ext/supply)
14. Felt Ring 24. Sealing Liquid Inlet.
15. Gland Follower 25. Leakage Drain
16. Lantern Ring 26. Drain Plug
ROTARY PUMPS

Unlike the reciprocating pump which produces pressure pulses in the discharge line, the rotary
pump produces what is essentially a constant flow at variable pressure.

IDENTIFICATION OF SINGLE ROTOR VANE PUMP

Vane Pump
Sliding vane pumps consist of a slotted rotor mounted off-set in a circular casing. Blades fitted in

the slots are free to slide. As the rotor revolves, the vanes are thrown outward by centrifugal

force and contact the casing forming a seal.

The eccentricity of the rotor in the housing forms a partial vacuum on the suction side inducing

flow, which is transferred to the delivery side of the pump where the effect of the eccentricity is

to force the product into the delivery line.

Sliding vane pumps are primarily used as high speed units handling low viscosity fluids.
IDENTIFICATION OF SINGLE HELICAL SCREW ROTOR PUMP

Screw Pump
This type of pump has a single start helical screw rotor revolving eccentricity within a static two
start helical sleeve made of elastomeric material. The meshing of the two parts open and close
a cavity which passes from the suction to delivery side of the pump.

PERISTALTIC PUMP
Peristaltic Pumps
This is one of the simplest forms of positive displacement pumps. It consists of a tube laid in the
curved track of a pump head. There is a central rotor with either two or three rollers or shoes set
at the periphery. As the rotor turns, the advancing roller or shoe progressively squeezes the
tube driving the fluid before it. At the same time the portion of tube behind the roller returns to its
normal shape, thus creating vacuum and drawing in more fluid which in turn will be driven
forward by the following roller.

IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-ROTOR GEAR PUMPS

External Gear Pump

External gear pumps incorporate a pair of meshing gears of the same size in a close fitting
casing. There may be one gear coupled to a drive shaft through which the power is transmitted
from a motor, with the second gear idling or, for high load duties, bath gears may be driven
through timing gears.

Internal Gear Pumps

These comprise a drive shaft connected to a rotor with internally cut gear teeth, which meshes
with an idler gear with externally cut teeth. The idler gear is off-set between the two gears and
acts as a seal between suction and discharge. As with the external gear pump, fluid is trapped
by the teeth and transported from suction to delivery, the vacuum caused on the suction side
including more fluid into the pump.
IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-LOBE PUMP

Lobe Rotor Pumps

These operate in a similar manner to external gear pumps, the intermeshing elements having a
lobe, not a gear form. They also operate with a small clearance, the rotors being driven
independently through timing gears. The normal arrangement is the tri-lobe form shown, but for
difficult products of a viscous nature (thick and sticky), a bi-lobe can be used.
IDENTIFICATION OF SCREW PUMP

Screw Pumps
Screw pumps embody two or more rigid screw form rotors mounted on parallel axes and
intermeshing. One screw may be power driven and the others idle, or all may be driven by
timing gears with small positive clearance.
Normal duties involve the bulk handling of oils and similar fluids.

OVERHAUL PUMP
A pump overhaul is the process of rebuilding or replacing parts to return the pump’s
performance to the manufacturer’s specifications. Basically an overhaul involves four steps:
Disassembly.
Cleaning
Inspection
Re-assembly.
A pump overhaul begins the same way that work on all mechanical equipment begins, with
careful preparation. This preparation can be divided into three steps:
Consult the manufacturer’s instruction manual for the pump specifications and any special
instructions pertaining to the overhaul procedure.
Follow all plant procedures and safety regulations.
Disconnect the pump from its motor, piping and bed plate.
In addition all necessary tools should be on hand before work begins