Group Project Elec Energy Converison 1

College of Engineering
EE Department
Electric Energy Conversion – ELEC411-01

Fall 2020
Group Project
Report
Name: Khalid Walid Osman ID: 201735126

Name: Amr Maraqa ID: 201735438
Name: Omar Walid Osman ID: 201735174
Name: Mustafa Sallabi ID: 201735171
Page 1
Introduction
The synchronous generator or alternator is an electrical machine that

converts the mechanical power from a prime mover into an AC electrical
power at a particular voltage and frequency. The synchronous motor
always runs at a constant speed called synchronous speed.
The synchronous generator works on the principle of Faraday laws

of electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic induction states that
electromotive force induced in the armature coil if it is rotating in the
uniform magnetic field. The EMF will also be generated if the field rotates
and the conductor becomes stationary. Thus, the relative motion between
the conductor and the field induces the EMF in the conductor. The wave
shape of the induces voltage always a sinusoidal curve.
The three-phase synchronous generators have many advantages in

generation, transmission, and distribution. The large synchronous
generators use in the nuclear, thermal and hydropower system for
generating the voltages.
The synchronous generator with 100MVA power rating uses in the

generating station. The 500MVA power rating transformer use in the
super thermal power stations. The synchronous generators are the primary
source of the electrical power. For the heavy power generation, the stator
of the synchronous generator design for voltage ratings between 6.6 kV
to 33 kV.
Page 2
Objectives
1. To gain experience in studying the ratings of the synchronous machine that are required
for a proper and safe operation.
2. To study and analyze the transient behavior of synchronous machine in response to
sudden disturbances including
a. Changes in the mechanical input power for synchronous generator
b. Changes in the field current for synchronous generator
Page 3
Problem: A 13.8-kV, 187-MVA, 0.8-power-factor-lagging, 60-Hz, 20-pole Y-connected
synchronous generator has a synchronous inductance of 0.8104 mH and an armature resistance 𝑅
of 0.0204 Ω. The generator is delivering power at the rated terminal voltage to an infinite bus bar.
The core losses, stray losses, and friction and windage losses are neglected.
Part 1 Theoretical part:
Page 4
3. Show that the generator phasor diagram for lagging power factor can be drawn as
shown in Figure 1.
Page 5
Part 2
II. Ratings of the synchronous generator:
1. Plot the synchronous generator capability curve in the PQ-plane

2. 2. Find the maximum acceptable armature current
3. What is the maximum allowable internal generated voltage 𝐸𝐴?
4. Use the same PQ-plane of Question 1 to sketch the maximum field current circle
𝑆 187 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 = = = 7823.51 , 7823.51(−36.87)
√3𝑥𝑉𝐿 √3𝑥13800
𝐸𝐴 = 7967 + 7823.51(−36.87)𝑋(0.0204 + 𝑗0.3055) = 9700.3(10.79)
−623.3 𝑀𝑉𝐴 =758 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆 = 3𝑥𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑥𝐼𝐴 = 186.98 MVA
% M-file to display a capability curve for a

% synchronous generator.
% Calculate the waveforms for times from 0 to 1/30 s
Q = -623.3;
DE = 758;
S = 186.98;
% Get points for stator current limit
theta = -95:1:95; % Angle in degrees
rad = theta * pi / 180; % Angle in radians
s_curve = S .* ( cos(rad) + j*sin(rad) );
% Get points for rotor current limit
orig = j*Q;
theta = 65:1:115; % Angle in degrees
rad = theta * pi / 180; % Angle in radians
r_curve = orig + DE .* ( cos(rad) + j*sin(rad) );
% Plot the capability diagram
figure(1);
plot(real(s_curve),imag(s_curve),'b','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
Page 6
plot(real(r_curve),imag(r_curve),'r--
','LineWidth',2.0);
% Add x and y axes
plot( [-900 900],[0 0],'k');
plot( [0,0],[-900 900],'k');
% Set titles and axes
title ('\bfSynchronous Generator Capability Diagram');
xlabel('\bfPower (MW)');
ylabel('\bfReactive Power (MVAR)');
axis( [ -900 900 -900 900] );
axis square;
hold off;
Page 7
Part 3
III. Transient behavior of synchronous machine :
1. Initially, i.e., at 𝑡 = 0 𝑠, the generator is delivering 50 MVA to the bus bar at

the rated voltage and at 0.95 lagging power factor. Find the generated internal
voltage. What is the converted power?
2. At 𝑡 = 1𝑠, the power demand increases and the prime mover delivers 150 MW
to the generator, while the field current is maintained constant. Find the power
angle 𝛿, the power factor, the real power, and the reactive power of the generator. State
whether the generator absorb or supply reactive power.
3. At 𝑡 = 4𝑠, the internal generated voltage 𝑬𝑨 is increased to make the generator

operate at 0.8 lagging power factor, while the power of the prime mover is kept
constant. Find the armature current, the internal generated voltage, the power
angle, the active power, and the reactive power. Can this generator operates under such
conditions, why and why not?
Page 8
Page 9
3- YES , the generator operates under such conditions because it
works under the RATED CONDITIONS
4. Simulate your system using Matlab/Simulink file provided with the project. Towards
this end, the simulation time can be set equal to 5 s to consider the three different
scenarios.
5. Plot the power angle, the rotor speed, the active power, the reactive power, the power
factor angle, and the current. Such waveforms should be plotted over the simulation
time of 5 s.
6. Compare the theoretical results with that obtained in simulation at steady-state

conditions.
7. Comment about the transient behavior of the power angle and rotor speed in response
to a sudden increase in the prime mover power, i.e., the transient response between 1 s
and 4 s
8. Comment about the transient behavior of the active power and the rotor speed in
response to a sudden increase in the internal generated voltage, i.e., the transient
Page 10
response after 4 s
Part 4)
The initial and final values of the converted power and the internal voltage are shown in the figures
above.
The figure above shows the simulation of the motor circuit.
Page 11
Part 5)
Power angle vs. time
Rotor speed vs. time
Page 12
Active power vs. time
Reactive power vs. time
Page 13
Power factor angle vs. time
Current vs. time
Page 14
Part 6)
Power angle: As can be seen in the graph, the power angle settles under the 14-degree mark,
which is the same as the value obtain in the calculations, 13.3.
Rotor speed: As can be seen in the graph, the rotor speed changes briefly in response to changes
in the power or internal voltage but then settles back at the same value. This is consistent with
the theory we have learned.
Active power: As can be seen in the graph, real power settles at the 150 MW mark.
Reactive power: As can be seen in the graph, the reactive power becomes constant right under
the x-axis (around -6.6 MVAR) and then rises above the 10*10^7 line (around 109 MVAR).
These values are consistent with those obtained in part 2 and 3.
Power factor angle: As can be seen in the graph, the power factor angle started at 18.19,
decreases to -2.57 and then increases to 36.87 degrees.
Current: As can be seen in the graph, the current started at a value under 5000 (2091 in the
calculations) and then increased to under 10K (6183 in the calculations).
Part 7)
When the prime mover power increases, the frequency of the generator increases substantially.
This explains the sharp increases in rotor speed that occurred. However, the rotor speed then
decreases back to its original value because the frequency of the infinite bus remains constant.
As for the power angle, since the power supplied increases when the prime mover power
increases but the magnitude of the internal voltage remains the same, the value of delta increases.
The relationship between power and delta can be seen in the following equation.
3(𝑉𝑝ℎ)(𝐸𝑎)
𝑃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑋𝑠
Vph, Ea, and Xs are constant. Therefore, when P increases delta increases.
QUESTION 7
As it is obvious from the power angle and the rotor speed figures that there is an overshoot
during transient due to a sudden increase in the prime mover power and then it reaches the steady
state again
QUESTION 8
When increasing the internal voltage both power and speed increase due to the frequency’s direct
relationship to speed . this results in an increase of the mechanical power, which increases the
prime mover speed
Page 15

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College of Engineering

Electric Energy Conversion – ELEC411-01

Name: Khalid Walid Osman ID: 201735126

The synchronous generator or alternator is an electrical machine that

The synchronous generator works on the principle of Faraday laws

The three-phase synchronous generators have many advantages in

The synchronous generator with 100MVA power rating uses in the

for a proper and safe operation.

2. To study and analyze the transient behavior of synchronous machine in response to

sudden disturbances including

a. Changes in the mechanical input power for synchronous generator

b. Changes in the field current for synchronous generator

Part 1 Theoretical part:

1. Plot the synchronous generator capability curve in the PQ-plane

𝐸𝐴 = 7967 + 7823.51(−36.87)𝑋(0.0204 + 𝑗0.3055) = 9700.3(10.79)

−623.3 𝑀𝑉𝐴 =758 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑆 = 3𝑥𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑥𝐼𝐴 = 186.98 MVA

% M-file to display a capability curve for a

1. Initially, i.e., at 𝑡 = 0 𝑠, the generator is delivering 50 MVA to the bus bar at

3. At 𝑡 = 4𝑠, the internal generated voltage 𝑬𝑨 is increased to make the generator

6. Compare the theoretical results with that obtained in simulation at steady-state

The figure above shows the simulation of the motor circuit.

Power angle vs. time

Rotor speed vs. time

Reactive power vs. time

Current vs. time

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