Almaaqal University

College of Engineering
Dept. of Control & Computer

Computer Networks

Lecture 3.
Network Models

3rd Grade

Assist. Lect. Alnawar J. Mohammed

1
LAYERED TASKS
 We use the concept of layers in our daily
life. As an example, let us consider two
friends who communicate through postal
mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no
services available from the post office.

2.2
Layered Tasks, Example

2.3
THE OSI MODEL
 Established in 1947, the International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards. An
ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s.
 Note:
◦ ISO is the organization.
◦ OSI is the model.
2.4
Seven layers of the OSI model

2.5
 Exchange using the OSI Model
Encapsulation
The figure below reveals another aspect of data communications in the OSI
model: Encapsulation.
A packet (header and data) at level 7 is encapsulated in a packet at level 6. The
whole packet at level 6 is encapsulated in a packet at level 5, and so on.

2.6
 Exchange using the OSI Model
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
At the other side (the receiver side), the opposite operation is done by deleting the
headers and the trailer in the data link layer.

2.7
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
 Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer

2.8
Physical Layer functions
 The physical layer is responsible for movements
of individual bits from one hop (node) to the
next.
1- Physical characteristics of interface and medium:
connector, cables

2.9
Physical Layer functions
2- Representation of bits: encoding

2.10
Physical Layer functions
3- Data rate: number of bits carried by the transmission
media in a second.

2.11
Physical Layer functions
4- Synchronization of bits: the sender and the receiver
clocks must be synchronized.

2.12
Physical Layer functions
5- Line configuration: point-to-point, multipoint

2.13
Physical Layer functions
6- Physical topology: Mesh, Star, Ring, Bus and Hybrid

2.14
Physical Layer functions
7- Transmission mode: simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex

2.15
Data Link Layer functions
 The data link layer is responsible for
moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
1- Framing

2.16
Data Link Layer functions
2- Physical addressing (MAC address)

2.17
Data Link Layer functions
3- Flow control

2.18
Data Link Layer functions
4- Error control

Retransmission

2.19
Data Link Layer functions
5- Access control

2.20
Hop-to-hop Delivery
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop.

2.21
Network Layer functions
 The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
1- Logical addressing (IP Address)

2.22
Network Layer functions
2- Routing

2.23
Source-to-destination delivery
The logical addresses usually remain the same
through the network from source to destination.

2.24
Transport layer functions
 The transport layer is responsible for the
delivery of a message (segments) from
one process to another.

2.25
Transport layer functions
1- Service-point addressing (Port address)

2.26
Transport layer functions
2- Segmentation and reassembly

2.27
Transport layer functions
3- Connection control:

2.28
Transport layer functions
4- Flow control
5- Error control

Note: these two responsibilities are the same as

these given in Data Link Layer.

2.29
Reliable process-to-process delivery
of a message
The port address also remain the same through the
network.

2.30
Session layer functions
 The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
1- Dialog Control

2.31
Session layer functions
2- Synchronization.

2.32
Presentation layer functions
 The presentation layer is responsible for
translation, compression, and encryption.
1- Translation

2.33
Presentation layer functions
2- Compression

2.34
Presentation layer functions
3- Encryption

2.35
Application layer
 The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

2.36
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

 The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do

not exactly match those in the OSI model.

 However, when TCP/IP is compared to

OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol
suite is made of five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport, and application.

2.37
TCP/IP and OSI model

2.38
ADDRESSING
 Four levels of addresses are used in an
internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:

2.39
Relationship of layers and addresses
in TCP/IP

2.40
Physical Address
 Most local-area networks use:

A 48-bit (6-byte) (12 hexadecimal digits)

physical address.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

2.41
Logical Address

A logical address in the Internet is a 32-bit

address that can uniquely define a host
connected to the Internet.

192.168.30.5

2.42
Port Address

A 16-bit port address represented

as one decimal number.

753

Protocol Reserved Port # Comments

FTP 21 File Transfer

telnet 23 remote login

SMTP 25 E-mail

DNS 53 Domain name system

HTTP 80 World Wide Web

2.43
Specific Address

Examples include the e-mail address (for

example, forouzan@fhda.edu) and the Universal
Resource Locator (URL) (for example,
www.mhhe.com).

2.44
Example 2.3
 The next figure shows a part of an internet with
two routers connecting three LANs. Each
device (computer or router) has a pair of
addresses (logical and physical) for each
connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has
only one pair of addresses. Each router,
however, is connected to three networks (only
two are shown in the figure). So each router has
three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
2.45
IP addresses

2.46