LESSON 2: THE

Placed before main part of the

SENTENCE verb:
a. Before the simple tense.
ORDER OF WORDS  I shall always get up early.
S.V.O : Main /general rule in
English b. If it’s a compound tense,
between aux. and participle or
A.S.A.V.O.A infinitive; they are also placed
Adverbial-Subject-Adverb-Verb- between “to be” and adj.
Object-Adverbial:  I have always studied
 place of the adverbial varies English for five years.
greatly according to the type
of adverbial, emphasis, and c. If the verb consists of three
meaning. parts, the adv. comes after the
 Verb and object should not first.
be separated.  We shall always be pleased
 Adverbial: A phrase with to see you.
adverb.
MANNER
OBJECTIVE a. Adverbial that comes at end.
Rule #1: Noun follows adverb;  She ate very quickly.
mid-position is possible.
 I must ring up Allen. b. Adverbials that come @ mid-
Rule #2: Personal pron. must point.
come between v. and adv.  She quickly ate her dinner
 Put your phone away. dinner and ran out.

ADVERBIALS (Time and Place)

DEVIATION FROM THE
Rule #1: Frequent place of
adv.ls. is at the end of the
NORMAL WORD ORDER
sentence. ( Inversion of S and V )
 Aldrin love to go to the In Spoken English, sentences
library at 9 am. are introduced by there is/
Rule #2: Adv.ls. is placed on the there are.
start of sentence when it is part  There is a fireplace in my
of a longer narrative. room.
 During the 2022 elections,
fake news is rampant. In Written English, inversion is
frequent after direct speech.
INDEFINITE TIME  “I am confused.” said Glenn.
Some adverbs of indefinite time
take mid-position. (e.g. never, Begins with a negative obj.
often, still, ever, etc.) Inversion must take place when
 He rarely visits his the sentence begins with a
grandparents. negative obj. or adv.ls.
 Not a word could we
understand. Closed Question
 Starts with aux.
POSITION OF OBJECT: O.S.V.A  Yes or no
Order
Object begins naturally the Open Question
sentence in certain excl.  Starts with quest. word/
 What a delicious pizza quest. phrase.
Johnny ate yesterday!  Needs explanation.
Note: O.S.V.A is not advisable to  Forms conversation.
use because it can cause
confusion INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
 Interrogative word/
POSITION OF OBJECT: S.V.A.O questions.
Order  Is used to ask questions.
 They performed brilliantly
in the play. DIRECT QUESTION
- ordinary questions.
EMPHATIC SPEECH
Emphasis is achieved by INDIRECT QUESTION
stressing the verb. - formal questions.
a. When there is aux., aux. is
pron. with full vowel and INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
special force.  Forming the WH-questions.
 He has been working all day.  Formula: WH-pron. +
aux./modal v. + subj. + m.v.
b. The verb is combined with ‘to  If: Who, what, and which
do’. are the subj., we can’t use
 “Do you like jazz music?” aux. and use: S WH-pron.
 “I don’t like it at all.” verb.

Important word is prominent in NEGATION

the ffg. ways:  When certain words and
1. The word is stressed (greater sentences are nullified.
force, emphatic intonation)  Denies or contradicts that
 He is spreading the news. something is true.

2. The word is thrown into relief AUXILIARY

by the pointers; demonstrative  A helping verb
pron.
 I was looking for that. TAG PHRASES
 Tags: are either questions,
QUESTIONS statements, or imperatives
Main Rule: added to a clause to invite a
Question word - Aux. - Subj. - response from the listener.
Main v.
Tag-questions PUNCTUATION
Expecting a direct answer. Comma; indicate a temporary
 “ You like ice coffee, don’t pause.
you?”
 “You don’t know the answer, SENTENCE STRUCTURE
do you?”  Subject
 It
Tag-statements a formal subj. word in
No need for confirmation. sentences expressing
 “It’s a beautiful and lovely weather conditions, time or
night. I think.” distance.
 “The movie was a bit boring.  “There is” and “It is”
In my opinion.” There is: introduces a noun
subj.
Tag-imperatives It is: introduces a gerund,
Commands: to sound more polite. infinitive or clause subj.
 “Be quiet in the library, will  Unity of Nouns
you?” If two nouns form unity, the
singular verb can be used.
INTONATION  Predicates
 Speech melody–the -Is a grammatical term for
variation in the pitch of the the words in a sentence or
voice in connected speech. clause that describes the
 The two main types of the action but not the subj.
intonation are called Tunes. -Explains what the subj.
does.
Tune I  Intransitive Verb Predicate
Used in: does not require a direct obj.
a. Ordinary statements,  Noun Groups
commands, and emphatic can be determined or
exclamations. qualified in various ways.
b. In questions with a question  Clipped Speech
word. a form of familiar speech
where sentences are
Tune II shortened.
Used in:
a. Yes and no questions.
b. In phrases or sense-groups
LESSON 3: THE NOUN
that don’t complete the GROUP
sentence an in adv.ls.
expressions. COUNTABLE NOUNS
c. Sentence that imply  Things we can count using
something. numbers.
 Can be in singular or plural
form.
 Irregular Forms: one tooth; plural nouns; uncountable
two teeth. nouns are also considered.
 Thing-words.
B. Definite Art.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS - A noun refers to a specific
 Cannot be expressed in things or something that has
plural form. been identified.
 Mass-words. - ‘the’

MASS NOUNS RULES:

Are nouns that, by their nature,  ‘the’ can be replaced by a
are plural. possessive word.
 Manners, customs,  Use ‘the’ to refer unique
surroundings, etc. nouns.
EXCEPT:
I. Proper Names
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
i. Name of a Person
Is any noun that is used to
ii. Family Names
name a group of something.
II. Geographical Names
 Family, team and crowd.
i. Countries
ii. Name of streets,
DETERMINER OF NOUNS squares, and buildings
Determiner * can if: contains ‘of’.
Used to modify nouns to clarify. * can if: country is
 The Tyrannosaurus is under considered as an island.
the family of Lizards. EXCEPTIONS:
a. Name of River and Oceans
Types of Determiner: b. Name of Hotel/s
I. ARTICLES
identify the specified/ III. Noun Denoting Time
unspecified nouns. a. Days, Weeks, Months,
Seasons
A. Indefinite Art. b. Special Days
- To describe an unspecified c. Meals
noun; used to a noun that was EXCEPT:
introduced. * can use ‘the’ if the meal is
- ‘a’ and ‘an’. a social function

RULES: IV. Religious Conceptions

 ‘a’ is used before consonants; EXCEPT: The Bible, The
‘an’ is used before vowels. Lord
 ‘a’ is used before consonants
(sound); ‘an’ is used before V. Mass Nouns
vowels (sound). EXCEPT: Article is used if a
 Grammatically incorrect if certain quantity is referred
indefinite art. is used with to.
 VI. Abstract Nouns C. Time
EXCEPT: Article is used if  This (S), These (P) = Present
noun if identified or  That (S), Those (P) = Future
specified.
SUCH vs. SO
VII. School, College,
Church, Bed, Hospital, SUCH
Room  “of this (or that) kind”
EXCEPT: when providing an which means it is used to
information about the place. emphasize.
 Show emphasize (countable
VIII. Man, Woman, People and uncountable nouns) =
(Collective Sense) [ Such+ (Adj) + (Noun)]
 Show certain results of what
IX. Most + Noun you are saying = [ Such +
(a/an)+
X. Set of Phrases and (Adj)+(Noun)+(that…)+(re
Idioms sults)]

PLACEMENT OF DEFINITE SO
ART.  Express a degree (much,
1. Placed before the Noun often, little rarely, etc.) =
2. Placed before the Adjectives. [ So+(Degree) ]
 Showing extremes in
II. EMPHATIC situation = [ So+(Adj/Adv) ]
DETERMINANTS  Presenting extreme in
Use to point out something. Amount (many; few/much;
little )=
A. DEMONSTRATIVE [ So+(Amount)+(Noun) ]
Used to emphasize the nouns.  Showing results in extreme
situations =
THIS, THESE vs. THAT, [ So+(Adj/Adv)+that+(resu
THOSE lt) ]
A. Generality
 This, These: used to point TOTALITY
out something that is near
or within the sphere. All
 Those, That: used to point The most universal word
out something far away. denoting totality
Called Determinative
Adjectives  As Adj.: as a whole, total,
B. Manner of Voice entire amount, quantity, or
 This: sounds friendlier. extent of something.
 That: express annoyance.  As Pron.: use to refer to a
noun it replaces.
RELATIVE CLAUSES (will have been+present
Gives us additional information participle)
about the person or thing
mentioned. VERB AND OBJECT
i. Verb with one Obj.
OMMISSION OF PRON. Subject+verb+direct obj.
I. Nominative ii. Verb with two Obj.
(Subj. Pron.) = I, you, he, she, it, Subject+verb+indirect
they obj+direct obj.
II. Accusative (Obj. case, D.O) iii. Verb and Obj. + obj.
= me, you, him, her, it, us, you, Complement
them
III. Dative (Recipient of an
TRANSITIVE AND
action, I.O) = me, you, him, her,
it, us, , them INTRANSITIVE VERB
IV. Genitive (Show ownership
to something) = Subj.+’s, my Transitive Verb
is a verb that requires one or
more objects to complete its
LESSON 4: FUNCTIONS meaning.
OF THE VERB  She ate an apple.

TENSES Intransitive Verb

The Present Tense is a verb that doesn't require a
a. Simple Present Tense direct object to complete its
meaning.
The Past Tense  He sleeps.
a. Preterit
(Simple Past Tense; + -ed or -d Reflexive Verb
to the base form) is a verb that refers to an action
b. Perfect that is performed by the subject
(states occurrence in the past on itself.
without definite time)  They enjoyed themselves at
c. Pluperfect the beach.
(Past Perfect Tense; had + past
participle) LESSON 5:
The Future Tense INFINITIVES AND
a. Simple Future Tense GERUNDS
(will+base form)
b. Future Progressive Tense INFINITIVES
(will be+present participle)  Are originally verbal nouns,
c. Future Perfect Tense using 'to' plus verb, but
(will have+past participle) sometimes it functions as a
noun.
d. Future Perfect Progressive
 known as call-form (use to Gerund as Prepositional Obj.:
name the verb)
*can occur with or without PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
particle 'to'. are phrases that are used as
modifiers of nouns, verbs,
Infinitives as Verb: ‘to’ + verb adjectives, and adverbs.
 To sing  The cupcake with sprinkles
 To dance is yours
 She is a friend of mine
Infinitives as Nouns:
 I desire to study alone. PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT
 I like to watch movies alone. is a noun (or word/phrase
acting as a noun) that works
THE PARTICIPLE with a preposition to form a
 English has two participle: prepositional phrase.
Past and Present  to rely on (We relied on
 Participles are like adj.: catching the bus)
they describe the noun.  to count on (We can’t count
 APN: Article (the,a/an), on getting good seats now)
Participle, Noun  to come of (That comes of
 Passive Voice: focuses more not doing it on time)
on the recipient of the
action. Gerund in adverbial phrases:
 Active Voice: focus on the - These consists
subject. of prepositions + gerund
- Infinitive here is not possible
VERBAL NOUN AND
 for (thank you for calling
GERUND
me
 by (you won’t gain much by
Verbal Noun
waiting)
Is an action-noun and shares
 without (can you type
characteristics: it may be
without looking at your
preceded by article, adj., and s-
keyboards?)
genitive and followed by the of-
genitive.
THE END!!
Gerund
Does the work of a noun too, e.g.
Good luck to all of us!
is used after prepositions; at the
same time it has verbal
functions in that it may take an
obj. and is qualified by adv.

*Verbal nouns are all gerund but

not all gerund are verbal nouns.