Nonlinear Sys
Nonlinear Sys
Chapter 2 and 3
Read Them!!
Nonlinear Systems
x n +1 = f (x n , y n )
y n +1 = g(x n , y n )
• Notes:
!
– The functions f and g depend nonlinearly on their
arguments
!
– Usually these systems cannot reduce to a single
equation
Nonlinear Systems
x n +1 = f (x n , y n )
y n +1 = g(x n , y n )
• Steady States:
! x e = f (x e , y e )
! y e = g(x e , y e )
• A system of 2 equations and 2 unknowns must be
solved
! in order to determine the steady states.
• Sometimes it will difficult or impossible to solve for
steady
! states analytically.
Stability
x n +1 = f (x n , y n ) y n +1 = g(x n , y n )
1. Let
xn = xe + xn
x n , y n << 1
yn = ye + yn
Stability
x n +1 = f (x n , y n ) y n +1 = g(x n , y n )
x e + x n +1 = f (x e + x n , y e + y n )
!
! y e + y n +1 = g(x e + x n , y e + y n )
!
Stability
"f "f
f (x e + x n , y e + y n ) = f (x e , y e ) +
"x
( 2
(x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n + L + O x n , y n
"y
2
)
"g "g 2
(
g(x e + x n , y e + y n ) = g(x e , y e ) + (x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n + L + O x n , y n
"x "y
2
)
Stability
"f "f
f (x e + x n , y e + y n ) = f (x e , y e ) + (x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n
"x "y
"g "g
g(x e + x n , y e + y n ) = g(x e , y e ) + (x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n
"x "y
Stability
5. Simplify
"f "f
x e + x n +1 = f (x e , y e ) + (x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n
"x "y
"g "g
y e + y n +1 = g(x e , y e ) + (x e , y e )x n + (x e , y e )y n
"x "y
! Let
"f "f
a11 = (x e , y e ) a12 = (x e , y e )
! "x "y
"g "g
a21 = (x e , y e ) a22 = (x e , y e )
"x "y
! !
Stability
5. After Simplification
x n +1 = a11 x n + a12 y n
y n +1 = a21 x n + a22 y n
!
Stability Conclusion
• The steady states of the nonlinear
system:
x n +1 = f (x n , y n ) y n +1 = g(x n , y n )
# ± # 2 $ 4%
! • Are stable if! "1,2 = 2
<1
Host-Parasitoid Systems
Parasitoids
• Definition: Insects that have an immature life
stage that develops on or within a single insect
host, ultimately killing the host.
• Major Characteristics
– they are specialized in their choice of host
– they are smaller than host (a few mm long, usually)
– only the female searches for host
– different parasitoid species can attack different life
stages of host
– eggs or larvae are usually laid in, on, or near host
– immatures remain on or in host and almost always kill
host
– adults are free-living, mobile, and may be predaceous
Parasitoid Life Cycle
# of hosts in probability
of hosts # of eggs
Pt+1 = previous * being * produced
generation per host
infected
General Model Equations
N t +1 = "N t # (N t ,Pt )
Pt +1 = cN t [1" # (N t ,Pt )]
!
!
Nicholson-Bailey Model
1. Parasitoids search independently and
encounters occur randomly
#aPt
" (N t ,Pt ) = e
Nicholson-Bailey Model
Equations
#aPt
N t +1 = "N t e
Pt +1 = cN t [1" e "aPt
]
!
What happens to the hosts when there are no parasitoids?
What happens to the parasitoids if there are no hosts?
!
Analyzing the Model
• Steady States
– Let N t +1 = N t = N e Pt +1 = Pt = Pe
– Solve
!N e1 = 0 " ln " ln "
Ne2 = Pe 2 =
ac( " #1) a
! Pe1 = 0
Analyzing the Model
• Steady State Summary
– Two sets of steady states
• The elimination state:
N e1 = 0 Pe1 = 0
Exists if and
!
!
only if λ > 1
Analyzing the Model
• Stability
– Let f (N,P) = "Ne #aP
g(N,P) = cN (1" e"aP )
– Compute
! "f ! "f
a11 = (N e ,Pe ) a12 = (N e ,Pe )
"N "P
"g "g
a21 = (N e ,Pe ) a22 = (N e ,Pe )
"N "P
! !
! !
Analyzing the Model
• Stability of the Elimination State
f (N,P) = "Ne #aP
g(N,P) = cN (1" e"aP )
"f "f
a11 = (0,0) = #e$a(0) = # a12 = (0,0) = #a$(0)e#a(0) = 0
"N "P
! !
"g "g
a21 = (0,0) = c (1# e#a(0) ) = 0 a22 = (0,0) = #ac(0)e#a(0) = 0
"N "P
! !
! !
Analyzing the Model
• Stability of the Elimination State
f (N,P) = "Ne #aP
g(N,P) = cN (1" e"aP )
"f
a11 = (N e 2 ,Pe 2 ) = #e$a(Pe 2 ) = 1
! "N
"f ! #$ ln $
a12 = (N e 2 ,Pe 2 ) = #a$N e 2e#a(Pe 2 ) =
"P c( $ #1)
! "g % 1(
a21 = (N e 2 ,Pe 2 ) = c (1# e #a(Pe 2 )
) = c'1# *
"N & $)
! "g $
a22 = (N e 2 ,Pe 2 ) = #acN e 2e#a(Pe 2 ) =
"P $ #1
!
Analyzing the Model
• Stability of the Compromise State
ln #
" = a11 + a22 = 1+
# $1
$ ln $
" = a11a22 # a12 a21 =
$ #1
!
Stability Condition: " < 1+ # < 2
ln " " ln "
!Must Show: 1+
" #1
< 1+
" #1
<2
!
Analyzing the Model
• Stability of the Compromise State
Using graphical
ln " " ln " arguments and/or a
Clearly 1+ < 1+ <2
if λ > 1: " #1 " #1 bit of calculus, it is
possible to show
This side of the " ln "
>1
! inequality holds " #1
!
Conclusions
• The Nicholson-Bailey Model has two steady
states. The compromise state is never stable.
• This model predicts that when the compromise
state exists both populations will undergo
growing oscillations.
• Interestingly, the green house whitefly and its
parasitoid was shown to have this behavior
under very specific lab conditions.
• The model predicts the exact opposite of the
desired effect for a biological control agent.
Numerical Simulation
Experiments with the greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid, provides the closest
correspondence (for nearly 20 generations) with the Nicholson-Bailey model.
λ = 2, c = 1, a = 0.068, initial host 24, initial parasite 12.
Long Time Simulation
) # Nt & ,
+r %1" ("aPt .
* $ K ' -
N t +1 = N t e
!
Pt +1 = cN t [1" e "aPt
]
!
!
Numerical Analysis
Nt
N t +1 = N t exp[r(1 " ) " aPt ]
K
Pt +1 = N t (1 " exp("aPt ))
!
!
!
! For small r, the non-
trivial steady state is
stable.
!
!
!
! As r increases, the non-
trivial steady state becomes
unstable.
!
!
!
!
As r increases further, the
non-trivial steady state
remains unstable.
!
!
!
! Still larger values of r yield
either chaos or cycles of
extremely high period.