The perpendicular The perpendicular distance between

distance between the the point ( a , b , c ) and

point ( a , b , c ) and i) The X-axis = √b 2 + c 2
i) The plane YZ = |a| ii) The Y-axis = √a2 + c 2
ii) The plane XZ = |b|
iii) The Z-axis = √a2 + b 2
iii) The plane XY = |c|

The distance between two points A & B

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

The equation of a sphere

M(a,b,c)
If ( a , b , c ) is the center of a circle in the
space and the length of its radius is r then
the equation of the circle is

i) ( x – a )2 + ( y – b )2 + ( z – c )2 = r2

ii) x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2by – 2cz + d = 0 The area of a

where d = a2 + b2 + c2 – r2 sphere = 4πr2
Remarks
1) This equation doesn’t contain The volume of a
4
xy , yz or xz sphere = 3 πr3
2) The coefficients of each of x2 , y2 and
z2 are equal
Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 1 01005363071
 If the sphere of centre M( a , b , c ) & radius r tough

i) The plane xy then r = |c|

ii) The plane xz then r = |b|
iii) The plane yz then r = |a|

iv) The x – axis then r = √b 2 + c 2

v) The y – axis then r = √a2 + c 2
vi) The z – axis then r = √a2 + b 2

If the sphere of centre M( a , b , c ) & radius r tough

the three coordinate axis then:

 The distance between the centre and each of

them = √b 2 + C 2 = √a2 + C 2 = √a2 + b 2
 Then |a| = |b| = |c|
 Then r = |a|√2

The smallest sphere of centre M & radius r passes

through three non collinear points ( a , 0 , 0 ) ,
( 0 , a , 0 ) & ( 0 , 0 , a ) then
a a a
 Its centre M = ( , , )
3 3 3
|a|√6
 Its radius r =
3

Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 2 01005363071

 In the opposite figure: Z
 Ax is called the component of ⃑A in the ( Ax , Ay , Az )
direction of X-axis
 Ay is called the component of ⃑A in the Y
direction of Y-axis Az
Ax
 Az is called the component of ⃑A in the Ay
X
direction of Z-axis
⃑ ‖ = √Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Az 2
 ‖A

In the opposite figure:

 If θx is the measure of the angle between ⃑A Z

A
and the X-axis θz
θy
 θy is the measure of the angle between ⃑A Y
θx
and the Y-axis
X
 θz is the measure of the angle between ⃑A
and the Z-axis
 ( θx , θy , θz ) is called the direction angles vector
 ( cos θx , cos θy , cos θz ) is called the direction cosine vector
 The direction cosine vector is a ( unit vector )
 ( cos2 θx + cos2 θy + cos2 θz ) = 1

Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 3 01005363071

 ⃑ &B
The scalar product of two vectors A ⃑ ⨀B
⃑ =A ⃑

 ⃑A ⨀ B
⃑ = ‖⃑A‖ ‖⃑B‖ cos θ ⃑A
θ
 ⃑A ⨀ ⃑B = ⃑B ⨀ ⃑A , ⃑A ⨀ (⃑B + ⃑C) = ⃑A ⨀ ⃑B + ⃑A ⨀ ⃑C ⃑
B
 If ⃑A ( Ax , Ay , Az ) & ⃑B ( Bx , By , Bz ) then : ⃑A ⨀ ⃑B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
 If ⃑A ( Ax , Ay , Az ) ⊥ ⃑B ( Bx , By , Bz ) then : ⃑A ⨀ ⃑B = 0
⃑A ⨀ ⃑B
 The algebraic component ( projection) of A
⃑ on B ⃑ ‖ cos θ =
⃑ = ‖A
‖⃑B‖
⃑A ⨀ ⃑B
 The vector component ( projection) of ⃑A on ⃑B = [ 2 ]× ⃑B
⃑ & B⃑
The vector product of two vectors A ‖⃑B‖

The vector product of two vectors ⃑A & ⃑B = ⃑A × B

⃑
 ⃑A × B
⃑ is a vector its magnitude
ĉ ⃑B
= The area of the parallelogram
θ
containing the two vectors ⃑A

= twice the area of the triangle containing them

 ⃑A × B
⃑ is a vector its direction is perpendicular to their plane
⃑A × ⃑B = [ ‖A
⃑ ‖ ‖B
⃑ ‖ sin θ ] ĉ

 ⃑A × B ⃑ × ⃑A
⃑ =−B
î ĵ k̂
 If ⃑A ( Ax , Ay , Az ) & B
⃑ ( Bx , By , Bz ) then : ⃑A × B
⃑ = |Ax Ay Az |
Bx By Bz
 ‖A ⃑ × B ⃑ ‖ ‖B
⃑ ‖ = ‖A ⃑ ‖ sin θ = area of parallelogram containing
Mr : Ashraf
the Abd el - Azeem
two vectors 4 01005363071
 The scalar triple product ⃑A ⨀ ( B
⃑ × ⃑C )

Ax Ay Az ⃑A
⃑A ⨀ ( ⃑B × ⃑C ) = |Bx By Bz |
Cx Cy Cz ⃑
B
⃑C
 ‖⃑A ⨀ ( ⃑B × ⃑C )‖
= The volume of parallepiped
containing the three vectors

The equation of a straight line

If L is a straight line in which L
 A (x1 , y1 , z1) is a given point on it A ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

 d⃑ ( a , b , c ) is a direction vector to it
⃑d ( a , b , c )
 R ( x , y , z ) is a random point on it
R(x,y,z)
 The vector equation of L is
⃑
⃑R = ⃑A + t d

 The parametric equations of L is

x = x1 + ta , y = y1 + tb , z = z1 + tc
 The Cartesian equation of L is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
a b c

Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 5 01005363071

 The measure of the angle between two straight lines θ where
⃑ 1 ⊙⃑⃑⃑d2 |
|d
cos θ = ⃑⃑⃑
‖ d1 ‖ ‖⃑⃑⃑d2 ‖

1] If L1 // L2 then :
a1 b1 c1
1) ⃑d1 = k ⃑d2 2) = = 3) ⃑d1 × ⃑d2 = ⃑0
a2 b2 c2

2] If L1 ⊥ L2 then : 1) ⃑d1 ⨀ ⃑d2 = ⃑0 2) a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2

L
The length of the perpendicular from B
to the straight line L is BC where A ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ × ⃑d|
|AB C
BC =
⃑‖
‖d
⃑
B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) d ( a , b , c )
The equation of the plane in the space
If point A (x1, y1, z1) belongs to the plane and its
position vector is A and the normal direction ⃑N
⃑ = (a, b, c)
vector to the plane is N = (a, b, c) and R (x, y, z)
any point on the plane its position vector is R
 then :N⃑⃑ ( a , b , c ) is a vector ⊥ plane A R
 N ⃑ =N
⃑⃑ ⨀ A ⃑⃑ ⨀ R⃑ ( vector equation of P )
 a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 (standard
form)
 ax + by + cz + d = 0 ( general equation)
where : d = ax1 + by1 + cz1
Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 6 01005363071
 If P1 , P2 are two intersecting planes in
space N ⃑⃑ 1 = ( a1 , b1 , c1) and
⃑N
⃑ 2 = (a2 , b2 , c2), then the smallest angle
between them is θ given by the relation:
⃑⃑ 1 ⊙⃑⃑⃑⃑N2 |
|N
cos θ =
‖⃑⃑⃑⃑N1 ‖ ‖⃑⃑⃑⃑N2 ‖

 If the measure of the angle between a straight line and a

⃑ ⊙N
|d ⃑⃑ |
plane is θ then sin θ = ⃑ ‖ ‖N⃑⃑ ‖
‖d

 Length of the A(x1 , y1 , z1)

perpendicular drawn
from A(x1 , y1 , z1) to the
plane = L where
| a x1 + b y1 + c z1 + d |
L= ax + by + cz + d = 0
√a2 + b2 + c2

Z
C
 In any ∆ ABC : A(x1 , y1 , z1) , B (x2 , y2 , z2) and C (x3 , y3 , z3) .
If M is the point of intersection of the three medians then B
A+B+C Y
M=
3 A
X

Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 7 01005363071

  If A(x1 , 0 , 0) , B (0 , y1 , 0) and C (0 , 0 , z1) . then
x y z
the equation of the plane ABC : + + =1
x1 y1 z1

 The equation of the plane parallel to

i) x – axis is : by + cz + d = 0
ii) y – axis is : ax + cz + d = 0
iii) z – axis is : ax + by + d = 0

 The equation of the plane passing by

i) x – axis is : by + cz = 0
ii) y – axis is : ax + cz = 0
iii) z – axis is : ax + by = 0

Mr : Ashraf Abd el - Azeem 8 01005363071