Support

Log in

Solutions
Developers
Features
Pricing
Start Free Trial

We use cookies to improve security, personalize the user experience, enhance our marketing activities (including
cooperating with our marketing partners) and for other business use. Click here to read our Cookie Policy.
By clicking “Accept“ you agree to the use of cookies.... Read more
Accept

 Home

 Functionality index

 PDF Writer: Write PDF Document Online

 Write On PDF

Write in a PDF For Free

TODAY JAN 26TH, 2024*

3 039
FORMS FILLED

318
FORMS SIGNED

296
FORMS SENT
Drag and drop document here to upload
Select from device
Up to 100 MB for PDF and up to 25 MB for DOC, DOCX, RTF, PPT, PPTX, JPEG, PNG, or TXT
Google Drive
Dropbox
OneDrive
Box
Get from URL
PDF Library
Get from email
Request document

Upload your document to the PDF editor

Type anywhere or sign your form

 Print, email, fax, or export

Try it right now! Edit pdf

Users trust to manage

documents on pdfFiller
platform
65.5K+
documents added daily

53%
of documents created
from templates

4M
PDFs edited per month

238K
documents shared
per month

Write in a PDF Feature

With our Write in a PDF feature, you have the power to create and edit engaging PDF
documents effortlessly.

Key Features:

Easy-to-use interface for seamless PDF editing

Ability to write, type, and insert text in the PDF document

Option to highlight, underline, and strikethrough text

Ability to add images, shapes, and signatures

Access to a wide range of fonts, colors, and formatting options

Potential Use Cases and Benefits:

Design and customize professional-looking resumes, cover letters, and business proposals

Annotate and mark up PDF documents with comments, feedback, and suggestions

Fill out and sign important forms without the need for printing

Collaborate with team members by editing and sharing PDF files in real-time

Easily create interactive worksheets, study guides, and manuals

Say goodbye to the hassle of manually editing and printing PDF documents. Our Write in a PDF
feature streamlines the entire process, empowering you to make changes directly within your
PDF files. Whether you need to update a resume, collaborate on a project, or simply add your
signature to a document, our intuitive interface and extensive toolkit make it all possible.
Experience the convenience and efficiency of using our cutting-edge Write in a PDF feature
today.

All-in-one PDF software

A single pill for all your PDF headaches. Edit, fill out,
eSign, and share – on any device.
Start free trial

Instructions and Help about PDF

Documents
When you write on PDF documents online using pdfFiller, you are always sure. You
are sure that every word, every number you write is exactly where it has to be. You
are absolutely sure that your documents are legible, neat and tidy.

With pdfFiller, you can write in PDF documents and format your text online without
downloading and installing any software.

To get started, upload a form to your account. Any PDF document is instantly
editable in pdfFiller. In the main toolbar, select the Text button, click where you’d like
to place the text cursor and type.

To change the position of your text, click the arrow icon in the mini toolbar above,
while holding down the mouse button, drag the content where you’d like to place it.
Change the text size by using the tree icons above or by selecting from the drop-
down list in the formatting toolbar. You can underline, italicize or make your text bold.

You can also change the font type and text color by choosing them from the
respective drop-down lists in the formatting toolbar.

To add text to a PDF document, you don’t have to type, you can also copy it from
any other document. To link text to a web page, click the Hyperlink button.

In the dialog window that will open next, type the URL of the web page, then click
Save. To delete text, just click the trash can icon in the mini toolbar. When you have
finished editing, click the Done button in the top right corner and email, print or save
your document.

To learn more about how to edit a PDF document online, please watch the following
video:
When you use pdfFiller to edit documents online, you create legible, professional-
looking documents. And even better, you save yourself a lot of time! If you like being
able to write in PDF documents online, you might be interested in a lot of other great
features that pdfFiller has to offer. Some of these include creating templates, making
copies of documents, converting PDF documents to Word, Excel or PowerPoint
formats. Check out these tutorials to see the other great things that pdfFiller can do
for you!

How to Write Something in a PDF?

01
To write on a PDF, upload your document using pdfFiller's uploader.

02
Choose the 'Text' button in the 'Edit' tab and start typing. You can place text by
moving the text box.

03
You can also add sticky notes, comments or text boxes to any PDF file and write
down text inside.

04
Click the 'Signature' or 'Picture' buttons to sign your document by uploading or
writing down your signatures, or insert images.

05
To create a writable PDF document or form, click the 'Add Fillable Fields' tabs on the
right and add fillable fields for text, signatures, images or more.

06
When you're done with writing, click the 'Done' button and email, print or save your
document.

Related features
Consent Digital Sign Mortgage Financing Agreement

Consent Digital Sign Allocation Agreement

Consent Digital Sign Employee Matters Agreement

Consent Digital Sign Recapitalization Agreement

Consent Digital Sign Hedging Agreement

How to Use the Write in a PDF Feature

The Write in a PDF feature is a powerful tool that allows you to easily fill out and edit
PDF documents. Follow these step-by-step instructions to make the most of this
feature:

01
Access the Write in a PDF feature by logging into your pdfFiller account and
selecting the 'Write in a PDF' option from the main menu.

02
Upload the PDF document you want to edit by clicking on the 'Upload' button and
selecting the file from your computer or cloud storage.

03
Once the PDF is uploaded, you can start writing in it. Click on the 'Text' button in the
toolbar to add text to the document. You can choose the font, size, and color of the
text to match your preferences.

04
To edit existing text in the PDF, simply click on the text you want to modify and make
the necessary changes. You can also move and resize the text boxes to fit your
needs.

05
If you need to add a signature or initials to the document, click on the 'Signature'
button in the toolbar. You can create a new signature or use a saved one. Simply
drag and drop the signature onto the document.

06
To add checkmarks, circles, or other shapes to the PDF, click on the 'Shapes' button
in the toolbar. Choose the desired shape and size, then click on the document to
place it.

07
Once you have finished editing the PDF, click on the 'Done' button to save your
changes. You can download the edited PDF to your computer or share it with others
via email or a direct link.
08
If you need to make further edits or changes to the PDF in the future, you can always
access it from your pdfFiller account and use the Write in a PDF feature again.

With the Write in a PDF feature, you can easily fill out and edit PDF documents
without the need for printing and scanning. It's a convenient and time-saving solution
for all your document editing needs.

In all, it supports over 400 languages, as well as a robust array of writing tools, from
basic text editors to document templates and document management tools that
automate and simplify life for document writers and document producers. For more
specific information about a particular language, see the respective documentation
on the language page. In LaTeX, document types supported include all basic types
as well as some specialized ones such as equations, tables, pictures, and more.
Most commonly, the formatting is specified with the document extension \LaTeX;
however, some older document types are still supported. Some basic LaTeX
highlighting can be specified on a per-document basis in the LaTeX language
specification.. Key Features Save any kind of document in PDF format with just a
few clicks. Supports all screen resolutions and touch devices.. Save time and make
paperless life better with a suite of advanced, easy-to-use forms. ‘Solve any form or
task in any place with one online tool Find the right form — anyplace — anytime:
from the home page of your site, to your dashboard, to your mobile app. Save time
and avoid expensive paper-based postage expenses by creating forms instantly in
Google Sheets, as well as using them online. You can even upload your forms from
a single document, print them immediately, and then send them along to clients or
colleagues around the globe in seconds through our web services. ‘Save time with a
suite of online tools that streamlines work With everything saved in the cloud, you
can start creating new documents and saving work instantly. ‘Take advantage of rich
and powerful features Our mobile apps provide you full access to your forms and
information, while allowing you to do all the following: Create forms without signing
up, saving time and making work simpler.

What our customers say

about pdfFiller
See for yourself by reading reviews on the most popular resources:
 4,5
648 Reviews

4,6
661 Reviews

4,4
95k Reviews

4,6
9k Reviews

amandaclark
2016-11-27
I love it for my business. It makes it so much easier to have a completely paperless office. We can just scan
things into the computer and edit them or use as a document on PDFfiller.

5
TIMMY HENDRIX
2019-05-22
What do you like best?
What's there not to like? I mean this is the best application I've ever had for making changes to docs, signing
docs and editing docs.
What do you dislike?
Nothing! I really enjoy this product and I think it's priced fair as well!
Recommendations to others considering the product:
Please try it! You won't be disappointed!
What problems are you solving with the product? What benefits have you realized?
I have 2 companies that I utilize one billing system for. PDFfiller allows me to edit the logo and name on the
invoice to reflect the 2nd company. Saves an enormous amount of time and confusion for the clients that belong
to both companies.
Show more

5
Get a powerful PDF editor for your Mac
or Windows PC
Install the desktop app to quickly edit PDFs, create fillable forms,
and securely store your documents in the cloud.
Download pdfFiller for Mac OS
Download pdfFiller for Windows PC

Edit and manage PDFs from anywhere

using your iOS or Android device
Install our mobile app and edit PDFs using an award-winning toolkit
wherever you go.
Download from App Store
Download from Google Play

Get a PDF editor in your Google

Chrome browser
Install the pdfFiller extension for Google Chrome to fill out and edit
PDFs straight from search results.

Download from Chrome Web Store

pdfFiller scores top ratings

in multiple categories on G2
 Did you know?
PDF Reader lets you add comments with handwritten notes when viewing a PDF.
You can move, cut, copy, delete, restyle, and resize handwriting. Share your
annotations with colleagues and teammates, deliver natural presentations. Use your
stylus or finger to write on any document.

For pdfFiller’s FAQs

Below is a list of the most common customer questions. If you can’t
find an answer to your question, please don’t hesitate to reach out
to us.
How to Write in a PDF File?

pdfFiller: PDF Writing Tool Chrome Extension

What is pdfFiller?

How to write on a PDF document online?

How do I fill and write text in a PDF form?

 eSignature workflows
made easy
Sign, send for signature, and track documents in real-
time with signNow.
Start free trial

Solve all your PDF problems

Convert & Compress

Compress PDF

PDF Converter

OCR PDF

Add image to PDF

Edit scanned PDF

Split & Merge

Split PDF

Merge PDF

Combine & Reorder

Extract Pages
Convert from PDF

PDF to Word

PDF to Excel

PDF to PPT

PDF to JPG
View & Edit

Edit PDF

Delete Pages

Rotate PDF

PDF Reader

Edit & Fill

Page Numbering
Watermark
Convert to PDF

Word to PDF

PPT to PDF
Sign & Security

eSign PDF

Protect PDF
About Us

Pricing

Leadership

Customer Stories

GDPR Compliance

User Reviews

Become a partner

Affiliate program

Tax Guide

Release Notes

HIPAA Compliance

Contact sales

Report Vulnerability Policy

Forms Library

Top 100 Forms

PDF Search Engine

A-Z Listing of Forms

Forms Catalog

IRS Tax Forms

Popular Search

W-2 Form

W9

Form 1099-MISC

Form 1099-NEC

DS11

DS82

1096

Tax Calendar
Document Templates
Functions

LinkToFill

SendToSign

Document Management

Switch to pdfFiller

Adobe Acrobat Alternative

Integrations

Salesforce

Dynamics

Zapier
Support

Contact Us

FAQ

Sitemap

For Business

Organizations

Enterprise

Insurance

Medical

Real Estate

Human Resources

Tax & Finance

Legal
PDF Tools API

pdfFiller API

API Documentation

API Pricing

Resources

Electronic Signature

Legal Documents Online

airSlate workflows

No-code document workflows

airSlate PDF
 Menu utama























Cari
Buat akun baru
 Masuk log
Perkakas pribadi


Anda juga bisa ikut ambil peran dalam penyebaran pengetahuan bebas. Mari bergabung dengan sukarelawan
Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia!

Daftar isi

sembunyikan

Awal


Etimologi


Sejarah
Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah
o
Prasejarah

o
Zaman Klasik

o
Zaman Pertengahan

o
Zaman Modern


Geografi


Politik
Gulingkan subbagian Politik
o
Parlemen

o
Keluarga kekaisaran

o
Hubungan luar negeri dan militer

o
Pembagian administratif


Ekonomi


Demografi
Gulingkan subbagian Demografi
o
Pendidikan

o
Peringkat internasional


Budaya


Makanan populer


Referensi

Bacaan lebih lanjut


Lihat pula


Pranala luar

Jepang
314 bahasa
 Halaman
 Pembicaraan
 Baca
 Sunting
 Sunting sumber
 Lihat riwayat
Perkakas



















Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Jepang

日本国
Nipponkoku atau Nihonkoku (Jepang)
 Bendera

Segel Kekaisaran

Semboyan: —

Lagu kebangsaan:
君が代
Kimigayo
(Indonesia: "Kekuasaan Yang Mulia")

Duration: 59 detik.0:59

Lambang Pemerintah Jepang

五七桐
Go-Shichi no Kiri

Perlihatkan Bumi Perlihatkan peta Bendera Tampilkan

 semua

Area yang dikendalikan oleh Jepang ditunjukkan dengan warna hijau –

Area yang diklaim ditunjukkan dengan warna hijau cerah

Ibu kota Tokyo

(dan kota terbesar)

35°41′N 139°46′E

Bahasa resmi Tidak ada

Bahasa nasional Jepang

98,5% Jepang
Kelompok etnik

(2011) o ┗Suku Yamato
o ┗Suku Ainu
o ┗Suku Ryukyu
0,5% Korea
0,4% Tionghoa
0,6% lainnya

Agama  62% Tidak beragama

(2018) [1]
 31% Buddhisme
 3% Shinto
 1% Kristen
 1% Agama lain
 2% Tidak menjawab

Pemerintahan Kesatuan parlementer monarki

konstitusional
• Kaisar Naruhito
• Perdana Menteri Fumio Kishida

Legislatif Diet Nasional

- Majelis Tinggi 参議院

Sangi-in
- Majelis Rendah 衆議院
Shūgi-in

Pembentukan
• Hari Pembentukan 11 Februari 660 SM[2]
Negara
• Konstitusi Meiji 29 November 1890
• Konstitusi saat ini 3 Mei 1947
• Perjanjian San Francisco 28 April 1952

Luas
- Total 377.974 km2[3] (61)
- Perairan (%) 3,55

Penduduk
- Perkiraan 2022 124.214.766[4] (11)
- Sensus Penduduk 2020 126.226.568[5]
- Kepadatan 332/km2 (24)

PDB (KKB) 2022

- Total $6,110 trilliun[6] (4)

- Per kapita $48.813 [6] (36)

PDB (nominal) 2022

- Total $4,301 trilliun[6] (3)

- Per kapita $34.358 [6] (30)

Gini (2018) 33,4[7]

sedang · 78

IPM (2021) 0,925[8]

sangat tinggi · 19

Mata uang Yen (¥) / 円

( JPY )

Zona waktu JST

(UTC+9)

Format tanggal yyyy-mm-dd

yyyy 年 m 月 d 日
Era yy 年 m 月 d 日 (Era Reiwa−2019)
 Lajur kemudi kiri

Kode telepon +81

Kode ISO 3166 JP

Ranah Internet .jp

Situs web resmi

www.japan.go.jp

1. Diet Nasional Jepang belum secara resmi memberlakukan undang-

undang yang menyatakan bahwa bahasa Jepang adalah bahasa resmi
negara.[9]

lihat
bicara
sunting

Sunting kotak info • Lihat • Bicara

Jepang

Makna harfiah: Negara Jepang

Nama Jepang

Kanji: 日本国

Hiragana: にっぽんこく
にほんこく

Katakana: ニッポンコク
ニホンコク

Kyujitai: 日本國

tampilAlih aksara

Jepang (bahasa Jepang: 日本国, Nihonkoku atau Nipponkoku) adalah

sebuah negara kesatuan yang bersistem parlementer dengan berbentuk monarki
konstitusional dan juga negara kepulauan di Asia Timur. Letaknya di ujung
barat Samudra Pasifik, di sebelah timur Laut Jepang, dan bersebelahan
dengan Tiongkok, Korea Selatan, dan Rusia. Pulau-pulau paling utara berada
di Laut Okhotsk dan wilayah paling selatan berupa kelompok pulau-pulau kecil
di Laut Tiongkok Timur, tepatnya di sebelah selatan Okinawa yang berseberangan
dengan Taiwan.
Jepang terdiri dari 6.852 pulau[10] dan menjadikannya sebagai negara kepulauan.
Pulau-pulau utama dari utara ke selatan adalah Hokkaido, Honshu (pulau
terbesar), Shikoku, dan Kyushu. Sekitar 97% wilayah daratan Jepang berada di
keempat pulau terbesarnya. Sebagian besar pulau di Jepang bergunung-gunung,
dan sebagian di antaranya merupakan gunung berapi. Gunung tertinggi di Jepang
adalah Gunung Fuji yang merupakan sebuah gunung berapi. Penduduk Jepang
berjumlah 128 juta jiwa, dan berada di peringkat ke-10 negara berpenduduk
terbanyak di dunia. Tokyo secara de facto adalah ibu kota Jepang, dan
berkedudukan sebagai sebuah prefektur. Tokyo Raya adalah sebutan untuk Tokyo
dan beberapa kota yang berada di prefektur sekelilingnya. Sebagai
daerah metropolitan terluas di dunia, Tokyo Raya berpenduduk lebih dari 30 juta
orang dan menjadikan nya kota terpadat di dunia.

Menurut mitologi Jepang, Kekaisaran Jepang didirikan oleh kaisar Jimmu pada abad
ke-7 SM. Kaisar Jimmu memulai mata rantai monarki Jepang yang tidak terputus
hingga kini. Meskipun begitu, sepanjang sejarahnya kebanyakan masa kekuatan
sebenarnya berada di tangan syogun, samurai, daimyō dan memasuki zaman
modern, di tangan perdana menteri. Menurut konstitusi Jepang tahun 1947, Jepang
adalah negara kesatuan monarki konstitusional di bawah pimpinan kaisar
Jepang dan parlemen Jepang.

Sebagai negara maju di bidang ekonomi,[11] Jepang memiliki produk domestik

bruto terbesar nomor tiga setelah Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok,
dan masuk dalam urutan tiga besar keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja. Jepang
merupakan anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, G8, Organisasi untuk Kerjasama
dan Pengembangan Ekonomi, dan Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik. Jepang
memiliki kekuatan militer yang memadai lengkap dengan sistem pertahanan modern
seperti AEGIS serta skuat armada besar kapal perusak. Dalam perdagangan luar
negeri, Jepang berada di peringkat ke-4 negara pengekspor terbesar dan peringkat
ke-6 negara pengimpor terbesar di dunia. Sebagai negara maju, penduduk Jepang
memiliki standar hidup yang tinggi (peringkat ke-8 dalam daftar negara
menurut indeks pembangunan manusia) dan angka harapan hidup tertinggi di dunia
menurut perkiraan PBB.[12] Dalam bidang teknologi, Jepang maju di bidang
telekomunikasi, permesinan, dan robotika.

Etimologi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Nama-nama Jepang (negara)
Jepang disebut Nippon atau Nihon dalam bahasa Jepang. Kedua kata ini ditulis
dengan huruf kanji yang sama, yaitu 日本 (secara harfiah: asal-muasal matahari).
[13]
Sebutan Nippon sering digunakan dalam urusan resmi, termasuk nama negara
dalam uang Jepang, prangko, dan pertandingan olahraga internasional. Sementara
itu, sebutan Nihon digunakan dalam urusan tidak resmi seperti pembicaraan sehari-
hari.

Kata Nippon dan Nihon berarti "negara/negeri matahari terbit". Nama ini disebut
dalam korespondensi Kekaisaran Jepang dengan Dinasti Sui di Tiongkok, dan
merujuk kepada letak Jepang yang berada di sebelah timur daratan Tiongkok.
Sebelum Jepang memiliki hubungan dengan Tiongkok, negara ini dikenal
sebagai Yamato (大和).[14] Di Tiongkok pada zaman Tiga Negara, sebutan untuk
Jepang adalah negara Wa (倭).

Dalam Bahasa Tionghoa dialek Shanghai yang termasuk salah satu dialek Wu,
aksara Tionghoa 日本 dibaca sebagai Zeppen ([zəʔpən]). Dalam dialek Wu,
aksara 日 secara tidak resmi dibaca sebagai [niʔ] sementara secara resmi dibaca
sebagai [zəʔ]. Dalam beberapa dialek Wu Selatan, 日本 dibaca sebagai [niʔpən]
yang mirip dengan nama dalam bahasa Jepang.

Kata Jepang dalam bahasa Indonesia kemungkinan berasal dari bahasa Tionghoa,
tepatnya bahasa Wu. Bahasa Melayu Klasik juga menyebut negara ini
sebagai Jepang (namun ejaan bahasa Malaysia memakai ejaan Jepun). Kata
Jepang dalam bahasa Melayu ini kemudian dibawa ke Dunia Barat oleh pedagang
dari Kerajaan Portugis,[15] yang mengenal sebutan ini ketika berada di Malaka pada
abad ke-16. Mereka lah yang pertama kali memperkenalkan nama bahasa
Melayu tersebut ke Eropa. Dokumen tertua dalam bahasa Inggris yang menyebut
tentang Jepang adalah sepucuk surat dari tahun 1565, yang di dalamnya bertuliskan
kata Giapan.[16][17]

Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Sejarah Jepang
Prasejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sebuah bejana dari periode Jomon Pertengahan (3000-2000

SM).
Penelitian arkeologi menunjukkan bahwa Jepang telah dihuni manusia
purba setidaknya 600.000 tahun yang lalu, pada masa Paleolitik Bawah. Setelah
beberapa zaman es yang terjadi pada masa jutaan tahun yang lalu, Jepang
beberapa kali terhubung dengan daratan Asia melalui jembatan darat
(dengan Sakhalin di utara, dan kemungkinan Kyushu di selatan), sehingga
memungkinkan perpindahan manusia, hewan, dan tanaman ke Kepulauan
Jepang dari wilayah yang kini merupakan Republik Rakyat
Tiongkok dan Semenanjung Korea. Zaman Paleolitik Jepang menghasilkan
peralatan bebatuan yang telah dipoles yang pertama di dunia, sekitar 30.000 SM.

Dengan berakhirnya zaman es terakhir dan datangnya periode yang lebih hangat,
kebudayaan Jomon muncul pada sekitar 11.000 SM, yang bercirikan gaya
hidup pemburu-pengumpul semi-sedenter Mesolitik hingga Neolitik dan
pembuatan kerajinan tembikar terawal di dunia. Diperkirakan bahwa penduduk
Jomon merupakan nenek moyang suku Proto-Jepang dan suku Ainu masa kini.
Dimulainya periode Yayoi pada sekitar 300 SM menandai kehadiran teknologi-
teknologi baru seperti bercocok tanam padi di sawah yang berpengairan dan teknik
pembuatan perkakas dari besi dan perunggu yang dibawa serta migran-migran dari
Tiongkok atau Korea.

Dalam sejarah Tiongkok, orang Jepang pertama kali disebut dalam naskah sejarah
klasik, Buku Han yang ditulis Pada tahun 111 Masehi.[18] Setelah periode Yayoi
disebut periode Kofun pada sekitar tahun 250 Masehi, yang bercirikan didirikannya
negeri-negeri militer yang kuat. Menurut Catatan Sejarah Tiga Negara, negara paling
berjaya di kepulauan Jepang waktu itu adalah Yamataikoku.

Zaman Klasik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bagian sejarah Jepang meninggalkan dokumen tertulis dimulai pada abad ke-
5 dan abad ke-6 Masehi, saat sistem Tulisan Tionghoa, Agama Buddha, dan
kebudayaan Tionghoa lainnya dibawa masuk ke Jepang dari
Kerajaan Baekje di Semenanjung Korea.

Jepang dapat mengusir dua kali invasi Mongol ke

Jepang (1274 dan 1281)
Perkembangan selanjutnya, yaitu Agama Buddha di Jepang dan seni rupa yang
sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh Budaya Tiongkok.[19] Walaupun awalnya
kedatangan Agama Buddha ditentang penguasa yang menganut Agama Shinto,
kalangan yang berkuasa akhirnya ikut memajukan agama Buddha di Jepang, dan
menjadi agama yang populer di Jepang sejak Periode Asuka.[20]

Melalui perintah Reformasi Taika pada 645, Jepang menyusun ulang sistem
pemerintahannya dengan mencontoh dari Tiongkok. Hal ini membuka jalan bagi
filsafat Konfusianisme Tiongkok untuk menjadi dominan di Jepang hingga abad ke-
19.

Periode Nara yang berlangsung pada abad ke-8 Masehi menandai sebuah negeri
Jepang dengan kekuasaan yang tersentralisasi. Ibu kota dan istana Kerajaan berada
di Heijo-kyo (kini Nara). Pada Periode ini, Jepang secara terus-menerus mengadopsi
praktik administrasi pemerintahan dari Tiongkok. Salah satu pencapaian terbesar
sastra Jepang pada Periode Nara adalah selesainya buku sejarah Jepang yang
disebut Kojiki (古事記) dan Nihon Shoki (日本書紀).[21]
 Patung Buddha di Todaiji, Nara, yang dibuat pada tahun 752.
Pada 784 Masehi, Kaisar Kammu memindahkan ibu kota ke Nagaoka-kyō, dan
berada di sana hanya selama 10 tahun. Setelah itu, ibu kota dipindahkan kembali
ke Heian-kyō (kini Kyoto). Kepindahan ibu kota ke Heian-kyō mengawali Periode
Heian yang merupakan masa keemasan kebudayaan klasik asli Jepang, terutama di
bidang seni, puisi dan Sastra Jepang. Hikayat Genji karya Murasaki Shikibu dan lirik
lagu kebangsaan Jepang Kimi ga Yo berasal dari periode Heian.[22]

Zaman Pertengahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sekelompok orang-orang Portugis dari periode Nanban, abad

ke-17.
Abad pertengahan di Jepang merupakan zaman feodalisme yang ditandai oleh
perebutan kekuasaan antarkelompok penguasa yang terdiri dari ksatria yang
disebut samurai. Pada 1185, setelah menghancurkan Klan Taira yang merupakan
klan saingan Klan Minamoto, Minamoto no Yoritomo diangkat sebagai Shogun, dan
menjadikannya pemimpin militer yang berbagi kekuasaan dengan Kaisar.
Pemerintahan militer yang didirikan Minamoto no Yoritomo disebut Keshogunan
Kamakura karena pusat pemerintahan berada di Kamakura (di sebelah
selatan Yokohama masa kini). Setelah wafatnya Minamoto no Yoritomo, klan
Hōjō membantu keshogunan sebagai shikken, yakni semacam adipati bagi para
shogun. Keshogunan Kamakura berhasil menahan serangan Kerajaan Mongol dari
wilayah Tiongkok. Meskipun secara politik terbilang stabil, Keshogunan Kamakura
akhirnya digulingkan oleh Kaisar Go-Daigo yang memulihkan kekuasaan di tangan
kaisar. Kaisar Go-Daigo akhirnya digulingkan Ashikaga Takauji pada 1336.
[23]
Keshogunan Ashikaga gagal membendung kekuatan penguasa militer dan tuan
tanah feodal (daimyo) dan pecah perang saudara pada tahun 1467 (Perang Ōnin)
yang mengawali masa satu abad yang diwarnai peperangan antarfaksi yang disebut
masa negeri-negeri saling berperang atau periode Sengoku.[24]

Pada abad ke-16, para pedagang dan misionaris Serikat Yesuit dari Portugal tiba
untuk pertama kalinya di Jepang, dan mengawali pertukaran perniagaan dan
kebudayaan yang aktif antara Jepang dan Dunia Barat (Perdagangan dengan
Nanban). Orang Jepang menyebut orang asing dari Dunia Barat
sebagai namban yang berarti orang barbar dari selatan.

Salah satu kapal segel merah Jepang (1634) yang

dipakai berdagang di Asia.
Oda Nobunaga menaklukkan daimyo-daimyo pesaingnya dengan memakai
teknologi Eropa dan senjata api. Nobunaga hampir berhasil menyatukan Jepang
sebelum tewas terbunuh dalam Peristiwa Honnōji pada 1582. Toyotomi
Hideyoshi menggantikan Oda Nobunaga, dan mencatatkan dirinya sebagai
pemersatu Bangsa Jepang pada 1590. Toyotomi Hideyoshi berusaha menguasai
Semenanjung Korea, dan dua kali melakukan invasi ke Korea, tetapi gagal setelah
kalah dalam pertempuran melawan pasukan Dinasti Joseon yang dibantu
kekuatan Dinasti Ming. Setelah Hideyoshi wafat, pasukan Hideyoshi ditarik
dari Semenanjung Korea pada 1598.[25]

Sepeninggal Hideyoshi, putra Hideyoshi yang bernama Toyotomi Hideyori mewarisi

kekuasaan sang ayah. Tokugawa Ieyasu memanfaatkan posisinya sebagai adipati
bagi Hideyori untuk mengumpulkan dukungan politik dan militer dari daimyo-daimyo
lain. Setelah mengalahkan klan-klan pendukung Hideyori dalam Pertempuran
Sekigahara tahun 1600, Ieyasu diangkat sebagai shogun pada 1603. Pemerintahan
militer yang didirikan Ieyasu di Edo (kini Tokyo) disebut Keshogunan Tokugawa.
Keshogunan Tokugawa curiga terhadap kegiatan misionaris Gereja Katolik, dan
melarang segala hubungan dengan orang-orang Eropa. Hubungan perdagangan
dibatasi hanya dengan pedagang Belanda di Pulau Dejima, Nagasaki. Pemerintah
Tokugawa juga menjalankan berbagai kebijakan seperti undang-undang buke
shohatto untuk mengendalikan daimyo di daerah. Pada 1639, Keshogunan
Tokugawa mulai menjalankan kebijakan sakoku ("negara tertutup") yang
berlangsung selama dua setengah abad yang disebut periode Edo. Walaupun
menjalani periode isolasi, orang Jepang terus mempelajari ilmu-ilmu dari Dunia
Barat. Di Jepang, ilmu dari buku-buku Barat disebut rangaku (ilmu belanda) karena
berasal dari kontak orang Jepang dengan enklave orang Belanda di Dejima,
Nagasaki. Pada periode Edo, orang Jepang juga memulai studi tentang Jepang, dan
menamakan "studi nasional" tentang Jepang sebagai kokugaku.[26]

Zaman Modern[sunting | sunting sumber]

 Kekaisaran Jepang terdiri dari sebagian besar
Asia Timur dan Asia Timur Raya pada tahun 1942.
Pada 31 Maret 1854, kedatangan Komodor Matthew Perry dan "Kapal
Hitam" Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat memaksa Jepang untuk membuka diri
terhadap Dunia Barat melalui Persetujuan Kanagawa. Persetujuan-persetujuan
selanjutnya dengan negara-negara Barat pada masa Bakumatsu membawa Jepang
ke dalam krisis ekonomi dan politik. Kalangan samurai menganggap Keshogunan
Tokugawa sudah melemah, dan mengadakan pemberontakan hingga pecah Perang
Boshin pada 1867-1868. Setelah Keshogunan Tokugawa ditumbangkan, kekuasaan
dikembalikan ke tangan kaisar (Restorasi Meiji) dan sistem domain dihapus.
Semasa Restorasi Meiji, Jepang mengadopsi sistem politik, hukum, dan militer dari
Dunia Barat. Kabinet Jepang mengatur Dewan Penasihat Kaisar,
menyusun Konstitusi Meiji, dan membentuk Parlemen Kekaisaran. Restorasi Meiji
mengubah Kekaisaran Jepang menjadi negara industri modern dan sekaligus
kekuatan militer dunia yang menimbulkan konflik militer ketika berusaha memperluas
pengaruh teritorial di Asia. Setelah mengalahkan Tiongkok dalam Perang Tiongkok-
Jepang dan Rusia dalam Perang Rusia-Jepang, Jepang menguasai Taiwan,
separuh dari Sakhalin, dan Korea.[27]

Pada awal abad ke-20, Jepang mengalami "demokrasi Taisho" yang dibayang-
bayangi bangkitnya ekspansionisme dan militerisme Jepang. Semasa Perang Dunia
I, Jepang berada di pihak Sekutu yang menang, sehingga Jepang dapat
memperluas pengaruh dan wilayah kekuasaan. Jepang terus menjalankan politik
ekspansionis dengan menduduki Manchuria pada 1931. Dua tahun kemudian,
Jepang keluar dari Liga Bangsa-Bangsa setelah mendapat kecaman
internasional atas pendudukan Manchuria. Pada 1936, Jepang
menandatangani Pakta Anti-Komintern dengan Jerman Nazi, dan bergabung
bergabung bersama Jerman dan Italia membentuk Blok Poros pada 1941[28]

Pada 1937, invasi Jepang ke Manchuria memicu terjadinya Perang Tiongkok-

Jepang Kedua (1937-1945) yang membuat Jepang dikenakan embargo minyak
oleh Amerika Serikat[29] Pada 7 Desember 1941, Jepang menyerang pangkalan
Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, dan menyatakan perang terhadap
Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Belanda. Serangan Pearl Harbor menyeret AS ke
dalam Perang Dunia II. Setelah kampanye militer yang panjang di Samudra Pasifik,
Jepang kehilangan wilayah-wilayah yang dimilikinya pada awal perang. Amerika
Serikat melakukan pengeboman strategis terhadap Tokyo, Osaka dan kota-kota
besar lainnya. Setelah AS menjatuhkan bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki,
Jepang akhirnya menyerah tanpa syarat kepada Sekutu pada 15 Agustus 1945 (Hari
Kemenangan atas Jepang).[30]

Tōkaidō Shinkansen dan Seri 0, jalur dan kereta

kecepatan tinggi pertama di dunia (foto tahun 1967).
Perang membawa penderitaan bagi rakyat Jepang dan rakyat di wilayah jajahan
Jepang. Berjuta-juta orang tewas di negara-negara Asia yang diduduki Jepang di
bawah slogan Kemakmuran Bersama Asia. Hampir semua industri dan infrastruktur
di Jepang hancur akibat perang. Pihak Sekutu melakukan repatriasi besar-
besaran etnik Jepang dari negara-negara Asia yang pernah diduduki Jepang.
[31]
Pengadilan Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh yang diselenggarakan pihak
Sekutu mulai 3 Mei 1946 berakhir dengan dijatuhkannya hukuman bagi sejumlah
pemimpin Jepang yang terbukti bersalah melakukan kejahatan perang.

Pada 1947, Jepang memberlakukan Konstitusi Jepang yang baru. Berdasarkan

konstitusi baru, Jepang ditetapkan sebagai negara yang menganut
paham pasifisme dan mengutamakan praktik Demokrasi liberal. Pendudukan
Amerika Serikat terhadap Jepang secara resmi berakhir pada tahun 1952 dengan
ditandatanganinya Perjanjian San Francisco.[32] Walaupun demikian, pasukan
Amerika Serikat tetap mempertahankan pangkalan-pangkalan penting di Jepang,
khususnya di Okinawa. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa secara secara resmi menerima
Jepang sebagai anggota pada 1956.

Seusai Perang Dunia II, Jepang mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat, dan
menempatkan Jepang sebagai kekuatan ekonomi terbesar nomor dua di dunia,
dengan rata-rata pertumbuhan produk domestik bruto sebesar 10% per tahun
selama empat dekade. Pesatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang berakhir pada awal
tahun 1990-an setelah jatuhnya ekonomi gelembung.[33]

Geografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Geografi Jepang
 Kepulauan Jepang seperti yang dilihat dari satelit
Jepang memiliki lebih dari 3.000 pulau yang terletak di pesisir Lautan Pasifik di timur
benua Asia. Istilah Kepulauan Jepang merujuk kepada empat pulau besar, dari utara
ke selatan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, dan Kyushu, serta Kepulauan Ryukyu yang
berada di selatan Kyushu. Sekitar 70% hingga 80% dari wilayah Jepang terdiri
dari pegunungan yang berhutan-hutan,[34][35] dan cocok untuk pertanian, industri, serta
permukiman. Daerah yang curam berbahaya untuk dihuni karena risiko tanah
longsor akibat gempa bumi, kondisi tanah yang lunak, dan hujan lebat. Oleh karena
itu, permukiman penduduk terpusat di kawasan pesisir. Jepang termasuk salah
satu negara berpenduduk terpadat di dunia.[36]

Sakurajima adalah gunung berapi teraktif di Jepang

Gempa bumi berkekuatan rendah dan sesekali letusan gunung berapi sering dialami
Jepang karena letaknya di atas Lingkaran Api Pasifik di pertemuan tiga lempeng
tektonik. Gempa bumi yang merusak sering menyebabkan tsunami. Setiap abadnya,
di Jepang terjadi beberapa kali tsunami.[37] Gempa bumi besar yang terjadi akhir-akhir
ini di Jepang adalah Gempa bumi Chūetsu 2004 dan Gempa bumi besar
Hanshin tahun 1995. Keadaan geografi menyebabkan Jepang memiliki
banyak sumber mata air panas, dan sebagian besar di antaranya telah dibangun
sebagai daerah tujuan wisata.[38]

Jepang berada di kawasan beriklim sedang dengan pembagian empat musim yang
jelas. Walaupun demikian, terdapat perbedaan iklim yang mencolok antara wilayah
bagian utara dan wilayah bagian selatan.[39] Pada musim dingin, Jepang bagian utara
seperti Hokkaido mengalami musim salju, namun sebaliknya wilayah Jepang bagian
selatan beriklim subtropis. Iklim juga dipengaruhi tiupan angin musim yang bertiup
dari benua Asia ke Lautan Pasifik pada musim dingin, dan sebaliknya pada musim
panas.
Iklim Jepang terbagi atas enam zona iklim:

 Hokkaido: Kawasan paling utara beriklim sedang dengan musim dingin yang
panjang dan membekukan, serta musim panas yang sejuk. Presipitasi tidak
besar, namun salju banyak turun ketika musim dingin.
 Laut Jepang: Di pantai barat Pulau Honshu, tiupan angin dari barat laut
membawa salju yang sangat lebat. Pada musim panas, kawasan ini lebih sejuk
dibandingkan kawasan Pasifik. Walaupun demikian, suhu di kawasan ini kadang
kala dapat menjadi sangat tinggi akibat fenomena angin fohn.
 Dataran Tinggi Tengah: Wilayah ini beriklim pedalaman dengan perbedaan suhu
rata-rata musim panas-musim dingin yang sangat mencolok. Perbedaan suhu
antara malam hari dan siang hari juga sangat mencolok.
 Laut Pedalaman Seto: Barisan pegunungan di wilayah
Chugoku dan Shikoku menghalangi jalur tiupan angin musim, sehingga kawasan
ini sepanjang tahun beriklim sedang.
 Samudra Pasifik: Kawasan pesisir bagian timur Jepang mengalami musim dingin
yang sangat dingin, namun tidak banyak turun salju. Sebaliknya, musim panas
menjadi begitu lembap akibat tiupan angin musim dari tenggara.
 Kepulauan Ryukyu: Kepulauan di barat daya Jepang termasuk Kepulauan
Ryukyu beriklim subtropis, hangat sewaktu musim dingin dan suhu yang tinggi
sepanjang musim panas. Presipitasi sangat tinggi, terutama selama musim
hujan. Taifun sangat sering terjadi.
Suhu tertinggi yang pernah tercatat di Jepang adalah 40,9 °C (105,6 °F) pada 16
Agustus 2007.[40]

Musim hujan dimulai lebih awal di Okinawa, yakni sejak awal Mei. Garis depan
musim hujan bergerak ke utara, namun berakhir di Jepang utara sebelum mencapai
Hokkaido. Di sebagian besar wilayah Honshu, awal musim hujan dimulai
pertengahan Juni dan berlangsung selama enam minggu. Taifun sering terjadi
sepanjang September dan Oktober. Penyebabnya adalah tekanan tropis di garis
khatulistiwa yang bergerak dari barat daya ke timur laut, dan sering membawa hujan
yang sangat lebat.[39]

Politik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Pemerintah Jepang
Parlemen[sunting | sunting sumber]
Jepang menganut sistem negara monarki konstitusional yang sangat membatasi
kekuasaan Kaisar Jepang. Sebagai kepala negara seremonial, kedudukan Kaisar
Jepang diatur dalam konstitusi sebagai "simbol negara dan pemersatu rakyat".
Kekuasaan pemerintah berada di tangan Perdana Menteri Jepang dan anggota
terpilih Parlemen Jepang, sementara kedaulatan sepenuhnya berada di
tangan rakyat Jepang.[41] Kaisar Jepang bertindak sebagai kepala negara dalam
urusan diplomatik.

Parlemen Jepang adalah parlemen dua kamar yang dibentuk mengikuti sistem
Inggris. Parlemen Jepang terdiri dari Majelis Rendah dan Majelis Tinggi. Majelis
Rendah Jepang terdiri dari 480 anggota dewan. Anggota majelis rendah dipilih
secara langsung oleh rakyat setiap 4 tahun sekali atau setelah majelis rendah
dibubarkan. Majelis Tinggi Jepang terdiri dari 242 anggota dewan yang memiliki
masa jabatan 6 tahun, dan dipilih langsung oleh rakyat. Warganegara Jepang
berusia 20 tahun ke atas memiliki hak untuk memilih.[11]

Kabinet Jepang beranggotakan Perdana Menteri dan para menteri. Perdana Menteri
adalah salah seorang anggota parlemen dari partai mayoritas di Majelis
Rendah. Partai Demokrat Liberal (LDP) berkuasa di Jepang sejak 1955, kecuali
pada tahun 1993. Pada tahun itu terbentuk pemerintahan koalisi yang hanya
berumur singkat dengan partai oposisi. Partai oposisi terbesar di Jepang
adalah Partai Demokratis Jepang.[42]

Perdana Menteri Jepang adalah kepala pemerintahan. Perdana Menteri diangkat

melalui pemilihan di antara anggota Parlemen.[43] Bila Majelis Rendah dan Majelis
Tinggi masing-masing memiliki calon perdana menteri, maka calon dari Majelis
Rendah yang diutamakan. Pada praktiknya, perdana menteri berasal dari partai
mayoritas di parlemen. Menteri-menteri kabinet diangkat oleh Perdana Menteri.
Kaisar Jepang mengangkat Perdana Menteri berdasarkan keputusan Parlemen
Jepang,[44] dan memberi persetujuan atas pengangkatan menteri-menteri kabinet.
[45]
Perdana Menteri memerlukan dukungan dan kepercayaan dari anggota Majelis
Rendah untuk bertahan sebagai Perdana Menteri.

Keluarga kekaisaran[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Wangsa Kekaisaran Jepang

Kaisar Naruhito dan Permaisuri Masako setelah

Upacara Penobatan di Tokyo pada 10 November 2019
Kaisar Naruhito adalah Kaisar Jepang yang sekarang. Kaisar Naruhito naik takhta
sebagai kaisar ke-126 setelah ayahandanya, Kaisar Akihito turun takhta pada 1 Mei
2019. Kaisar Naruhito menikah dengan Putri Mahkota Masako yang berasal dari
kalangan rakyat biasa, dan dikaruniai anak perempuan bernama Aiko (Putri Toshi).
Adik Kaisar Naruhito bernama Pangeran Akishino yang menikah dengan Kiko
Kawashima yang juga berasal dari rakyat biasa. Pangeran Akishino memiliki dua
anak perempuan, yaitu (Putri Mako dan Putri Kako), serta anak laki-laki
bernama Pangeran Hisahito.

Hubungan luar negeri dan militer[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Hubungan luar negeri Jepang, Pasukan Bela Diri Jepang,
dan Kementerian Pertahanan (Jepang)

Kapal pengangkut helikopter kelas

Hyuga milik Angkatan Laut Bela Diri Jepang
Jepang memiliki hubungan ekonomi dan militer yang erat dengan Amerika Serikat,
dan menjalankan kebijakan luar negeri berdasarkan pakta keamanan Jepang-AS.
[46]
Sejak diterima menjadi anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tahun 1956,
Jepang telah sepuluh kali menjadi anggota tidak tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB,
termasuk tahun 2009-2010.[47] Jepang adalah salah satu negara G4 yang sedang
mengusulkan perluasan anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB.[48] Sebagai negara
anggota G8, APEC, ASEAN Plus 3, dan peserta Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Asia
Timur, Jepang aktif dalam hubungan internasional dan mempererat persahabatan
Jepang dengan negara-negara lain di seluruh dunia. Pakta pertahanan
dengan Australia ditandatangani pada Maret 2007,[49] dan dengan India pada Oktober
2008.[50] Pada tahun 2007, Jepang adalah negara donor Bantuan Pembangunan
Resmi (ODA) terbesar kelima di dunia.[51] Negara penerima bantuan ODA terbesar
dari Jepang adalah Indonesia, dengan total bantuan lebih dari AS$29,5 miliar dari
tahun 1960 hingga 2006.[52]

Jepang bersengketa dengan Rusia mengenai Kepulauan Kuril[53] dan dengan Korea
Selatan mengenai Batu Liancourt.[54] Kepulauan Senkaku yang di bawah
pemerintahan Jepang dipermasalahkan oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dan Taiwan.
[55]

Pasal 9 Konstitusi Jepang berisi penolakan terhadap perang dan penggunaan

kekuatan bersenjata untuk menyelesaikan persengketaan internasional. Pasal 9
Ayat 2 berisi pelarangan kepemilikan angkatan bersenjata dan penolakan atas hak
keterlibatan dalam perang.[56][57] Jepang memiliki Pasukan Bela Diri yang berada di
bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, dan terdiri dari Angkatan Darat Bela Diri
Jepang (JGSDF), Angkatan Laut Bela Diri Jepang (JMSDF), dan Angkatan Udara
Bela Diri Jepang (JASDF). Pada tahun 1991, kapal penyapu ranjau Angkatan Laut
Bela Diri Jepang ikut membersihkan ranjau laut di Teluk Persia (lepas pantai Kuwait)
bersama kapal penyapu ranjau dari delapan negara.[58][59] Atas
permintaan Pemerintahan Transisi PBB di Kamboja (1992-1993), Jepang
mengirimkan pengamat gencatan senjata, pemantau pemilihan umum, polisi sipil,
dan dukungan logistik seperti perbaikan jalan dan jembatan.[60] Di Irak, pasukan
nontempur Jepang membantu misi kemanusiaan dan kegiatan rekonstruksi
infrastruktur mulai Desember 2003 hingga Februari 2009.[59][61][62]

Pembagian administratif[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Pembagian administratif Jepang
Informasi lebih lanjut: Daftar prefektur di Jepang, Daftar wilayah di Jepang, Kota
(Jepang), Daftar kota di Jepang dan Daftar desa di Jepang
Jepang terdiri dari 47 prefektur, masing-masing diawasi oleh gubernur, birokrasi
legislatif dan administratif. Setiap prefektur dibagi lagi menjadi kota, kota dan desa.
[63]
Negara ini sedang mengalami reorganisasi administrasi dengan menggabungkan
banyak kota besar, kota kecil dan desa dengan satu sama lain. Proses ini akan
mengurangi jumlah wilayah administratif sub-prefektur dan diharapkan dapat
memotong biaya administrasi.[64]
Ekonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]
Artikel utama: Ekonomi Jepang

Bursa Efek Tokyo, bursa saham terbesar ketiga di

dunia.
Sejak periode Meiji (1868-1912), Jepang mulai menganut ekonomi pasar bebas dan
mengadopsi kapitalisme model Inggris dan Amerika Serikat. Sistem pendidikan
Barat diterapkan di Jepang, dan ribuan orang Jepang dikirim ke Amerika Serikat dan
Eropa untuk belajar. Lebih dari 3.000 orang Eropa dan Amerika didatangkan sebagai
tenaga pengajar di Jepang.[65] Pada awal periode Meiji, pemerintah membangun jalan
kereta api, jalan raya, dan memulai reformasi kepemilikan tanah. Pemerintah
membangun pabrik dan galangan kapal untuk dijual kepada swasta dengan harga
murah. Sebagian dari perusahaan yang didirikan pada periode Meiji berkembang
menjadi zaibatsu, dan beberapa di antaranya masih beroperasi hingga kini.[65]

Pertumbuhan ekonomi riil dari tahun 1960-an hingga 1980-an sering

disebut "keajaiban ekonomi Jepang", yakni rata-rata 10% pada tahun 1960-an, 5%
pada tahun 1970-an, dan 4% pada tahun 1980-an.[65] Dekade 1980-an merupakan
masa keemasan ekspor otomotif dan barang elektronik ke Eropa dan Amerika
Serikat sehingga terjadi surplus neraca perdagangan yang mengakibatkan konflik
perdagangan. Setelah ditandatanganinya Perjanjian Plaza 1985, dolar AS
mengalami depresiasi terhadap yen. Pada Februari 1987, tingkat diskonto resmi
diturunkan hingga 2,5% agar produk manufaktur Jepang bisa kembali kompetitif
setelah terjadi kemerosotan volume ekspor akibat menguatnya yen. Akibatnya,
terjadi surplus likuiditas dan penciptaan uang dalam jumlah besar. Spekulasi
menyebabkan harga saham dan realestat terus meningkat, dan berakibat
pada penggelembungan harga aset. Harga tanah terutama menjadi sangat tinggi
akibat adanya "mitos tanah" bahwa harga tanah tidak akan jatuh.[33] Ekonomi
gelembung Jepang jatuh pada awal tahun 1990-an akibat kebijakan uang ketat yang
dikeluarkan Bank of Japan pada 1989, dan kenaikan tingkat diskonto resmi menjadi
6%.[33] Pada 1990, pemerintah mengeluarkan sistem baru pajak penguasaan tanah
dan bank diminta untuk membatasi pendanaan aset properti. Indeks rata-rata
Nikkei dan harga tanah jatuh pada Desember 1989 dan musim gugur 1990.
[33]
Pertumbuhan ekonomi mengalami stagnasi pada 1990-an, dengan angka rata-rata
pertumbuhan ekonomi riil hanya 1,7% sebagai akibat penanaman modal yang tidak
efisien dan penggelembungan harga aset pada 1980-an. Institusi keuangan
menanggung kredit bermasalah karena telah mengeluarkan pinjaman uang dengan
jaminan tanah atau saham. Usaha pemerintah mengembalikan pertumbuhan
ekonomi hanya sedikit yang berhasil dan selanjutnya terhambat oleh kelesuan
ekonomi global pada tahun 2000.[66]

Jepang adalah perekonomian terbesar nomor tiga di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat,
Jepang bersama Jerman dan Korea Selatan adalah 3 negara yang pernah
mencatatkan diri sebagai negara-negara dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tercepat
sepanjang sejarah dunia,[67] dengan PDB nominal sekitar AS$4,5 triliun.[67], dan
perekonomian terbesar ke-3 di dunia setelah AS dan Republik Rakyat
Tiongkok dalam keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja.[68] Industri utama Jepang
adalah sektor perbankan, asuransi, realestat, bisnis
eceran, transportasi, telekomunikasi, dan konstruksi.[69] Jepang memiliki industri
berteknologi tinggi di bidang otomotif, elektronik, mesin
perkakas, baja dan logam non-besi, perkapalan, industri kimia, tekstil,
dan pengolahan makanan.[66] Sebesar tiga perempat dari produk domestik bruto
Jepang berasal dari sektor jasa.
 Abeno Harukas Osaka (kiri), gedung tertinggi di Jepang, dan Tokyo Skytree (kanan), struktur
tertinggi di Jepang.

Hingga tahun 2001, jumlah angkatan kerja Jepang mencapai 67 juta orang.[70] Tingkat
pengangguran di Jepang sekitar 4%. Pada tahun 2007, Jepang menempati urutan
ke-19 dalam produktivitas tenaga kerja.[71] Menurut indeks Big Mac, tenaga kerja di
Jepang mendapat upah per jam terbesar di dunia. Toyota Motor, Mitsubishi UFJ
Financial, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Nippon Telegraph &
Telephone, Canon, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Honda, Mitsubishi Corporation,
dan Sumitomo Mitsui Financial adalah 10 besar perusahaan Jepang pada tahun
2008.[72] Sejumlah 326 perusahaan Jepang masuk ke dalam daftar Forbes Global
2000 atau 16,3% dari 2000 perusahaan publik terbesar di dunia (data tahun 2006).
[73]
Bursa Saham Tokyo memiliki total kapitalisasi pasar terbesar nomor dua di dunia.
Indeks dari 225 saham perusahaan besar yang diperdagangkan di Bursa Saham
Tokyo disebut Nikkei 225.[74]

Dalam Indeks Kemudahan Berbisnis, Jepang menempati peringkat ke-12, dan

termasuk salah satu negara maju dengan birokrasi paling
sederhana. Kapitalisme model Jepang memiliki sejumlah ciri khas. Keiretsu adalah
grup usaha yang beranggotakan perusahaan yang saling memiliki kerja sama bisnis
dan kepemilikan saham. Negosiasi upah (shuntō) berikut perbaikan kondisi kerja
antara manajemen dan serikat buruh dilakukan setiap awal musim semi. Budaya
bisnis Jepang mengenal konsep-konsep lokal, seperti Sistem
Nenkō, nemawashi, salaryman, dan office lady. Perusahaan di Jepang mengenal
kenaikan pangkat berdasarkan senioritas dan jaminan pekerjaan seumur hidup.[75]
[76]
Kejatuhan ekonomi gelembung yang diikuti kebangkrutan besar-besaran dan
pemutusan hubungan kerja menyebabkan jaminan pekerjaan seumur hidup mulai
ditinggalkan.[77][78] Perusahaan Jepang dikenal dengan metode manajemen
seperti The Toyota Way. Aktivisme pemegang saham sangat jarang.[79] Dalam Indeks
Kebebasan Ekonomi, Jepang menempati urutan ke-5 negara paling laissez-faire di
antara 41 negara Asia Pasifik.[80]

Mobil hibrida Toyota Prius.

Produk otomotif dan elektronik adalah komoditas ekspor unggulan Jepang.
Total ekspor Jepang pada tahun 2005 adalah 4.210 dolar AS per kapita. Pasar
ekspor terbesar Jepang tahun 2006 adalah Amerika Serikat 22,8%, Uni
Eropa 14,5%, Tiongkok 14,3%, Korea Selatan 7,8%, Taiwan 6,8%, dan Hong
Kong 5,6%. Produk ekspor unggulan Jepang adalah alat transportasi, kendaraan
bermotor, elektronik, mesin-mesin listrik, dan bahan kimia.[66] Negara sumber impor
terbesar bagi Jepang pada tahun 2006 adalah Tiongkok 20,5%, AS 12,0%, Uni
Eropa 10,3%, Arab Saudi 6,4%, Uni Emirat Arab 5,5%, Australia 4,8%, Korea
Selatan 4,7%, dan Indonesia 4,2%. Impor utama Jepang adalah mesin-mesin dan
perkakas, minyak bumi, bahan makanan, tekstil, dan bahan mentah untuk industri.[66]

Jepang adalah negara pengimpor hasil laut terbesar di dunia (senilai AS$ 14 miliar).
[81]
Jepang berada di peringkat ke-6 setelah RRT, Peru, Amerika Serikat, Indonesia,
dan Chili, dengan total tangkapan ikan yang terus menurun sejak 1996.[82][83]

Pertanian adalah sektor industri andalan hingga beberapa tahun seusai Perang
Dunia II. Menurut sensus tahun 1950, sekitar 50% angkatan kerja berada di bidang
pertanian. Sepanjang "masa keajaiban ekonomi Jepang", angkatan kerja di bidang
pertanian terus menyusut hingga sekitar 4,1% pada tahun 2008.[84] Pada Februari
2007 terdapat 1.813.000 keluarga petani komersial, namun di antaranya hanya
kurang dari 21,2% atau 387.000 keluarga petani pengusaha.[85] Sebagian besar
angkatan kerja pertanian sudah berusia lanjut, sementara angkatan kerja usia muda
hanya sedikit yang bekerja di bidang pertanian.[86][87]

Diperkirakan oleh pengamat ekonomi bahwa, Jepang bersama Korea

Selatan, India dan RRT akan benar-benar mendominasi dunia pada tahun 2030 dan
mematahkan dominasi barat atas perekonomian dunia.

Demografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: demografi Jepang, bahasa Jepang, bangsa Jepang, masalah ras di
Jepang, dan agama di Jepang

Pemandangan perempatan Shibuya pada malam

hari. Perempatan Shibuya dikenal sangat ramai dengan penyeberang jalan.

Kuil Shinto Itsukushima Situs Warisan Dunia

UNESCO.
Populasi Jepang diperkirakan sekitar 127,614 juta orang (perkiraan 1 Februari
2009).[88] Masyarakat Jepang homogen dalam etnis, budaya dan bahasa, dengan
sedikit populasi pekerja asing. Di antara sedikit penduduk minoritas di Jepang
terdapat orang Korea Zainichi,[89] Tionghoa Zainichi, orang Filipina, orang Brazil-
Jepang,[90] dan orang Peru-Jepang.[91] Pada 2003, ada sekitar 136.000 orang Barat
yang menjadi ekspatriat di Jepang.[92]

Kewarganegaraan Jepang diberikan kepada bayi yang dilahirkan dari ayah atau ibu
berkewarganegaraan Jepang, ayah berkewarganegaraan Jepang yang wafat
sebelum bayi lahir, atau bayi yang lahir di Jepang dengan ayah/ibu tidak
diketahui/tidak memiliki kewarganegaraan.[93] Suku bangsa yang paling dominan
adalah penduduk asli yang disebut suku Yamato dan kelompok minoritas utama
yang terdiri dari penduduk asli suku Ainu[94] dan Ryukyu, ditambah kelompok
minoritas secara sosial yang disebut burakumin.[95]

Pada tahun 2006, tingkat harapan hidup di Jepang adalah 81,25 tahun, dan
merupakan salah satu tingkat harapan hidup tertinggi di dunia.[96] Namun populasi
Jepang dengan cepat menua sebagai dampak dari ledakan kelahiran
pascaperang diikuti dengan penurunan tingkat kelahiran. Pada tahun 2004, sekitar
19,5% dari populasi Jepang sudah berusia di atas 65 tahun.[97]

Perubahan dalam struktur demografi menyebabkan sejumlah masalah sosial,

terutama kecenderungan menurunnya populasi angkatan kerja dan meningkatnya
biaya jaminan sosial seperti uang pensiun. Masalah lain termasuk meningkatkan
generasi muda yang memilih untuk tidak menikah atau memiliki keluarga ketika
dewasa.[98] Populasi Jepang dikhawatirkan akan merosot menjadi 100 juta pada
tahun 2050 dan makin menurun hingga 64 juta pada tahun 2100.[97] Pakar demografi
dan pejabat pemerintah kini dalam perdebatan hangat mengenai cara menangani
masalah penurunan jumlah penduduk.[98] Imigrasi dan insentif uang untuk kelahiran
bayi sering disarankan sebagai pemecahan masalah penduduk Jepang yang
semakin menua.[99][100]

Perkiraan tertinggi jumlah penganut agama Buddha sekaligus Shinto adalah 84-96%
yang menunjukkan besarnya jumlah penganut sinkretisme dari kedua agama
tersebut.[11][101] Walaupun demikian, perkiraan tersebut hanya didasarkan pada jumlah
orang yang diperkirakan ada hubungan dengan kuil, dan bukan jumlah penduduk
yang sungguh-sungguh menganut kedua agama tersebut.[102] Professor Robert Kisala
(dari Universitas Nanzan) memperkirakan hanya 30% dari penduduk Jepang yang
mengaku menganut suatu agama.[102]

Taoisme dan Konfusianisme dari Tiongkok juga memengaruhi kepercayaan dan

tradisi Jepang. Agama di Jepang cenderung bersifat sinkretisme dengan hasil
berupa berbagai macam tradisi, seperti orang tua membawa anak-anak ke
upacara Shinto, pelajar berdoa di kuil Shinto meminta lulus ujian, pernikahan ala
Barat di kapel atau gereja Kristen, sementara pemakaman diurus oleh kuil Buddha.
Penduduk beragama Kristen hanya minoritas sejumlah (2.595.397 juta atau 2,04%).
[103]
Kebanyakan orang Jepang mengambil sikap tidak peduli terhadap agama dan
melihat agama sebagai budaya dan tradisi. Bila ditanya mengenai agama, mereka
akan mengatakan bahwa mereka beragama Buddha hanya karena nenek moyang
mereka menganut salah satu sekte agama Buddha. Selain itu, di Jepang sejak
pertengahan abad ke-19 bermunculan berbagai sekte agama baru (Shinshūkyō)
seperti Tenrikyo dan Aum Shinrikyo (atau Aleph).
 Lebih dari 99% penduduk Jepang berbicara bahasa Jepang sebagai bahasa ibu.
[88]
Bahasa Jepang adalah bahasa aglutinatif dengan tuturan hormat (kata honorifik)
yang mencerminkan hierarki dalam masyarakat Jepang. Pemilihan kata kerja dan
kosakata menunjukkan status pembicara dan pendengar. Menurut kamus bahasa
Jepang Shinsen-kokugojiten, kosakata dari Tiongkok berjumlah sekitar 49,1% dari
kosakata keseluruhan, kata-kata asli Jepang hanya 33,8% dan kata serapan sekitar
8,8%.[104] Bahasa Jepang ditulis memakai aksara kanji, hiragana, dan katakana,
ditambah huruf Latin dan penulisan angka Arab. Bahasa Ryukyu yang juga termasuk
salah satu keluarga bahasa Japonik dipakai orang Okinawa, tetapi hanya sedikit
dipelajari anak-anak.[105] Bahasa Ainu adalah bahasa mati dengan hanya
sedikit penutur asli yang sudah berusia lanjut di Hokkaido.[106] Murid sekolah negeri
dan swasta di Jepang hanya diharuskan belajar bahasa Jepang dan bahasa Inggris.
[107]

 l

 b

 s
Kota terbesar di Jepang
2010 Census
Peringkat Prefektur Pop. Peringkat Prefektur
1 Tokyo Tokyo 13.839.910 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima
2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3.689.603 12 Sendai Miyagi
3 Osaka Osaka 2.666.371 13 Kitakyushu Fukuoka
4 Nagoya Aichi 2.263.907 14 Chiba Chiba
Tokyo 5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1.914.434 15 Sakai Osaka
6 Kobe Hyōgo 1.544.873 16 Niigata Niigata
7 Kyoto Kyoto 1.474.473 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka
8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1.463.826 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto
9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1.425.678 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa

10 Saitama Saitama 1.222.910 20 Shizuoka Shizuoka

Yokohama

Pendidikan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Pendidikan di Jepang

Auditorium Yasuda di Universitas Tokyo

Pendidikan dasar dan menengah, serta pendidikan tinggi diperkenalkan di Jepang
pada 1872 sebagai hasil Restorasi Meiji.[108] Sejak 1947, program wajib belajar di
Jepang mewajibkan setiap warga negara untuk untuk bersekolah selama 9 tahun
di Sekolah Dasar dan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (dari usia 6 hingga 15 tahun). Di
kalangan penduduk berusia 15 tahun ke atas, tingkat melek huruf sebesar 99%, laki-
laki: 99%; perempuan: 99% (2002).[109]

Hampir semua murid meneruskan ke Sekolah Menengah Atas, dan

menurut MEXT sekitar 75,9% lulusan sekolah menengah atas pada tahun 2005
melanjutkan ke universitas, akademi, sekolah keterampilan, atau lembaga
pendidikan tinggi lainnya.[110] Pendidikan di Jepang sangat kompetitif,[111] khususnya
dalam ujian masuk perguruan tinggi. Dua peringkat teratas universitas di Jepang
ditempati oleh Universitas Tokyo dan Universitas Keio.[112] Dalam peringkat yang
disusun Program Penilaian Pelajar Internasional dari OECD, pengetahuan dan
keterampilan anak Jepang berusia 15 tahun berada di peringkat nomor enam terbaik
di dunia.[113]

Peringkat internasional[sunting | sunting sumber]

 Indeks Pembangunan Manusia - peringkat ke-19 dan 4 besar di Asia
 Indeks Kebebasan Pers - peringkat ke-11
 PDB - peringkat ke-3
 Indeks Kualitas Hidup - peringkat ke-17
 Indeks Persepsi Korupsi - peringkat ke-17
 Indeks Kebebasan Ekonomi - peringkat ke-17
 Laporan Daya Saing Global - peringkat ke-7
 Peringkat dunia FIFA - peringkat ke-28
 Total Perdagangan Internasional - peringkat ke-2

Budaya[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel utama: Budaya Jepang

Kinkaku-ji atau 'Kuil Emas Pavilion' di Kyoto dan Situs

Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Budaya Jepang mencakup interaksi antara budaya asli Jomon yang kukuh dengan
pengaruh dari luar negeri yang menyusul. Mula-mula Tiongkok dan Korea banyak
membawa pengaruh, bermula dengan perkembangan budaya Yayoi sekitar 300 SM.
Gabungan tradisi budaya Yunani dan India, memengaruhi seni dan keagamaan
Jepang sejak abad ke-6 Masehi, dilengkapi dengan pengenalan agama
Buddha sekte Mahayana. Sejak abad ke-16, pengaruh Eropa menonjol, disusul
dengan pengaruh Amerika Serikat yang mendominasi Jepang setelah
berakhirnya Perang Dunia II. Jepang turut mengembangkan budaya yang original
dan unik, dalam seni (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e), kerajinan
tangan (pahatan, tembikar, persembahan (boneka bunraku, tarian
tradisional, kabuki, noh, rakugo), dan tradisi (permainan
Jepang, onsen, sento, upacara minum teh, taman Jepang), serta makanan Jepang.

Kini, Jepang merupakan salah sebuah pengekspor budaya pop yang

terbesar. Anime, manga, mode, film, kesusastraan, permainan video,
dan musik Jepang menerima sambutan hangat di seluruh dunia, terutama di negara-
negara Asia yang lain. Pemuda Jepang gemar menciptakan trend baru dan
kegemaran mengikut gaya mereka memengaruhi mode dan trend seluruh dunia.
Pasar muda-mudi yang amat baik merupakan ujian untuk produk-produk elektronik
konsumen yang baru, di mana gaya dan fungsinya ditentukan oleh pengguna
Jepang, sebelum dipertimbangkan untuk diedarkan ke seluruh dunia.

Chakinzushi, sushi yang dibungkus telur dadar tipis.

Baru-baru ini Jepang mula mengekspor satu lagi komoditas budaya yang bernilai:
olahragawan. Popularitas pemain bisbol Jepang di Amerika Serikat meningkatkan
kesadaran warga negara Barat tersebut terhadap segalanya mengenai Jepang.

Makanan populer[sunting | sunting sumber]

Orang Jepang biasanya gemar memakan makanan tradisi mereka. Sebagian besar
acara TV pada waktu petang dikhususkan pada penemuan dan penghasilan
makanan tradisional yang bermutu. Makanan Jepang mencetak nama di seluruh
dunia dengan sushi, yang biasanya dibuat dari berbagai jenis ikan mentah yang
digabungkan dengan nasi dan wasabi. Sushi memiliki banyak penggemar di seluruh
dunia. Makanan Jepang bertumpu pada peralihan musim, dengan menghidangkan
mi dingin dan sashimi pada musim panas, sedangkan ramen panas dan shabu-
shabu pada musim dingin.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

1. ^ Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center: Sixty Countries' Values Databook (世
界 60 カ国価値観データブック) (2000).
2. ^ Menurut legenda, Jepang didirikan oleh Kaisar Jimmu, Sang Kaisar Pertama.
3. ^ "Facts about Japan, General Information". Diakses tanggal January 29, 2017.
4. ^ "Explore all countries–Japan". World Fact Book. Diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2022.
5. ^ "2020 Population Census Preliminary Tabulation". Statistics Bureau of Japan. Diakses
tanggal June 26, 2021.
6. ^ Lompat ke:a b c d "World Economic Outlook database: October 2022". International Monetary
Fund. October 2022.
7. ^ Inequality - Income inequality - OECD Data. OECD. Diakses tanggal July 25, 2021.
8. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). United Nations
Development Programme. September 8, 2022.
9. ^ 法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」 (dalam bahasa Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the
House of Councillors. Diakses tanggal January 19, 2009.
10. ^ [Jepang http://fpcj.jp/old/e/mres/publication/ff/pdf_07/01_land.pdf "Facts and Figures of Japan
2007 01: Land"] Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan) (PDF). Foreign Press Center
 Japan. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2009-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-04. line feed
character di |url= pada posisi 7 (bantuan)
11. ^ Lompat ke:a b c "World Factbook; Japan". CIA. 2007-03-15. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
12. ^ United Nations World Population Propsects: 2006 revision Diarsipkan 2013-07-21 di Wayback
Machine.–Table A.17 for 2005-2010
13. ^ Schreiber, Mark (26 November 2019). "You say 'Nihon,' I say 'Nippon,' or let's call the whole
thing 'Japan'?". The Japan Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-13. Diakses
tanggal 20 May 2020.
14. ^ "Re: にほん or にっぽん". www.sf.airnet.ne.jp. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-15.
Diakses tanggal 2009-10-23.
15. ^ Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. October
13, 2004. ISBN 978-0-547-35027-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-10. Diakses
tanggal 2020-06-27.
16. ^ Luīs Fróis, "Of the Ilande of Giapan" (February 19, 1565), published in Richard Willes, "The
History of Travayle in the West and East Indies" (London 1577), cited in "Travel Narratives from
the Age of Discovery", by Peter C. Mancall, pp. 156–57.
17. ^ Batchelor, Robert K. (January 6, 2014). London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global
City, 1549–1689. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 76, 79. ISBN 978-0-226-08079-
6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-27. In Richard Wille's
1577 book "The History of Travalye in the West and East Indies"
18. ^ Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Twitchett, Denis
(1988). The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University
Press. hlm. 275. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-29. Diakses
tanggal 2020-06-27.
19. ^ Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University
Press. hlm. 140–149.
20. ^ William Gerald Beasley (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University
of California Press. hlm. 42. ISBN 0520225600. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-04-13.
Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
21. ^ Conrad Totman (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. hlm. 64–79. ISBN 978-1405123594.
22. ^ Conrad Totman (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. hlm. 122–123. ISBN 978-1405123594.
23. ^ George Sansom (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford. hlm. 42. ISBN 0-8047-0525-
9.
24. ^ George Sansom (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford. hlm. 217. ISBN 0-8047-
0525-9.
25. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Cassel. hlm. 227. ISBN 978-
0304359486.
26. ^ Hooker, Richard (1999-07-14). "Japan Glossary; Kokugaku". Washington State University.
Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
27. ^ Jesse Arnold. "Japan: The Making of a World Superpower (Imperial Japan)".
vt.edu/users/jearnol2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-09. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
28. ^ Kelley L. Ross. "The Pearl Harbor Strike Force". friesian.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2017-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
29. ^ Roland H. Worth, Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and
the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0141-9.
30. ^ "Japanese Instrument of Surrender". educationworld.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2006-12-31. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
31. ^ When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan by Lori
Watt Diarsipkan 2009-03-04 di Wayback Machine., Harvard University Press
32. ^ Joseph Coleman (2006-03-06). "'52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA". The Japan
Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-03.
33. ^ Lompat ke:a b c d Kobayashi, Kayo (2005). 日本の経済: Japanese Economy, The. IBC
Publishing. ISBN 4-8968-4147-6.
34. ^ ""Japan"". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-
12-16. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
35. ^ "Japan Information—Page 1". WorldInfoZone.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-
02. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
36. ^ "World Population Prospects". UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Diarsipkan
dari versi asli tanggal 2010-08-19. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
37. ^ "Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan". Oregon State University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2007-02-04. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
38. ^ "Attractions: Hot Springs". JNTO. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-02. Diakses
tanggal 2007-04-01.
39. ^ Lompat ke:a b "Essential Info: Climate". JNTO. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-18.
Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
40. ^ "Gifu Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 40.9". Japan News Review
Society. 2007-08-16. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-18. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-16.
41. ^ "The Constitution of Japan". House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan. 1946-11-03.
Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-10.
42. ^ "A History of the Liberal Democratic Party". Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Diarsipkan
dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
43. ^ http://www.houko.com/00/01/S21/000.HTM#s5 Diarsipkan 2009-03-13 di Wayback Machine.
Konstitusi Jepang Bab 5, Kabinet (第５章 内閣)
44. ^ http://www.houko.com/00/01/S21/000.HTM#s1 Diarsipkan 2009-03-13 di Wayback Machine.
Konstitusi Jepang Bab 1 Pasal 6, Kaisar (第１章 天皇)
45. ^ http://www.houko.com/00/01/S21/000.HTM#s1 Diarsipkan 2009-03-13 di Wayback Machine.
Konstitusi Jepang Bab 1 7 Butir 5, Kaisar (第１章 天皇)
46. ^ Michael Green. "Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo's New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington". Real
Clear Politics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-01. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-08.
47. ^ "Japan: non-permanent member of the Security Council". United Nations. Diarsipkan dari versi
asli tanggal 2009-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
48. ^ Nile Gardiner, Ph.D. and Brett D. Schaefer. "U.N. Security Council Expansion Is Not in the U.S.
Interest". Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-18. Diakses
tanggal 2009-03-10.
49. ^ "MOFA: Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security
Cooperation". www.mofa.go.jp. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-14. Diakses
tanggal 2020-04-14.
50. ^ "MOFA: Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India (October 22,
2008)". www.mofa.go.jp. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-14. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-
14.
51. ^ "Debt Relief is down: Other ODA rises slightly". Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and
Development. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-19. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
52. ^ "Sejarah Bantuan ODA Jepang di Indonesia". Situs Bantuan ODA Jepang di
Indonesia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-12. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
53. ^ "Japan's island row with Russia". BBC News. 2006-08-16. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2009-02-21. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
54. ^ "Seoul and Tokyo hold island talks". BBC News. 2006-04-20. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2006-11-30. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
55. ^ "The Basic View on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands". Kementerian Luar Negeri
Jepang. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-09-30. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
56. ^ "The Constitution of Japan". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-14. Diakses
tanggal 2009-03-12.
57. ^ Kosechi, Soseki. "Mengkaji Kembali Revisi Konstitusi Jepang". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2012-01-12. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12.
58. ^ "Section 3. Japan's Response to the Post-Gulf Crisis Problems". Diplomatic Bluebook 1991:
Japan's Diplomatic Activities. Kementerian Luar Negeri Jepang. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2007-12-11. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
59. ^ Lompat ke:a b "航空自衛隊イラク復興支援派遣撤収業務隊による撤収業務の終結に関する命令の
発出について". Kementerian Pertahanan. 2009-02-10. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-
12. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
60. ^ "Japan's Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations: International Peace Cooperation
Assignment in Cambodia". Secretariat of the International Peace Cooperation Headquarters,
Cabinet Office. 2009-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
61. ^ "Prime Minister Encourages Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) to be Dispatched to Iraq".
Kantor Perdana Menteri Jepang. 2003-12-24. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-10.
Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
62. ^ "2009 年 2 月 16 日付防衛省人事発令" (PDF). Kementerian Pertahanan. 2009-02-
16. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-10.
63. ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. hlm. 84–85. ISBN 0333710002.
64. ^ Mabuchi, Masaru (May 2001). "Municipal Amalgamation in Japan" (PDF). World
Bank. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-06. Diakses tanggal December 28, 2006.
65. ^ Lompat ke:a b c "Japan: Patterns of Development". country-data.com. 1994. Diarsipkan dari versi
asli tanggal 2006-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
66. ^ Lompat ke:a b c d "World Factbook; Japan—Economy". CIA. 2006-12-19. Diarsipkan dari versi asli
tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
67. ^ Lompat ke:a b "World Economic Outlook Database; country comparisons". IMF. 2006-09-
01. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-04. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-14.
68. ^ "NationMaster; Economy Statistics". NationMaster. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-
14. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-26.
69. ^ er 6 Manufacturing and Construction Diarsipkan 2009-11-13 di Wayback Machine., Statistical
Handbook of Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
70. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-09.
71. ^ "Groningen Growth and Development Centre". University of Groningen. 27 Jul
2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-14.
72. ^ Japan 500 2008 Diarsipkan 2009-02-11 di Wayback Machine., Financial Times Diakses pada 8
Maret 2009]
73. ^ "The Forbes 2000 - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-08-
29. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-14.
74. ^ Market data. Diarsipkan 2007-10-11 di Wayback Machine. New York Stock Exchange (2006-01-
31). Diakses pada 2007-08-11.
75. ^ "Japan's Economy: Free at last". The Economist. 2006-07-20. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2007-10-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-29.
76. ^ "The State and Change in the "Lifetime Employment" in Japan: From the End of War Through
1995". Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). November
2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-13. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-29.
77. ^ "Life-time Employment (終身雇用)". exBuzzWords. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-
07. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-28.
78. ^ "Going hybrid". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-30. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-14 – via
The Economist.
79. ^ Activist shareholders swarm in Japan Diarsipkan 2009-02-02 di Wayback Machine., The
Economist
80. ^ Japan Diarsipkan 2008-12-19 di Wayback Machine., Index of Economic Freedom
81. ^ "The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006" (PDF). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department FAO. 2007. ISBN 978-92-5-105568-7. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2009-
02-20. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-02.
82. ^ "Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics: World fisheries production, by capture and aquaculture, by
country (2006)" (PDF). Fisheries and Aquaculture Department FAO. 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi
asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-18. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-08.
83. ^ The World Almanac and book of facts 2008. World Almanac Books. 2008. hlm. 94. ISBN 1-
60057-072-0.
84. ^ "Employed person by occupation and sex (労働力調査 長期時系列データ 職業別就業者数)".
Statistics Bureau, Director General for Policy Planning (Statistical Standards) 総務省統計
局. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-09.
85. ^ Zaidan Hōjin Yano Tsuneta Kinenkai, 財団法人矢野恒太記念会 (2008). p.134 Tabel 13-6 dan
catatan kaki. "Definisi keluarga petani komersial (hambai nōka) adalah keluarga dengan luas
tanah lebih dari 3.000 m² atau pendapatan kotor lebih dari \500.000 per tahun; definisi keluarga
petani pengusaha (shugyō nōka) adalah keluarga yang berpenghasilan utama dari pertanian, dan
memiliki kepala keluarga berumur di bawah 65 tahun yang bekerja di lahan pertanian lebih dari 60
hari per tahun."
86. ^ Zaidan Hōjin Yano Tsuneta Kinenkai 財団法人矢野恒太記念会 (2008) p.136 Tabel 13-8. Report
of Survey on Movement of Agriculture Structure.
87. ^ Pada tahun 1990, keluarga petani komersial yang memiliki kepala keluarga berusia di atas 65
tahun mencapai 19,5%. Angka ini bertambah menjadi 32,4% pada tahun 2007. "Main Indicators
Relating to Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (農林水 産業関連主要指標（１）土地と人口 Land
and population)". Kementerian Pertanian, Kehutanan, dan Perikanan Jepang (MAFF). Diakses
tanggal 2009-03-09.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
88. ^ Lompat ke:a b "人口推計月報". Biro Statistik Jepang. 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal
2008-12-21. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-08.
89. ^ Japan-born Koreans live in limbo Diarsipkan 2011-04-30 di Wayback Machine.. The New York
Times. 2 April 2005.
 90. ^ An Enclave of Brazilians Is Testing Insular Japan Diarsipkan 2011-04-30 di Wayback Machine..
The New York Times. 1 November 2008.
91. ^ 'Home' is where the heartbreak is for Japanese-Peruvians Diarsipkan 2010-01-06 di Wayback
Machine.. Asia Times. 16 Oktober 1999.
92. ^ Registered Foreigners in Japan by Nationality Diarsipkan 2005-08-24 di Wayback Machine..
Stat.go.jp.
93. ^ "国籍Ｑ＆Ａ". 民事局. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-11-21. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-
08.
94. ^ Fogarty, Philippa (2008-06-06). "Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu". BBC
News. BBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-11-08. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-07.
95. ^ The Invisible Race Diarsipkan 2012-12-16 di Wayback Machine.. Time. 8 Januari 1973.
96. ^ "The World Factbook: Rank order—Life expectancy at birth". CIA. 2006-12-19. Diarsipkan dari
versi asli tanggal 2016-01-20. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
97. ^ Lompat ke:a b "Statistical Handbook of Japan: Chapter 2—Population". Japan Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2006-
12-28.
98. ^ Lompat ke:a b Ogawa, Naohiro."Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's
Future" Diarsipkan 2010-01-14 di Wayback Machine. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Transkrip wawancara pada 7 Maret 1997. Diakses pada 14 Mei 2006.
99. ^ Hidenori Sakanaka (2005-10-05). "Japan Immigration Policy Institute: Director's message".
Japan Immigration Policy Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses
tanggal 2007-01-05.
100. ^ French, Howard."Insular Japan Needs, but Resists, Immigration". Diarsipkan 2007-12-
02 di Wayback Machine. "The New York Times" (2003-07-24). Diakses pada 2007-02-21.
101. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006-09-15). "International Religious
Freedom Report 2006". U.S. Department of State. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-23.
Diakses tanggal 2007-12-04.
102. ^ Lompat ke:a b Kisala, Robert (2005). Robert Wargo, ed. The Logic Of Nothingness: A
Study of Nishida Kitarō. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 3–4. ISBN 0824822846.
103. ^ "Religious Juridical Persons and Administration of Religious Affairs, [[Agency for
Cultural Affairs]" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-09. Diakses tanggal 2009-
08-08.
104. ^ Shinsen-kokugojiten (新選国語辞典), Kyōsuke Kindaichi, Shogakukan, 2001, ISBN 4-
09-501407-5
105. ^ 言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of
Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of
the Ryukyu Islands). 三省堂 1997
106. ^ "15 families keep ancient language alive in Japan". UN. Diarsipkan dari versi asli
tanggal 2008-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.
107. ^ Lucien Ellington (2005-09-01). "Japan Digest: Japanese Education". Indiana
University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-04-27. Diakses tanggal 2006-04-27.
108. ^ Lucien Ellington (2003-12-01). "Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions About
Japanese Education". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-
04-05. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
109. ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Japan—The World Factbook - Central Intelligence
Agency". www.cia.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-
07.
110. ^ "School Education" (PDF). MEXT. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-01-02.
Diakses tanggal 2007-03-10.
111. ^ Kate Rossmanith (2007-02-05). "Rethinking Japanese education". The University of
Sydney. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-01-13. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
112. ^ "The World University Rankings". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-04. Diakses
tanggal 2009-08-29.
113. ^ OECD’s PISA survey shows some countries making significant gains in learning
outcomes Diarsipkan 2009-12-15 di Wayback Machine., OECD, 04/12/2007. Range of rank on the
PISA 2006 science scale Diarsipkan 2009-12-29 di Wayback Machine.

Bacaan lebih lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]

  Conrad Totman, 2000. 'A History of Modern Japan. Blackwell Publishers.'
 C.H. Kwan. 2001. 'Yen Bloc: Toward Economic Integration in Asia.' Brookings
Institution Press.
 Bernson, Mary Hammond and Elaine Magnusson, eds. Modern Japan: An Idea
Book for K-12 Teachers. Multicultural Education Resource Serial. Olympia, WA:
Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1984. ED 252 486.
 Cogan, John J. and Donald O. Schneider, eds. Perspectives on Japan: A Guide
for Teachers. Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies, 1983. ED
236 090.
 East Meets West: Mutual Images. Stanford, CA: California Center for Research
in International Studies, l980. ED 196 765.
 Kaderabeck, Leslie. The Japanese Automobile Worker: A Microcosm of Japan's
Success. 1985. ED 263 041.
 Murphy, Carole. A Step by Step Guide for Planning a Japanese Cultural Festival.
1983. ED 238 748.
 Wojtan, Linda S. Free Resources for Teaching about Japan. Bloomington, IN:
Midwest Program for Teaching about Japan, Indiana University, 1986. ED 270
3891.

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

 Portal Jepang

 Hubungan luar negeri Jepang

 Kalender Jepang
 Militer Jepang
 Transportasi di Jepang
 Daftar masakan Jepang
 Daftar kata serapan dari bahasa Jepang dalam bahasa Indonesia
 Daftar wilayah metropolitan di Jepang menurut populasi

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Cari tahu mengenai Japan pada proyek-
proyek Wikimedia lainnya:

Definisi dan terjemahan dari

Wiktionary

Gambar dan media dari Commons

Berita dari Wikinews

Buku dari Wikibuku

Pemerintah

 Kantei.go.jp, situs resmi Perdana Menteri Jepang dan Kabinetnya

 Kunaicho.go.jp,
 National Diet Library
 Public Relations Office
 Wisata

 Japan National Tourist Organization

 Panduan perjalanan Jepang di Wikiwisata
Informasi Umum

 Jepang di CIA World Factbook.

 Jepang Diarsipkan 2009-04-21 di Wayback Machine. dari UCB Libraries
GovPubs
 Jepang di Curlie (dari DMOZ)
 Jepang dari BBC News
 Jepang dari US Energy Information Administration
 Jepang dari OECD
 Prakiraan Pengembangan Jepang dari International Futures
tampil

Topik Jepang

tampil

Negara di Asia Timur

tampil

Negara di Asia

tampil

Anggota Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa

tampil
s
n menu
 Search
Create account

onal tools

ogy

History subsection

phy
Geography subsection

tration
Administration subsection

pe
Cityscape subsection

aphics
Demographics subsection

my
Economy subsection
Culture subsection

ucture
Infrastructure subsection

ional relations
International relations subsection

ces
References subsection

reading

l links

s
anguages

istory
s
es: 48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E

ikipedia, the free encyclopedia

cle is about the capital of France. For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation).

Paris

Capital city, commune, and department

Eiffel Tower and the Seine from Tour Saint-Jacques

Notre-Dame

Sacré-Cœur
 Panthéon

Arc de Triomphe

Palais Garnier

The Louvre

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto(s):

Fluctuat nec mergitur

"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
 show
Location of Paris

Show map of France Show map of Île-de-France (region)

Show all

Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E

try France

n Île-de-France

rtment Paris

communality Métropole du Grand Paris

visions 20 arrondissements

rnment

yor (2020– Anne Hidalgo[1] (PS)

105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi)

 an 2,853.5 km2 (1,101.7 sq mi)

ro 18,940.7 km2 (7,313.0 sq mi)

ation 2,102,650

)[2]

sity 20,000/km2 (52,000/sq mi)

an 10,858,852
[3]
)

an density 3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)

ro 13,024,518

2017[4])

ro density 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)

nym(s) Parisian(s)
(en) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.)
(fr), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr,
colloquial)

zone UTC+01:00 (CET)

mmer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)

E/Postal 75056 /75001-75020, 75116

tion 28–131 m (92–430 ft)

(avg. 78 m or 256 ft)

ite www.paris.fr

ch Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers >

(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

[paʁi] ⓘ) is the capital and most populous city of France. With an official estimated population of
rench pronunciation:
50 residents as of 1 January 2023[2] in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi),[5] Paris is the fourth-most populate
he European Union and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022.[6] Since the 17th century, Paris
ne of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy. For its leading
and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as
Light.[7]
y of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271
nts on 1 January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France,[2] The Paris Region had a GDP of €765 billion
064 trillion, PPP)[8] in 2021, the highest in the European Union.[9] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit World
Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world. [10]

a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport (th
airport in Europe) and Orly Airport.[11][12] Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 m
gers daily;[13] it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-bu
station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.[14] Paris has one of the
stainable transportation systems[15] and is one of the only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Tran
wice.[16]

especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9. million visitors in 2023, o
ping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.[17] The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and
ngerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art
e, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. The historica
along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991.[18]

osts several United Nations organizations including UNESCO, and other international organizations such as the O
CD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency,
rnational Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the Eu
g Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rug
ub Stade Français are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is lo
h of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand
nnis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924, and wil
4 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2007 Rugby
well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city. Every July, the Tou
bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris.

ology[edit]
ktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.
cient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius
as Luteciam Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii'), and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Pa
0]
During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia or Lutecia in Latin, and as Leukotekía in Greek, w
ted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').[21][22][20]

me Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period.[23]
g of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic
io- ('cauldron').[23] Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to
sh peryff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-.
atively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to
Irish carr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā.[20] In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of Gr
gy.

nts are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ⓘ). They are also pejoratively
 arigots ([paʁiɡo] ⓘ).[note 1][25]

ory[edit]
ticle: History of Paris
hronological guide, see Timeline of Paris.
s[edit]
ticle: Lutetia
isii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.[26][27] O
a's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, which gradually became an important tr
8]
The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins

Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)

mans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank.[30] The Roman town wa
y called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosp
a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[31]

end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris
32]
Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: accordi
when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became k
s Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the
e fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings a
here.[33]

he Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508.[34] As the Frankish dominatio
gan, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortific
e de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing
ssing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris
s), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia.[35] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 electio
Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradual
the largest and most prosperous city in France.[33]

and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV[edit]

o: Paris in the Middle Ages, Paris in the 16th century, and Paris in the 17th century

The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Rich
du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. [36] The P
té, the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of Louis
urice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity.

e marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th centu
s cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced
ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville).[38] The latter location housed the headqua
's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's f
al government.

te 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the w
e city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its mai
hfares.[39] In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would be
versity of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe.[40][36]

0,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By
son, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside u
that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names we
by merde, the French word for "shit".[41][42]

The Hôtel de Sens (c. 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens
he Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occu
by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;[43] in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of
the city,[44] it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

te 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 Aug
. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.[45][46] The conflicts ended whe
er to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to cla
f France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of P
overed, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and c
Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city
on, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in

he 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful
He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonne, and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardina
u's death in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.[48]
 Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, Jan Janssonius
he Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682.
h no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academ
g, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city
emolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards.[49] Other marks of h
e Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.[50]

nd 19th centuries[edit]
o: Paris in the 18th century, Paris during the Second Empire, and Haussmann's renovation of Paris
ew in population from about 400,000 in 1640, to 650,000 in 1780.[51] A new boulevard named the Champs-
extended the city west to Étoile,[52] while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the e
he city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France. [53]

The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, by Jean-Pierre Houël

The Panthéon, a major landmark on the Rive Gauche, was completed in 1790.
as the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the Age of
enment. Diderot and d'Alembert published their Encyclopédie in 1751, and the Montgolfier Brothers launched the
d flight in a hot air balloon on 21 November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, and the pri
an centre of book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods. [54]

ummer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal a
lides, acquiring thousands of guns, and stormed the Bastille, which was a principal symbol of royal authority. The
dent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain
uly.[55]

VI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution tu
ngly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by guillotine in the Reign of Terror, along with more than
hroughout France.[56] The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were
sold or demolished.[57] A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18
e), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.[58]

pulation of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residen
g 660,000 by 1815.[59] Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to hi
erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of
w fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.[59]

The Eiffel Tower, under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world
ernity.
he Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolutio
ommemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis P
rst railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the cit
ouis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside
ppointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide n
rds, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and
ennes.[60] In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expandin
rrent limits.[60]

he Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of
e, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After s
n Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, befor
suppressed by the French army during the "Bloody Week" at the end of May 1871.[61]

te 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured t
ower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the
dre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line.[62] Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism
nd Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Reno

nd 21st centuries[edit]
o: Paris in the Belle Époque, Paris during the First World War, Paris between the Wars (1919–1939), Paris in Wo
History of Paris (1946–2000)
1, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.[64] At the beginning of the century, artists from around the
g Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace
sm, Cubism and abstract art,[65][66] and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.

he First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but high
nt symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bo
pelins and shelled by German long-range guns.[68] In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris
ed to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor
sky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet[69] and Salvador Dalí.[

ears after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from Frenc
s and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou
nd Léopold Sédar Senghor.[71]

General Charles de Gaulle on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26

une 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city".[72] On 16–17 July 1942,
g German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined
ve days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination cam
hwitz. None of the children came back.[73][74] On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured
and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional cro
e Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.[75]

950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-
dence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (w
e, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians a
ew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. Th
dence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.[76][7

1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisi
lar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the govern
June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of P
ndependent campuses.[78] In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French citie
March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.[79] The Tour Maine-Montparnasse
uilding in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controver
emains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high. [80] The population of Paris dropped from 2,85
to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.[81] A suburban railway network, the RER (Ré
s Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city, was completed in
 the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges
ou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986);
nt François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the Bibliothèque nationale de
(1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the Louvre Pyramid with its underground
rd (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.[83]

arly 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the ci
d 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in Ma
In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delano
med a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenad
de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.[85]

Demonstrators at the Place de la République, Paris, 11 January 2015, during the Republic
s after the Charlie Hebdo shooting
, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in th
around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 m
ated on 1 January 2016.[86] In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Gran
s, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Pa
and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.[87] The system is scheduled to be complete

ary 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed attacks across the Paris region.[89][90] 1.5 million people march
a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.[91] In November of the same year, terro
claimed by ISIL,[92] killed 130 people and injured more than 350.[93]

April 2016, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Clima
in an aim to limit the effects of climate change below 2 °C.[94]

raphy[edit]
on[edit]
ticle: Geography of Paris

Satellite image of Paris, captured by ESA's Sentinel-2 mission

located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the
ouis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (
) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from the city. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. [95] Overa
elatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest o
martre at 130 m (427 ft).[96]

ng the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about
34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique.[97] The city's last major
ion of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling
ssements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally
2
(33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially ann
bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi).[98] The metropolitan area is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).[95]

ed from the 'point zero' in front of its Notre-Dame cathedral, Paris by road is 450 km (280 mi) southeast of London
(178 mi) south of Calais, 305 km (190 mi) southwest of Brussels, 774 km (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 km (23
st of Nantes, and 135 km (84 mi) southeast of Rouen.[99]

te[edit]
ticle: Climate of Paris

Autumn in Paris
ng to the Köppen climate classification, Paris has an oceanic climate, typical of western Europe. This climate type
s cool winters that have frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold
atures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.[100]

r days are usually mild and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair
hine.[101] Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer period
tense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for week
d 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and rarely cooled down at night.[102] Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days
hts but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. [103] In win
e is scarce; days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around 3 °C (3
night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). The city sometime
ow or flurries with or without accumulation.[105]

as an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughou
owever, the city is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C
F) on 25 July 2019,[106] and the lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) on 10 December 1879.[107]

hideClimate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
 16.1 21.4 26.0 30.2 34.8 37.6 42.6 39.5 36.2 28.9 21.6 17.1
Record high °C (°F)
(61.0) (70.5) (78.8) (86.4) (94.6) (99.7) (108.7) (103.1) (97.2) (84.0) (70.9) (62.8)

7.6 8.8 12.8 16.6 20.2 23.4 25.7 25.6 21.5 16.5 11.1 8.0
an daily maximum °C (°F)
(45.7) (47.8) (55.0) (61.9) (68.4) (74.1) (78.3) (78.1) (70.7) (61.7) (52.0) (46.4)

5.4 6.0 9.2 12.2 15.6 18.8 20.9 20.8 17.2 13.2 8.7 5.9
Daily mean °C (°F)
(41.7) (42.8) (48.6) (54.0) (60.1) (65.8) (69.6) (69.4) (63.0) (55.8) (47.7) (42.6)

3.2 3.3 5.6 7.9 11.1 14.2 16.2 16.0 13.0 9.9 6.2 3.8
an daily minimum °C (°F)
(37.8) (37.9) (42.1) (46.2) (52.0) (57.6) (61.2) (60.8) (55.4) (49.8) (43.2) (38.8)

−14.6 −14.7 −9.1 −3.5 −0.1 3.1 6.0 6.3 1.8 −3.8 −14.0 −23.9
Record low °C (°F)
(5.7) (5.5) (15.6) (25.7) (31.8) (37.6) (42.8) (43.3) (35.2) (25.2) (6.8) (−11.0)

47.6 41.8 45.2 45.8 69.0 51.3 59.4 58.0 44.7 55.2 54.3 62.0
ge precipitation mm (inches)
(1.87) (1.65) (1.78) (1.80) (2.72) (2.02) (2.34) (2.28) (1.76) (2.17) (2.14) (2.44)

e precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.9 9.1 9.5 8.6 9.2 8.3 7.4 8.1 7.5 9.5 10.4 11.4

Average snowy days 3.0 3.9 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.1

rage relative humidity (%) 83 78 73 69 70 69 68 71 76 82 84 84

an monthly sunshine hours 59.0 83.7 134.9 177.3 201.0 203.5 222.4 215.3 174.7 118.6 69.8 56.9

Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 3 1 1

Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010),[108] Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[109]

Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)[110]

inistration[edit]
ticle: Administration of Paris
overnment[edit]
information: Arrondissements of Paris
o: Mayor of Paris

A map of the arrondissements of Paris

ost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king
r, or president of France. The city was not granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly until 1974. [111] Th
elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected 20 March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 a
th since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected 5 April 2014[112] and re-elected 28 June

The Hôtel de Ville, or city hall

yor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect member
seil de Paris (Council of Paris), which subsequently elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members,
rondissement allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-
ed arrondissements to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed list proportional
ntation in a two-round system. Party lists winning an absolute majority in the first round – or at least a plurality in t
round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proport
ts which win at least 5% of the vote using the highest averages method.[114] This ensures that the winning party or
n always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote. [115]

the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected
(conseil d'arrondissement), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.[116] The council of each arrondissemen
ed of members of the Conseil de Paris and also members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. T
of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were a total of
ssement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.[111] The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a s
overing the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election; the other 16 arrondissements conti
eir own mayors.[117]

pole du Grand Paris[edit]

Map of the Greater Paris Metropolis and its governing territories

tropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, formally came into existence on 1 January 2016.[118] It is an adminis
e for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the commu
e departments of the inner suburbs (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven commune
er suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the
of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km2 (314 sq mi) and has a population of 6.945 million persons.[119][120]

w structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the cou
mber Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the
ment.[118][120] The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, was elected on 22 January 2016. Though
ole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a ver
just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris. [121]

nal government[edit]
gion of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, comp
members representing its different communes. On 15 December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Righ
n of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalitio
ts and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 mem
e Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front. [122]

nal government[edit]
sée Palace, official residence of the President of France
capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each
n official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée
123]
while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon.[124][125] Government ministries are located in various parts
ny near the Hôtel Matignon.[126]

uses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais
ourg, while the more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President
 the second-highest public official in France (the President of the Republic being the sole superior), resides in the
ourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.[127]

The Palais-Royal, residence of the Conseil d'État

s highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews
and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité,[128] while the Conseil d'État, which provides
o the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is
in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement.[129] The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate autho
stitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal. [130]

nd its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for
mic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space
, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institu
y Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the Interna
ion for Human Rights.

force[edit]

Police (Gendarmerie) motorcyclists

urity of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the In
ses the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsi
g emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la

re 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles
boats and helicopters.[131] The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security
uildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the
ty when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a br
nch Armed Forces, though their police operations now are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior. [132]

n Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is
mon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These
trations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence. [133]

cape[edit]
 Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left)

ism and architecture[edit]

o: Architecture of Paris, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Religious buildings in Paris, and List of tallest buildings
es in the Paris region

Rue de Rivoli Place des Vosges

one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. For this, even its earliest his
ble in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted
lated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty played a large part in giving the city the reput
ay.[134] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of
ne; of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île a
.

Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Ba
mann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares wh
rds intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the dis
grey "Paris stone". They also built the major parks around the city centre.[135] The high residential population of its c
also makes it much different from most other western major cities.[136]

urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,[137] particularly where street-front alignm
height and building distribution is concerned.[137] The 210 m (690 ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and Fran
uilding since 1973,[138] but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie sinc
nstruction.

ng[edit]
 Front de Seine development along the river Seine
st expensive residential street in Paris in 2018 by average price per square metre was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,3
er square metre.[139] The total number of residences in the City of Paris in 2011 was 1,356,074, up from a former hi
15 in 2006. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary
ces, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty (down from 9.2 percent in 2006). [140]

o percent of its buildings date from 1949 and before, 20 percent were built between 1949 and 1974, and only 18 p
uildings remaining were built after that date.[141] Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-ro
ents. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, but it is mu
-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habit
47 percent for the entire Île-de-France): the major part of the city's population is a rent-paying one. [141] Social or pu
represented 19.9 percent of the city's total residences in 2017. Its distribution varies widely throughout the city, fr
of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement. [142]

uary 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless
in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 w
the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an inc
persons since 2018.[143]

bs[edit]

Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a SkySat satellite

Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse in 2019
om the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's
trative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governi
nd its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a u
o address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised
new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divide
n the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977,
ated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to
aris agglomeration.[144] Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began on 1 January 2016, when the
ole du Grand Paris came into existence.[118]

disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Par
eration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the
n 1961:[145] two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelle
ties")[146] and the RER commuter train network.[147] Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) we
n the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: [148] These districts were so
t first,[149] but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle
only from the 1970s).[150] Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth
ted to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilit

areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte
d Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis departmen
ser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley,
et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing distr
by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.[151]

is agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southw
middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class dotted with we
located there due to reasons of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les
o the north of Paris.[152]

ographics[edit]
ticle: Demographics of Paris

City of Paris population pyramid in 2022

2019 Census Paris Region

(Île-de-France)[153][154]

Country/territory Population
of birth
Metropolitan France 9,215,134

Algeria 330,935

Morocco 253,518

Portugal 234,399

Tunisia 127,827

Guadeloupe 81,269

Martinique 75,959

China 71,500

Turkey 67,982

Mali 66,085

Côte d'Ivoire 63,810

 Senegal 60,124

Italy 58,141

Romania 53,848

Democratic Republic of Congo 52,449

Spain 45,828
Sri Lanka 45,786

Cameroon 45,370

showOther countries/territories

cial estimated population of the City of Paris on 1 January 1, 2023 was 2,102,650, down from 2,165,423 on 1 Jan
ccording to the INSEE, the official French statistical agency. According to INSEE, the population has dropped by
9, or about five percent, over the past decade. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the
ation" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.[155][156] Despite the drop, Paris remains the most den
ed city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.[157] This drop was attributed partly to a lower b
e departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in the city due to short-term rentals for touri

the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, following Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat places Paris (
people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurost
audit core cities".[159] The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. [160] The prin
were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962
actors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the
mation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came
ary halt at the beginning of the 21st century; the population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012
declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.[161][162]

the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisien
istically as a unité urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in
made it the largest urban area in the European Union.[164] City-influenced commuter activity reaches well beyond e
statistical aire d'attraction de Paris ("functional area", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area[165]), t
opulation of 13,024,518 in 2017,[166] 19.6% of the population of France,[167] and the largest metropolitan area in
ozone.[164]

ng to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in th
an Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inn
West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments borderin
auts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square
e, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.[168][verification needed]

tion[edit]
French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. Accordi
2 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from
ghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858
ericas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific.[169]

aris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,3
b-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia (outside Turkey), 113,363 from the Americas
om the South Pacific.[170]

, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris) and 2
itizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).[171][172]

–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had
e immigrant parent (20%); these figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct
dants.[173]

on[edit]
o: Religious buildings in Paris

Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre
eginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world.[174] French census data does not
tion about religious affiliation.[175] According to a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a Fr
pinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves
an Catholic. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestant
as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.

ng to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born or had at least one parent born in a predom
country, particularly Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from thes
inantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly; 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 perce
lievers but did not practice the religion.[176][177] In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 M
ity of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France. [178][179]

wish population of the Paris Region was estimated in 2014 to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the
of Israel and the United States.[180]

omy[edit]
ticle: Economy of Paris
 La Défense, the largest dedicated business district in Europe [181]

adquarters of BNP Paribas, the largest banking group in Europe, in the Boulevard des Italiens [182]

Axa headquarters at Hôtel de La Vaupalière Crédit

e headquarters in Montrouge [183]

onomy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce; of the 390,480 enterprises in the city, 80.6
aged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and just 3.8 percent in indus
story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and serv
percent in industry.[185]

012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7%
onal, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and wareh
finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, a
various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities,
dministration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing an
es), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.[186][187]

is Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplo
s districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier cen
in 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Pari
ent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and
ce (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large
ration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.
largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace
0 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two
nt districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense
district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is
of activity for the media and information technology.[188]

French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 for 2021 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region; six in
business district of the City of Paris; and four close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three in La
e and one in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like Société Générale, have offices in both Paris and La Déf
is Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a GDP of €765 billion (of which €253 billion was P
In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th h
While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019, [193] the Paris region's
ed for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.[194][195]

is Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT service
h manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).[196] The Paris region's most intense economic activity throug
Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the wes
a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine.[196] While the Paris economy is dominated
ces, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturin
particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.[196]

017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 20
nked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after Zürich.[197] I
as the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong.[198] Station F is a business incubator for sta
s the world's largest startup facility.[199]

oyment and income[edit]

Median income in Paris and its nearest departments in 2018 (high income in red, low inco

jority of Paris's salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 1
h arrondissements.[200] Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th
ssement banking and insurance district.[200] Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissem
ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. [200] Fourteen percen
ns work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.[200] Nineteen percent of Paris employees work fo
either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and
concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. [200] Outside Paris, the western Ha
epartment La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600,
h-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios. [196]

manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers,
re in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.[196] The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employ
0.[196] Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in
lines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants (this department alone employs 33,000), [196] but the i
ole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.[196] The
n Essonne department specialises in science and technology,[196] and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its
ale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages.[196] The Paris region's manufacturing decline
being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers.[196]
s are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of th
While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eas
he city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Tw
cent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; in the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, th
ssement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.[202] The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 wa
, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years. [203][204]

sm[edit]
ticle: Tourism in Paris
information: Landmarks in Paris, Historical quarters of Paris, and List of tourist attractions in Paris

Louvre, the most-visited art museum in the world

m continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over
13 percent lower than in 2019.[205]

Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, mea
arrivals.[206] These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the
2.6 million), United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand) and China (711 thousand).[206]

, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in
with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million).[207] According to the
tion and Visitors Bureau, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, are engaged in
-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.[208]

's top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7 million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8 million visito
ée d'Orsay (3.27 million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3 million visitors).[205]

, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms. [206] Also in 2019, in ad
otels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb.[206] Under French law, renters of these units must pa
urism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.[209][full citation needed]

scule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from Paris syndrome when their experiences do not meet expectations.[210]

ure[edit]
ng and sculpture[edit]
ticle: Art in Paris

Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, 131 cm × 175 cm (52 in
, Musée d'Orsay
turies, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City o
n artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in
e and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family
sioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors suc
don, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. P
d became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de
e (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in t
This served as France's top art school until 1793.[212]

as in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the
rt schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, C
Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development
anticism in art, with painters such as Géricault.[212] Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and
ovements all evolved in Paris.[212] In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flock
exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. [213] Artists such as P
, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc
, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris.

st prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Stat
, Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Ja
stide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars.

ums[edit]
ticle: List of museums in Paris

Musée d'Orsay
uvre received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,[214] holding its position as first among the mos
ms. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde), the Venus de Milo statue, and Liberty Leading the People. T
most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known
urg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the Natio
m of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Galle
n. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century art and the French Impressionists, which had one
Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, (984,000 visito
The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Br
s Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Mus
alet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the Petit Palais, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).[215]

Musée du quai Branly

sée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, inc
Claude Monet's large Water Lilies murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medie
met Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. The
able museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin and the Musée nation
Delacroix.

tary history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the nationa
ms, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on th
of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balza
acombs of Paris.[216] There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton
tion, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

re[edit]
gest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille
ends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern
dle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which sti
Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).
armonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landma
âtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.

The Comédie Française (Salle Richelieu)

traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also sta
television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the
ment of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal.[219] Other famous thea
the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Th
aîté-Montparnasse.[220]

sic hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 and became the birthpl
ce known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the
Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand sta
tling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère. Its stars in the 1920s included the American
ncer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy
and the Grateful Dead.

sino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. O
Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featurin
ance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the

ture[edit]
ticle: Writers in Paris

Victor Hugo
t book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was publishe
1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing
, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French
e. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such
au, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault,[222] several coming from the provinces, as well as the
on of the Académie française.[223] In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons
ed by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux and Pierre Beaumarchais.

he 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles
aire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave
t, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovatio
the Notre-Dame de Paris.[224] Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misérables, described the social change and po
n Paris in the early 1830s.[225] One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Ly
Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library. [226][verification needed]

0th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François
, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Between
was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, Miguel Ángel
s, Alejo Carpentier and, Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, bas
his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s. [227]

a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Pa
a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 boo
e Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; book
books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price. [229]

[edit]
ticles: Music in Paris and History of music in Paris

Olympia, a famous music hall Umm Kulthum checking a banner for her co
pia, 12 November 1967
te 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France
f Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also
. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the lute became popular in the French court. The French
nd courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and
musical printing house was established.[212] In the Baroque-era, noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Je
Rameau, and François Couperin.[212] The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795.[230] By 1870, P
ome an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.

ic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules
et, among others.[212] Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the mo
and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon.[231][232] Among the Impressionist composers who created ne
or piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik
nd Maurice Ravel . Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, N
ni, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their inf
.

sette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Par
50 dance halls.[233] Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe loc
"musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicia
he accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,[234] anParis became a major centre
and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés. [235]

the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of
ntury began by playing Bal-musette in the city.[234] Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18t
ssement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot
in the 1930s and 1940s.[236]

ately after the War the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to man
zz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, an
mous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezz
 nri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. [237]

f the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.[236] Some of the m
jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord. [235][236] Several yearly
s take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine.[238] The Orchestre de Pa
hed in 1967.[239] December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's
chanteuse, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.[240]

as a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.[241] The presence of a large African and Carib
nity helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities. [242]

ma[edit]
o: List of films set in Paris

Salah Zulfikar and Sabah in Paris and Love (1972)

vie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying aud
rand Café on 28 December 1895.[243] Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the
popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.[
tiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque wit
and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.[245]

ns tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominat
od-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such
de Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as
e. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.[246]

urants and cuisine[edit]

o: French cuisine

Le Zimmer, on the Place du Châtelet

he late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and
ed. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beau
me a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same
amous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café
Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several
own restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Époque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in
s of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.[248]

due to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the wo
d there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.[249] The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French
ants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Mich
ar restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cu
L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which
es French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain
e, Yannick Alléno and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.[250][251]

Les Deux Magots café on Boulevard Saint-Germain

as several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th ce
n cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this perio
h century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café
nd Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters,
osophers.[248] A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor
nd a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs,
tion, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.[252] A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery
beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant wh
d beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now
es, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.[253]

on[edit]
ticle: Fashion in Paris

Magdalena Frackowiak at Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011)

he 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothin
ade to order for private clients).[254] It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world,
g Dior and Chanel, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl
 ld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January
he Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fas
r.[255][256] Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the
makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and Cartier.[257] Most of the major fashion designers h
owrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine.

graphy[edit]
entor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1
e death of Niépce, Louis Daguerre patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photogra
1860s.[212] The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern
aphy. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Mau
258][259]
Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for
ns of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which L
e l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as w
uch as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson.[212] Poster art also became an important art form in Par
eteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette,
d, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.[212]

[edit]

Founded in 1826, Le Figaro is still considered a newspaper of record. [260]

nd its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le
Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris
-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and L'Officiel des Spectacles.
ce's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing in
ce France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as
ally abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. [263] France 24 is a television news chann
and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.[264] Another news agency is France Diplomatie, ow
erated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.[265

st-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (
ne), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located
the capital.[266] Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris
ssement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city.[267] Paris also holds the
arters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.[268]

ays and festivals[edit]

Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking
ear on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast ov
s Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the e
t spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.[269]

ther yearly festivals are Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted
ary beach;[269] Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune
ps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris,
the Middle Ages.

ies[edit]
ticle: Libraries in Paris
liothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Librar
u Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.[270]

Sainte-Geneviève Library
ney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former militar
, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Ma
s the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in th
contains a rare book and manuscript division.[271] Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France.
diathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Lib
med Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass
71]

re several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris.
to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art
ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.[272] Other academic libraries include
versity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René
es University Library.[273]

s[edit]
o: Football in Paris
s Princes
most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union clubs Sta
s and Racing 92, the last of which is based just outside the city proper. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built fo
8 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.[274] It is used for football, rugby uni
d field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually
nch national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches
rançais rugby team.[274] In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city has a number of other professional and am
clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris.

osted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games.
 also hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup (at the Stade Olympique de Colombes), as well as the 1998 F
Cup and the 2007 Rugby World Cup Final (both at the Stade de France). Three UEFA Champions League Finals i
century have also been played in the Stade de France: the 2000, 2006 and 2022.[275] Paris hosted UEFA Euro 201

2010 Tour de France, Champs Élysées

al stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France, always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the r
shed on the Champs-Elysées.[276] Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open
ear on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,[277] is one of the four Grand Slam events of the wo
onal tennis tour. The 17,000-seat Bercy Arena (officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Pa
orts de Paris-Bercy) is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena als
he 2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship, together with Cologne, Germany. The final stages of the
uroBasket 1951 and EuroBasket 1999 were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Berc

sketball team Levallois Metropolitans plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin.
her top-level professional team, Nanterre 92, plays in Nanterre.

, a professional American football team, the Paris Musketeers, were formed in the city[279] joining the European Lea
.

structure[edit]
port[edit]
ticle: Transport in Paris

The Gare du Nord railway station is the busiest in Europe.

a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM), formerly the Syndicat des transports
ce (STIF) and before that the Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region.
te coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramwa
tions of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and
le consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.[281]

as one of the most sustainable transportation systems in the world[15][282] and is one of only two cities that received
tainable Transport Award twice (in 2008, 2023). The second is Bogota.[16] According to a 2018 INSEE survey, a m
ians (64.3 percent) use public transport to get to work. Only 10.6 percent commuted to work by automobile. 10.5 p
or used roller skates; 5.5 percent commuted by bicycle; and 4.4 percent commuted by motorbike. [283] Bike lanes ar
, while electric car incentives are being created. The French capital is banning the most polluting automobiles from
.[284][285]

s[edit]
o: List of Paris railway stations
ticles: Paris Métro, Réseau Express Régional, Transilien, and Tramways in Île-de-France

The Paris Métro is the busiest subway network in the European Union.
al hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, G
rlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks:
ail lines (TGV, Eurostar, Intercity Express, Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de
ghtjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region
392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails.

he inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used loc
rt system; today it carries about 5.23 million passengers daily[286] through 16 lines, 308 stations (391 stops) and 22
mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a 'regional express network', the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and 587 km
) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day RER A is
metro line in Europe. In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 19
ine, fourteen lines are currently operational. The network is 183.4 kilometres (114.0 mi) long with 271 stations.

In 2020, Charles de Gaulle Airport was the busiest airport in Europe and the eighth-busies
n the world. [287]

a major international air transport hub with the 5th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three
rcial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. Together these three
recorded traffic of 112 million passengers in 2019.[288] There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget
historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business fl
shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial tra
nd became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.[289] For 2017 it was the 5th busiest airport in the world by internation
nd it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.[290] Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Pari
s used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers.

ays[edit]
ulevard Périphérique
 is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways:
phérique,[97] which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in th
, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000
mi) of highways and motorways.

ays[edit]
is region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in fac
around Paris. The rivers Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the
nclude the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.[291]

edit]

Vélib' at the Place de la Bastille

re 440 km (270 mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable (bike lanes separated from oth
y physical barriers) and bande cyclable (a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 m
y marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists, with a protective barrier protecting against encroachments from
s.[292] Cyclists have also been given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris offers a bike
system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.[293]

icity[edit]
ty is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity genera
de-France came from cogeneration energy plants; other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste
tion (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), s
0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.[294] A quarter of the city's district heating is to come from a plant in S
ur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.[295]

and sanitation[edit]

A view of the Seine, the Île de la Cité and a Bateau Mouche

its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris w
om less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.[296] From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand,
apoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around th
al reservoirs.[297] From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water, and th
of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of P
This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi)
ound sewers.[298]
ution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m3.[299] From th
of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU. [300]

and gardens[edit]
ticles: List of parks and gardens in Paris and History of Parks and Gardens of Paris

The lawns of the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont on a sunny day

day has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more tha
0 trees.[301] Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden (created in 1564 for the Tuileri
and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672)[302] and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Pala
Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate.[303] The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden
reated in 1626.[304]

n 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe
d, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at
f the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters. [305] Sin
he city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de
1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007).[306] One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (20
a former highway on the left bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay, has floating g

teries[edit]

The Paris Catacombs hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.

he Roman era, the city's main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the left bank settlement, but this changed
of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes
growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflow
nner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a
ed section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.[307][308]

entative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonapar
d a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. [309] Open fro
hese were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeter
eated in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière paris
also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny), the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien
neux.[310] Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison, Édith
d Serge Gainsbourg.[311]

ation[edit]
ticle: Education in Paris

The Sorbonne University

the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians h
e-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France,[312] while 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest
age in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 o
re teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and
on schools and institutions.[313]

versity of Paris, founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval college
ken up into thirteen autonomous universities in 1970, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the
es today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city
.[314]

is region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes écoles – 55 specialised centres of higher-education
or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands
ements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campu
rger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure, PSL Univers
ed on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.[315]

hcare[edit]

The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris is the oldest hospital in the city.

care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique
 x de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, supp
nel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals.[316] It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teach
h, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more
on annual patient visits.[316]

he most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in the city and the oldest worldwid
ng,[317] although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtri
l (one of the largest in Europe), Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-
ou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades
l, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris.

national relations[edit]
ational organisations[edit]
ted Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since
ber 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[318] Par
e headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Marke
y and the European Banking Authority.

owns – sister cities[edit]

o: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:[319][320]

Rome, 1956
Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)
Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)
Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."[321]
Other relationships[edit]
Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:[319]

 Algiers, 2003
 Amman, 1987
 Amsterdam, 2013
 Athens, 2000
 Beijing, 1997
 Beirut, 1992
 Berlin, 1987
 Brazzaville, 2015
 Buenos Aires, 1999
 Cairo, 1985
 Casablanca, 2004
 Chicago, 1996
 Copenhagen, 2005
 Dakar, 2011
 Doha, 2010
 Geneva, 2002
  Istanbul, 2009
 Jakarta, 1995
 Jericho, 2009
 Kinshasa, 2014
 Kyoto, 1958
 Lisbon, 1998
 London, 2001
 Madrid, 2000
 Mexico City, 1999
 Montevideo, 2013
 Montreal, 2006
 Moscow, 1992
 Phnom Penh, 2007
 Porto Alegre, 2001
 Prague, 1997
 Quebec City, 1996
 Rabat, 2004
 Ramallah, 2011
 Rio de Janeiro, 2009
 Riyadh, 1997
 Saint Petersburg, 1997
 Sanaa, 1987
 San Francisco, 1996
 Santiago, 1997
 São Paulo, 2004
 Seoul, 1991
 Sofia, 1998
 Sydney, 1998
 Tbilisi, 1997
 Tel Aviv, 2010
 Tokyo, 1982
 Tunis, 2004
 Warsaw, 1999
 Washington, D.C., 2000
 Yerevan, 1998

See also[edit]
 France portal

 Cities portal

 Art Nouveau in Paris

 Art Deco in Paris
 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
 International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925
 Megacity
 Outline of France
 Outline of Paris
 Paris syndrome

Notes[edit]
1. ^ The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot*was used in a provoc
manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.

References[edit]
Citations[edit]
1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 D
2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Estimated populations on 1 January 2023 Archived 21 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE. Retrieved 27
2023.
3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851)" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 19 January 2
Retrieved 10 February 2021.
4. ^ "Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)". INSEE. Archived from the original on 20 January 20
Retrieved 10 February 2021.
5. ^ "Populations légales 2019: Commune de Paris (75056)". INSEE. 29 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2
Retrieved 3 February 2022.
6. ^ "The World's Most Densely Populated Cities". WorldAtlas. 4 October 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retriev
March 2022.
7. ^ "Paris | Definition, Map, Population, Facts, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 27 August
Retrieved 8 August 2022.
8. ^ Source: PPPs and exchange rates. "Conversion rates - Purchasing power parities (PPP) - OECD Data". Data.oecd.org. Retrieve
March 2022.
9. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. 10 March 2023. Archived from
original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
10. ^ "The world's most, and least, expensive cities". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 1 December 202
Retrieved 1 December 2022.
11. ^ "List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)". USA Today. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
12. ^ "ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports". Airport World. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 Jun
Retrieved 2 May 2018.
13. ^ "Métro2030". RATP (Paris metro operator). Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
14. ^ "The 51 busiest train stations in the world – all but 6 located in Japan". Japan Today. 6 February 2013. Archived from the origina
April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b Zhang, Yiqian. "Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility". ICLEI - Sustainable Mobility, 2024. Retrieved
January 2024.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b "Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award". Institute for Transportation & Development p
Retrieved 7 January 2024.
17. ^ "The Art Newspaper", 27 March 2023
18. ^ "Paris, Banks of the Seine". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
19. ^ Nègre 1990, p. 155.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c Falileyev 2010, s.v. Parisii and Lutetia.
21. ^ Lambert 1994, p. 38.
22. ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 211.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Delamarre 2003, p. 247.
24. ^ Busse 2006, p. 199.
25. ^ Dottin 1920, p. 535.
26. ^ Arbois de Jubainville & Dottin 1889, p. 132.
27. ^ Cunliffe 2004, p. 201.
28. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 25.
29. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 65–70.
30. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 88–104.
31. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 154–167.
32. ^ Meunier 2014, p. 12.
33. ^ Jump up to:a b Schmidt 2009, pp. 210–211.
34. ^ Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. France in the World: A New Global History (2019) pp 81–86.
35. ^ Jones 1994, p. 48.
36. ^ Jump up to:a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 27.
37. ^ Bussmann 1985, p. 22.
38. ^ de Vitriaco & Hinnebusch 1972, p. 262.
39. ^ Sarmant 2012, pp. 36–40.
40. ^ Sarmant 2012, pp. 28–29.
41. ^ John Kelly, "The Great Mortality" (2005). pp 42
42. ^ "Paris history facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
43. ^ Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., Histoire de Charles VII, Tome I: Le Dauphin (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque,
de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48
44. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 52–53.
45. ^ "Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved
November 2014.
46. ^ Bayrou 1994, pp. 121–130.
47. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 577.
48. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 582.
49. ^ Combeau 2003, pp. 42–43.
50. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 590–591.
51. ^ Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1975). The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon. Simon & Schuster. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-671-21
8. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
52. ^ Combeau 2003, pp. 45–47.
53. ^ Sarmant 2012, pp. 129–133.
54. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 120.
55. ^ Paine 1998, p. 453.
56. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 674.
57. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 144.
58. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 147.
59. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sarmant 2012, p. 148.
60. ^ Jump up to:a b De Moncan 2012, pp. 7–35.
61. ^ Rougerie 2014, p. 118.
62. ^ Fraser & Spalding 2011, p. 117.
63. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 490–491.
64. ^ Combeau 2003, p. 61.
65. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 497.
66. ^ Franck, Dan (1 December 2007). Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art. Open Road +
Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 978-0-8021-9740-5. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 – via Google Books.
67. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 491.
68. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 750.
69. ^ William A. Shack, Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001. ISBN
520-22537-4,
70. ^ Meisler, Stanley (April 2005). "The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the
on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
71. ^ Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
72. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 217.
73. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 637.
74. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 218.
75. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 242–243.
76. ^ Kim Willsher (17 October 2011). "France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on". The Guardian. Archived from the original
October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
77. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 658.
78. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 226.
79. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 260.
80. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 222.
81. ^ Combeau 2003, pp. 107–108.
82. ^ Bell & de-Shalit 2011, p. 247.
83. ^ Sarmant 2012, pp. 226–230.
84. ^ "City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe - Mayor of Paris". www.citymayors.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 1
August 2023.
85. ^ "Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens". Le Moniteur (in French). 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 Decemb
Retrieved 2 December 2014.
86. ^ Lichfield, John (29 April 2009). "Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris'". The Independent. London. Archived from the origin
May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
87. ^ "€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed". Railway Gazette International. 12 March 2013. Archived from th
on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
88. ^ "Le Metro du Grand Paris" (in French). Site of Grand Paris Express. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27
November 2014.
89. ^ Library, C.N.N. (21 January 2015). "2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017.
Retrieved 20 June 2017.
90. ^ "Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées". Le Monde (in French). 15 January 2015. Archived from
original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
91. ^ "Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine". Le Figaro (in French). 11 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 Ja
2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
92. ^ "Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127". Reuters. 14 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 201
Retrieved 14 November 2015.
93. ^ "Paris attacks death toll rises to 130". RTÉ.ie. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 8
November 2021.
94. ^ "'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord". United Nations. 22 April 2016. Archived from t
original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
95. ^ Jump up to:a b "Paris". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
96. ^ Blackmore & McConnachie 2004, p. 153.
97. ^ Jump up to:a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 69.
98. ^ "Key figures for Paris". Mairie de Paris. Paris.fr. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 5 Ma
99. ^ Google Maps Archived 11 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 6 July 2013
100. ^ "Climate". Paris.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
101. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 309.
102. ^ Goldstein 2005, p. 8.
103. ^ "Climate in Paris". ParisInfo. Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieve
June 2013.
104. ^ Courtney Traub (31 January 2018). "Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide". tripsavvy. Archived from the original on
October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
105. ^ Kelby Carr (30 November 2017). "Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities". tripsavvy. Archived from
original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
106. ^ "42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu !". meteofrance.fr. Météo France. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019
Retrieved 25 July 2019.
107. ^ "Géographie de la capitale – Le climat" (in French). Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Archived fr
original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006 – via Paris.fr.
108. ^ "Paris–Montsouris (984)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archive
from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
109. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Paris-Montsouris (75) – altitude 75m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 2
2017. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
110. ^ "Paris, France – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
111. ^ Jump up to:a b Fierro 1996, p. 334.
112. ^ "Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris". City of Paris. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 29 Novembe
113. ^ Willsher, Kim (28 June 2020). "Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris". The Guardian. ISSN 02
3077. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
114. ^ "Code électoral – Article L260" [Election Code – Article L260] (in French). Legifrance. 13 March 1983. Archived from the origi
December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
115. ^ "Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I". World Elections. 22 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1
October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
116. ^ Shales 2007, p. 16.
117. ^ "Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet". Paris.fr. 12 June 2020. Retr
November 2023.
118. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1" [General Code of Territorial Communities – Artic
L5219-1] (in French). Legifrance. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
119. ^ "Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la mé
du Grand Paris" [Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public acco
the metropolis of Greater Paris] (in French). Legifrance. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 20
120. ^ Jump up to:a b Nathalie Moutarde (17 July 2015). "La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016" [The metropo
Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016]. Le Moniteur (in French). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3
December 2015.
121. ^ Manon Rescan (22 January 2016). "Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris" [From Greater Paris to Greater Paris
Metropolis]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
122. ^ "Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin" [Results of 2015 Regional Elections] (in French). Regional Council of Île-de-Fr
December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
123. ^ "Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire" [The Elysée Palace and its history] (in French). Elysee.fr. Archived from the original on
2017. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
124. ^ "Matignon Hotel". Embassy of France, Washington. 1 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved
June 2013.
125. ^ Knapp & Wright 2006, pp. 93–94.
126. ^ Borrus 2012, p. 288.
127. ^ "A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg" [Discovering Petit Luxembourg] (in French). Senat.fr. Archived from the original on 17
2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
128. ^ "Introduction". Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation] (in French). Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 27
April 2013.
129. ^ "Histoire & Patrimoine" [History & Heritage] (in French). Conseil d'Etat. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved
April 2013.
130. ^ "Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel" [The seat of the Constitutional Council] (PDF) (in French). Conseil Constitutionnel. 16 Se
2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
131. ^ Jump up to:a b "Présentation générale" [General Presentation] (in French). Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [Nationa
— Ministry of the Interior]. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
132. ^ "Accueil" [Home] (in French). Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Gendarmerie — Ministry of the
Interior]. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
133. ^ "France". Travel.State.Gov. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
134. ^ Barthelemy, Marc; Bordin, Patricia; Berestycki, Henri; Gribaudi, Maurizio (8 July 2013). "Paris Street Evolution". Scientific
Reports. 3 (1): 2153. doi:10.1038/srep02153. PMC 3703887. PMID 23835429. S2CID 11824030.
135. ^ De Moncan, Patrice, Le Paris de Haussmann, Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3
136. ^ Braimoh & Vlek 2008, p. 12.
137. ^ Jump up to:a b "Plan des hauteurs". Mairie de Paris (in French). Paris.fr. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved
November 2014.
138. ^ "Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle". Mairie de Paris. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved
August 2010.
139. ^ Challenges, www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.
140. ^ "Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75)". INSEE. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 20
Retrieved 1 November 2014.
141. ^ Jump up to:a b "Un territoire ancien et de petite taille" (PDF) (in French). www.notaires.paris-idf.fr. February 2012. p. 11. Archiv
from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
142. ^ Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres, Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.
143. ^ Le Monde, 18 March 2019.
144. ^ "Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France" (PDF) (in French). DRIEA
France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
145. ^ Masson 1984, p. 536.
146. ^ Yarri 2008, p. 407.
147. ^ Gordon 2006, pp. 46–47.
148. ^ Castells 1983, p. 75.
149. ^ Tomas et al. 2003, p. 237.
150. ^ Jump up to:a b "Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles" (PDF). Laburba.fr. p. 6. Arch
from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
151. ^ "Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus)". SIG du secretariat générale du SIV (in French). Ministère de l'Egalité des Territo
 Logement. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
152. ^ "Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014
Retrieved 26 November 2014.
153. ^ INSEE. "Individus localisés à la région en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers détail" (in French). Retrieved 15
February 2023.
154. ^ INSEE. "IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2019 - Région d'Île-de-France (11)" (in French
Retrieved 15 February 2023.
155. ^ "Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023
156. ^ "Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2
157. ^ Le Monde, 22 January 2019
158. ^ "Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." Le Parisien, 28 December 2
159. ^ "Statistics on European cities". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
160. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Paris, EHESS (in French).
161. ^ "Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December
162. ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75
French). Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
163. ^ INSEE. "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851)" (in French). Archived from the
on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
164. ^ Jump up to:a b "Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs". 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020
Retrieved 11 September 2020.
165. ^ "Functional areas - Definition". INSEE. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
166. ^ INSEE. "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)" (in French). Archived
original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
167. ^ INSEE. "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 Januar
Retrieved 11 September 2020.
168. ^ "Population statistics at regional level". Eurostat. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 3 Apri
169. ^ "Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)" [Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth
Department of Paris (75)]. Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
170. ^ "Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11)" [Immigrants by sex, age and country of birt
de-France region (11)]. Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
171. ^ "Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11)" [Population by sex, age and nationality – Île-de-France
(11)]. Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
172. ^ "Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75)" [Population by sex, age and nationality – Department o
(75)]. Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
173. ^ "Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés" [Location of immigrants and descendants of immigrants]. Insee (i
French). Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
174. ^ Ivereigh, Austen (2016). Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810-1960. Springer. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-349-13618-6. Buenos
was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)
175. ^ Burchardt, Marian; Michalowski, Ines (26 November 2014). After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in E
Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-02594-6. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
176. ^ "que pese l'Islam en France". Le Monde (in French). 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Ret
November 2015.
177. ^ "How does France count its muslim population?". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 30
October 2015.
178. ^ "Interview with Dalil Boubakeur". Le Soir (in French). Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 13 November
179. ^ Riou, Mathilde (29 April 2013). "Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France". France 3. Archived from the original on 17 Novem
2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
180. ^ Berman Jewish Databank. "World Jewish Population 2014". Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 13
November 2015.
181. ^ "La Défense, Europe's largest business district". France.fr. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2
182. ^ "Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets". statista.com. Statista. 29 August 2022. Archived from the origina
August 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
183. ^ "De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges". Crédit Agricole. 2011. Archived from the original on
2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
184. ^ "Department of Paris; Complete Dossier" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 25
November 2015.
185. ^ "Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 25
November 2015.
186. ^ "EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11)" (in French
 INSEE. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
187. ^ "La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 26
November 2015.
188. ^ Jump up to:a b "En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale". INSEE. Archived from the original on 1
2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
189. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions". ec.europa.eu.
190. ^ "Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions". ec.europa.eu. 21 February 2023. Archived from
original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
191. ^ "L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe". Insee. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieve
November 2014.
192. ^ "The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 2 November 201
193. ^ "Population estimate as of January 1, 2023 - Series by region, department, sex and age from 1975 to 2023". www.insee.fr. 24
2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
194. ^ "GDP in value (current prices) - Metropolitan France". www.insee.fr. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 16 Augu
Retrieved 13 June 2023.
195. ^ "GDP in value (current prices) - Île-de-France". www.insee.fr. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 202
Retrieved 13 June 2023.
196. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l "L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux" (PDF). INSEE. Archived (PDF) from
original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
197. ^ Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.
198. ^ "Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde". courrierinternational.com. Courrier
International. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019..
199. ^ Medeiros, João (29 June 2017). "Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris". Wired. Archived from the origi
August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
200. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007" (PDF) (Press release). November 2007. Archived (PDF) fr
original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
201. ^ "Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013". insee.fr. Archived from the original on 20 June 2
Retrieved 4 April 2017.
202. ^ "Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line" (in French). Metronews. Archived from the origi
April 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
203. ^ Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", 18 February 2022
204. ^ INSEE data published 1 April 2022
205. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023)" [Review of the 2022 tourist year in Paris Î
France (March 2023)]. pro.visitparisregion.com. 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
206. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020". press.parisinfo.com. Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived
original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
207. ^ Rosen, Eric (4 September 2019). "The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 Septe
2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
208. ^ "Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016". Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau. 9 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1
February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
209. ^ Fortune Magazine, 5 July 2017.
210. ^ Wyatt, Caroline (20 December 2006). "'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 Octo
2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
211. ^ Montclos 2003.
212. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Michelin 2011.
213. ^ Perry 1995, p. 19.
214. ^ "Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.
215. ^ "Le Tourisme a Paris - Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published 2022
216. ^ "Municipal museums". Maire de Paris. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
217. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 178.
218. ^ Schumacher 1996, p. 60.
219. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 1173.
220. ^ Who's Where. 1961. p. 304. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
221. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 1005–1006.
222. ^ "scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France". Gallica.bnf.fr. 15 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 J
2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
223. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 488.
224. ^ "Notre Dame Renovations". Adoremus Organization. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
225. ^ "Les Miserables". Preface. Gutenberg Organization. 1862. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2
226. ^ Le Petit Robert 2: Dictionnaire Universel Des Noms Propres. Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert. 1988. p. 1680.
227. ^ "Official site of the Nobel Prize". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
228. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 840.
229. ^ "The French Still Flock to Bookstores", New York Times, 20 June 2012
230. ^ Damschroeder & Williams 1990, p. 157.
231. ^ Georges Bizet: Carmen Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Susan McClary, p. 120
232. ^ Dubal, David (2003). The Essential Canon of Classical Music. Macmillan. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-4668-0726-6. Archived from th
on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
233. ^ Dregni 2004, p. 19.
234. ^ Jump up to:a b Dregni 2008, p. 32.
235. ^ Jump up to:a b Mroue 2006, p. 260.
236. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris". The Guardian. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014.
Retrieved 3 July 2013.
237. ^ Bezbakh 2004, p. 872.
238. ^ "Rock en Seine '13". Efestivals.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
239. ^ Andante (2004). "Orchestre de Paris". Andante.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
240. ^ Huey, Steve. Édith Piaf biography at AllMusic. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
241. ^ "Hip-Hop à la Française". The New York Times. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved
November 2015.
242. ^ Meghelli, Samir (2012). Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizensh
Dissertation, Columbia University. pp. 54–108.
243. ^ Universalis, Encyclopædia. "PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE". Encyclopædia Universalis. Archived from
original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
244. ^ "The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles". RFI. 24 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 5 Octobe
245. ^ "Le Cinéma à Paris". Paris.fr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
246. ^ "2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris". The Times of India. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retri
July 2013.
247. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 1136–1138.
248. ^ Jump up to:a b Fierro 1996, p. 1137.
249. ^ Dominé 2014.
250. ^ Le Monde, 2 February 2015
251. ^ "Michelin Guide". Michelin Guide. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
252. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 715.
253. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 773.
254. ^ Carr-Allinson, Rowena. "11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris". iExplore.com. Inside-Out Media. Archived from the original on
September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
255. ^ Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-136-47536-8. Archived from the original on 1 Jan
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
256. ^ Dillon, Susan (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management. A&C Black. p. 115. ISBN 978-2-940411-58-0. Archived fro
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
257. ^ "Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods". Insidermonkey.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrie
January 2015.
258. ^ Department of Photographs, Photography and Surrealism, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Archived 13 February 2015 at
the Wayback Machine, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000.
259. ^ Hazan 2011, p. 362.
260. ^ "Le Figaro". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2
261. ^ "French and Francophone Publications". French.about.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 201
262. ^ "Paris's Top Newspapers". About-France.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
263. ^ "Agence France-Presse". Agence France-Presse website. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrie
July 2013.
264. ^ "France 24". France24.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
265. ^ "France Diplomatie". Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
266. ^ "French and Francophone TV Stations". French.about.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 201
267. ^ "France's Radio Stations". Listenlive.eu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
268. ^ "La Poste". Laposte.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
269. ^ Jump up to:a b BlackmoreMcConnachie 2004, p. 204.
270. ^ "How to find us". Bibliothèque nationale de France. Archived from the original on 16 October 2005.
271. ^ Jump up to:a b Woodward, Richard B. (5 March 2006). "At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word". The New York
 Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
272. ^ "Paris-Sorbonne libraries". Paris-Sorbonne University. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
273. ^ "French Libraries and Archives". University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries. Archived from the original on 17 October 201
Retrieved 5 July 2013.
274. ^ Jump up to:a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, pp. 300–301.
275. ^ "Arsenal aim to upset the odds". BBC Sport. London. 16 June 2006. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrie
April 2013.
276. ^ "2013 route". Le Tour. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
277. ^ "Roland-Garros". Roland Garros. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
278. ^ "Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)" Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Équipement-Paris. Retrieved 4 April 201
279. ^ "Paris Football Team | The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based
France". Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
280. ^ Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF). "Le web des voyageurs franciliens" (in French). Archived from the original on
2006. Retrieved 10 April 2006.
281. ^ "Optile en bref". Optile. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
282. ^ Vigneau, Laurent (30 May 2018). "On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals". Medium. La Fabrique de la
Cité. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
283. ^ INSEE Dossier complet Département de Paris (75), published September 2021
284. ^ "5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities". European Investment Bank. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retriev
June 2021.
285. ^ McMahon, Jeff. "How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris". Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 Ju
286. ^ "Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris". RATP. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 20
287. ^ "Roissy-Charles de Gaulle relègue Heathrow à la deuxième place des aéroports européens". Les Echos. 28 October
2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
288. ^ "Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014" (PDF). Direction générale de l'Aviation civile. p. 15. Archived (PD
the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
289. ^ "Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013". Direction générale de l'Aviation civile. pp. 15–17. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017
Retrieved 27 November 2015.
290. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, pp. 278–283.
291. ^ Jefferson 2009, p. 114.
292. ^ Hart 2004, p. 355.
293. ^ Rand 2010, p. 165.
294. ^ "La production électrique en IdF" (PDF). La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7
2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
295. ^ "Paris to be heated with US wood pellets". Global Wood Markets Info. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 12 March
Retrieved 11 March 2016.
296. ^ "Historique des égouts" (in French). Paris.fr. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
297. ^ Burchell 1971, p. 93.
298. ^ "Les égouts parisiens". Mairie de Paris (in French). Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
299. ^ Air pollution in Paris Archived 24 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine according to L'internaute
300. ^ "Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in". euronews. 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on
2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
301. ^ Jarrassé 2007, p. 6.
302. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 125.
303. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 208.
304. ^ "Le Jardin de Plantes". Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
305. ^ Jarrassé 2007, pp. 122–161.
306. ^ Jarrassé 2007, pp. 242–256.
307. ^ Whaley 2012, p. 101.
308. ^ Broadwell 2007, p. 92.
309. ^ Ayers 2004, p. 271.
310. ^ "Les 20 cimetières Parisiens". Paris.fr. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
311. ^ "Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris". www.oui.sncf (in French). Archived from the original on 14 April 2020
Retrieved 20 April 2020.
312. ^ "Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009". INSEE. Archived from the original on 10
September 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
313. ^ La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France. "L'enseignement" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Ret
October 2007.
 314. ^ Combeau 2013, pp. 213–214.
315. ^ "Contact and Maps" (in French). École Normale Supérieure. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 20
316. ^ Jump up to:a b "Rapport Annuel 2008" (in French). Rapport Activite. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 2
April 2013.
317. ^ "Hotel Dieu". London Science Museum. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
318. ^ |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016.
319. ^ Jump up to:a b "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération" (in French). Paris. September 2015. Archived from the original on 8 Ma
Retrieved 14 December 2021.
320. ^ "Twinning Rome – Paris" (PDF) (in French). 30 January 1956. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrie
February 2018.
"Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali" (in Italian). Commune Roma. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10
September 2016.
321. ^ "Hey, is San Francisco Really a "Sister City" of Paris, France? No – Was It Before? No, Not At All – Here's Why". San Franci
Citizen. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.

Sources[edit]
 Andia, Béatrice de; Brialy, Jean-Claude (2001). Larousse Paris (in French). Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-585012-6. Archived from the ori
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Arbois de Jubainville, Henry; Dottin, George (1889). Les premiers habitants de l'Europe (in French). E. Thorin. Archived from the origin
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Axel Mendes. ISBN 978-3-930698-96-7. Archived from the original on 23 January 20
Retrieved 22 August 2020.
 Bayrou, François (1994). Henri IV: le roi libre (in French). le Grand livre du mois. ISBN 978-2-7028-3282-0. Archived from the original o
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Beevor, Antony; Cooper, Artemis (2007). Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-1
2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Bell, Daniel A.; de-Shalit, Avner (2011). The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age. Princeton University
Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3972-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Berg, Leo van den; Braun, Erik (2012). National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978
8725-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Bernard, Léon (1970). The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0214-8. Archived fro
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Bezbakh, Pierre (2004). Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France (in French). Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-505369-5.
 Blackmore, Ruth; McConnachie, James (2003). Rough Guide to Paris (9th ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-078-7. Archived fro
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Blackmore, Ruth; McConnachie, James (2004). Rough Guide Paris Directions. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-317-7. Archived from
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Blanchard, Pascal; Deroo, Eric; El Yazami, Driss; Fournié, Pierre; Manceron, Gilles (2003). Le Paris Arabe (in French). La
Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-3904-7.
 Blum, Carol (2002). Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0
6810-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Boogert, Kate van der (2012). Frommer's Paris 2013. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-33143-9. Archived from the original on 1 Ja
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Borrus, Kathy (2012). Five Hundred Buildings of Paris. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-267-0. Archived from the
on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Braimoh, Ademola K.; Vlek, Paul L. G., eds. (2008). Land Use and Soil Resources. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 212–. ISB
4020-6778-5. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Broadwell, Valerie (2007). City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below. Valerie Broadwell. ISBN 978-1-4257-9022-6. Archived from
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Burchell, S.C. (1971). Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III. Atheneum.
 Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978
85109-440-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
 Bussmann, Klaus (1985). Paris and the Ile de France. Webb & Bower. ISBN 978-0-86350-038-1. Archived from the original on 22 May
Retrieved 6 July 2018.
 Byrne, Jim (1987). Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966. Educational Company. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Re
October 2015.
 Byrne, Joseph P. (2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-254-8. Archived from the original on 1 Janu
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Castells, Manuel (1983). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. University of California
Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05617-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Clark, Linda L. (2008). Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65098-
4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Combeau, Yvan (2013). Histoire de Paris (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-060852-3.
 Combeau, Yvan (2003). Histoire de Paris (in French). Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053865-3. Archived from the o
1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Compayré, Gabriel (2004). Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-4646-
4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Cunliffe, Barry (2004). Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until
Roman conquest (4th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34779-2. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18
November 2020.
 Daniel Jay Grimminger Ph.D. (2010). Paris. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-4101-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 201
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Damschroeder, David; Williams, David Russell (1990). Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide. Pendragon
Press. ISBN 978-0-918728-99-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (in French).
Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-369-5.
 De Moncan, Patrice (2007). Les jardins du Baron Haussmann. Paris: Les Éditions du Mécène. ISBN 978-2-907970-91-4.
 De Moncan, Patrice (2012). Le Paris d'Haussmann (in French). Paris: Les Editions du Mecene. ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3.
 Dominé, André (2014). Culinaria France. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh. ISBN 978-3-8331-1129-7.
 Dosch, Dee Davidson (2010). A Summer in '69. Strategic Book Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60976-878-2. Archived from the original on 29
December 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
 Dottin, George (1920). La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. ISBN 978-2-05-10020
 Dregni, Michael (2004). Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803743-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Dregni, Michael (2008). Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and
of Gypsy Swing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804262-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 Octob
 Du Camp, Maxim (1875). Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870. G. Rondeau. ISBN 978-2-910305-02-4. Archived f
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Dutton, Paul Edward (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1653-2. Arch
the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Singleton, Esther (1912). Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ... Dodd, Mead & Company. Archived from the original on 1
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Evans, Graeme (2002). Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-45974-4. Archived from the original o
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek an
World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0-9557182-3-6.
 Fallon, Steve; Williams, Nicola (2008). Paris (7 ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-850-7.
 Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris (in French). Lafont. ISBN 978-0-7859-9300-1.
 Forsyth, David (1867). Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25
October 2015.
 Franck, Dan (2003). Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art. Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 978-0-8021-3997
9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Fraser, Benjamin; Spalding, Steven D. (2011). Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-6749
6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Frommer's (2012). AARP Paris 2012. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-26621-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Re
October 2015.
 Garrioch, David (2002). The making of revolutionary Paris (electronic resource). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24327
 Goebel, Michael (2015). Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07305-0. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
 Goldstein, Natalie (2005). Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-053
9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Goodman, David C. (1999). The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41
 0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Gordon, David (2006). Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28061-7.
 Haine, W. Scott (1998). The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789–1914. JHU Press. ISBN 978-
6070-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Hall, Peter; Pain, Kathy (2012). The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-5
3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Harding, Vanessa (2002). The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81
2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Hart, Alan (2004). Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital. How To Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85703-985-
6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Hargreaves, Alec Gordon; Kelsay, John; Twiss, Sumner B. (2007). Politics and Religion in France and the United States. Rowman & L
Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-7391-1930-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Hazan, Eric (2011). The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-800-6. Archived from the original o
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Hervé, Peter (1818). A Chronological Account of the History of France. p. 72.
 Higonnet, Patrice L. R. (2009). Paris: Capital of the World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03864-6. Archived from the origi
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Horne, Alistair (2003). Seven Ages of Paris. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45481-6.
 d'Istria, Robert Colonna (2002). Paris and Versailles. Editions Marcus. ISBN 978-2-7131-0202-8. Archived from the original on 1 Janua
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Jefferson, David (2009). Through the French Canals (12th ed.). A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-0381-4. Archived from the original on 17
2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
 Jones, Colin (2006). Paris: Biography of a City. Penguin Adult. ISBN 978-0-14-028292-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Jones, Colin (1994). The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-66992-4. west f
kingdom.
 Jarrassé, Dominique (2007). Grammaire des jardins parisiens: de l'héritage des rois aux créations contemporaines (in French).
Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-476-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Kaberry, Rachel; Brown, Amy K. (2001). Paris. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-679-2.
 Korgen, Kathleen Odell; White, Jonathan Michael (2008). The Engaged Sociologist: Connecting the Classroom to the Community. Pin
Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-6900-0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6.
 Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1996). Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-29078-2.
 Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. ISBN 978-2-8
089-2.
 Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne (2010). Paris (City Guide) (12th ed.). London: Insight Guides. ISBN 978-981-282-079-2.
 Leclanche, Maria Spyropoulou (1998). Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud (in French). Presses Univ.
Limoges. ISBN 978-2-84287-096-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Madge, Charles; Willmott, Peter (2006). Inner City Poverty in Paris and London. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41762-4. Archived from th
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Masson, Jean-Louis (1984). Provinces, départements, régions: l'organisation administrative de la France. Fernand Lanore.
 Mehra, Ajay K.; Levy, Rene (2011). The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France. Pearson Education India. ISBN
317-3145-1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Metzelthin, Pearl Violette Newfield (1981). Gourmet. Condé Nast Publications. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieve
October 2015.
 Meunier, Florian (2014). Le Paris du Moyen Âge (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. ISBN 978-2-7373-6217-0.
 Michelin (2011). Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013. Michelin. ISBN 978-2-06-718220-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Montclos, Jean-Marie Perouse De (2003). Paris, City of Art. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-86565-226-2. Archived from the original on
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Modood, Tariq; Triandafyllidou, Anna; Zapata-Barrero, Ricard (2012). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-25561-0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Mroue, Haas (2006). Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-03712-6. Archived from the original o
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
 Nevez, Catherine Le (2010). Paris Encounter. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74220-503-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Newman, Peter; Thornley, Andy (2002). Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects
& Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-42794-1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Oscherwitz, Dayna (2010). Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage. SIU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8093-8588-
1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Overy, Richard (2006). Why the Allies Won. Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84595-065-1.
 Paine, Thomas (1998). Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283557-
4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Papayanis, Nicholas (2004). Planning Paris Before Haussmann. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7930-2. Archived from the original on 1
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Perry, Gillian (1995). Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s. Manches
University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4165-5. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James R.; Jacob, Margaret C.; Von Laue, Theodore H. (2011). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politic
Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-83171-4. Archived fro
original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Phillips, Betty Lou (2005). The French Connection. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-1-58685-529-1.
 Rand, Tom (2010). Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World. Greenleaf Book Group. ISBN 978-0-981295
6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Robb, Graham (2010). Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-52254-0. Archived from the original o
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Robertson, Jamie Cox (2010). A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light. K
Publications. ISBN 978-1-4405-0740-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Rodgers, Eamonn J. (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13187-2. Archived from the
on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871 (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5.
 Rousseau, George Sebastian (2004). Yourcenar. Haus Bublishing. ISBN 978-1-904341-28-4. Archived from the original on 1 January
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Ryersson, Scot D.; Yaccarino, Michael Orlando (2004). Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati. University of Minne
Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4520-6. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Sarmant, Thierry (2012). Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation (in French). Editions Gisserot. ISBN 978-2-7558-0330-
3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Schmidt, Joël (2009). Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis (in French). Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03015-5. Archived from the original on 1
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Schumacher, Claude (1996). Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5
23014-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Shack, William A. (2001). Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars. University of California Press. ISBN 978
22537-4.
 Shales, Melissa (2007). Paris. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84537-661-1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrie
October 2015.
 Simmer, James (1997). Innovation Networks and Learning Regions?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-11-702360-4. Archived from the original
January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Steele, Valerie (1998). Paris Fashion: A Cultural History. Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016
Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Sutherland, Cara (2003). The Statue of Liberty. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0. Archived from the original on 1
2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Tallett, Frank; Atkin, Nicholas (1991). Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9. Archi
the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. PUQ. ISBN 978-2-7605-2209-1. Arch
the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Tomas, François; Blanc, Jean-Noël; Bonilla, Mario; IERP (2003). Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue. Université de Saint
p. 237. ISBN 978-2-86272-260-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Truslove, Roland; de Blowitz, Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper (1911). "Paris" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britan
Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 805–822.
 de Vitriaco, Jacobus; Hinnebusch, John Frederick (1972). The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry. Saint-Paul.
GGKEY:R8CJPKJJK4D. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  Weingardt, Richard (2009). Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris. ASCE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7844-1010-
3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Whaley, Joachim (2012). Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-
2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
 Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1915). Coronation Rites. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
 Yarri, Monique (2008). Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968. Amsterdam, New York: Editions Ro
B.V. ISBN 978-90-420-2500-4. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
 Zarka, Yves Charles; Taussig, Sylvie; Fleury, Cynthia (2004). "Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la
filiation". L'Islam en France (in French). Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053723-6. Archived from the original on 28
September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

Further reading[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Paris.

 Vincent Cronin (1989). Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-312-04876-1.
 Vincent Cronin (1994). Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-215191-7.
 Jean Favier (1997). Paris (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-59874-1.
 Jacques Hillairet (2005). Connaissance du Vieux Paris (in French). Rivages. ISBN 978-2-86930-648-6.
 Colin Jones (2004). Paris: The Biography of a City. New York: Penguin Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03393-5.
 Bernard Marchand (1993). Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-012864-3.
 Rosemary Wakeman (2009). The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87023-6.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Paris".
 Official website (in French)
Paris at Wikipedia's sister projects:
 Definitions from Wiktionary
 Media from Commons
 News from Wikinews
 Quotations from Wikiquote
 Texts from Wikisource
 Textbooks from Wikibooks
 Resources from Wikiversity
 Travel guides from Wikivoyage
 Data from Wikidata

show

Paris

show
 Cities in France by population

show

Tourism in Paris

show

Paris transport network

show
Administrative structures

show
Authority control databases
Categories:
 Paris
 3rd-century BC establishments
 Capitals in Europe
 Catholic pilgrimage sites
 Cities in France
 Cities in Île-de-France
 Companions of the Liberation
 Departments of Île-de-France
 European culture
 Culture of France
 Populated places established in the 3rd century BC
 Prefectures in France
 Gallia Lugdunensis
 This page was last edited on 26 January 2024, at 07:02 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the T
Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia
 Code of Conduct

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement

 Mobile view

 Toggle limited content width

an otoritas
Kategori:
 Jepang
 Kekaisaran
 Negara G8
 Negara G20
 Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
 Negara kepulauan
 Negara di Asia Timur
 Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 9 Januari 2024, pukul 04.04.
 Teks tersedia di bawah Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons; ketentuan tambahan mungkin
berlaku. Lihat Ketentuan Penggunaan untuk rincian lebih lanjut.
 Kebijakan privasi

 Tentang Wikipedia

 Penyangkalan

 Kode Etik

 Pengembang

 Statistik

 Pernyataan kuki

 Tampilan seluler


 Gulingkan lebar konten terbatas