CH8.

METHODS OF INTEGRATION

1. Integration by Parts
Is a technique used for simplifying integrals of the form f(x).g(x) dx.
The formula:

Example (1)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution/
1
Let u = ln x so du = dx.
𝑥
and
𝑥2
dv = x dx so v =
2
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = u v - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑥2 𝑥2 1
∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =ln x -∫ . dx
2 𝑥
2
𝑥2 ln 𝑥 1
=
2
- ∫ 𝑥dx
2
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥2
= - +C
2 4
_____________________________________________________________
Example (2)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
Solution/
Let u = x so du = dx.
and
dv = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = - cos x
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x (- cos x) - ∫ (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= - x cos x + sin x + C

1
Example (3)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
Solution/
Let u = 𝑥 2 so du = 2x dx.
and
dv = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = - cos x
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (- cos x) - ∫ 2𝑥 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= - 𝑥 2 cos x + 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Repeat use ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = u v - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let u = x so du = dx.
and
dv = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = sin x
∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x sin x - ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⸫∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - 𝑥 2 cos x + 2[x sin x - ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= - 𝑥 2 cos x + 2[x sin x + cos x + C ] .

_____________________________________________________________

Example (4)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution/

Let u = 𝑥 so du = dx.
and
dv = e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = e𝑥
∫ 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 e𝑥 − ∫ e𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 e𝑥 − ( e𝑥 + C)

2
Example (5)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution/

Let u = 𝑥 2 so du = 2x dx.
and dv = e 𝑑𝑥 so v = e𝑥
𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 2 e𝑥 - ∫ 2𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 e𝑥 - 2 ∫ 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Repeat use ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = u v - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Let u = 𝑥 so du = dx
and dv = e 𝑑𝑥 so v = e𝑥
𝑥

∫ 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 e𝑥 − ∫ e𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⸫ ∫ 𝑥 2 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 e𝑥 – 2 [𝑥 e𝑥 − ∫ e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

= 𝑥 2 e𝑥 – 2 [𝑥 e𝑥 − e𝑥 + C].

_____________________________________________________________

Example (6)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution/
1
Let u = sec −1 𝑥 so du = dx
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2
and dv = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v =
2

𝑥2 𝑥2 1
∫ 𝑥 sec −1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec−1 𝑥 - ∫ . d𝑥
2 2
𝑥√𝑥2 −1

−1
𝑥 2 sec−1 𝑥 1 2 2
=
2
–[
2
∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 2 d𝑥 * ]
2

1
𝑥 2 sec−1 𝑥 1 (𝑥2 −1 ) 2
= – 1 +C
2 4
2

3
Example (7)/ Evaluate ∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution/
Let u = e𝑥 so du = e𝑥 dx
and dv = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = sin x
∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 sin x - ∫ sin 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Repeat use ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = u v - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Let u = e𝑥 so du = e𝑥 dx
and dv = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so v = - cos x

∫ sin 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 (- cos x ) - ∫(− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) e𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − e𝑥 cos x + ∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⸫∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 sin x –[ − e𝑥 cos x + ∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥].

∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 sin x + e𝑥 cos x - ∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

2∫ cos 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 sin x + e𝑥 cos x

𝑥 e𝑥 sin 𝑥 + e𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
⸫ ∫ cos 𝑥 e 𝑑𝑥 = +C
2

4
 2. Tabular Integration

This is also Integration by part use when the integration require repetition .
F(x) can be differential repeating to became zero and g(x) can be integrated
repeatedly without difficulty.
Integral of the form ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
To use this technique we need to identify likely candidates for u = f(x) and
dv = g′(x) dx.

_____________________________________________________________

Example (1)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution/
f(x) = 𝑥 2 , g(x) =e𝑥

F(x) and its derivatives g(x) and its integration

𝑥2 (+) e𝑥
2x (-) e𝑥
2 (+) e𝑥
0 (-) e𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 e𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 2 e𝑥 – 2x e𝑥 + 2 e𝑥 + C

_____________________________________________________________

Example (2)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution/
F(x)/ or y/ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑥3 (+) sinx
3x2 (-) − cos 𝑥
6x (+) − sinx
6 (-) cos x
0 sinx

∫ 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 (− cos 𝑥) − 3x2 (− sinx) + 6x cos x – 6 sin x + C

= - 𝑥 3 cos x + 3x2 sinx 6x cos x – 6 sin x + C

5
 Example (3)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution/
F(x)/ or y/ ∫ g(x)
𝑥 (+) sinx
1 (-) − cos 𝑥
0 (+) − sinx

∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - x cos x + sin x + C

_____________________________________________________________
Example (4)/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution/
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = ( )
2

F(x)/ or y/ ∫ g(x)
𝑥2 (+) 1
(1- cos 2x)
2
2x (-) 1 1
( x - sin 2x )
2 2
2 (+) 1 𝑥2 1
( + cos 2x )
2 2 4
0 1 𝑥3 1
( + sin2x )
2 6 8

1 1 𝑥2 1 𝑥3 1
∫ 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 2
( x - sin 2x ) – x (
2 2
+ cos 2x ) + (
4 6
+ sin2x ) + C
8

6
 3. Trigonometric Substitutions

This method use to replace the binomials ( a2 + u2 ) , (a2 – u2 ) and (u2 – a2 )

by single squared terms to find many important integrals.
𝜋 𝜋
1) a2 – u2 use u= a sin ɵ , - ≤ɵ ≤
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
2
2) a + u 2
use u= a tan ɵ , - ≤ɵ ≤
2 2
𝜋
3) u – a
2 2
use u= a sec ɵ , 0 ≤ ɵ ≤ ±
2
where ( a : constant )
_____________________________________________________________
𝑑𝑥
Example (1)/ Evaluate ∫ .
√4+𝑥 2
Solution/
a2 + u2 and u = a tan ɵ
𝑥
4 + 𝑥 2 , a = 2 , and x = 2 tan ɵ tan ɵ =
2

dx = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ɵ d ɵ , x2 = 4 tan2 ɵ
4 + 𝑥 2 =4 + (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɵ)2 4 + 𝑥 2 =4 + 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ

4 + 𝑥 2 =4(1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ɵ = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ

4+𝑥 2 4+𝑥2
4 + 𝑥 2 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ɵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ɵ = sec ɵ =√
4 4

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ɵ 𝑑ɵ 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ɵ 𝑑ɵ
∫ √4+𝑥 2 =∫ =∫
√4+ 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ 2√1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ

𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ɵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ɵ
⸫∫ 𝑑ɵ =∫ 𝑑ɵ
√𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ɵ sec ɵ
=∫ sec ɵ 𝑑ɵ = ln |𝑠𝑒𝑐 ɵ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɵ|+C
4+𝑥 2 𝑥
= ln |√ + |+C
4 2

7
 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Example (2)/ Evaluate ∫ .
√9−𝑥 2
Solution/
𝑥 𝑥
a= 3 , x=3sin ɵ sin ɵ = ɵ = sin-1
3 3
dx =3 cos ɵ d ɵ , 2
𝑥 = 9 sin 2
ɵ
9- 𝑥 2 = 9 - 9 sin2 ɵ 9- 𝑥 2 = 9 (1- sin2 ɵ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɵ = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ɵ

9− 𝑥 2 9− 𝑥2
2
9- 𝑥 = 9 cos 2
ɵ cos 2
ɵ= cos ɵ = √
9
9
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (9 sin 2 ɵ) 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɵ 𝑑 ɵ 18 sin 2 ɵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɵ 𝑑 ɵ
∫ √9−𝑥 2 = ∫ =∫ = ∫ 9 sin2 ɵ 𝑑ɵ
√9−9 sin2 ɵ 3 cos ɵ
1−cos 2ɵ
sin2 ɵ = ( )
2

∫ 9 sin2 ɵ 𝑑ɵ = 29 ∫( 1 − cos 2ɵ) 𝑑ɵ = 29 (ɵ-

1
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2ɵ) + C

9
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2ɵ = 2 sin ɵ cos ɵ = 2 ( ɵ - 12 2 sin ɵ cos ɵ) + C
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
⸫ ∫ √9−𝑥 2 =
9
(sin-1 - . √9− 𝑥 )+ C
2 3 3 9

_______________________________________________
𝑑𝑥
Example (3)/ Evaluate ∫ .
√𝑥 2 −2𝑥
Solution/
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√𝑥√𝑥−2
√𝑥(𝑥−2)

u2 = x 2u du = dx
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ √𝑥√𝑥−2 =∫ =2∫ , use u =√2 sec ɵ
𝑢√𝑢2 −2 √𝑢2 −2
du = √2 sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ

2 sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ 2 sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ

I = 2 ∫ √ √2sec2 ɵ−2 =2 ∫ √
√2√sec2 ɵ−1

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ɵ − 1

8
 sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ sec ɵ tan ɵ d ɵ
I= 2 ∫ √sec2 ɵ−1
= 2∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ɵ
= 2∫ tan ɵ
= 2 ∫ sec ɵ 𝑑ɵ

I= 2 ln |𝑠𝑒𝑐 ɵ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɵ|+C

𝑢 √𝑥
We have : u =√2 sec ɵ sec ɵ = =
√2 √2

√𝑥
2 h
(√𝑥) = h +(√2)
2 2

√2
2
h= √(√𝑥)2 − (√2)

√𝑥−2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɵ = √2
2
√𝑥 √𝑥−2 √𝑥 √𝑥−2
⸫ I= 2 ln | + |+C = ln |
√2
+
√2
| +C
√2 √2
𝑥 √𝑥−2 𝑥−2
= ln | 2 + 2 √√2 .
𝑥
+ |+C
√2 2

9
4. Trigonometric Integrals

Power of Sines and Cosines: we begin with integrals of the forms:

Odd Power of Cosine and Even Power of Sine.

Example 1/ Evaluate ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol/

∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

du
cos 2 𝑥= (1 - sin2 𝑥) , let u = sin 𝑥 and du = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx =
cos 𝑥

du
= ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 ) cos 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 ) du = ∫ 𝑢2 − 𝑢4 du
cos 𝑥

𝑢3 𝑢5 sin3 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
= - +C = - +C
3 5 3 5

10
Odd Power of Sine and Even Power of Cosine.
Example 2/ Evaluate ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol/

∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

du
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥 , let u = cos 𝑥 and du = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx =
− sin 𝑥

du
= ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑢2 sin 𝑥
− sin 𝑥

= − ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑢2 du = − ∫ 𝑢2 − 𝑢4 du

𝑢5 𝑢3 cos5 𝑥 cos3 𝑥
= - +C = - + C.
5 3 5 3
_____________________________________________________________
Product of Even Powers of Sine and Cosine.
Example 3/ Evaluate ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol/
1−cos 2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥
sin2 𝑥= , cos 2 𝑥 = .
2 2

1−cos 2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥 2 1
∫( 2
).( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥). (1 + cos 2𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥). (1 + 2cos 2𝑥 + cos 2 2𝑥 ) dx
8
1
=
8
∫(1 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 2 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2 2𝑥 − cos 3 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥.
1
=
8
∫(1 + cos 2𝑥 − cos 2 2𝑥 − cos 3 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥.
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 dx - ∫ cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ cos 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
8

1 1 1+cos 4𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2. cos 2𝑥 dx - ∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ cos 2 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
8 2 2

1 1 1 1
= (x + sin 2𝑥 - 𝑥 - sin 4x - ∫(1 − sin2 2𝑥) cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 2 8

1 1 1 1
= (x + sin 2𝑥 - 𝑥 - sin 4x - [∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (sin 2𝑥)2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
8 2 2 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 sin3 2 𝑥
= (x + sin 2𝑥 - 𝑥 - sin 4x - sin 2𝑥 + +C
8 2 2 8 2 2 3
1 1 1 sin3 2 𝑥
= ( 𝑥 - sin 4x + +C)
8 2 8 6
11
Odd Power of Sine and Cosine.
Example 4/ Evaluate ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Sol/ (case I)

∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

du
cos 2 𝑥= (1 - sin2 𝑥) , let u = sin 𝑥 and du = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx =
cos 𝑥

du
∫ sin3 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ u3 (1 − u2 ) cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

3 2 3 5
𝑢4 𝑢6
= ∫ u (1 − u ) du = ∫ u − u du = - +C
4 6

sin4 𝑥 sin6 𝑥
= - +C
4 6

(Case II)
∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
du
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥 , let u = cos 𝑥 and du = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx =
− sin 𝑥

∫ sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥) sin 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

du
=∫ u3 (1 − u2 ) sin 𝑥 = − ∫ u3 (1 − u2 ) du = − ∫(u3 − u5 ) du
− sin 𝑥

𝑢6 𝑢4
= ∫(u5 − u3 ) du = − +C
6 4

cos6 𝑥 cos4 𝑥
= − +C
6 4

Example 5/ Evaluate ∫ cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Sol/
du
let u = cos 𝑥 and du = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx =
− sin 𝑥

du − u4 − cos4 x
∫ cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑢3 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = - ∫ 𝑢3 du = 4
+C=
4
+C

12
5. Integrals of Rational Functions by Partial Functions

A rational function is a fraction with polynomials in the numerator and

denominator. For example,

• Case I : Distance Linear Factors

a) If the degree of numerator f(x) less than the degree of
denominator g(x)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏 𝒙+𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙+𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒙+𝒃𝟑

5𝑥−3
Example 1/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 dx
Sol/
5𝑥−3 5𝑥−3
∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 dx = ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥+1) dx
5𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵
[(𝑥−3)(𝑥+1) = (𝑥+1) + (𝑥−3) ] * (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

5𝑥 − 3 = A (𝑥 − 3) + B (𝑥 + 1)

5𝑥 − 3 = A 𝑥 − 3𝐴 + B 𝑥 + B

- 3 = - 3A + B B = 3A - 3
5𝑥 = A 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 5 = A + 3A − 3 A = 8/4 =2 , B = 6- 3= 3
5𝑥−3 2 3
∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥+1) dx = ∫ (𝑥+1) dx+ ∫ (𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥 = 2ln|𝑥 + 1| + 3ln |𝑥 −
3| +C.

13
 b) If the degree of numerator f(x) equal or higher to the degree of
denominator g(x) >> Use the long division .
Here are the steps required for Dividing by a Polynomial Containing
More Than One Term (Long Division):

Step 1: Make sure the polynomial is written in descending order. If any

terms are missing, use a zero to fill in the missing term (this will
help with the spacing).
Step 2: Divide the term with the highest power inside the division symbol
by the term with the highest power outside the division symbol.
Step 3: Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained in the previous step
by the polynomial in front of the division symbol.
Step 4: Subtract and bring down the next term.
Step 5: Repeat Steps 2, 3, and 4 until there are no more terms to bring
down.
Step 6: Write the final answer. The term remaining after the last subtract
step is the remainder and must be written as a fraction in the final
answer.
3𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +5
Example 2/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 −1
dx

Sol/
3𝑥+4
∫ 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 2 −1 dx
3𝑥 2 3𝑥+4
= − 2𝑥 + ∫ dx
2 𝑥2 −1

3𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)

3x +4 = A(x-1) + B(x+1)

3x+4 = Ax-A + Bx+B

4= - A + B B=4+A
−1
3x = Ax + Bx 3=A+(4+A) A= ,
2
−1 7
B = 4+ B=
2 2

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 3𝑥+4 −1/2 7/2
= +
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)

3𝑥 2 1 1 7 1
= − 2𝑥 − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 (𝑥+1) 2 (𝑥−1)

3𝑥 2 1 7
= − 2𝑥 − ln |𝑥 + 1| + ln |𝑥 − 1| + C
2 2 2

_____________________________________________________________

• Case II : Repeated Linear Factors

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + + …..
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)3

6𝑥+7
Example 3/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 dx
Sol/
6𝑥+7 6𝑥+7 𝐴 𝐵
=[ 2= + ] * (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 (𝑥+2) 𝑥+2 (𝑥+2)2

6𝑥 + 7 = A(𝑥 + 2) + B

6x = Ax A= 6

7=2A +B 7=2(6) +B B= -5
6𝑥+7 6 5
∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥 =∫[
𝑥+2
−
(𝑥+2)2
]d𝑥
5
= 6 ln |𝑥 + 2|+ +C
(𝑥+2)

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 • Case III : Irreducible quadratic factors of g(x)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑨𝒙+𝑩 𝑪𝒙+𝑫 𝑬𝒙+𝑭
= + + + ……
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟏 𝒙+𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒙+𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟑 𝒙+𝒄𝟑

2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2
Example 4/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 3 +𝑥
dx

Sol/

2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶

= = +
𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

A(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑥 (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

A𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

𝑥 0 : A= 2

𝑥 : C = -5

𝑥 2 : A +B =2 2 +B = 2 B= 0

2𝑥2 −5𝑥+2 2 5
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ − 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 +1) 𝑥 𝑥 +1

= 2ln| 𝑥| − 5 tan−1 𝑥 + K

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 • Case IV : Repeated Irreducible quadratic factors of g(x)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑨𝒙+𝑩 𝑪𝒙+𝑫 𝑬𝒙+𝑭
= + 𝟐 + +……
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝟑

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3
Example 4/ Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 5 +2𝑥 3 +𝑥
dx

Sol/

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3

∫ 𝑥 5 +2𝑥 3 +𝑥
dx =∫
𝑥(𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2 +1)
dx = ∫
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)2
dx

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 𝐷𝑥+𝐸

[ = +
(𝑥2 +1)
+ 2 ] * 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑥 (𝑥2 +1)

1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 =A(𝑥 2 + 1)2 +(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)+ (𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸) 𝑥

1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2 + 1) +(B𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥) (𝑥 2 + 1)+ (𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥)

1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐴𝑥 4 +2𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + B 𝑥 4 + B𝑥 2 +𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶x+ 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥

𝑥 0: A = 1

𝑥 3 : C = -1

𝑥 : -1 = C + E -1 = -1 + E E=0

𝑥 4 : A + B =0 A= -B B= -1

𝑥 2 : 2 =2A+ B +D 2= 2-1 +D D=1

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 1 −𝑥−1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + ] dx
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑥 (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +1)2

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ − − + ] dx
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑥 (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +1)2

1 1 −1
=ln| 𝑥 | − ln | 𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + +K
2 2 𝑥 2 +1

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