PHYSICS (XI)

FUNDAMENTAL
2/34 Pradeeb' What willhe
nert 4 seconds.
seconds and2-2 min
Example 3. Abody travels a distance of 2 min 2
lhe velocity of the body at the end of 7th second from the star
Solution. Here, case (i) S =2m, t = 2s
Case (i)S =2+ 2-2 = 42 m, t = 2+ 4= 6s
the body.
Let uand a be the initial velocity and uniform acceleration of
we know that S = ut + at

Case () 2 = uX 2 +
1=u t a

Case (ü) 4-2 = u X6 + ax6

or 0-7 = u + 3a
.)
Subtracting (it) from (), we get
03 = 0-2a = -2a
or a= - 0-3/2 = -0·15 ms
From (), u= 1-4= 1+ 0-15 #1:15 ins-2
For the velocity of body at the end of 7th second, we have
u =1·15 ms;a = -0 15 ms,v =?, t = 7s
As
v=1·15 + ( 0·15) ×7 0-1ms1
Example 4. A ball thrown verticaly upwards with a speed of 19-6 ms from the top of a tower
returns o the earth in 6 seconds. Find the height of tower.
Solution. Taking vertical downward motion of the ball from point of
have projection up to ground, we
u=-19-6 ms;a =9-8 ms;t= 6s:S =?
As S= # + a
S=- 19-6 x6 +x98 x 6 = 58-8 m
Example 5. Abody travels a distance af 20 min the 7th
distance shall io travel in the 15th second ? second and 24 min 9th
Solution. Here, D,= 20 m;Dg = 24 m, D = ? second. How muh
Let u and a be the initial velocity and
uniform acceleration of
We know that D,, = u + ;(21 - 1) the body.
D, = u + ;(2x7-1)
20 = Wt 13a

And D, = u+(2x9-1)
.)
 Descriptionof Motion in One Dimension 2/35

or 24 = u +

Subtracting (ü) from (),we get

4 = 2a or a = 2 ms
Putting this value in (), we get
20 u+ x2=u + 13
or u = 20- 13 =7 ms1
Hence 2
2x 15 -1) = 7 + 2 X29 = 36 m
Example 6. Aplayer throws aball upwards with an initial speed of 29-4 ms(a) What is the
direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball ? (6) What are the velocity and acceleration of
the ball aa the highest point of its motion. (c) Choose the x = 0and t = 0 be the location and time at its
highest point, verticaly downward direction to be the positive direction of x-aris and give the sigs of
position, velociy and acceleration of the ball during its upward, and downward motion. (d) To what height
does the ball rise and after how long does the ball returns to the player's hands. (Take g 9-8 ms and
neglect air resistance)
Solution. (a) Since the ball is moving under the effect of gravity, the direction of acceleration due
to gravity is always veticalyownwards.
(b) At the highest point, the velocity of the ball becomes zero and acceleration is equal to the
acceleration due to gravity = 9-8 ms in vertically downward direction.
(c) When the highest point is chosen as the location for x = 0and t = 0 and vertically
downward direction to be the positive direction of X-axis and upward direction as negative direction of
X-ais.
During upward motion, sign of position is negative, sign of velocity is negative and sign of
acceleration is positive.
During downward motion, sign of position is positive, sign of velocity is positive and sign of
acceleration is also positive.
(a) Let tbe time taken by the ball to reach the highest point where height from ground be S.
Taking vertical upward motion of theball, we have, u= - 29-4 ms, a = 9-8 ms = 0, s =
S,t =?
As - = 2as
0-(-294) = 2x 98 x S or S= (29-4)2 =-44"lm
2x9:8
Here -ve sign shows that the distance is covered in upward direction.
As V=| + at

0=-294 + 98 Xt 294
or = 3s
9:8
It means time of ascent = 3s
When an object moves under the effect of gravity alone, the time of ascent is always cqual to the
time of descent.
Therefore total time after which the ballreturns to the player's hand =3+3= 6s
 2/36 PHYSICS (KI)
Pradeeb FUNDAMENTAL

anpe 1.A boy standing on a stationary lift (onen from above) throws a ball upwards wun te
marimum initial speed he can, equal to 49 ms- How much time does the balltake to return lo hs hanas
J e 4y Saris moving up with a uniform speed of 5ms-1 and the bov agzin throws the ball up wLh ne
macimum speed he can, how does the ball take to return to his hands ?
Solution. Taking vertical upward direction as the positive direction ofx-axis.
When lift is stationary, consider the motion of the ball going vertically upwards and coming down
tothe hands of the body, we have
u= 49 ms,a = -9-8 ms,t = ?, x-X =S =0
As S = ut t
a
0= 49 t + (-9-8)e
or 49t = 4-9 or t =49/4-9 = 10 seconds
When lift starts moving with uniform speed
As the ift starts moving upwards with uniform speed of 5ms , there is no change in the relative
velocity of the ball wrt. the boy which remains 49 ms- Hence, even in this case, the ball will return to
the boy's hand after 10second
Example 8,A parachutist bails out from an aeroplane and after dropping through a distance of 40 m
opens the parachuteand decelerates at 2ms f he reaches the ground wiüh a speed of 2 ms how lone is
he in the air ?At what height did h bail out fromthe plane?
Solution. When the parachutist drops for the first 40 m
u =0; S= 40m;a =g= 98ns;u = ?t = t.
As - =2aS
v= 2x9-8 ×40 = 784 Or
(784)2 = 28 ms1
Also
28 =0 +9-8, or 1, = 28/98 = 2-8s
Now the fnal velocity after the drop of 40 m is the initial
vclocity for the rest of the fu
Therefore, s =28 ms:;a =-2ms 2ms-;t
As
2 = 28 + (-2) XI or lh = 13seconds
Therefore, the total time the parachustist is in air
T=, t t, = 28 + 13 = 15-8seconds.
Height through which the parachutist has fallen during the second half of
2-u= 2a S the fall is given by
Or 2 - (28) = 2(-2)s or S= 195 m
Thus the height at which the parachutist bailed out = 40 +
195 =
EXample 9.A body is dropped from ret at a height of 150 m 235 m
dropped from ret from a poins 100 mabove the ground. WWhat and
have fallen for ()) 3s (iü) Ss. Consider that the body on reaching
lo graviy be 10 mis
is the
simulthere
groundidiremains
ferenceabetneousl
weenandy, heights
another body is
after they
acceleration due
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/37

Solution. () For the first body, taking downward motion of the body, we have
u= 0,t= 35, a= 10 m/s, S =?
As S= ut +

S =0x 3 +2x 10× 3 = 45 m

Height of body above ground = 150 45 = 105m.
For second body
Downward distance travelled in 3 seconds = 45 m
height of body above ground 100 45 = 55m
Thus difference in heights = 105 - 55 = 50 m
(i) Similarly distance covered by cach body in 5 second will be given by
1
S= = x 10 x 5= 125 n

Now, the height of first body above ground

= 150-125 = 25 m
For second body, as the distance travelled is more than its height from ground, it means this body
willbe on ground just after 5 seconds. Therefore the height of this body from ground is zero.
Thus difference in height of two bodies = 25-0 = 25 m
Example 10. 4 balbon is ascending at the rate of 14 ms at a height of 98 mabove the ground, when a
packet is dropped from the balloon. Afler how much time and with what velocity does it reach the ground ?
Solution. Taking vertical downward motion of the packet from point of dropping it from balloon
upto ground, we have
u= -14 ms,a =9:8 ms-,S=98 m, t = ?,v =?
As S = u + a?
2
1
98 = 14t + ;x9-8xR
or 98 =-14 t + 4-9
Or 140 = - 20t + 7
T-20t- 140 = 0
20 v400 + 3920 20 ± 65727
Or t=
14 14
= 6123 s.

(Neglecting the other value of time which is negative and impossible)

As 2 = u' + 2aS
v' = (- 14) + 2 x9-8X 98 = 196 + 1920-8 = 2116-8
or
v= V2116-8 = 45-99 mns
Example 11. Two trains Aand Bof length 400 meuch are moving on two parallel tracks with a
nyorm speed of 72 km ' in the same direction with Aahead of B. The driver of Bdecides to overtake A
erate bythem
distance between I ms".fafer
? 50 s, the guard ofB just brushes past the driver of A, what was the original
238 (X)
Pradeet's FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

Solution. Fortrain A:u=2 km h-l 2× 1000 20 ms; t= 50s ;a =0;S = SA

60 x 60 =
As 1
S =ut + ~at
SA = 20 >x 50 +x0x
2 50 = 1000 m
For train B; u=2 kms- 20 ms-;e= im/s,t = 50 9, S Sg
As S= ut +
1
SR = 20 x 50 + 2 x 1× 50 = 2250 n.
Taking the guard of the train Bin the last compartment of the train B, it follows that
original distance between the two trains + length of train A + length of train B = Sp-SA
or original distance betweenthe two trains + 400 + 400 =2250-1000 = 1250
or original distance between the two trains = 1250 800 = 450m
Example 12. The distance r of a paticle moving in one dimension, under the action of a constant
force is related to tine t by equation
t= r +3
where r is in metres and t in seconds. Find the displacement ofthe particle when its velocity is zero.
(ILI 1979)
Solution. Given t = x + 3or vz =t-3
Squaring boththe sides, we get x = (t- 3) =P-6 + 9
Differentiating it w.rt time í, we get
velocity, v = = 2-6
dt
when v = 0, then 21 -6= 0 ort =3 second.
Al t=3, displacemnent, x = - 6t +9=3-6×3 +9 =0
Hence displacement of the particle is zero when its velocity is zero.
Example 13. Abody starting from rest accelerqles unyormyalong a st. line, at ihe rate of 10 ms2
for Ss. lt moves for 2s with uniform elociy s ms". Then it relards uniformiy and comes to eti .
of the body and find
Draw velocily tine graph
the total distance travelled by body. Velocity
Solution. Taking the motion of the (m/s)
70
body from 0to 5 seconds we have u = 0;v = 60
?;a = 10 ms:t =5s. 50
As 40
v =0 + 10 ×5 = 50 m/s. 30

The velocity -time graph of the motion

20.
10
of the body is as shown in Fig. 2(b). 6. 1 2
Total distance travelled by body during 6 7 8 10 11 t (s)
motion =Area of trapizium OABC
FIGURE 2(b).6
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/39

1
=(0C +AB) XAA
ums)4
- (10+2) x 50 = 300m
A
Example 14. The speed-time graph of a particle 12
moving along a fred direction is as shown in Fig. 2(6).7.
Obtain the distance travelled by the particle between (a) t = 0
to 10 s(b) t= 2 to 6s. What is the average speed of theparticle
Over the intervals in (a) and (b) ? IA, B
Solution. (a) Distance travelled by the particle 5 10 t(s)
between 0 to 10 s will be
=Area of AOAB, whose base is 10s and height is 12 FIGURE 2(b).7

X 10 × 12 = 60 m

60
Average speed = =6 ms-l
10
(b) Let S, and S, be the distances covered by the particle in the time interval t, = 2s to 5s and
t,=Ss to 6s, then total distance covered in time interval 2s to 6s will be S = S, + S,
.)
To finds S,, let us consider is the velocity of particle after 2seconds and a, is the acceleration
of the particle during the time interval zero to 5 seconds.
Then u= 0,v = 12m/s, a =a, and t = Ss.
We have a, = u 12-0. 12 = 2-4 ns -2
5
u, = 4-t at = 0+ 2-4X 2= 4-8 mns1
Thus for. the distance trayelled by particle in 3seconds (i.e., time interval 2s to Ss), we have
u, = 48ms 3s, a, 2-4 ms, s, =?
1
As

S, = 4-8 x3 +x 2-4 x 3 = 25-2 m

To find S,. Let a, be the acceleration of the particle during the
have motion t = Ss tot = 10 s. We
0- 12
=-2-4 ms-2
10 -5.
Taking motion of the paricle in time interval t = s to t = 6s , we
have
uy = 12 ms,a, = -2-4 ms,, = 1s, S, =?
As 1

1
S, = 12 x1+ i(-2-4)1 - 10-8m.
.:. Total distance travelled,S = 252 + 10-8 =36 m
 2/40
PHYSICS (KI)
Pradeep's FUNDAMENTAL

36 36
Average velocity = 6-2 4
= 9 ms
-1

xample 15. From the top of atower 100 minheioht a ball is dropped and at the same
veu s projected vertically upwards from the eround with a velocity of 25 ms, Find when and were e
balls will meet. (g=9-8 ms) t o
Solution. Let A be the top of a tower and R be its font Let the two balls meet at Cafter ime l.
Let AC=x, then BC = 100 -x.
Taking vertical downward motion of the bal dropped from the top, we have
s = 0, a =9-8 ms,S = x,t =t

C+ As S= u+a2
2

(100-x) x =0+x9-8
2 x=4-912 ...)
B
Taking vertical upward motion of the ball thrown up from B, we have
FIGURE 2(b).8 u =25 ms,a = -9-8 ms-,S = (100 -),t = t
1
As S= ut + zat
100 x = 25t +(-9:8) P= 25t - 4:9 ..()
Adding () and (ii) weigh
100 = 25t or t = 4s
Putting this value in (i) we get, x= 4-9 X16 =78"4 m
Hence the two balls will meet after 4 seconds at a distance 78"4 mbelow the ton
Example 16. A sports car passingapolice check postat 60 km h immediately started slowing down
unijormly until iss speed was 40 km h. Itcontinued to move at the same speed until it was r t
Dolice car lkn from the check post. This police car had started jrom rest at the check post t the came
istant as the sports car had passed lhe check POSl. Te POuce cur nad moved with a constant acceleration
until it had passed sports car. Assuming that the time taken by the sports car in slowing down
lo40 km A-was equal tothe time that ii travelled al corSans speed bejore passed by the police cnr fnd
(a) the time taken by the police car lo reach the sports car,
b)che speed ofthe police car at the instant when iü passed the sports car,
(c) the time measuredfrom the check-post when the speeds af the two cars were eoual.
Solution, Let O be the checkpost and car be moing along dA The car goes from O to A in tie
t with a constant retardation and Ato Bwith a constant velocity (= 40 km h), where AB =
at B, the sports car is overtaken by police car. Therefore time taken by car to go from A
to B
lkm. and
per question. Fig. 2(b).8(a). is also t as
(a) Average velocity of sports car for motion Oto A = (60 + 40)/2 = 50 km A-1
50x t + 40 X = 1km.
or (=L
90
Time taken by police car to reach sports car is
RETARDATION X
21 =290x45h CONSTANT
VELOCITY
FIGURE 2(b).8(a)
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/41

X 60 X 60s = 80 s

b) Let a be acceleration of police car and v be its velocity when it overtakes the sports car.
0+u
Average velocity = 2 2
Distance =Average velocity x time taken
1km =X 1 v= 90 km h-l
2 2t=vt=vXnh or
(c) Taking motion of police car from O to B, we have V=s + at
90 = 0 t+ ax (2t) =aX 1/45
a=90 x 45 km h2
Let be the retardation of sports car. Taking motion of sports car from O to A, we have
b

v= 60 kmh ;v= 40 km ;t =h;a = b=?

As V=s + at

40 =60+ bx on or b=- 20 x 90 kmh2

Let the velocity of the two cars be same at time t,, then velocity gained by police car in time t, =
velocity gained by sports car in time ,.
60 60 x 60 >x 60
0+ (90 x 45) , = 60- (20 X 90) 1, or n x6s 90 x 65 =37 s

ConcEbtiial oblems
Problem 1, Can a body have zero velocity and finite acceleration ? Explain.
Solution. Yes, a body can have zero velocity and finite acceleration. For example, when a body is
thrown vertically upwards in space, then at the hightest point, the body has zero velocity but
acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity.
Problem 2. Is it true or not, a particle in one dimensional motion with constant speed must
have zero acceleration ?
Solution. Yes, when a particle is moving along a st. line with constant speed, its velocity remains
constant with time. Therefore acceleration (= change in velocity/time) is zero.
Problem 3.Aparticle in one dimensional motion with positive value of acceleration must be
speeding up: Comment.
Solution, The statement is not correct because in equation of motion v = ut at, if ais positive
& uis negative, at the instant of time taken as origin, then for allthe times before the time at whichu
vanishes, there is a slowing down of the particle ie, the speedof the particle keeps on decreasing with
time. However the given statement is true only if u is positive at the instant of time taken as origin.
Problem 4. How is the velocity-time graph of accelerated motion helpful in studying the motion
of the object in one dimension ?
Solution. This graph is useful in following ways :
(o) To determine the velocity of the object at the given instant.
 Pradeeb's FUNDAMENTAL
(6) To determine the
acceleration of the object.
(C) To determine the total distance travelled by the obiect in a given time.
Problem How is the position-time graph of uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension
5.
helpful in studying the motion of the object ? accelerated
ton. This graph helps us to determine the distance traelled by object during any interval of
une and also the velocity of the objcct at any instant of time (i.e., instantaneous velocity.
KroDlemó. Why we do not consider rate of charge of acceieration in the study of linear mouon í
Solution. We consider only the acceleration and not the rate of change of acceleration in agiven
motion of the object because the basic laws of motion involve only acceleration and not of rate of
change of acceleration.
Problem 7. The direction in which an object moves is given by the direction of velocity of the
object and not by the direction of acceleration. Explain this statement with suitable example.
Solution. When an object is thrown up, the direction of motion of the object and hence its
velocity are along vertical in upward direction. Asthe object moves up, it is always attracted by earth in
downward direction i.e., the acceleration is vertical in downward direction. Hence the direction of
motion of the object is that of velocity and not that of acceleration.
Problem 8. Fig 2(b). 9. gives a speed-time graph of a Speed
particle in one dimensional motion. Three diferent egqual
intervals of time are shown. In which interval is the average B
acceleration greatest in magnitude ? In which interval is the
average speed greatest ? Choosing the positive direction as the
constant direction of motion, give the signs of 'u and 'a in the three
intervals. What are theaccelerations at the points A, B,C and D?
Solution. We know that average acceleration in a small
interval of time is equal to slope of velocity-time graph in that 2
interval. As the slope of velocity-time graph is maximum in 3 Time
interval 2 as compared to other intervals 1 and 3, hence. the FIGURE 2(b).9
magnitude of average acceleration is greatest in interval 2.
The average speed is greatest in interval 3 for obvious reasons.
In interya! 1, the slope of velocity- time graph is positive, hence acceleration a is positive. The
speed u is positive in this ínterval due to obvious reasons.
In interval2, the slope of velocity-time graph is negative, hence acceleration a is negative. The
speed u is positive in this interval due to obvious reasons.
In interal 3, the velocity-time graph is parallel to time axis, therefore acceleration a is zero in
this interval but v is positive due to obvious reasons.
At points A, B, Cand D, the velocity-ime graph isparallel to time
axis. Therefore accelerationa
is zero at all the four points
Problem 9. The distance travelled by a particle moving in a
nronortional to the square of he ume elapsed. ls 1t moving with straight
constant
line is found to be
acceleration ? Explain speed or constant
Solution. Givenx o or x = kr where k is aconstant of
proportionality.
velocity of the particle, v = de
dt (kt) = 2kt
dt
..)
and acceleration of the particle,. du
dt dt 2k) =2k
 Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/43
From () and (i) we note that acceleration of the particle is constant where as the velocity of the
particle depends upon the time.
Problem 10. The velocity-time graph of a particle in one
dimensional motion is shown in Fig. 2(b). 10. Which of the
following formulae are correct for describing the motion of the
particle over the timne interval t, and t
1

(üi) Va = r(,) -r ()}/,-)

(iv) aqy = {v () v()}/C, - 4) t,
FIGURE 2(b).10

(Pi) x (l) - x ) =area under the v-t curve bounded by the time axis and dotted line shown.
Solution. From the graph we note that the slope is not constant and is not uniform, hence the
relations (), (ü)and (v) are not correct, but the relations (iii), (iv) and (vi) are
correct.
Problemn 11. Fig. 2(b).11 gives the x-tplot of
a particle executing 0ne dimensional simple
harmonic motion. Give the signs of position, velocity
and acceleration variables of the particles at t =
03s, 12s, -1·2s.
Solution.In the S.H.M. acceleration a
wz, where w (Le., angular frequency) is constant. 2
(0) A time t = 03s, x is negative, the slope of
x- plot is negative, hence position and velocity are
negative. Since a = -wx, hence, acceleration is
positive. FIGURE 2(b).11
(ü) At time t = 1:2%, x is positive, the slope of x-t plot is also
positive, hence position and
velocity are positive. Since a = -w'x, hence acceleration isnegative.
(iüi) Att = - 12s, xis negative, the slope ofx - plot is also
are negative here, hence velocity is positive. Finally acceleration 'a' is alsonegative. But since bothx and t
positive.
Long Answer Questions Carrying 5 or more marks
1. Define and explain the term acceleration. Derive the
velocity-tim relation of abody moving under constant
acceleration. [Refer to Art. 2(b), 2&2(b).3)
2. Explain clearly (i) uniform acceleration (ü) variable
acceleration (üüi)
instansaneous acceleration and show that instantaneous acceleration is the Average acceleration (v)
acceleration. limiting value of average
[Refer to Art. 2(b). 2]
3. Deduce the following relations analytically forauniform motion along a st.
line,where the terms have their
usual meanings
)u= u t at (ü) s= u +ar + 2 as
(Refer to Art. 2(b). 3]
* Pind the distance travelled by the uniformly accelerated object moving in one dimension in nth
second.
[Refer to Art. 2(b). 4]
 Pradeeb's FUNDAMENTAL
2/44 distance
explainthat the 5]
dimension and (RefertoArt. 2(b).
5. Draw graph of a uniformly accelerated motion in one
velocity-time
travelled is equal to the area under velocity-time graph. equations of motion
in
motion deduce the [Refer to Art. 2(b). 6]
6. From the accelerated
velocity-time graph of uniform distanceand velocity. (Refer to Art.
2(b). 7]
(iii)
() velocity and time (ü) distance and time
7. Deduce the equations of motion by folowing calculus method.

Short Answer Questions Carrying 2 or 3 marks

positive and
negative
represent ? What do 2(b). 5 and 2(b).6]
'velocity-time' graphs [Refer to Art.
1. What do the slopes of 'distance-time' and down' and a
negative
values of these slopes imply ? with a 'slowing
to sh¡w that a positive acceleration can be associated with
2, Give examples Aparticle
acceleration witha 'speeding up". is negative.
acceleration is slowing down if its
initial velocity
mean position in simple
[Hint. A particle with positive position to
while moving from extreme
negative acceleration is speeding up of the
harmonicmotion]. How does the acceleration
elapsed.
proportional to the cube time time] [Refer to conceptual
problem 9]
3. The displacement of a particle is
[Ans. Acc. « =a-ßI+YI: md u
body depend on time elapsed ? at time is given by x [Ans. 2y]
The displacement x of aparticle along a straight line
4. acceleration of the particle. thrOwS anotner
up with initial speed u and then
stone straight
the edge of acliff throwsa from the same position. Find the ratio of
the speeds, the
Aman standing on [Ans. 1:1]
5. with same initial speed and
stone straight downattained when they hit ground at the
base of the cliff.
stones Would have speed u]
speed u returns back the same point with the acceleration
[Hint. A stone thrown up with
Suppose we call the rate of chang of
of velocity.
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change
(i) How can we calculate instantaneous SLAP?
6. the unit of SLAP ?
as 'SLAP. ())What is
[Ans.(i) m/s° in S.I. unit (ii)
Lt
At ’ 0 (
uniform acceleration always move in a straight line ?
7. Cana body subjected
toa
parabolic path which has uniform acceleration.
projectile is a (i) acceleration is
[Hint. No, because the path of will you get, for a uniformly accelerated motion when [Refer to Art 2(b).3]
graph
What type of velocity-time
acceleration is -ve (a < 0)
+ve (a > 0) and (i) speed. What is the
and maintains the same
second
km h due north turns west in 5 [Ans. 2 VZ ms
south west] 1
9. A car travelling at 36 ?
acceleration of the car
due north = 10 ms due north. Final|velocity VR = 36 km h 'due
= 36 kmh
[Hint. Initial velocity va T0 ms due south.
10
10 ms due north =
= -
west = 10 ms due west -
VB vA VB + (- VA) V10+ 10 = 2V2 ms Sw
change in velocity
Acc. = time taken
thecar 2
UIurn in 10seconds. What is the acceleration of
km h takes a
10. Acar travelling at72 [Ans. 4 ms
72 = 144 km h 40 ms
seconds is = 72 +
velocity in 10
[Hint. Here change in
4ms]
Acceleration, a = 40/ 10 = Ið CoOvers a distance h/2 in the last serondEin
top of a tower Of helgnt n.
11. A ball is dropped from the ms2 Ans. (2 + v2)s.
does the ball remain in air ?g= 10
motion. How long
we haveh/2= 0 +(2 x-1) .i)
(Hint. Using, D,=u+(2n-1) ;
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/45
1
using, S= u+ at, we have h= 0+at ...iü)
Solving (i) and (ü), we get I=(2+ VZ) s]
12. Is it possible to round a curve, with zero acceleration ? Explain.
[Ans. No.]
[Hint. For a motion round a curve, there is a change in the direction of motion at every point of
which is only possible by a force and hence by an acceleration.] motion,
13. Can an object be accelerated without speeding up or
slowing down ?
[Hint. Yes, it will be so if an object is moving with a constant speed in a circle. In
accelerating but its speed neither increases nor decreases]. this case, the object is
14. How can one determine (i) the distance (ii) the
its velocity-time graph ? displacement covered by a uniformly accelerated body from
[Hint. The distance travelled by a body in a given interval of time is
graph,without considering sign for area. It means, even if the body is movingequal to total area of velocity-time
of velocity-time graph is to be taken positive for the with negative velocity, the area
measurement of distance travelled by the body.
Displacement of a body in a given interval of time is equal to the total area of
the given interval of time, which is to be added
with proper sign.] velocity-timne graph, during
15. The two ends of atrain moving with
a.constant acceleration pass a certain point with velocities u and .
Show that the velocity with which the middle point of the train passes the
same point is V(u+u/2.
[Hint. Let x be the total length of a train and V be the (Roorkee l992)
point. If a is the acceleration of the train, then velocity of the train while passing through a
middle
2ax - -u and 2ax/2=y-u'
v²=+aI= + - or V =
16. The driver of atrain moving at a
speed v, sights another train at a disance, d, ahead of
same direction with a slower speed u2. He himn moving in the
applies the brakes and gives a constant
Show that there wil be no collision if d> retardation a to his train.
[Hint. For no collision of two trains, the
(u1-v)/2a.
relative velocity of faster train w.r.t. slower train (v1 ((JI 1987)
become Zero, while travelling a relative -v) should
a =-a, s =d. As y =u +2 as, so, displacement d with retardation a. Here; u =
(U1- ); v=0;
collision d> (uj -v) /2 a),
if 0=(u1-)+2(-a)d or d = (u - v)/2a. There will be
no

Very Short Answer

1.
2.
Can a body have zero velocity and Questions
still be accelerating ?
Carrying 1 mark
Can the direction of velocity of a body
3. Aball is thrown up in air. What is change, when acceleration is constant ?
the acceleration and velocity at the
4. A car manufacturer instant it reaches its highest point ?
advertises that the brakes are so perfect that the car
5. s the acceleration of a car is stops
pushed hard ? greater when the accelerator is pushed to the instantaneously. Comment.
floor or when brake pedal is
6. Why does time occur twjce in a unit
of
7. How can the distance travelled be accleration ?
motion? calculated from velocity-time graph in a uniform one
8. A Stone is thrown vertically
dimensional
acceleration of the stone (a) onupwards from the surface of earth. What is the
its way up (b)on its way direction of the velocity and
9. ls it pOssible to have a constant rate of down.
direction ? change of velocity when velocity changes both in
magnitude and
 (KI)
2/46 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
Pradecp%
10. Displacement is given by x = 1 + 2 + 3r. Find the value o
instantaneous acceleration. speed
11. What is wrong with the speed time graph as shown in Fig. 2(b).1
12. If the acceleration of the particle is constant in magnitude but not in time
direction, what type of path does the body follow ? o
13. It is possible to bave a constant rate of change of velocity when
velocity changes both in magnitude and direction ?
14. A man setting in atrain in motion is facing the engihe. He tosses a FIGURE 2(b).12
coin up, the coin falls behind him. State the condition of motion of
train.
Kt, where K= 2ms Find the
15. The velocity-time relation of an electron starting from rest is given by, v = (NC.E.R.T 1982)
distance travelled in three seconds.
coordinate () varies with time (), according to tne
16. A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its (MNR. 1987)
expression,I =2 - St +6. Find the initial velocity of the particle.
Answers ToVery Short Answer Questions
1. Yes, when a body is projected vertically upwards, at the highest point of its path, the velocity of the body is
is equal to acceleration due to gravity acting downwards.
zero but its acceleration is not zero, which
acceleration is not zero.
In S.H.M., at the extreme position, the velocity of the particle is zero but its
2. Yes, when the body moves vertically upwards, after reaching the highest point, the body starts falling down
the acceleration is constant.
of velocity is reversed, whereas
ie., the irection
3. Acceleration is 9-8 msacting downwards and velocity is zero.
deceleration is needed which is
4. It is not possible because to stop a car in a time interval zero, an infinite
impossible.
S. Acceleration of a car is greater when brake pedal is pushed hard, because car suddenly comes to rest ie., the
rate of change of velocity of car is large.
6. Acceleration=
Change in velocity (Change in position /time taken)
time taken time taken
7. Distance travelled by an object in a given time is equal to the area which the velocity-time graph encloses
with che time ais for the given interval of time. Finding that area under velocity-time graph, distance
Lravelled willbe determined.
8. (a)Velocity is verticaly upwards and acceleration is vertically downwards (b) velocity is vertically downwards
and acceleration is also vertically downwards,
9. Yes, in projectile motion.
10. Acc. =;Ans. 6 unit
11. Speed being scalar can not have negative value.
12. Circular path.
13. Yes,it is so in case of a projectile motion.
14. The train is moving forward with acceleration.
du K 2 ms2
15. Here, v = K; acceleration,a = dt

Now distance travelled, s =ut + ar = 0x3 +x2 x 3 =9m.

Velocity, v=0-5+ 12; For initial velocity , t =0.
dx
16:.
-1
Therefore, v=0-S + 12 x0= -5 ms
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/47

Problems For Practice

Type A. Based on unlformly accelerated motlon
l. A body starting from rest has an acceleration of 20 ms Calculate the distance travelled by it in 6th
second. [Ans. 110 m]
2. Atrainwas moving at arate of 36 km h. When the brakes were applied, it comes to rest in a distance of
200m. Calculate the retardation produced in the train. [Ans. 0-25ms-1
3. A body covers 12 min 2nd second and 20 min 4th second. Find what distance the body will cover in 4
second after the Sth second. [Ans. 136 m)
4. Brakes are applied to a train travellingat 72 km h. After passing over 200 m, its velocity is reduced to 36
km h. At the same rate of retardation, how much further will it go before it is brought to rest ?
[Ans. 66-67 m]
S. On turning a corner, motorist with a speed of 90 km h finds a child on the road 50m ahead. He applies
brakes and stops the car just infront of the child. Calculate the retardation. (Ans, 6-25 ms
6. On turning a corner, a motorist rushing at 44 ms finds a child on the road 100 m ahead. He
stops the engine and applies the brakes so to stop it within 1 m of the child. Calculate time requiredinstantiy
to stop
it
(Ans. 4-5 s]
7. A body starting from rest, was observed, to cover 20 m in 1second and 40 m
far had it travelled before the first o6servation was taken ? during the next second. How
8. An automobile starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 30
[Ans. 2-5 m]
second
moves with a uniform velocity and it is finally brought to rest in 50 m
to a speed of 72 km h . It then
istance travelled is 950 m, find the acceleration, the retardation and witha constant retardation. If the total
total time taken.
9. A car
JAns. 2/3 ms,4 mns,65 sec]
accelerates from rest at a constant rate A for some' time after which it
come to rest. If the total time lapse is T seconds, evaluate the retards at constant rate B to
travelled, in terms of A, Band T. maximum velocity reached and total distance
(A.I.S.B. 1983)
10. Aball thrown up iscaught by the thrower after 4
thrown ? second. How high did it go and with what velocity was it
ms 2 How far below its highest point was in 3 second after start. Acceleration due to graviy is
9-8
11. From top of a tower 200 m in height, a ball is [Ans. 19-6 m, 19-6 ms ,4-9 m)
vertically upwards from the ground with a velocitydropped and at the same time another ball is projected
of 50 ms. Find when and where the two balls willmee.
12. A body is in motion along a straight line, As it [Ans. 4 sec. after start, 78-4 m from top]
crosses a fixed point a stop watch
a distance of 1-80 m in the first 3
of 9 second ? secaond and 2-20 m in next 5 seconds, What willis be started. The boy travels
the velocity at the end
13. From the top of a tower 100 m in height a (Ans. 0-30 ms
ball is dropped and at the same instant another ball is
vertically upwards from the ground so that it just reaches the top of tower. Al projecred
pass one another ? what height do the two bals
14. Abody falling from rest was observed to fall (Ans. 75 mfrom ground]
before it was observed ? through 78-4 m in 2 seconds. Find how long had it becn falling
15. A stone is dropped from a balloon at an [Ans. 3 sec]
altitude of
ground if (a) the balloon is ascending with a velocity ofS 300 m. How long will the stone take to rcach the
velocity of 5 ms (c)the balloon is slationary ? ms (b) the ballon is descending with a
16. A train 100m long is moving with avelocity of 60 km [Ans. () 8- 36s (ii)7-33s (i) 7-82s.)
long. h.Find the time it takes to cross the bridge 1 km
(Ans. 66 s]
 (I)
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
2/48 Pradeeb%
velocity and acceleration
Obtain its ms;14 ms
17. The given byx
displacemnent of a particle along X-axis isgiven by =3+ &+ 7. 36[Ans. reaches
at = 2s. last second before it
min the [Ans. 122-5m]
18. Astone is dropped from the top of a cliff and is found to travel 44-1
the ground. Find the height of the cliff. 1.5 ms up to three quarters of
rate of take to cover the
19. A100 msprinter increases her speed from rest uniformly at the How much time does she
s]
the total run and covers the last quarter with uniform speed. [Ans. 8·165 s; 3-502
first half and the second half of the run ? during the tn, mun and
particle moving withaconstant acceleration
0 a, 0, C be the distances moved by a +c(m) =0
nth second of its motion respectively,show that a (m-n) + b (n-)
graph of a particle moving along astraight line is as shown in Fig 2(b).13. Calculate the
l. he velocity-timebetweent= 0 to t= 10seconds. Also find displacement in time 0 to 10 secondS.
distance covered [Ans. 100 m, 60 m]

vE
(m/s)
v(m/s) A
20f 20
15
104 C
10
6 8 10
t(s)
104

20+ 2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
FIGURE 2(b).13 FIGURE 2(b).14
22. The velocity-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line a(ms)
is shown in the Fig. 2(b). 14 by curve OABCD. Calculate the
distance covered by the particle between ()= zero to = 18
seconds (iü) = 2s to t = 12s. and the maximum value of acce 20}
leration during this interval. [Ans. (i) 170 m, (ü) 125 m, 5 m/s B

23. What is the retardation of a moving particle if the relation

between time and position is t = Ar + Bx (where A and B are 10}
appropriate constants). (JI.I 1982) (Ans. 2A (2Ar+ B)
t(s)
24. Fig. 2 (b). 15 shows the time-acceleration graph for a particle in D E
rectilinear motion. Find the average acceleration in first twenty 10 20 30
seconds.
[Ans. 15 ms FIGURE 2(b).15
 Pradee's FUNDAMEN

"MuLTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The numerical ratio of
average velocity to the top of a tower
7. A body released fromheight
average speed is falls through half the of tower in 3
(a) always less than one. seconds. It will reach the ground after
(6) always equal to one. nearly.
(c) always more than one. (a) 3·5 sec. (b) 4-24 sec.
(d) equal to or less than one. (c)4-71 sec. (d) 6sec.
2. The distance travelled by a body is directly 8. Fig. 2(b).17 shows the time acceleration
proportional to time taken. Its speed graph foraparticle in rectilinear motion. The
(a)increases (6) decreases average acceleration in first twenty seconds is
(c) becomes zero (d) remains constant. (a) 45 m/s? (6) 40 m/s?
3. A stone is dropped into well in which the (c) 30 m/s? (a) 20 m/s?
level of water is at a distance h below the a (m/s?)
top of well. If v is the velocity of sound, the
time T after which the splash is heard is 40+
given by,
(a) T = 2h/u 20

(6)T = V2h

()T= V2 + 10 20
FIGURE 2(b).17
30 t(s)

(9T- V 2g + 9. An automobile
moving due west at a
speed of
72 km/h is brought to rest in 2 seconds
4. A ball thrown up is caught by the thrower by
4s after start. The height to which the ball application of brakes. How much
does the automobile covers in distance
has risen is (assumingg = 10 m/s?) these 2 seconds?
(a) 25 m (b) 20 m
(a) 20 m (b) 10mn
(c) 15 m
(c) 400 m (a) 2 m (d) 10 m
10. The velocity time graph
5. The numerical ratio of displacement to Fig, 2(b).18. The ratio ofofa body is shown in
distance is average
during the intervals OA and AB isacceleration
(a) always less than one v (m/s)
(6) always equal to one
(c) always more than one 40
(d) equal to or less than one.
6. The distance travelled by a body is directly
proportional to the square of the time
taken. Its acceleration. 30°
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c)becomes zero (d) remains constant.
FIGURE 2(b).18 t(s)
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/55

(a) 1 (6) V/2 (a) 1:2 (6) 1:3

(c) 1/3 (a) 3 (c) 2:1 (a) 3:1
11. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin.
If the coin falls behind him, the train must x(m)
be moving with
(a) an acceleration () a deceleration
(c)a uniform speed (d) any of the above.
12. A passenger sitting in a moving railway
carriage throws a ball vertically upwards. 60 30°
The ball would fall in front of him if the
train is moving with a B t(s)

(a) acceleration () retardation FIGURE 2(b).19

(c) uniform velocity (d) in all three cases. 18. Aballoon is going upwards with velocity 12
13. A man throws ball into the air one after the m/sec. It releases a packet when it is at a
other. Throwing one when other is at the height 65 m from the ground. How much
highest point. How high the balls rise if he time the packet will take to reach the
throws twice a second. ground ?g = 10 m/s?
(a) 2-45 m (b) 1-225 m (a) 5 sec. (b) 6 sec.
(c) 19-6 m (d) 4-9 m (c) 7 sec. (d) 8 sec.
14. A particle covers one half of a circle of 19. The coordinates of a moving particle at any
radius Then the distance and time t are given byx = ct and y = b'. The
displacement of the particle are speed of particle at time t is given by
(a) 2r, r (6) Tr, 2r (a) 21 (¢ -b) (b) V(c+b²)
20. A body released from a great height and
15. A car travels half the distance with constant falls freely towards the earth. Another body
velocity 30 km/h and another half with a is released from the same height exactly
constant velocity of 40 km/h. along a one second later. Then the separation
straight line. The average velocity of car in between two bodies, two seconds after the
km/h is release of second body is
(a) 35 (b) 34-3 (a) 4-9 m (6) 9-8m
(c) 0 (a) v(30 x40) (c) 19·6 m (a) 24-5 m
16. A person travels along a straight road for 21. A body of mass 2 kg has an initial velocity
the first half time with a velocity v, and of 3m/s along OE and it is subjected to a
second half time with a velocity v,. Then force of 4 newton in OF direction
the mean velocity vis given by perpendicular to OE. the distance of body
from O after 4 second will be
(a)ut (a) 12 m (b) 28 m
2
(c) 20 m (d) 48 m
(c)u=V(u,v) (d)v = 22. Two balls of different masses are thrown
vertically upwards with the same specd.
17. On displacement - time graph, two straight They pass through the point of projection
lincs make angle 60 and 30° Fig. 2(b).19 in their downward motion (neglecting air
with time axis. The ratio of the velocities resistance)
represented by them is
2/56 PHYSICS (X)
Pradeep's FUNDAMENTAL
(a)with same speed (d) 50 V2 km hsouth-west.(CB.S.E. 1990)
(b) with different speeds
(C)with same momentum 5km h-' in
29. A boat which has a speed of width 1 km
(d) information is insufficient. still water croSses a river
of
23. A car moves a distance of 200 m. It covers along the shortest possible path in 15
his
the first half of the distance at speed 40 minutes. The velocity of water in km
km/h and second half of the distance at (b) 3
(a) 1
speed v. The average speed is 48 km/h. (a) v41. (JI 1988)
Find the value ofv (c) 4
(a) 56 km/h (b) 60 km/h 30. A river is flowing from west to east at a
speed of Sm/minute. A man on the south
(c) 50 km/h (a) 58 km/h bank of the river, capable of swimming at
(C.B.S.E. 1991) 10m/minute in still water wants to swim the
24. A body dropped from top of a tower falls river in the shortest'time. He should swim
through 40 m during the last two seconds of in adirection
its fall. The height of tower in m is (a) due north (b) 30° east of north
(a) 60 m (b) 45 mn (c) 30° west of north (d) 60° east of north.
(c) 80 m (a) 50 m (IIT 1983)
(C.B.S.E. 1991) 31. Wind is blowing west to east along two
25. Two bodies of different masses are dropped parallel tracks. Two trains moving with
from height of 16 m and 25 m respectively. same speed in opposite directions have the
The ratio of time taken by them is steam track of one double than other. The
(a) 25/16 (b) 5/4 speed of each train is
(c) 4/5 (a) 16/25 (a) equal to that of wind
(Pb. C.E.T 1991) (b) double that of wind
(c) three times that of wind
26. The acceleration of a car that comes to
stop from a velocity of 10 m/s in distance of () half that of wind. (C.E.T. 1987)
25 m is 32. The engine of a train passes an
(a) -2 m/s2 (6) -4 m/s? with a velocity u and the last electric pole
of the train crosses the samecompartment
(c) 8m/s2 d) -16 m/s pole with a
27. Given the Earth Sun distance as 1·5 × 10° velocity Then the velocity with which the
u.
km, velocity of light 3 × 10 km/s. The
mid-point of the train passes the pole is
sunlight reaches carth in (a) u (6)u
(a) 300 sec. (b) 400 sec. (c) (u + uj/2 (a) eu²+v/2.
(c) 500 sec. (d) 600 sec. 33. A man in a balloon rising
(C.E.E.T 1992) acceleration of 4-9 ms -2 vertically with an
seconds after the balloon isreleases a ball 2
let go from the
28. A truck travelling due north at 50 km h ground. The greatest height above the
turns west and travels at the same speed. ground reached by the ball is
What is the change in velocity ? g=98 mn/s) (use
(a) 50km h north-west (a) 9-8 m (b) 14-7 m
(b) 50 V2 km h north-west (c) 19·6m
(d)24-5 m.
c) 50 km hsouth-west
(M.N.R. 1986)
Description of Motion in One Dimension 2/57

34. Two balls of equal masses are thrown

upwards along the same vertical direction v(m/a)
at an interval of 2 seconds, with the same 6
4
initial velocity of 39-2 ms . Then these
collide at a hcight of 2

(a) 44-1 m (b) 73-5 0

(c) 117-6 m -2
(d) 196-0 m.
35. Which one of the following curves do not
represent motion in one dimension -6

FIGURE 2(b).21
37. In the above question, the total distance
covered by the body in 8 seconds is
(a) 9 m (b) 12 m
(c) 18 m () 27 m.
t 38. A balloon is ascending vertically with an
(a) (b) acceleration of 0:2 ms. Two stones are
7
dropped from it at an interval of 2s. The
distance between them when the second
stone dropped is (take g= 9-8ms
(a) 0-4 m (6)4-9 m
(c) 19-6 m (d) 20-0 m.
(c)
39. In the above question, the relative velocity
between the stones when second stone is
FIGURE 2(b).20 just dropped is
36. The vclocity-time graph of a body is shown (a) 0-4 ms-1 (6) 4-9 ms-1
in Fig 2 (b).21. The displacement covered (c) 19·6ms-1 (d) 20 ms-l
by the body in &scconds is
(o) 9m
40. In question 38, the separation between two
(b) 12 m stones 2-Os after the second stone is
(c) 18 m () 27m. dropped is
(a) 19-6 m (b) 60 m
(c) 80 m (d) 20 m.
KE TO
MULTIPLE CHOCE QUESTIONS
.(4) 2. (4) 3.(0) 4.(a) 5. (a) 6. (4) 7.(6) 8. (¢) 9(6) 10. (c)
1.(a) 12. (b) 13.(b) 4.(6) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (4) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (4)
21. (c) 22 (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (u) 27. (c) 28. (4) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31.(c) 32. (d) 33.(b) 34. () 35. (6) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (6)