MIDDLE TO LATE CHILDHOOD  Otis-Lennon School Ability Test – Group test that

measure child's achievement against the achievement

of all other children of the same age. Tool used to
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT identify gifted students.
 Critics claim that the tests underestimate the intelligence
- Tooth decay remains one of the most common chronic of children who are in ill health or do not do well on tests
untreated conditions
- Access to proper dental care is important for young children Theory of Multiple Intelligence – Proposed by Howard
- Faster and more efficient information processing and an Gardner. Conventional intelligence tap only three types of
increased ability to ignore distractions intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, and to some
- Motor Skills continue to improve in middle childhood extent spatial.

- Boys typically play physically (running), whereas girls The other five, which are not reflected in IQ scores are,
loves games that involves verbal expression or counting out musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal,
loud (jump rope, hopscotch) and naturalist
- Rough-And-Tumble Play – wrestling, kicking, tumbling,
grappling, and chasing, accompanied by laughing and CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
screaming
- Older children are able to process instruction and learn  Intellectual Disability – significantly subnormal
team strategies cognitive and adaptive functioning.
- Intervention programs have helped many of those mildly or
Body Image (how one believes one looks) becomes moderately disabled and those considered borderline to hold
important early in middle childhood, especially for girls, jobs, live in the community, and function in society
which could lead to eating disorders during adolescence.  Learning Disabilities – difficulty in learning that
involves understanding or using spoken or written
Acute Medical Conditions – occasional, short-term language, and the difficulty can appear in listening,
conditions, such as infections and warts thinking, reading, writing, and spelling
Chronic Medical Conditions – physical, developmental, a) Dyslexia – most commonly diagnosed LD; severe
behavioral, or emotional conditions that persists 3 months or impairment in their ability to read and spell
more such as asthma and diabetes b) Dysgraphia – difficulty in handwriting
c) Dyscalculia – developmental arithmetic disorder/
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT numbers
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – most
 At about 7 years of age, children enter the stage of common mental disorder in childhood. Characterized by
Concrete Operations according to Jean Piaget mood swings, impatience, carelessness, poor
 Children can now think logically. organization, risky behavior.
 Spatial concepts – allows to interpret maps and  Autism Spectrum Disorder – Characterized by
navigate environment problems with social communication and interaction,
 Causality – makes judgement about cause and and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests.
effects.
 School-age children can concentrate longer than CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY
younger children and can focus on the information they
need and want while screening out irrelevant information  Coregulation – children and parents share power
 Selective Attention – the ability to deliberately  The amount of autonomy parents provide affects how
direct one’s attention and shut out distractions their children feel about them.
 Inhibitory control – the voluntary suppression of  Children exposed to high levels of family conflict are
unwanted responses more likely to show a variety of responses that can
 The efficiency of working memory increases greatly in include internalizing or externalizing behaviors
middle childhood
 Mnemonic Device – strategy to aid memory Internalizing behaviors – anxiety, fear, depression-anger
 External Memory Aids – writing down things to turned inward
remember Externalizing behaviors – aggression, fighting,
 Rehearsal – conscious repetition disobedience, hostility

ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE  The more satisfied a mother is with her employment

status, the more effective she is likely to be a parent
 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) –  Children tend to do better in families with two
most widely used individual test to determine whether a continuously married parents than in cohabiting,
child has cognitive deficiency and create intervention. divorced, single-parent, or step-families
 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Test to measure  Having a warm and supportive sibling relationship is
the intellectual functioning of the child. The averagr associated with
intelligence quotient (IQ) of a child should be 100.  better adjustment and better emotion regulation
 Sisters are higher in sibling intimacy than brothers.
CHILDREN IN THE PEER GROUP  Senescence – the decline in body functioning
associated with aging
 Peer groups helps children learn how to adjust their
needs and desires to those of others. DID YOU KNOW?
 Prejudice – unfavorable attitudes towards outsiders  Women live longer and have lower mortality rates at
 Sociometric Popularity – measures that is composed all ages than men
of positive nominations, negative nominations or no
nominations THEORIES ASSOCIATED ON AGING
 Positive Nomination – asking children who they like to  Endocrine Theory – biological clocks act through
play with, they like the most, or who they think other kids hormones to control the pace of aging
like the most  Immunological Theory – programmed decline in
 Negative Nomination – opposite of positive nomination immune system functions leads to increased
 Popular Children – frequently nominated as bestie and vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and
rarely disliked by peers death
 Average children – receive an average no of both  Evolutionary Theory – Aging is an evolved trait thus
positive and negative nominations genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher
 Neglected Children – infrequently nominated as bestie rates than genes that extend lives
but not really disliked  Variable-Rate Theories – aging is the results of
 Rejected Children – disliked by peers random processes that vary from person to person
 Controversial Children – frequently nominated both (Error theories)
bestie and most disliked  Wear-and-Tear Theory – cells and tissues have vital
 Unpopular children - can make friends but they tend to parts that wear out
have fewer friends and they prefer younger ones  Free-Radical Theory – Accumulated damage from
 Hostile Attributional Bias – quickly conclude, in oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to
ambiguous stop functioning
 situations that others were acting with ill intent and are  Rate-of-Living Theory – the greater an organism’s rate
likely to strike out in retaliation or self-defense of metabolism, the shorter its life span
 Bullying – aggression that is deliberately, persistently  Autoimmune Theory – Immune system becomes
directed against a particular target confused and attacks its own body cells
 Disengagement Theory – normal part of aging involves
gradual reduction in social involvement and greater
OLD AGE preoccupation with the self.
 Activity Theory – the more active older people are, the
 Ageism – prejudice or discrimination based on age better they age
 Primary Aging – gradual, inevitable process of bodily  Continuity Theory – people’s need to maintain
deterioration that begins early in life and continues connection between past and present. Activity is viewed
through years irrespective of what people do to stave it as important, not for its own sake but because it
off (nature) represents continuation of previous lifestyle.
 Secondary Aging – results from disease, abuse, and
disuse – factors that are often within a person’s control PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
(nurture)  DEMENTIA– the general term for physiologically caused
cognitive and behavioral decline sufficient to interfere
3 STAGES IN OLD AGE with daily activities.
 Young Old – 65-74 yrs old o Alzheimer’s – most common type, caused by
 Old Old – 75-84 yrs old specific changes in the brain (abnormal build
 Oldest old – 85 and above up of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaque
in the brain)
 Functional Age – how well a person functions in a a. Amnesia – memory loss
physical and social environment in comparison with b. Aphasia – inability to express through speech
others of the same chronological age c. Agnosia – inability to recognize familiar objects, tastes,
 Gerontology – study of the aged and aging processes smells
d. Apraxia – misuse of objects because failure to identify
 Life Expectancy – the age to which a person born at a
them
certain time and place is statistically likely to live, given
e. Anomia – inability to remember the names of things.
his or
 her current age and health status
> Vascular Dementia – caused by strokes or other issues of
 Longevity – actual length of life of members of a
blood flow in the brain; have strokes like episodes.
population
> Lewy Bodies – have movement or balance (stiffness or
 Mortality Rates – death rates trembling); daytime sleepiness, confusion, or staring; trouble
 Human Life Span – longest period that members of our sleeping at night and visual hallucinations.
species can live > Frontotemporal – leads to personality and behavior
 Survival Curve – represents the percentage of people changes and problems in language skills.
or animals alive at various age
> Huntington’s Disease – resulted from gene mutation 5 STAGES OF GRIEF
which impacts movement, concentration, behavior, and 1. Denial
cognition. Also characterized by loss of coordination, 2. Anger
difficulty in swallowing and speaking 3. Bargain
> Parkinson’s Disease – uncontrollable movements, 4. Depression
tremor, stiffness, slow movement, prevalent in men than 5. Acceptance
women.
 Grief Work – working out of psychological issues
WELL-BEING IN OLD AGE connected with grief often takes the following path:
 In general, older adults have fewer mental disorders and 1. Shock and Disbelief
are happier and more satisfied with life than younger 2. Preoccupation with the memory of the dead person
adults 3. Resolution
 Positivity Effect – older adults are more likely to
pay attention to and then remember positive events  Recovery Pattern – mourner goes high to low distress.
than negative events  Delayed Grief – moderate or elevated initial grief, and
 Terminal Drop – rapid decline in well-being and life symptoms worsen over time.
satisfaction approx. 3-5 yrs before death  Chronic Grief – distressed for a long time
 Resilience – the mourner shows a low and gradually
PHASES OF RETIREMENT diminishing level of grief in response to the death of a
1. Pre-Retirement – begin to think seriously about the life loved one
they want for themselves in retirement and whether they  By age 4, children build a partial understanding of the
are financially on track to achieve it. biological nature of death
2. Retirement – makes the transition from full-time work to
 Adjusting to loss is more difficult if a child had a troubled
retirement they’ve planned.
relationship with the person who died
3. Contentment – positive phase when retirees get to
 They do not understand death, but they understand loss
enjoy the fruits of a lifetime of labor (Honeymoon
 Middle-Aged and Older adults are more prepared
period).
with death
4. Disenchantment – they may experience some of the
emotional downsides of retirements such as loneliness,
ETHICAL ISSUES CONCERNING EUTHANASIA
disillusionment, and a feeling of uselessness.
 Brain Death – neurological condition which states the
5. Reorientation – people try to figure who they are and
person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the
map their place in the world as a retiree.
brain has ceased for a specific period of time.
6. Routine – people accept their situation and settle into a
new set of routines.  Higher portions of the brains dies sooner than lower
parts which facilitates breathing and heartbeat. This is
DEATH AND DYING the reason why brain could be dead but you still have
heartbeat for the mean time
 Cultural aspects of death include care of and behavior  Euthanasia – good death, intended to end suffering or
toward the dying and the dead, the setting, mourning to allow terminally ill person to die with dignity.
customs and rituals.  Passive Euthanasia – involves withholding or
 The most common cause of death are heart disease discontinuing treatment that might extend the life of a
and cancer. terminally ill patient such as life support
 Thanatology – study of death and dying  Active Euthanasia – “mercy killing” involves action
taken directly or deliberate to shorten life
 Hospice Care – personal, patient and family-centered,  Advance Directive – contains instructions for when and
compassionate care for the terminally ill. how to discontinue futile medical care
 Palliative Care – includes relief of pain and suffering,  Living will or a more formal legal document called a
controlling of symptoms, alleviation of stress, and durable power of attorney
attempts to maintain a satisfactory quality of life.  Durable Power of Attorney – appoints another person
if the maker of the document becomes incompetent to
FACING DEATH AND LOSS do so.
 Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline – specifically to a  Assisted Suicide – physician or someone else helps a
widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly person bring about a self-inflicted death.
before death
 Near-Death Experience – often involving a sense of
being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions
of bright lights or mystical encounters.
 Grief – Subjective emotional response that generally
follows closely on the heels of death.
 Mourning – Process how grief is resolved. Societal
expression of post bereavement behavior.
 Bereavement – the state of being deprived of someone
by death.