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DIP2

The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in digital image processing. It describes image enhancement as adjusting digital images to make them more suitable for display or analysis. Some key techniques discussed include histogram equalization to improve contrast, logarithmic and power-law transformations to expand or compress brightness ranges, and spatial filtering using techniques like smoothing filters and sharpening filters.

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35 views80 pages

DIP2

The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in digital image processing. It describes image enhancement as adjusting digital images to make them more suitable for display or analysis. Some key techniques discussed include histogram equalization to improve contrast, logarithmic and power-law transformations to expand or compress brightness ranges, and spatial filtering using techniques like smoothing filters and sharpening filters.

Uploaded by

gigabyte1812
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 2

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image Enhancement: Basic Gray Level
Transformations: Image negatives, Log
transformations, Powerl-Law transformations,
Histogram Processing: Histogram Equalization,
Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering, Smoothing
Spatial Filters, Sharpening Spatial Filters.
What is Image Enhancement?
•Image enhancement is the process of adjusting
digital images so that the results are more
suitable for display or fu her image analysis.
•For example, you can remove noise, sharpen, or
brighten an image, making it easier to identify
key features.
Image Enhancement
• The main objective of image enhancement is to process the given
image into a more suitable form for a specific application
• It makes an image more noticeable by enhancing the features
such as edge, boundaries or contrast.
• There are two types of image enhancement methods
• Special domain enhancement
• Frequency domain enhancement
Techniques of Image
Enhancement
•Spatial Domain : Manipulating pixel values
•Frequency Domain : Modifying the Fourier transformation of
Image
•Combination : Combination of first two methods
A mathematical representation of spatial domain enhancemen

 Spatial domain methods operate directly on image pixels


A mathematical representation of spatial domain enhancement:
where
f(x, y): the input image
g(x, y): the processed image
T: an operator on f, defined over some neighborhood of (x, y)
• g x, y T f x, y
    
Spatial Domain
• Direct manipulation of the pixel
• Intensity transformation – modification of the
intensity will takes place
• Spatial filtering – direct manipulation of pixel using
mask
What is Spatial Filtering
Spatial Filtering
•Apply filter along with neighbourhood of the pixel
•Neighbourhood – smallest will be 1x1. Then it will be
Intensity transformation.
Mask design
Intensity transformation function
Low and High Contrast – Colour image
Low and High Contrast – Gray scale
image
Some Basic Gray Level
Transformations
Some Gray level operations
It is called point processing because, the intensity change is
depends only on that pixel value
Basic Intensity Transformation Functions
•3 popular Gray level
transformation
•Linear (Negative and Identity)
•Logarithmic (Log and Inverse log)
•Power Law (nth power and nth
root)
Linear : Identity and Negative
•Identity:
•Identity is very less useful in DIP
•Input pixel value and output pixel value remains same and
hence rarely used
•Negative:
•In Image negative, intensity will be reversed to produce a
photographic
vice versa. negative. White pixels will become black and
•So Each value of input image is subtracted from L-1 and
mapped onto the output image. Where L is the maximum
value of intensity
•It is given by:
•
Graphical representation of Negative and
Identity, Example in next slide
Computing
Image Negativ
e, Considering
256
level Gray values
Example for Negative
Image
Log Transformation
•Log transformation means replacing each pixel value with
its logarithm (10) value.
•The log transformation can be defined by the formula:

Where s and r are the pixel values of the output and input
image and c is the constant.
•If there is a pixel intensity of 0, then log(0) will be infinity,
so 1 is added to make the minimum value at least 1.
•C is a constant.
•are compressed
•amplitudes
Proper ti es ofofinput
Log transformation
image. is: For lower
• the range of gray levels are expanded. For higher
amplitudes of input image the range of gray levels
are compressed.
•Summary is : dark pixels are expanded and
brighter images
Log and Inverse
Log
Log transformation : Example
Log Transformation : Example 2-Darker
regions are now bright.
Inverse
Log
• Per forms the inverse operation of the Log.
• Here dark pixels are compressed and brighter images are Expanded.
• This is usually applied on lighter image to make darker.
• Inverse Log is computed using the formula:
• Where s is the output, r is the input and c is constant.
Power Law (Gamma Correction)
• Given by the formula:
Gamma value >1 is nth power
Gamma value <1 is nth root
• It maps a narrow range of dark input values into a wider range of
output values or vice versa.
• Varying Y (Gamma) gives a whole family of curves. (Next slide)
Log curve for different values of Gamma.
Piecewise-Linear Transformation
function:
• 1)Constrast Stretching
• 2) Gray level Slicing
• 3)Bit Plane Slicing
1)Constrast Stretching
2) Bit Plane Slicing
•Separating a digital image into its bit planes is useful for
analyzing the relative impor tance played by each bit of
the image, implying, it determines the adequacy of
numbers of bits used to quantize each pixel , useful for
image compression.
Bit plane slicing
Grey Level Slicing : Highlight the specific
range of values
Histogram Processing
Histogram and Histogram
Equalization
• Histogram shows the distribution of Gray values of the image.
• Example:
Histogram Equalization is used
Example of Histogram Equalization
Gray Level histogram
representation
Histogram Equalized
representation
Example 2: Histogram Equalisation
Example 3 : Histogram Equalisation
Basics of Spatial
Filtering
Basics of Spatial Filtering

• The basics of spatial filtering is shown in next slide.


• The process is simple that move the filter mask from point to point of an
image.
• At each point of image, the response of filter is calculated using a
predefined relationship.
• If the operation per formed on the image is linear , then it is known as
Linear Spatial Filtering.
•Spatial Filtering offers more versatility than frequency domain because
they can also be used for Non-linear operations.
• Net effect of Spatial Filtering is Blurring.
• Spatial Filtering is also called as integration operations.
Basics of Spatial
Filtering
Illustration of Basics of Spatial
Filtering
Movement of Spatial
Filter
Basic Operation of Filtering
Smoothing Spatial Filters
Smoothing Spatial Filters
• It is mainly used for Blurring and Noise
Reduction.
• Blurrring: Removal of small details from an
Image, prior to Object extraction.
• Noise Reduction: Blurring with a linear or Non-
Linear filters
Smoothing Spatial filter is classified
as:
Smoothing using Linear filter
• They are also know as averaging filters or lowpass filters as
they are simply average of the pixels contained in the
neighbourhood of the filter mask.
• The process results in an image with reduced “Sharp” transitions
n
intensities which ultimately leads to noise reduction
1) Box Filter – All co- efficient are equal :
It is also called Mean filter.
2)Weighted Average -Pixel at the
center of mask given more impo ance
3) Gaussian Filter – Weights are samples
of 2D Gaussian function
Example
• Non-Linear Filters:
Median, Min and Max Filter
They are also called Order Statistical Filters of
Non- linear Filter
They are based on ordering of the pixels in the
neighbourhood
Median filter: Arrange the elements in
ascending order then pick the middle
element
Min Filter and Max filter
• Min Filter : Minimum value out of 9 elements is
selected
• Max Filter : Maximum value out of 9 elements is
selected
Example: Given image and the structing
element

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