Horsepower

Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement

of power, or the rate at which work is done,
usually in reference to the output of
engines or motors. There are many
different standards and types of
horsepower. Two common definitions
used today are the mechanical
horsepower (or imperial horsepower),
which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric
horsepower, which is approximately 735.5
watts.

Horsepower

One mechanical horsepower lifts 550 pounds

(250 kg) by 1 foot in 1 second.

General information

Unit of power

Symbol hp

The term was adopted in the late 18th

century by Scottish engineer James Watt
to compare the output of steam engines
with the power of draft horses. It was later
expanded to include the output power of
other types of piston engines, as well as
turbines, electric motors and other
machinery.[1][2] The definition of the unit
varied among geographical regions. Most
countries now use the SI unit watt for
measurement of power. With the
implementation of the EU Directive
80/181/EEC on 1 January 2010, the use of
horsepower in the EU is permitted only as
a supplementary unit.[3]
History

A team of six horses

mowing hay in Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania

The development of the steam engine

provided a reason to compare the output
of horses with that of the engines that
could replace them. In 1702, Thomas
Savery wrote in The Miner's Friend:[4]

So that an engine which will raise as

much water as two horses, working
together at one time in such a work, can
do, and for which there must be
 constantly kept ten or twelve horses for
doing the same. Then I say, such an
engine may be made large enough to do
the work required in employing eight,
ten, fifteen, or twenty horses to be
constantly maintained and kept for
doing such a work...

The idea was later used by James Watt to

help market his improved steam engine.
He had previously agreed to take royalties
of one-third of the savings in coal from the
older Newcomen steam engines.[5] This
royalty scheme did not work with
customers who did not have existing
steam engines but used horses instead.
Watt determined that a horse could turn a
mill wheel 144 times in an hour (or 2.4
times a minute).[6] The wheel was 12 feet
(3.7 m) in radius; therefore, the horse
travelled 2.4 × 2π × 12 feet in one minute.
Watt judged that the horse could pull with
a force of 180 pounds-force (800 N). So:

Watt defined and calculated the

horsepower as 32,572 ft⋅lbf/min, which
was rounded to an even
33,000 ft⋅lbf/min.[7]

Engineering in History recounts that John

Smeaton initially estimated that a horse
could produce 22,916 foot-pounds
(31,070 J) per minute.[8] John Desaguliers
had previously suggested 44,000 foot-
pounds (59,656 J) per minute, and
Tredgold suggested 27,500 foot-pounds
(37,285 J) per minute. "Watt found by
experiment in 1782 that a 'brewery horse'
could produce 32,400 foot-pounds
[43,929 J] per minute."[9] James Watt and
Matthew Boulton standardized that figure
at 33,000 foot-pounds (44,742 J) per
minute the next year.[9]

A common legend states that the unit was

created when one of Watt's first
customers, a brewer, specifically
demanded an engine that would match a
horse, and chose the strongest horse he
had and driving it to the limit. Watt
accepted the challenge and built a
machine that was actually even stronger
than the figure achieved by the brewer, and
the output of that machine became the
horsepower.[10]

In 1993, R. D. Stevenson and R. J.

Wassersug published correspondence in
Nature summarizing measurements and
calculations of peak and sustained work
rates of a horse.[11] Citing measurements
made at the 1926 Iowa State Fair, they
reported that the peak power over a few
seconds has been measured to be as high
as 14.88 hp (11.10 kW)[12] and also
observed that for sustained activity, a work
rate of about 1 hp (0.75 kW) per horse is
consistent with agricultural advice from
both the 19th and 20th centuries and also
consistent with a work rate of about four
times the basal rate expended by other
vertebrates for sustained activity.[11]

When considering human-powered

equipment, a healthy human can produce
about 1.2 hp (0.89 kW) briefly (see orders
of magnitude) and sustain about 0.1 hp
(0.075 kW) indefinitely; trained athletes
can manage up to about 2.5 hp (1.9 kW)
briefly[13] and 0.35 hp (0.26 kW) for a
period of several hours.[14] The Jamaican
sprinter Usain Bolt produced a maximum
of 3.5 hp (2.6 kW) 0.89 seconds into his
9.58 second 100-metre (109.4 yd) dash
world record in 2009.[15]

Calculating power
When torque T is in pound-foot units,
rotational speed N is in rpm, the resulting
power in horsepower is

[16]

The constant 5252 is the rounded value of

(33,000 ft⋅lbf/min)/(2π rad/rev).
When torque T is in inch-pounds,

The constant 63,025 is the approximation

of

Definitions
The following definitions have been or are
widely used:
Mechanical horsepower ≡ 33,000 ft·lbf/min
hp(I) = 550 ft⋅lbf/s
= 550 × 0.3048 × 9.80665 ×
0.45359237 kg⋅m2/s3
≈ 17,696 lbm⋅ft2/s3
≈ 745.69987 W
≈ 76.04 kgf⋅m/s
≈ 76.04 kg × 9.80665 m/s2 × 1 m/s

Metric horsepower ≡ 75 kgf⋅m/s

hp(M) – also PS, KM, cv, hk, ≡ 75 kg × 9.80665 m/s2 × 1 m/s
pk, ks or ch ≡ 735.49875 W
≈ 542.476038840742 ft⋅lbf/s

Electrical horsepower
≡ 746 W
hp(E)
Boiler horsepower ≡ 33,475 BTU/h
hp(S) = 9,812.5 W

Hydraulic horsepower = flow rate (US gal/min) × pressure (lbf/in2)

× 7/12,000

or
= flow rate (US gal/min) × pressure (lbf/in2)
/ 1714
= 550 ft⋅lbf/s
= 745.69987 W
Air horsepower =flow rate (cubic feet / minute) × pressure
(inches water column) / 6,356
or
= 550 ft⋅lbf/s
= 745.69987 W

In certain situations it is necessary to

distinguish between the various definitions
of horsepower and thus a suffix is added:
hp(I) for mechanical (or imperial)
horsepower, hp(M) for metric horsepower,
hp(S) for boiler (or steam) horsepower and
hp(E) for electrical horsepower.

Mechanical horsepower

Assuming the third CGPM (1901, CR 70)

definition of standard gravity,
gn = 9.80665 m/s2, is used to define the
pound-force as well as the kilogram force,
and the international avoirdupois pound
(1959), one mechanical horsepower is:
 1 hp≡ 33,000 ft·lbf/min by definition
= 550 ft⋅lbf/s since1 min = 60
= 550 × 0.3048 × 1 ft ≡ 0.304
0.45359237 since and 1 lb ≡
m⋅kgf/s 0.4535923
=
76.0402249 kgf⋅m/s
= 76.0402249 × g=
since
9.80665 kg⋅m2/s3 9.80665 m
1 W ≡ 1 J/s
≈ 745.700 W since N⋅m/s = 1
(kg⋅m/s2)⋅(

Or given that 1 hp = 550 ft⋅lbf/s, 1 ft =

0.3048 m, 1 lbf ≈ 4.448 N, 1 J = 1 N⋅m, 1 W
= 1 J/s: 1 hp ≈ 746 W
Metric horsepower (PS, cv, hk, pk, ks,
ch)

One metric horsepower is

needed to lift 75 kilograms
by 1 metre in 1 second.

The various units used to indicate this

definition (PS, KM, cv, hk, pk, ks and ch) all
translate to horse power in English. British
manufacturers often intermix metric
horsepower and mechanical horsepower
depending on the origin of the engine in
question.
DIN 66036 defines one metric horsepower
as the power to raise a mass of 75
kilograms against the Earth's gravitational
force over a distance of one metre in one
second:[17]
75 kg × 9.80665 m/s2 × 1 m / 1 s =
75 kgf⋅m/s = 1 PS. This is equivalent to
735.49875 W, or 98.6% of an imperial
mechanical horsepower. In 1972, the PS
was replaced by the kilowatt as the official
power-measuring unit in EEC directives.[18]

Other names for the metric horsepower

are the Italian cavallo vapore (cv), Dutch
paardenkracht (pk), the French cheval-
vapeur (ch), the Spanish caballo de vapor
and Portuguese cavalo-vapor (cv), the
Russian лошадиная сила (л. с.), the
Swedish hästkraft (hk), the Finnish
hevosvoima (hv), the Estonian hobujõud
(hj), the Norwegian and Danish hestekraft
(hk), the Hungarian lóerő (LE), the Czech
koňská síla and Slovak konská sila (k or
ks), the Serbo-Croatian konjska snaga (KS),
the Bulgarian конска сила, the
Macedonian коњска сила (KC), the Polish
koń mechaniczny (KM), Slovenian konjska
moč (KM), the Ukrainian кінська сила
(к. с.), the Romanian cal-putere (CP), and
the German Pferdestärke (PS).
In the 19th century, the French had their
own unit, which they used instead of the
CV or horsepower. Based on a 100 kgf⋅m/s
standard, it was called the poncelet and
was abbreviated p.

Tax horsepower

Tax or fiscal horsepower is a non-linear

rating of a motor vehicle for tax
purposes.[19] Tax horsepower ratings were
originally more or less directly related to
the size of the engine; but as of 2000,
many countries changed over to systems
based on CO2 emissions, so are not
directly comparable to older ratings. The
Citroën 2CV is named for its French fiscal
horsepower rating, "deux chevaux" (2CV).

Electrical horsepower

Nameplates on electrical motors show

their power output, not the power input
(the power delivered at the shaft, not the
power consumed to drive the motor). This
power output is ordinarily stated in watts
or kilowatts. In the United States, the
power output is stated in horsepower,
which for this purpose is defined as
exactly 746 W.[20]
Hydraulic horsepower

Hydraulic horsepower can represent the

power available within hydraulic
machinery, power through the down-hole
nozzle of a drilling rig,[21] or can be used to
estimate the mechanical power needed to
generate a known hydraulic flow rate.

It may be calculated as[21]

where pressure is in psi, and flow rate is in

US gallons per minute.
Drilling rigs are powered mechanically by
rotating the drill pipe from above.
Hydraulic power is still needed though, as
1 500 to 5 000 W are required to push mud
through the drill bit to clear waste rock.
Additional hydraulic power may also be
used to drive a down-hole mud motor to
power directional drilling.[21]

When using SI units, the equation

becomes coherent and there is no dividing
constant.

where pressure is in pascals (Pa), and flow

rate is in cubic metres per second (m3).
Boiler horsepower

Boiler horsepower is a boiler's capacity to

deliver steam to a steam engine and is not
the same unit of power as the 550 ft lb/s
definition. One boiler horsepower is equal
to the thermal energy rate required to
evaporate 34.5 pounds (15.6 kg) of fresh
water at 212 °F (100 °C) in one hour. In the
early days of steam use, the boiler
horsepower was roughly comparable to
the horsepower of engines fed by the
boiler.[22]

The term "boiler horsepower" was

originally developed at the Philadelphia
Centennial Exhibition in 1876, where the
best steam engines of that period were
tested. The average steam consumption
of those engines (per output horsepower)
was determined to be the evaporation of
30 pounds (14 kg) of water per hour,
based on feed water at 100 °F (38 °C), and
saturated steam generated at 70 psi
(480 kPa). This original definition is
equivalent to a boiler heat output of
33,485 Btu/h (9.813 kW). A few years later
in 1884, the ASME re-defined the boiler
horsepower as the thermal output equal to
the evaporation of 34.5 pounds per hour of
water "from and at" 212 °F (100 °C). This
considerably simplified boiler testing, and
provided more accurate comparisons of
the boilers at that time. This revised
definition is equivalent to a boiler heat
output of 33,469 Btu/h (9.809 kW).
Present industrial practice is to define
"boiler horsepower" as a boiler thermal
output equal to 33,475 Btu/h (9.811 kW),
which is very close to the original and
revised definitions.

Boiler horsepower is still used to measure

boiler output in industrial boiler
engineering in the US. Boiler horsepower is
abbreviated BHP, not to be confused with
brake horsepower, below, which is also
abbreviated bhp, in lower case.
Drawbar power

Drawbar power (dbp) is the power a

railway locomotive has available to haul a
train or an agricultural tractor to pull an
implement. This is a measured figure
rather than a calculated one. A special
railway car called a dynamometer car
coupled behind the locomotive keeps a
continuous record of the drawbar pull
exerted, and the speed. From these, the
power generated can be calculated. To
determine the maximum power available,
a controllable load is required; it is
normally a second locomotive with its
brakes applied, in addition to a static load.
If the drawbar force (F) is measured in
pounds-force (lbf) and speed (v) is
measured in miles per hour (mph), then
the drawbar power (P) in horsepower (hp)
is

Example: How much power is needed to

pull a drawbar load of 2,025 pounds-force
at 5 miles per hour?

The constant 375 is because 1 hp =

375 lbf⋅mph. If other units are used, the
constant is different. When using coherent
SI units (watts, newtons, and metres per
second), no constant is needed, and the
formula becomes P = Fv.

This formula may also be used to

calculate the power of a jet engine, using
the speed of the jet and the thrust required
to maintain that speed.

Example: how much power is generated

with a thrust of 4 000 pounds at 400 miles
per hour?
RAC horsepower (taxable
horsepower)

This measure was instituted by the Royal

Automobile Club and was used to denote
the power of early 20th-century British
cars. Many cars took their names from
this figure (hence the Austin Seven and
Riley Nine), while others had names such
as "40/50 hp", which indicated the RAC
figure followed by the true measured
power.

Taxable horsepower does not reflect

developed horsepower; rather, it is a
calculated figure based on the engine's
bore size, number of cylinders, and a (now
archaic) presumption of engine efficiency.
As new engines were designed with ever-
increasing efficiency, it was no longer a
useful measure, but was kept in use by UK
regulations, which used the rating for tax
purposes. The United Kingdom was not
the only country that used the RAC rating;
many states in Australia used RAC hp to
determine taxation.[23][24] The RAC formula
was sometimes applied in British colonies
as well, such as Kenya (British East
Africa).[25]
where

D is the diameter (or bore) of the

cylinder in inches,
n is the number of cylinders.[26]

Since taxable horsepower was computed

based on bore and number of cylinders,
not based on actual displacement, it gave
rise to engines with "undersquare"
dimensions (bore smaller than stroke),
which tended to impose an artificially low
limit on rotational speed, hampering the
potential power output and efficiency of
the engine.
The situation persisted for several
generations of four- and six-cylinder British
engines: For example, Jaguar's 3.4-litre XK
engine of the 1950s had six cylinders with
a bore of 83 mm (3.27 in) and a stroke of
106 mm (4.17 in),[27] where most
American automakers had long since
moved to oversquare (large bore, short
stroke) V8 engines. See, for example, the
early Chrysler Hemi engine.

Measurement
The power of an engine may be measured
or estimated at several points in the
transmission of the power from its
generation to its application. A number of
names are used for the power developed
at various stages in this process, but none
is a clear indicator of either the
measurement system or definition used.

In general:

nominal horsepower is derived from the

size of the engine and the piston speed
and is only accurate at a steam pressure
of 48 kPa (7 psi);[28]
indicated or gross horsepower is the
theoretical capability of the engine
[PLAN/ 33000];
brake/net/crankshaft horsepower
(power delivered directly to and
measured at the engine's crankshaft)
equals
indicated horsepower minus frictional
losses within the engine (bearing
drag, rod and crankshaft windage
losses, oil film drag, etc.);
shaft horsepower (power delivered to
and measured at the output shaft of the
transmission, when present in the
system) equals
crankshaft horsepower minus
frictional losses in the transmission
(bearings, gears, oil drag, windage,
etc.);
 effective, true (thp) or commonly
referred to as wheel horsepower (whp)
equals
shaft horsepower minus frictional
losses in the universal joint/s,
differential, wheel bearings, tire and
chain, (if present).

All the above assumes that no power

inflation factors have been applied to any
of the readings.

Engine designers use expressions other

than horsepower to denote objective
targets or performance, such as brake
mean effective pressure (BMEP). This is a
coefficient of theoretical brake horsepower
and cylinder pressures during combustion.

Nominal horsepower

Nominal horsepower (nhp) is an early

19th-century rule of thumb used to
estimate the power of steam engines.[28] It
assumed a steam pressure of 7 psi
(48 kPa).[29]

Nominal horsepower = 7 × area of piston

in square inches × equivalent piston speed
in feet per minute/33,000.
For paddle ships, the Admiralty rule was
that the piston speed in feet per minute
was taken as 129.7 × (stroke)1/3.38.[28][29]
For screw steamers, the intended piston
speed was used.[29]

The stroke (or length of stroke) was the

distance moved by the piston measured in
feet.

For the nominal horsepower to equal the

actual power it would be necessary for the
mean steam pressure in the cylinder
during the stroke to be 7 psi (48 kPa) and
for the piston speed to be that generated
by the assumed relationship for paddle
ships.[28]

The French Navy used the same definition

of nominal horse power as the Royal
Navy.[28]
 Comparison of nominal and indicated horse power
Indicated Nominal Ratio of
Ship horse power horse power ihp to Source
(ihp) (nhp) nhp
[28]
Dee 272 200 1.36
[28]
Locust 157 100 1.57
[28]
Rhadamanthus 400 220 1.82
[29]
Albacore 109 60 1.82
[28]
Porcupine 285 132 2.16
[28]
Harpy 520 200 2.60
[28]
Spitfire 380 140 2.70
[29]
Spiteful 796 280 2.85
[28]
Jackal 455 150 3.03
[29]
Supply 265 80 3.31
[29]
Simoom 1,576 400 3.94
[29]
Hector 3,256 800 4.07
[29]
Agincourt 6,867 1,350 5.08
[29]
Bellerophon 6,521 1,000 6.52
[29]
Monarch 7,842 1,100 7.13
[29]
Penelope 4,703 600 7.84
Indicated horsepower

Indicated horsepower (ihp) is the

theoretical power of a reciprocating engine
if it is completely frictionless in converting
the expanding gas energy (piston pressure
× displacement) in the cylinders. It is
calculated from the pressures developed
in the cylinders, measured by a device
called an engine indicator – hence
indicated horsepower. As the piston
advances throughout its stroke, the
pressure against the piston generally
decreases, and the indicator device usually
generates a graph of pressure vs stroke
within the working cylinder. From this
graph the amount of work performed
during the piston stroke may be
calculated.

Indicated horsepower was a better

measure of engine power than nominal
horsepower (nhp) because it took account
of steam pressure. But unlike later
measures such as shaft horsepower (shp)
and brake horsepower (bhp), it did not take
into account power losses due to the
machinery internal frictional losses, such
as a piston sliding within the cylinder, plus
bearing friction, transmission and gear box
friction, etc.
Brake horsepower

Brake horsepower (bhp) is the power

measured using a brake type (load)
dynamometer at a specified location, such
as the crankshaft, output shaft of the
transmission, rear axle or rear wheels.[30]

In Europe, the DIN 70020 standard tests

the engine fitted with all ancillaries and the
exhaust system as used in the car. The
older American standard (SAE gross
horsepower, referred to as bhp) used an
engine without alternator, water pump, and
other auxiliary components such as power
steering pump, muffled exhaust system,
etc., so the figures were higher than the
European figures for the same engine. The
newer American standard (referred to as
SAE net horsepower) tests an engine with
all the auxiliary components (see "Engine
power test standards" below).

Brake refers to the device which is used to

provide an equal braking force / load to
balance / equal an engine's output force
and hold it at a desired rotational speed.
During testing, the output torque and
rotational speed are measured to
determine the brake horsepower.
Horsepower was originally measured and
calculated by use of the "indicator
diagram" (a James Watt invention of the
late 18th century), and later by means of a
Prony brake connected to the engine's
output shaft. Modern dynamometers use
any of several braking methods to
measure the engine's brake horsepower,
the actual output of the engine itself,
before losses to the drivetrain.

Shaft horsepower

Shaft horsepower (shp) is the power

delivered to a propeller shaft, a turbine
shaft, or to an output shaft of an
automotive transmission.[31] Shaft
horsepower is a common rating for
turboshaft and turboprop engines,
industrial turbines, and some marine
applications.

Equivalent shaft horsepower (eshp) is

sometimes used to rate turboprop
engines. It includes the equivalent power
derived from residual jet thrust from the
turbine exhaust.[32] 2.5 pounds-force
(11 N) of residual jet thrust is estimated to
be produced from one unit of
horsepower.[33]

Engine power test standards

There exist a number of different
standards determining how the power and
torque of an automobile engine is
measured and corrected. Correction
factors are used to adjust power and
torque measurements to standard
atmospheric conditions, to provide a more
accurate comparison between engines as
they are affected by the pressure, humidity,
and temperature of ambient air.[34] Some
standards are described below.
Society of Automotive Engineers/SAE
International

Early "SAE horsepower" (see RAC

horsepower for the formula)

In the early twentieth century, a so-called

"SAE horsepower" was sometimes quoted
for U.S. automobiles. This long predates
the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
horsepower measurement standards and
was another name for the industry
standard ALAM or NACC horsepower
figure and the same as the British RAC
horsepower also used for tax purposes.
Alliance for Automotive Innovation is the
current successor of ALAM and NACC.

SAE gross power

Prior to the 1972 model year, American

automakers rated and advertised their
engines in brake horsepower, bhp, which
was a version of brake horsepower called
SAE gross horsepower because it was
measured according to Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards
(J245 and J1995) that call for a stock test
engine without accessories (such as
dynamo/alternator, radiator fan, water
pump),[35] and sometimes fitted with long
tube test headers in lieu of the OEM
exhaust manifolds. This contrasts with
both SAE net power and DIN 70020
standards, which account for engine
accessories (but not transmission losses).
The atmospheric correction standards for
barometric pressure, humidity and
temperature for SAE gross power testing
were relatively idealistic.

SAE net power

In the United States, the term bhp fell into

disuse in 1971–1972, as automakers
began to quote power in terms of SAE net
horsepower in accord with SAE standard
J1349. Like SAE gross and other brake
horsepower protocols, SAE net hp is
measured at the engine's crankshaft, and
so does not account for transmission
losses. However, similar to the DIN 70020
standard, SAE net power testing protocol
calls for standard production-type belt-
driven accessories, air cleaner, emission
controls, exhaust system, and other
power-consuming accessories. This
produces ratings in closer alignment with
the power produced by the engine as it is
actually configured and sold.
SAE certified power

In 2005, the SAE introduced "SAE Certified

Power" with SAE J2723.[36] To attain
certification the test must follow the SAE
standard in question, take place in an ISO
9000/9002 certified facility and be
witnessed by an SAE approved third party.

A few manufacturers such as Honda and

Toyota switched to the new ratings
immediately.[37] The rating for Toyota's
Camry 3.0 L 1MZ-FE V6 fell from 210 to
190 hp (160 to 140 kW).[37] The company's
Lexus ES 330 and Camry SE V6 (3.3 L V6)
were previously rated at 225 hp (168 kW)
but the ES 330 dropped to 218 hp
(163 kW) while the Camry declined to
210 hp (160 kW). The first engine certified
under the new program was the 7.0 L LS7
used in the 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06.
Certified power rose slightly from 500 to
505 hp (373 to 377 kW).

While Toyota and Honda are retesting their

entire vehicle lineups, other automakers
generally are retesting only those with
updated powertrains.[37] For example, the
2006 Ford Five Hundred is rated at 203
horsepower (151 kW), the same as that of
2005 model. However, the 2006 rating
does not reflect the new SAE testing
procedure, as Ford is not going to incur the
extra expense of retesting its existing
engines.[37] Over time, most automakers
are expected to comply with the new
guidelines.

SAE tightened its horsepower rules to

eliminate the opportunity for engine
manufacturers to manipulate factors
affecting performance such as how much
oil was in the crankcase, engine control
system calibration, and whether an engine
was tested with high octane fuel. In some
cases, such can add up to a change in
horsepower ratings.
Deutsches Institut für Normung 70020
(DIN 70020)

DIN 70020 is a German DIN standard for

measuring road vehicle horsepower. DIN
hp is measured at the engine's output
shaft as a form of metric horsepower
rather than mechanical horsepower.
Similar to SAE net power rating, and unlike
SAE gross power, DIN testing measures
the engine as installed in the vehicle, with
cooling system, charging system and
stock exhaust system all connected.
DIN hp is often abbreviated as "PS",
derived from the German word
Pferdestärke (literally, "horsepower").
CUNA

A test standard by Italian CUNA

(Commissione Tecnica per l'Unificazione
nell'Automobile, Technical Commission for
Automobile Unification), a federated entity
of standards organisation UNI, was
formerly used in Italy. CUNA prescribed
that the engine be tested with all
accessories necessary to its running fitted
(such as the water pump), while all others
– such as alternator/dynamo, radiator fan,
and exhaust manifold – could be
omitted.[35] All calibration and accessories
had to be as on production engines.[35]
Economic Commission for Europe
R24

ECE R24 is a UN standard for the approval

of compression ignition engine emissions,
installation and measurement of engine
power.[38] It is similar to DIN 70020
standard, but with different requirements
for connecting an engine's fan during
testing causing it to absorb less power
from the engine.[39]
Economic Commission for Europe
R85

ECE R85 is a UN standard for the approval

of internal combustion engines with regard
to the measurement of the net power.[40]

80/1269/EEC

80/1269/EEC of 16 December 1980 is a

European Union standard for road vehicle
engine power.
International Organization for
Standardization

The International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) publishes several
standards for measuring engine
horsepower.

ISO 14396 specifies the additional and

method requirement for determining the
power of reciprocating internal
combustion engines when presented for
an ISO 8178 exhaust emission test. It
applies to reciprocating internal
combustion engines for land, rail and
marine use excluding engines of motor
vehicles primarily designed for road
use.[41]
ISO 1585 is an engine net power test
code intended for road vehicles.[42]
ISO 2534 is an engine gross power test
code intended for road vehicles.[43]
ISO 4164 is an engine net power test
code intended for mopeds.[44]
ISO 4106 is an engine net power test
code intended for motorcycles.[45]
ISO 9249 is an engine net power test
code intended for earth moving
machines.[46]
Japanese Industrial Standard D 1001

JIS D 1001 is a Japanese net, and gross,

engine power test code for automobiles or
trucks having a spark ignition, diesel
engine, or fuel injection engine.[47]

See also
Brake-specific fuel consumption – how
much fuel an engine consumes per unit
energy output
Dynamometer engine testing
European units of measurement
directives
Horsepower-hour
 Mean effective pressure
Torque

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External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica article "Horse-
power".

How Much Horsepower Does a Horse

Have? (https://www.voltagelab.com/ho
w-much-horsepower-does-a-horse-hav
e/)
How Stuff Works: Horsepower (http://au
to.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.ht
m)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Horsepower&oldid=1183715048"
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