Vocab

- Intrepid (adventurous)
- Biblichor (smell of books)
- Colloquial (casual language)
- Pertinent (relevant)
- Octogenarian (age 80+)
- Schadenfreuder (take pleasure in other’ suffering)
- Junta (military or political group that rules the country after a coup)
- Schema (a structured plan or framework)
- Echo chamber (anyone against you is silenced)
- Lingua franca (common language)
- Equity (fairness, people who need more help get more help)
- Hubris (excessive pride)
- Patriarchy (gov/system that is dominated/favours men)
- Matriarchy (system that does not favour a gender)
- Egalitarian (everything/everyone equal)

Terms
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Affirmative action
- Misogyny

Semiotic modes
- The study of signs and symbols
- Title
- Organisational structure
- Sequence of para
- Lang choice

The 5 modes of communication

- Visual
- Aural
- Gestural
- Spatial
- Linguistic

Denotation
- direct/literal meaning
Connotation
- Implied meaning
- Feelings

Cinematography
- The art of motion
 - Use camera

Audio
- Sound effects, music, etc.
- Affects the mood
- E.g. high pitch leading up to climax
- Sad music for sad scene, happy for happy scene
- Sometimes use contrasting music for the scene to enhance some scenes
- E.g. happy for scared scene so scarier
- Diegetic
- Created on film
- E.g. dialogue
- Sound that exists in movie world
- Non-diegetic
- Sounds that don’t exist in the movie world
- Sound effects
- Narrative voice
- Music
Gestural
- Body movement
- Facial expressions
- Eye movements
- Express emotion
Linguistic
- Subtitles
- Script
- Wordings in the background on banners
- Sending texts
Oral
- Conveyed through spoken language
- Includes subtext, connotations, attitude, delivery, choice of words and culture
- The way words are stressed/emphasised is very important
- E.g. “I did not say that this girl stole my money yesterday”
- Explains the context of the scene/film
- Shows character dynamics and development
- Brings out the character’s true personality
- The audience can relate to the characters’ feelings, will be immersed in the film
Spatial
- Scale
- Proximity
- Boundaries
- Direction
- Layout
- Organisation of objects in the space
Visual
- Compositional cinematography
- How the video is going to be filmed
- Camera settings
- Colour settings, etc.
- Cinematographic qualities
- The setting of the filming context
- Camera usage
- Camera shot types
- Mise-en-scene
- What is going to be filmed
- Setting, costume, facial expression

Expository
- PEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEL my life til I die
- Word choice
- Connectors (e.g. firstly, secondly, lastly)
- Good hook
- Grammar
- Persuasive
- Make sure no contradictory points
- Credibility of examples

- The TASK words, which define what you have to do

- The TOPIC words, which define what you need to focus on
- The contextual words, which
Universal Intellectual Standards
- Clarity and precision
- Is your writing clear?
- Is your main idea clear?
- Are yous e.g.s clear?
- Are your details sufficient?
- Can your e.g.s be more specific?
- Breadth and depth
- Multiple perspectives?
- Understood complexity of the issues? (high level thinking)*
- Address the complexities?
- Accuracy and fairness
- Stated source? (stats, facts)
- Is evidence credible?
- Present issue in an objective manner?*
- Logic and relevance
- Discourse markers to make connections
- Have you chosen appropriate e.g.s and evidence?
- Are your points pertinent?

To be objective
- Balanced POV
- Neutral words (still need use strong words so persuasive)
- Word choice ^
- Control use of personal pronouns

An effective conclusion
- Summary of main points (must)
- Reiterate your thesis statement (must)
- Concluding statements (optional)
- Broader implications / provocative insight, predictions
- Suggest solutions
- Pose rhetorical question
- Choose 1 to use ^ (only if confident)
Reading strategies
- Comprehension occurs
- Literal
- Surface
- Only consider what is in the text
- Interpretive (inferential)
- Reading between the lines
- Thinking a bit outside the text
- Can have different inferences
- Evaluate
- Analysing
- Thinking mostly outside the text
- Based on inference
- Can be used for any type of text including visual texts
- Allows us to read at a deeper level
- Do not base it on knowledge you have before reading
- How authors manipulate the components of the text

1) Write ONE thing you have learned today that you would like to apply
Finding the connotations of words can allow me to understand the author’s feelings better which
can help me have a deeper understanding of a book.

Making inferences
- Syntactic (syntax)
- Semantic cues (e.g. teen lang)
- Pragmatic cues
- 3qn
- 5W1H Questions to identify key ideas
- What do I know about these details
- How do I know
- Intransitive verbs / imperative sentence
- Imperative verbs (e.g. grow your plants)
Memorising for expo
- Nat Geo
- Forests cover 30% of land
- 1996 to 2016 1.3 million trees have been felled
- 46% of trees have been felled since deforestation started
- 17% Amazon destroyed in the last 50 years
- 80% of land animals and plants live in forests
- In 2000 years Western Europe’s forests decreased from 80% to 34%
- Eastern part of North America, half of the forests cut down, 1600s - 1870s
- WWF (world wide fund for nature)
- 13.2 million ppl have a job in the forest sector
- Another 41 million have a job relating to it
- 2019, tropics lost around 30 soccer fields’ worth of trees every minute
- Britannica
- 49 million square km of croplands were mostly previous forests
- United Nations food and agriculture organisation estimate 1.3 million square km
of forests are cut down every decade
- In 2017, the NZ government sought to plant 100 million trees every year
- Most ambitious replanting project, India, 2017, 66 million trees planted by citizens
Speech

Meaning of word invisible (invisible workers)

- Being hidden/cannot be seen (denotation)
- Insignificant (connotation)
- Inconspicuous

Class-conscious
- High income (upper class ‘elite’)
- Middle income
- Low income

PACP+T
- Purpose: what do you have to do?
- Audience: who are you writing/speaking to?
- Context: situation (time and place)
- Persona: what is your role?
- Tone: what is the tone to be used?

Introduction
- Establish goodwill (and credibility)
- Get attention and interest (hook)
- Reveal topic (purpose of the speech)
- Preview of body speech (outline)

Conclusion
- Similar to writing an expository essay, we need a conclusion to:
- Reiterate our stand/topic
- Summarise our points
- Extend the discussion for impact (concluding remarks)

Persuasive speeches employ a variety of schematic structures (the way text is organised) for
persuasive impact
Point
- State your topic sentence clearly
- REPHRASE the task requirement you are addressing

Amplification
- Answers the WHAT and the HOW
- E.g. What do you mean? How can the recommendation be carried out?
- Build on the given details
- Include your own details, ideas and elaboration
- Be relevant and creative

Justification
- Answers the WHY
- E.g. Why is this effect a serious problem? Why is your recommendation a viable
solution?
- Provide logical reasons for your choice

Summary
- Identify the gist/main idea of a text
- Paraphrasing it effectively
- Using connectors to link ideas (cohesion)

Paraphrasing techniques
- Interpret and explain
- Use synonyms
- Substitute a phrase with a word
- Combining sentences
- Nominalisation (more for essays and reports)
- Convert verb to noun
- Conveys an objective impersonal tone
- More concise
- Writing becomes more abstract and formal

Extra paraphrasing techniques

- Condensation
- Replace idle words
- Use plain english
- Avoid unnecessary relative clause
- Generalise
- Change the word form
- Change the voice
Social media advocacy
- Using social media to raise/promote awareness
- E.g. BLM, stop asian hate
- Virality → wider audience than protests
- Boon (good) and bane (bad) of social media

- Text type
- Audience
- Purpose
- Approach
- Symbols
Personal response/reflection

Effective writers
- Why is it important to reflect?
- Make sense of the past (past)
- Learn from them (present)
- Reform attitudes and beliefs (future)

Language
- How do writers write a vivid, evocative and heartfelt response?
- Appropriate organisational structure
- Language feature
Rhythm
- Use of appropriate rhythm, intonation and stress to good effect
- Word stress of sentence stress

Fluency
- Read with appropriate
- (check notes later)
- Stress on the right word

Intonation
- Pitch: rising and lowering of one’s voice
- Falling tone for fishing sentence
- Rising tone gives impression that more is to follow
-
- Used to
- Express emotions and attitudes
- Emphasise key ideas
- Highlight contrast in ideas
- Express imperative… (notes)

Questions of judgement (qn3)

- Multiple viewpoints
- Reasonably pursue an ans
- Needed:
- Clearview Point
- Reasons
- Concrete evidence

SPEAR model (qn1)

- Situation: What is happening here? What do you normally expect in such a situation?
- People: What are these people? Why are they here?
- Emotions: How are the subjects feeling? How do you know this? Why are they feeling
that way?
- Actions: What are the subjects doing? Why?
- Reasons: Throughout