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Binary Journal of Data Mining & Networking 5 (2015) 13-15

http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/bjdmn/index

Research Article
ISSN: 2229 -7170

Data Visualization and Techniques

Mrs. Akansha Sharma1 , Prem Pratap Singh2

*Corresponding author: Abstract

Data visualization is the graphical representation of information. Bar charts scatter graphs, and
Mrs. Akansha Sharma maps are examples of simple data visualizations that have been used for decades. Information
technology combines the principles of visualization with powerful applications and large data sets to
1Asst. Prof. Anand Vihar College for create sophisticated images and animations. A tag cloud, for instance, uses text size to indicate the
Women Bhopal Department of relative frequency of use of a set of terms. In many cases, the data that feed a tag cloud come from
Computer Science thousands of Web pages, representing perhaps millions of users. All of this information is contained
2Asst. Prof. Unique College Bhopal in a simple image that you can understand quickly and easily. More complex visualizations
Department of Computer Science sometimes generate animations that demonstrate how data change over time. In an application
called Gap minder, bubbles represent the countries of the world, with each nationÊs population
reflected in the size of its bubble. You can set the x and y axes to compare life expectancy with per
capita income, for example, and the tool will show how each nationÊs bubble moves on the graph
over time. You can see that higher income generally correlates with longer life expectancy, but the
visualization also clearly shows that China doesnÊt follow this trend·in 1975, the country had one of
the lowest per capita incomes but one of the longer life expectancies. The animation also shows the
steep drop in life expectancy in many sub-Saharan African countries starting in the early 1990s
(corresponding to the AIDS epidemic in that part of the world) and the plummeting of life expectancy
in Rwanda at the time of that nationÊs genocide.
Keywords: Data visualizations, Graph Theory,Data Mining

AIDS epidemic in that part of the world) and the plummeting of life
Introduction expectancy in Rwanda at the time of that nationÊs genocide.
Data visualization is the graphical representation of information.
Bar charts scatter graphs, and maps are examples of simple data WhoÊs doing it?
visualizations that have been used for decades. Information Data visualizations have long been used in academic settings, but
technology combines the principles of visualization with powerful many instructors are using new technologies to
applications and large data sets to create sophisticated images and Concepts more quickly and deeply [4]. A history professor, for
animations. A tag cloud, for instance, uses text size to indicate the example, could use a visualization that shows which industries
relative frequency of use of a set of terms. In many cases, the data prospered and which suffered during the wars and economic
that feed a tag cloud come from thousands of Web pages, cycles of the 20th century to explain demographic shifts and the
representing perhaps millions of users. All of this information is social changes that followed. An economics professor might use
contained in a simple image that you can understand quickly and the same visualization to explain the financial connections in the
easily. More complex visualizations sometimes generate national or global economy[6]. Working with the visualization team
animations that demonstrate how data change over time. In an at the Renaissance Computing Institute, a faculty member in the
application called Gap minder, bubbles represent the countries of Department of Soil Science at North Carolina State University
the world, with each nationÊs population reflected in the size of its created an animated, interactive visualization that shows how
bubble. You can set the x and y axes to compare life expectancy fertilizer nitrates enter groundwater. The project combines data
with per capita income, for example, and the tool will show how from a network of GIS mapping systems and remote sensors and
each nationÊs bubble moves on the graph over time. You can see generates a visualization that shows where nitrates concentrate in
that higher income generally correlates with longer life expectancy, soil and how different modes of fertilizer delivery·coupled with
but the visualization also clearly shows that China doesnÊt follow variables such as precipitation·affect the rates and locations of
this trend·in 1975, the country had one of the lowest per capita groundwater pollution. Acuity and researchers in a wide range of
incomes but one of the longer life expectancies. The animation academic disciplines use visualizations to present data in ways that
also shows the steep drop in life expectancy in many sub-Saharan help generate new knowledge and understanding. What Can Be
African countries starting in the early 1990s (corresponding to the Achieved through Using Visualization Data visualization has many

This work is licensed under a Creat ive Com m ons At t ribut ion 3.0 License.
 Sharma et al. Binary Journal of Data Mining & Networking 5 (1) 13-15 [2015]

applications within business intelligence? On the surface, tools

such as dashboards and scorecards provide the bridge to deeper
analysis as well as a birdÊs eye view of what is happening within
the organization. A common example exists within sales
departments to identify how sales staff measure up to targets and
to identify any discrepancies that may exist within the targets set.
Additionally, organizations can determine success factors for
products and/or services and identify which strategies are working
and which ones should be revised. This type of data visualization
represents the entry point into a wider world of the benefits of data
visualization. Although the key purpose is to monitor metrics
(KPIs) and to provide a front-end tool that acts as a first point of
contact, this first point of contact helps BI reposition itself as a
user-friendly tool. Whether organizations are using embedded
analytics on top of their operational solutions or sales and
marketing dashboards, the fact remains the same ă the use of data
Figure 1 Data Visualization Techniques
visualization directly affects the expansion of BI within the
organization. Organizations no longer need a super user to analyze
OLAP cubes. Decision makers can look at how they are Numerical Transformation
performing against set targets, whether projects are meeting those
targets, and how individual and departmental goals match the Visualization is a kind of transformation of numerical data.
overall performance of the organization. In a sense, data Numbers are abstract Concepts, and to represent them as points
visualization tools are becoming the face of business intelligence. and lines requires a transformation. Transformations include:
These tools and various applications let decision makers slice and 1) Changing the distribution: modify the distribution of numbers so
dice information in multiple ways to gain insights that that would that they are more suitable for analysis or visual presentation.
otherwise be impossible to glean [6]. Add this to the fact that these Some frequently used ways include:
insights can be delivered visually and the attraction of these Linear transformation, Logarithmic transformation
solutions expands. After all, a manager is more likely to develop Normalizing transformation, Arc sin transformation
forecast scenarios if the only activity required is moving a gauge. Square root transformation Inverse transformation
2) Redefining the Meaning: adjust numbers so that they are more
meaningful, or more representative of the concept that the data
The Future of the Data Visualization Craze
analyst is interested in.
As the adoption of BI expands towards enterprise-wide
deployments and small and mid-sized companies, the use of data Data Analysis
visualization tools will expand. Not only is data visualization the
entry point to BI, but organizations can forecast and create what-if Data analysis is the process of applying various methods to data to
analyses to identify what needs to occur to help increase profits assist in Interpretation. Some of the exploratory data analysis
and plan for future product and service success. With impending methods are: statistical support, Cluster analysis, multidimensional
continual financial upheaval, the importance of managing scaling, and factor analysis. Data analysis can be used to
performance through scorecards and dashboards will only transform data or to summarize the data itself or its statistical
increase. Even though organizations will be forced to tighten their properties [8].
belts and reduce spending, the reality remains that the only way to
decrease expenses while maintaining revenues is by analyzing Graphical Interpretation
performance within the organization and how that relates to a
Graphical interpretation consists of a few key activities such as
companyÊs management of resources, expenditures [7].
judgment of Magnitude (and relative magnitude), judgment of
proportion (and relative proportion), Judgment of trend and slope,
Data Visualization Techniques and judgment of grouping. It may also use some ways
Bare the above in mind; we have some commonly used Such as: Use scaling and offset to fit in range Use derived values
representation ways in data Visualization, they include (but not (residuals, logs) to emphasize changes Use projections, other
limited to): Charts: bar or pie Graphs: good for structure, combinations, to compress information, get statistics Use random
relationships Plots: 1- to n-dimensional Maps: one of most effective jiggling to separate overlaps Use multiple views to handle hidden
Images: use color/intensity instead of distance (surfaces 3-D relations, high dimensions Use effective grids, keys and labels to
surfaces and solids Is surfaces/slices We also have some common aid understanding User Interaction When presented with the
steps in data visualization, they include: visualization results, users may find it does not fit their minds
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 Sharma et al. Binary Journal of Data Mining & Networking 5 (1) 13-15 [2015]

properly. Users may be want to do the followings, which may multiple views zooming to focus attention panning to explore
require to re-do some earlier steps. Dynamically adjust mapping neighborhoods .
Tour data by varying views labeling to get original data deleting to
eliminate clutter Brushing/Highlighting to see correspondence in

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