4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

A New Design of PV/Storage Solar Collector

A. H. Abdullah Omer K. Ahmed
Refrigeration and air conditioning department Refrigeration and air conditioning department
Technical college-Kirkuk Technical college-Kirkuk
Northern technical university Northern technical university
Kirkuk, Iraq Kirkuk, Iraq
amanihatem7@gmail.com omerkalil@yahoo.com

Abstract— Solar energy is one of the significant renewables energy in one system called photovoltaic thermal collector
sources for scientific research to reduce environmental pollution (PV/T). So, it can consider good progress for energy demand in
that resulted from fossil fuels. The present study aims to study the the future. The photovoltaic solar collector system has been
performance of the experimental and the theoretical side of the studied both theoretically and experimentally with investigating
photovoltaic storage solar collector to utilize for water heating and
the performance by some researchers.
electricity generating for domestic and industrial purposes. In the
present work, a new storage solar collectors have been designed; Ahmed et.al.[7] showed and discuss the experimental
it includes a tank with an inclined rectangular surface with angle performance of photovoltaic thermal solar collector, which is
45° from the horizon, using a PV solar cell combined on an inclined used for water heating. The theoretical results showed that
surface of the tank, it works as thermal absorber surface. The applying the solar radiation upon the PV panel cause increment
water temperature rises to reach its highest value of 28 oC and then of the solar cell temperature which led the temperature reaches
decreases. It was the highest efficiency in the early morning hours to 65 °C when the solar radiation was 860 w/m2, so the
and reached 77% in the spring. Also noticed that the new design conversion efficiency increased by 3% when the outlet
provide excellent performance for both seasons with total temperature of the water storage tank decreased from 56 °C to
efficiency exceed about 40%. A theoretical calculations result is
investigated. A computer program has been built to solve the
40 °C. M.Ozgoren[8] studied the experimental performance and
equations of the theoretical part relating to the performance of this the efficiency of a photovoltaic thermal system by designing and
system. The results of the experimental and theoretical results set up two separate PV solar cell module with the cooling system
showed a reasonable consensus. by using water and with alone PV to show the effect of the heat
upon this module. It is proved during day time that without using
Keywords: New, design, PV, Storage, Solar, collector. a cooling system, the PV module temperature was higher, and
solar cells conversion efficiency might only reach around 8%,
I. INTRODUCTION
while the PV module which was used with cooling system, could
Most of the energy generated today is produced using fossil cause to drop the temperature of the PV significantly, leading
fuels, which emit tons of harmful gases to the environment; for increment of the PV efficiency as much as 13.6%. Then the
more importantly, fossil fuels are decreasing continuously. To conversion efficiency of the solar cell with using cooling water
provide a less toxic environment for humankind and to obtain a system could be enhanced on a rate of about 10%. Suhaila [9]
renewable energy source, most studies have significantly turned studied a general review of photovoltaic thermal combination
to solar energy[1][2]. Solar energy can be considered according (PV/T system) technology. The study consist of an installation
to different uses one of the most of visible and suitable types of of a PV panel with water and air -constructed systems as one
energy. Solar energy has been used in several sides such as unit; the system is analyzed in both experimental testing and
converting it into electrical, thermal or chemical energy has mathematical modeling methods. The results of the module can
become a common occurrence, these include heating water, benefit in domestic and industrial sectors due to its efficiency.
generating electricity, generating steam for industrial work, L. Rekha[10] studied the theoretical analyses of the electrical,
desalination, cooling and other uses[3]. Solar heating systems thermal and energetic performance of a PVT system improved
mean the use of solar collectors to heat the fluids passing through by using a collector with a flat plate for a typical different
it, Photovoltaic (PV) include the technology that was able to application (domestic and industrial). The investigated results of
transform solar radiation immediately into electrical power. A the system have 15% overall exergy efficiency, 11% average
perfect PV panel can convert about 6% to 20% of sunlight into electrical efficiency, and the overall energy efficiency of about
electrical power[4], which is based on a type of photovoltaic 56%. In this article, a theoretical and experimental assessment
cells and the weather conditions[5]. Also, the residual solar of the integration of solar cells with the rectangular solar storage
radiation converted to heat, which may lead to reducing solar collector was presented. The solar cell was cooled and thus
cell efficiency caused by the increment of PV temperature increased its efficiency and benefit from this energy to heat the
significantly[6]. For this purpose the cooling of Photovoltaic can water for domestic application.
obtain excellent electrical efficiency by passing the water
through it and also the resulting heat can be utilized for heating
the water so converting solar energy to electrical and thermal

978-1-7281-4425-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 127

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 4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK W/m.°C of wood as shown in Fig. 2. A Twelve of thermocouples

The current study has been achieved at northern Iraq, Kirkuk (K type) was distributed in this system (7 sensors inside the tank
city, 2018 at (33.46 °N, 44.39 °E) where the sun appears in most from bottom to top with 10 cm distance separated between each
seasons of the year. PV/T storage solar collector has been of it, to measure the mean temperature of the water, 2 sensors
designed to provide warm water and electrical power for fixed on the PV surface, 2 sensors fixed in two tank's ports, one
domestic purpose, which put on 7 m height of building toward sensor fixed on the cover glass surface). Each thermocouple has
the south direction to study its thermal performance. The a digital LCD for monitoring and reading temperature values, as
experiments took through spring and summer seasons, which the shown in Fig. 3.
experimental data has been recorded from 9:00 AM till 5:00 PM. The thermocouples calibrated with mercury thermometer by
The system consists a metal tank (1 mm thickness) with a comparing its temperature readings with mercury reading where
rectangular inclined surface about 45° from the horizon, its the sensors and thermometer placed on a container filled with
dimensions ( 70 cm length, 50 cm width, and 70 cm height ) and frozen water 0 °C then heated the container till the boiling
its volume 122.5 liter with two (1.27 cm diameter) inlet and degree 100 °C. The results showed that the error ratio was about
outlet ports as shown in Fig.1. A Mono-crystalline PV solar cell 0.6%. Three electrical lamps with parallel circuit used as an
installed and fixed on an inclined metal surface to work as an electrical load connected to the PV. A multi-meter device used
absorber surface. The specifications of this PV are shown in the to measure the electrical power and to show the electrical
table I. efficiency and the effect of the water for cooling the PV panel.

Fig. 1 Storage tank dimensions

Fig. 2 a photographic of PV/Storage collector
TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF PV SOLAR CELL

Quantity Unit
Short circuit current 7.51 A
Open voltage (Voc) 21.3 V
Maximum current (Imax) 5.4 A
Maximum voltage (Vmax) 18.6 V
Maximum power (Pmax) 100 W
Solar cell absorptivity αpv 0.95
ηelat normal condition (25 oC) 15.5%

Solar cell thickness ( ) 3 mm

Solar cell density (ρPV) 2330 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity kpv 87 J/kg.K

A 4 mm thick glass cover was set at a distance of 2.5 cm Fig. 3 Thermocouples of PV/T system
from the PV solar cell to reduce heat losses and increase the solar The experimental equation used to estimate the results are:
radiation. The glass cover was sealed with a sealant material to 1. The water means the temperature inside the tank can be found
ensure no leakage of the hot air from the gap between the PV from[13]:
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑀𝑖 ∗𝑇𝑖
solar cell and the glass cover where the value of the 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = (1)
𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
transmittance of the cover glass equal to 0.9[11][12]. The tank
coated and isolated by glass wool and wood in all sides with 2. Heat gain calculation without load condition can be
thermal conductivity 0.035 W/m.°C of glass wool and 0.059 calculated from[14]:

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 4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

𝑄𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙,𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝑓 ∗ 𝑐𝑓 ∗ (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑠 ) ( 2) ℎ𝑓 (𝑇 𝑏𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑓 )𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠 (𝑇 𝑓 − 𝑇 𝑎𝑚𝑏 ) +

𝑑𝑇 𝑓
3. The thermal efficiency of the module was found from: 𝑀𝑓 𝐶 𝑓 (8)
𝑑𝑡
𝑞𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 From eq. (6) and (7) we obtain:
𝜂𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 = (3)
𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
4. Electrical power can excellent from[15] : (𝛼𝜏)1,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼(𝑡)+𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏+𝑈𝑇 𝑇𝑏𝑠
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = (9)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (4) 𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎𝑠 +𝑈𝑇

5. Total efficiency estimated from [16]:

(𝛼𝜏)2,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼(𝑡)+𝑈 𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑐+ℎ 𝑓 𝑇𝑓
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑄𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑇𝑏𝑠 = (10)
𝜂𝑇 = (5) ℎ𝑓 +𝑈𝑇
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
where:
(𝛼𝜏)1,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜏𝑔 𝛼 𝑠𝑐 𝛽 𝑠𝑐 (1 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑐) (11)
III. THEORETICAL MODEL AND CALCULATION and
This section represents the computational operations to (𝛼𝜏)2,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜏𝑔 𝛼𝑇 (1 − 𝛽 𝑠𝑐) (12)
investigate the thermal performance and to estimate the mean The instantaneous electrical efficiency of PV panel can be
temperature, heat gain temperature, electrical and thermal found from formula depending on temperature as [18]:
efficiency of this system (PV/T storage solar collector) (Fig. 4) 𝜂𝑠𝑐𝑖 = 𝜂 𝜊[ 1 − 𝛽 𝜊(𝑇 𝑆𝐶 − 25 )] (13)
through two seasons (spring and summer). Several hypotheses Where 𝛽 𝜊 is temperature coefficient, Tsc is cell temperature
have been adopted as follows: and 𝜂 𝜊 is the PV efficiency at normal test condition (Tsc = 25 oC
 No-load condition. and I(t) = 1000 W/m2)
 Heat input is one-dimensional z-axis) through glass At initial at (𝑡 = 0 , 𝑇 𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓𝑖 ) and with the help of recent
cover and insulation box (heat losses distributed through equation for solving linear first order (eq. 3) [18]:
the axis (x, y, and z).
 Heat loss from the insulated box can be neglected. 𝑇𝑓 =
𝑓(𝑡)
(1 − exp(−𝑎𝑡)) + 𝑇𝑓𝑖 exp(−𝑎𝑡) (14)
 For the PV/T system, the heat capacity has been ignored 𝑎

in comparison to the water heater capacity, which has Where:

1
been stored inside the tank. 𝑓(𝑡) = [𝑈 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑇 𝑎𝑚𝑏 +
𝑀𝑓 𝐶 𝑓
 The natural convection phenomenon for water in the 𝑈𝑇 (𝛼𝜏)1,𝑒𝑓𝑓𝐼(𝑡)+𝑈𝑇𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏+(𝛼𝜏)2,𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎+𝑈 𝑇)𝐼 (𝑡)
ℎ 𝑓𝐴𝑏𝑠 (ℎ 𝑓+𝑈𝑇)(𝑈 𝑡𝑐,𝑎+𝑈 𝑇)−(𝑈 𝑇)2
] (15)
storage tank has been described.
1
 The Properties of glass and insulation box are constant. 𝑎= [𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝐴𝑏𝑠 −
𝑀𝑓 𝐶𝑓
 Heat transfer considered to be constant. (ℎ 𝑓)2 𝐴𝑏𝑠(𝑈 𝑡𝑐,𝑎+𝑈𝑇)
(ℎ 𝑓+𝑈𝑇)(𝑈 𝑡𝑐,𝑎+𝑈 𝑇)−(𝑈 𝑇)2
] (16)

The total heat transfer factor from the PV panel distributed

toward the external ambient through the glass cover calculated
from:
𝐿𝑔 1
𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎 = [ + (ℎ )
]−1 (17)
𝐾𝑔 𝑔−𝑎𝑚𝑏+ℎ𝑟𝑔−𝑠𝑘𝑦
The total heat transfer factor from PV panel toward the
inclined back surface calculated from:

𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑠𝑐
𝑈𝑇 = [ + ]−1 (18)
𝐾𝑇 𝐾𝑠𝑐
Through the storage tank insulation, the heat factor can be
calculated as:
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑠 1 −1
𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = [ + ] (19)
Fig. 4 a schematic of PV/Storage collector 𝐾 𝑖𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏
The convection heat factor between air and glass cover [17]:
The following energy balance equation for the present PV/T ℎ𝑔−𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 3.9𝑢𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 + 5.62 (20)
system is written below [17]: The radiation heat factor between sky and glass cover
1- For the solar module: estimated from [20]:
τg 𝛼 𝑠𝑐 𝛽 𝑠𝑐 𝐼 (𝑡) 𝑊𝐿 = 𝑈𝑡𝑐,𝑎 (𝑇𝑠𝑐 − 𝑇 𝑎𝑚𝑏)𝑊𝐿 + 𝑈 T(Tsc − ℎ𝑟𝑔−𝑠𝑘𝑦 = 𝜀𝑔𝜎[(𝑇 𝑔 + 273)2 ] + [(𝑇 𝑠𝑘𝑦 + 273) + (𝑇 𝑠𝑘𝑦 +
𝑇𝑏𝑠)𝑊𝐿 + 𝜂 𝑠𝑐 𝜏𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑐 𝛽 𝑠𝑐 𝐼 (𝑡)𝑊𝐿 (6) 273)] (21)
Tsky, it can be obtained from the equation below as [19]:
2- For the back surface of the metal[18]:
𝑇 𝑠𝑘𝑦 = 𝑇 𝑎 [0.711 + 0.0056 𝑇 𝑑𝑝 + 0.000073 𝑇 2 𝑑𝑝 +
1
𝑈𝑇 (𝑇 𝑠𝑐 − 𝑇 𝑏𝑠 )𝑊𝐿 + 𝜏𝑔 𝛼𝑡 (1 − 𝛽 𝑠𝑐) 𝐼 (𝑡)𝑊𝐿 0.013𝐶𝑜𝑠(15𝑡)]4 (22)
= ℎ𝑓(𝑇𝑏𝑠 − 𝑇𝑓)𝑊𝐿 (7)
3- For the water storage inside the tank:

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 4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

From the inner surface of the storage tank, the heat transfer Figure 7 displayed the variation of the heat gain of the water
coefficient can be evaluated from[20]: inside the system for the experimental and theoretical side at
5 spring season. It is noticed the maximum variation ratio did not
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ̅ = ℎ(𝑥=1) (23) exceed 22%, while the heat gain of the water inside the system
4
where ℎ𝑋 can be calculated from[13] : for the experimental and theoretical side at summer season
ℎ𝑋 𝑋 1 recorded a maximum variation about 16% as shown in Fig. 8.
𝑁𝑢 𝑥𝑓 = = 0.6 (𝐺𝑟 ∗ 𝑝𝑟 𝑓)5 (24)
𝐾𝑓
Where: 30
μ𝑓 𝐶 𝑓

Temprature ( °C )
𝑝𝑟 𝑓 = (25)
𝐾𝑓 25
ℊ sin(𝜃)(1−𝛽 𝑠𝑐)𝐼(𝑇)𝛽𝑓𝑋 4
𝐺𝑟 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝐺𝑟 𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = (26)
𝐾𝑓 𝑉 2
20
The following equation for estimating the electrical
13-Mar(EXP) 13-Mar (Theo)
efficiency of the system: 15
𝑡
∫0 𝜂𝑠𝑐𝑖 𝑑𝜏 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
𝜂𝑠𝑐 = (27) Time ( Hour )
𝑡
The thermal efficiency determined from [21] : Fig. 5 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental mean
𝑀 𝑓 𝐶 𝑓 (𝑇 𝑡 𝑓−𝑇 𝜊𝑓 ) temperature of the system (spring season).
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑡 (28) 41
𝐴𝑐 ∫0 𝐼 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜏
39
So the total efficiency will be: Temprature ( °C ) 37
𝑃𝑉𝑇 = 𝜂 𝑠𝑐 + 𝜂 𝑡ℎ ( 29)
35
A computer program has been built for solving the above 33
multi-equations. The dimensions and features of the system 31
offered and the PV panel used in this article is registered in 29
Table. II. 27 30-July(Exp) 30-July(Theo)
TABLE II ASSUMPTION PARAMETERS IN THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
25
Symbol Value Symbol Value
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ac 0.5 m * 1 m Mf 122.5 kg
Time ( Hour )
Ains 1.19 m2 g 9.81
Fig. 6 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental mean
Lt 0.0014 m βf 0.042 1/°C
temperature of the system (summer season)
25 °C spring,
L 0.7 m Tamb
40 °C summer
w 0.5 m βsc 0.93
17 °C spring,
Ɵ 45° Tdp
23 °C summer
heat gain (w)

Lsc 0.0003 m βo 0.004 1/k

Lg 0.004 m t 3600 s
Lins 0.015 m σ 5.67 * 10-8
Ksc 0.036 W/(m.oK) τφ 0.9
Kt 0.033 W/(m.oK) u win 3 m/s
Kf 0.607 W/(m.oK) Kins 0.035 W/(m.oK) 13-Mar(Exp) 13-Mar(Theo)
Kg 0.9 W/(m.oK) Ɛ 0.9
I (W/m2) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
588, 751, 859, 903, 879, 788, 639, 447, 232 Time (Hour)
spring
Fig. 7 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental heat gain of
I (W/m2) 651, 855, 990, 1048, 1045, 921, 745, 507, 226 the system (spring season)
summer

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

heat gain (w)

The experimental and theoretical results in this section

obtained to show the thermal performance of the PV/T storage
solar collector without load condition at two seasons (spring and
summer). Fig. 5 showed the variation of the water mean
temperature which its storied inside the storage tank for each
experimental and theoretical side at spring season, its noticed 30-July(Exp) 30-July (Theo)
that the maximum variation was not exceeded 3%, while in Fig.
6 the variation of the mean temperature of water inside the 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
system for each experimental and theoretical side which Time (Hour)
investigated at summer season was 4.1%. The water temperature Fig. 8 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental heat gain of
rises to reach its highest value of 28 oC and then decreases. the system (summer season)

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 4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

energy; the results showed that the water temperature rises to

Figure 9 showed the variation of the total PV/T system reach its highest value of 28 oC and then decreases. Also, it is
efficiency for the experimental and theoretical side at spring noticed that the new design provides excellent performance for
season. It is observed that the maximum variation ratio of the both seasons with total efficiency exceeds about 40%. The
total efficiency was 37%, while the maximum variation ratio of water inside the storage tank could cool the PV solar cell, which
the total efficiency for the experimental and theoretical side at means an increment of PV efficiency. It was the highest
summer season about 51% as shown in Fig. 10. It was the efficiency in the early morning hours and reached 77% in the
highest efficiency in the early morning hours and reached 77% spring. The glass cover also works to concentrate heat and
in the spring. The reasons for this variation between the decrease the heat loss through the ambient, and then it could
theoretical and experimental results belong to the points below: increase the total PVT system efficiency in both theoretical and
 The imposed values in mathematical calculations of the experimental side. The results showed that the heat gain reaches
theoretical side tend to be ideal. the maximum value at 4 p.m. for the PV/storage collector.
 The difference in the heat transfer coefficient of convection,
VI. NOMENCLATURES
conduction, and radiation has been pointed.
Symbol Description and Unit
 The variation of imposed values of wind velocity in
𝑄𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙,𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 Heat gain without load condition (W)
theoretical calculations compared with the real values of the
𝑃𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝 Electrical power (W)
wind velocity in experimental reality.
𝐼𝑝𝑣 Electrical current ( A)
 Thermal contact resistance appears in empirical fact between 𝑉𝑝𝑣 Electrical potential difference (V)
the PV solar cell and the inclined metal surface, which may 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Solar radiation
cause a reduction of heat transfer through the storage tank 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Water total mass
compared with the theoretical calculation. Ac Collector area, m2
 The difference in insulation ability between experimental Lsc PV thickness(m)
Lins insulation thickness (m)
and theoretical side has been discussed. Lg Glass cover thickness (m)
L collector length(m)
100 Ksc thermal conductivity of PV panel (W/mK)
Total Efficiency%

Kins thermal conductivity of insulation (W/m K)

Kg thermal conductivity of glass cover (W/(mK))
Kf thermal conductivity of water (W/m K)
50 Kt thermal conductivity of tank (W/m K)
radiation heat factor between the sky and glass
hrg-sky
cover (W/m2K)
13-Mar(Exp) convective heat transfer factor between the
0 hg-amb
ambient and the glass (W/(m2K))
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 convective heat transfer factor between the
Time ( Hour ) hf
fluid flow and the back surface (W/m2K)
Gr Grashof number
Fig. 9 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental total efficiency I total solar radiation (W/m2)
of the system (spring season) Cp specific heat of heat absorber plate(J/(kgK)
Cf specific heat of the water (J/(kg K))
Ains insulation area of the collector (m2)
Lt Metal tank thickness(m)
W The width of the PV panel (m)
u win Wind velocity(m/s)
total heat transfer factor from the PV panel to
UT
the metal back surface (W/m2K)
total heat transfer factor from PV panel to
Utc,a
ambient (W/m2K)
heat loss from the tank to the insulation box
Uloss
(W/(m2K))
Initial temperature value of the water at the
𝑇0𝑓
time of s=0
𝑇𝑡 𝑓 tank water temperature at the time of s= t(°C)
Tf tank water temperature(°C)
Tsky sky temperature,(°C)
Tsc solar cell temperature(°C)
Tbs back surface temperature(°C)
Fig. 10 The comparison between the theoretical and experimental total Tamb ambient temperature(°C)
efficiency of the system (summer season) Mean water temperature at the end of the hour
Te
( oC )
V. CONCLUSIONS t Time(s)
According to the presented results, the following main Pr Prandtl number
Nu Nusselt number (dimensionless)
conclusions have been investigated which the PVT storage
Mf Water mass inside the storage tank(kg)
solar collector module offer a great energy outcome than w width of PV panel (m)
standard PV modules. It consists of thermal and electrical ν kinematics viscosity(m2/s)

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 4th Scientific International Conference – Najaf – IRAQ (4th SICN-2019)

μ dynamic viscosity(kg/ms) EPJ Web Conf, vol. 45, p. 01106, 2013.

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