FOG 4 - 5th Ed - Workbook

FIFTH EDITION
_ Focus on
Grammars
WORKBOOK
Marjorie Fuchs
Margaret Bonner
with Jane Curtis
Focus on Grammar 4: An Integrated Skills Approach, Fifth Edition
Workbook
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ISBN 10: 0-13-457960-7
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Printed in the United States of America

9 2019
I - 0
PART 0 Present and Past: Review and Expansion

UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive 1
UNIT 2 Simple Past and Past Progressive 5
UNIT 3 Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive 10
UNIT 4 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive 17
PART 2 Future: Review and Expansion

UNIT 5 Future and Future Progressive 27
UNIT 6 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 33
PART 3 Negative and Tag Questions, Additions and Responses

UNIT 7 Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions 39
UNIT 3 Additions and Responses: So, Too, Neither, Not either, and But 45
PART 4 Gerunds, Infinitives, and Phrasal Verbs

UNIT 9 Gerunds and Infinitives: Review and Expansion 50
UNIT 10 Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get 57
UNIT 11 Phrasal Verbs: Review and Expansion 62
FART 5 Adjective Clauses

UNIT 12 Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 68
UNIT 13 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 74
PART ® Modals: Review and Expansion

UNIT 14 Modals and Similar Expressions: Review 80
UNIT 15 Advisability in the Past 84
UNIT IE Speculations About the Past 89
;ART 7 The Passive

UNIT 17 The Passive: Overview 96
UNIT 18 The Passive with Modals and Similar Expressions 102
UNIT 19 The Passive Causative 107
Contents iii
PART 8 Conditional Sentences
UNIT 20 Present Real Conditional Sentences 113
UNIT 21 Future Real Conditional Sentences 120
UNIT 22 Present and Future Unreal Conditional Sentences 126
UNIT 23 Past Unreal Conditional Sentences 134
PART 0 Indirect Speech and Embedded Questions

UNIT 24 Direct and Indirect Speech 143
UNIT 25 Tense Changes in Indirect Speech 149
UNIT 26 Indirect Instructions, Commands, Advice, Requests, Invitations 155
UNIT 27 Indirect Questions 161
UNIT 28 Embedded Questions 167
Workbook Answer Key 173
iv Contents
or
Marjorie Fuchs has taught ESL at New York City Technical College and
LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York and EFL
at Sprachstudio Lingua Nova in Munich, Germany. She has a master’s degree
in Applied English Linguistics and a certificate in TESOL from the University
of Wisconsin-Madison. She has authored and co-authored many widely used
books and multimedia materials, notably Crossroads 4; Top Twenty ESL Word
Games: Beginning Vocabulary Development; Families: Ten Card Games for Language
Learners; Focus on Grammar 3 and 4 (editions 1-5); Focus on Grammar 3 and 4,
CD-ROM; Longman English Interactive 3 and 4; Grammar Express Basic; Grammar
Express Basic CD-ROM; Grammar Express Intermediate; Future 1: English for Results;
OPD Workplace Skills Builder; and workbooks for Crossroads 1-4; The Orford
Picture Dictionary High Beginning and Low Intermediate, (editions 1-3); Focus on
Grammar3 and 4 (editions 1-5); and Grammar Express Basic.
Margaret Bonner has taught ESL at Hunter College and the Borough of
Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York, at Taiwan
National University in Taipei, and at Virginia Commonwealth University in
Richmond. She holds a master’s degree in Library Science from Columbia
University, and she has done work toward a Ph.D. in English Literature at the
Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has authored and
co-authored numerous ESL and EFL print and multimedia materials, including
textbooks for the national school system of Oman, Step into Writing: A Basic
Writing Text, Focus on Grammar 4: An Integrated Skills Approach, Focus on Grammar
4 Workbook, Grammar Express Basic, Grammar Express Basic CD-ROM, Grammar
Express Basic Workbook, Grammar Express Intermediate, Focus on Grammar 3 CD-
ROM, Focus on Grammar 4 CD-ROM, Longman English Interactive 4, and The Orford
Picture Dictionary Low-Intermediate Workbook.
Jane Curtis began teaching ESOL in Spain, where she participated in a

Fulbright exchange program between the University of Barcelona and the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She has also taught at Roosevelt
University in Chicago, Illinois. She holds a master's degree in Spanish from the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a master’s degree in Applied
Linguistics from Northeastern Illinois University.
About the Author v

PART 1 Present and Past: Review and Expansion
UNIT
iL Simple Present and Present Progressive
EXERCISE 1 SPELLING: SIMPLE PRESENT AND

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Write the correct forms of the verbs.
Simple Present
Base Form Third-Person Singular Present Participle
1. answer answers answering
2. asks
3. buy
4. coming
5. controlling
6. does
7. eat
8. employing
9. flying
10. forget
11. has
12. hurry
13. lying
14. open
15. rain
16. reach
17. says
18. tie
1
EXERCISE 2 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Complete the conversations with the correct simple present or present progressive forms
of the verbs in parentheses. Use contractions when possible.
A. AMBER: I think I’ve seen you before. you

1. (think) 2. (take)
Professor Bertolucci's course this semester?
NOEL: No, but my twin sister, Dominique, Italian this year.

3. (study)
AMBER: That her! I her name now. You two

4. (be) 5. (remember)
exactly alike.
6. (look)
B. JARED: you that woman over there?

1. (know)
TARO: That's Mangena. She usually a pronunciation class at the Institute,

2. (teach)
but she in the computer lab this term.

3. (work)
JARED: That’s an interesting name. What it?

4. (mean)
TARO: I’m not sure. It’s certainly not a name that’s in style. I I’ve ever
5. (not believe)
known anyone else with that name.
C. ROSA: How you your name?

1. (spell)
ZHUO: Here, I’ll write it down for you.
ROSA: You unusual handwriting. It very artistic.

2. (have) 3. (look)
D. IVY: Hi. Why you there with such a terrible look on

1. (sit)
your face? You too happy.

2. (not seem)
LEE: I to read this letter from my friend. He

3. (try) 4. (not like)
a computer, so he his letters by hand, and his handwriting

5. (write)
awful. It to get on my nerves.

6. (be) 7. (begin)
E. AMY: you to hear something interesting? Justin

1. (want)
to become a graphologist.
2. (study)
CHRIS: What exactly a graphologist .?

3. (do)
AMY: A graphologist people’s handwriting. You can learn a lot about

4. (analyze)
people from the way they —especially from how they

5. (write)
their name.
6. (sign)
2 Unit 1
EXERCISE 3 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Complete the article. Use the correct simple present or present progressive forms of the
verbs in parentheses. Sometimes there is more than one correct answer.
by 7'lor/KAh.
Right now, Pam O’Neil _____ is taking a test, but she it. She
1. (take) 2. (not know)
on what she and not on how her handwriting
3. (focus) 4. (write)
The person who will analyze that test is a graphologist—someone who
5. (look)
handwriting. Graphologists that a person’s
6. (study) 7. (believe)
handwriting an indication of his or her personality and character. These
8. (give)
days, a number of businesses graphologists. Handwriting sometimes
9. (use)
employers to hire one job applicant over another.
10. (convince)
What exactly company graphologist Perry Vance
11. (hope)
to learn from applicants’ writing samples? “I always for clues to possible
12. (look)
behavior,” he explained. “For example, the slant of the writing actually a
13. (tell)
lot. the writing to the left or to the right? A left
14. (lean)
slant often a shy personality. The position of the sample on the page is
15. (indicate)
also important,” Vance continued. “The right-hand margin of the page the
16. (represent)
future. Here’s a writing sample from an executive who right now a new
17. (plan)
direction for a large company. Notice that this person much room in the
18. (not leave)
right-hand margin. This is someone who looking at the future.”
19. (not avoid)
“What about signatures?” I asked. “Yes, signatures us a lot about
20. (show)
someone,” said Vance, “Look at this one by a chief executive officer of a large firm. He
on the news a lot these days because the federal government

21. (be)
his company. Those very large strokes are typical of a person who
22. (investigate)
about himself first and advantage of other people.”
23. (think) 24. (take)
Vance always ., however, that his analysis an
25. (warn) 26. (not guarantee)
applicant’s future job performance. It’s no substitute for careful review of a complete application.
Simple Present and Present Progressive 3

EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the email from Hye Lee to her teacher. There are ten mistakes in simple present and present
progressive verb forms. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct nine more.
Dear Professor Kim,

I lite
Well, I’m here at my new school, and Pm liking-it very much. I’m study in the English
Institute this semester, and the style of the classes is really different from our English classes in
Korea. My teachers doesn’t know how to speak Korean, and my classmates are coming from
countries all around the world, so we use English all the time. That is meaning that I’m getting a
lot of good practice these days.
Although I’m very happy, sometimes I’m having problems. I’m not understand my classmates’
names because they don’t look or sound like Korean names. I always ask the same questions:
“What’s your name?” and “How you spell it?” I want to use names with titles like “Mr. Hoffman”
and “Prof. Li” for my teachers, but they want me to call them by their first names. It’s difficult for
me to treat my teachers so informally, but I trying. Slowly but surely, I’m getting accustomed to
my life here.
I miss you a lot. You still my favorite English teacher.
Hye Lee
EXERCISE 5 PERSONAL WRITING

Write a paragraph about popular names in your home country. Use some of the phrases
from the box.
In general,... These days,...

In my country, people always... We don't usually...
More and more ... We never...
Now, in the 21st century... We sometimes...
4 Unit 1
UNIT
t
Simple Past and Past Progressive
EXERCISE 1 SPELLING: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SIMPLE PAST

FORMS
Base Form Simple Past
1. agree agreed
2. applied
3. be OR
4. become
5. carry
6. develop
7. ate
8. fall
9. felt
10. get
11. grow
12. live
13. met
14. paid
15. permit
16. plan
17. sent
18. sleep
5
EXERCISE 2 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
Complete the magazine article. Use the correct simple past or past progressive forms of
the verbs in parentheses. Sometimes there is more than one correct answer.
FIRST MEETINGS fl by Rebecca Hubbard ' -
What were you doing when you

17(55
first that special person in your
2. (meet)
life? A few months ago, we
3. (ask)
some couples to answer these questions.
it love at first sight, or
4. (be)
each other?
you hardly
5. (notice)
you with someone else before you your
6. (go out) 7. (find)
One True Love? Read some of the great stories from our readers.
Dana and I sure in love at first sight! We

8. (not fall) 9. (work)
in the same consumer research office when we At the time the
10. (meet)
company me, she to get a promotion. It
11. (hire) 12. (try)
my very first job. I a little scared, so I
13. (be) 14. (feel)
to know everything. Of course Dana I
15. (pretend) 16. (think)
to get the promotion instead of her. But then, one morning I
17. (want)
on a problem when she into my office. I
18. (work) 19. (come)
her for help at first, but I was stuck, so finally I did. And guess
20. (not ask)
what! She the problem! So then we acting
21. (solve) 22. (stop)
like opponents and treated each other like members of the same team. And eventually, we
in love.
23. (fall)
Van has been influential in my life since we were teenagers. We

24. (take)
the same high school social studies class when we first .We
25. (meet)
friends right away. At the time, I someone
26. (become) 27. (date)
else, and Van interested in a romantic relationship. One day, the
28. (not seem)
6 Unit 2
teacher me while I to Van. The teacher
29. (haar) 30. (whisper)
angry at us for talking during class, and she
31. (get) 32. (tell)
both of us to stay after school. I to complain about such a severe
33. (want)
punishment, but then I my mind because I
34. (change) 35. (realize)
that staying late after school with a good friend might be fun. That afternoon, Van and I
talking. We covered everything, from our favorite music to our goals in
36. (not stop)
life. As soon as I with my old boyfriend, Van
37. (break up) 38. (ask)
me out.
Aleesha into the apartment next door to mine when I

39. (move)
her for the first time. I on the front steps
40. (see) 41. (sit)
while she to park a U-Haul moving truck in front of the apartment
42. (try)
building. As soon as she out of the truck, I
43. Oump) 44. (think)
“I’m going to marry that woman.” I her out right away because a
45. (not ask)
guy her move. He like her boyfriend.
46. (help) 47. (seem)
One day, I Aleesha and her “boyfriend” in the hall. Guess what?
48. (see)
She me to her brother! I her to dinner
49. (introduce) 50. (invite)
the next weekend.
EXERCISE 3 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

Write sentences about Joao’s first date with Dana. Use when or while and the simple past or past
progressive form of each verb. There is more than one way to write some of the sentences.
1. drop his wallet / wait for Dana in the restaurant
He dropped his wallet while he was waiting for Dana in the restaurant.
2. drink a glass of water / break the glass
3. stand up to greet Dana / fall on the wet floor
4. forget Dana’s name / want to introduce her to a friend
(continued on next page)
Simple Past and Past Progressive 7

5. eat a plate of spaghetti / get some sauce on Dana's dress
6. have no money / get the check at the end of dinner
7. think only about Dana / drive home
8. receive a phone call from Dana / recover from his car accident
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read Aleesha’s journal entry. There are nine mistakes in the use of the simple past and the
past progressive. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
December 16
decided
I'm really glad that I aS dec’iJiPivj to rentthis apartment. I almost wasn't
wove here because the rent iS a little high, but I'm happy to be here. All the
other apartments I researched were Seeding too $kna||, and the neighborhoods
just weren't aS beautiful aS this one. And moving w^Sn'f c\$ b^d I feared. My
original plan was to take a week off from work, but when Hakim was offering
to help, I didn't need So much time. What a great brother/ We were moving
everything into the apartment in two days. The kn<an next door was really
nice to uS. On fhe Second day, he even helped Hakikn with Sokne of the heavy
furniture. His name is Jared. I don't even unpackthe kitchen stuff last weekend
because I was SO tired. Last night, I walking Mitzi for only two block-S. When I
came back, Jared Stood downstairs. I think I made him nervous because he was
dropping hiS /nail when he Saw kn^. When he recovered, we talked for a few
minutes. I'd like to ask him over for coffee this weekend (in order to thank himj,
but everything is still in boxes. Maybe in a couple of weeks . ..
8 Unit 2
Write a paragraph about your favorite married couple (for example, your parents, an aunt
and uncle, or two friends). Tell a story about why you really like them. Use some of the
phrases from the box.
After they ... I felt... after...

As soon as... I remember the time when ...
Before this experience,... Let me give some background information ...
Here's what happened ... They... while ...
I chose to write about... because ... When I...
I didn’t... until...
Simple Past and Past Progressive 9

UNIT
Simple Past, Present Perfect, and]
Present Perfect Progressive
EXERCISE -3 SPELLING: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLES

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
1. become became become
2. bring
3. choose
4. delay
5. feel
6. find
7. finish
8- get
9. graduate
10. hide
11. notice
12. omit
13. own
14. read
15. reply
16. rip
17. show
18. speak
10
EXERCISE 2 CONTRAST: SIMPLE PAST, PRESENT PERFECT, OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Look at the reporter’s notes about a bride and groom. Then write sentences. Use the
words in parentheses and the simple past, present perfect, or present perfect progressive
form of the verbs. Add any necessary words to the time expressions.
A A A A A A A AA AjCl A A. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
bb b bb b b b
bbbouuuuuubwuuuuuu
T/iESKO/\P-PO/iLIG WEDDING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
J} ride
Naki$hq_Skoap
born.in Broadfield
lived here all her life
B-/A. Claremont College, 2010
2007—Began Ivor king for Broadf eld Examiner
2013—became crime news reporter and started
program in political science
Started research on crime in schools in Jan.
Father—James Skoap, joined the Broadfield Police Department
in 1777, retired in 2017
6 room
Simon Pohlig
Started doing extreme sports in 2007
moved to Broadfield in 2011
bought Broadfield^s historic Sharney's Restaurant in 2013; met
Nakisha Skoap atthe restaurant

basketball coach for Boys and Girls Club 2012—2017
proposed marriage to Nakisha lastyear
author of Simon Says and Duck Soup, kid s’ cookbooks
in Jan- started developing local TV show
Mother—Tina Pohlig, fantastic chef. Seven years as president of
TLC Meals, Inc., but plans to retire soon
1. (Nakisha Skoap / live in Broadfield I all her life)

NaKisha Skoap has lived in tzroadfield all her life.
Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive 11

2. (she / graduate / from college / 2010)
3. (report / crime news / 2013)
4. (recently / research / crime in schools)
5. (work / on her master’s degree / 2013)
6. (her father / work / for the Broadfield Police Department / 20 years)
7. (Simon Pohlig / move / to Broadfield / 2011)
8. (own / the historic Sharney’s Restaurant / 2013)
9. (A friend / introduce / Simon and Nakisha / at the restaurant / one night)
10. (basketball coach / for the Boys and Girls Club / two years)
11. (write / two cookbooks for children)
12. (plan / a local television show / January of this year)
13. (Nakisha and Simon / be engaged / one year)
12 Unit3
EXERCQSE 3 SIMPLE PAST, PRESENT PERFECT, OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
A. Look at Nakisha’s job application. Then complete the personnel officer’s notes on
page 14.
CODEX MAGAZINE
JOB APPLICATION
1. Position applied for:___________ Editor Today's date: Nov. 12, 201b
2. Full legal name Skoap-?ohlig_____ Nakisha ___________ Ann

Last First Middle
3. Current address 22 East 10th Street

4321b
Eroadfield,______ Ohio_______ How long at this address? 6 months
City Stale Zip Code
4. Previous address 0 Willow Terrace
Eroadfield, Ohio 4321b How long at this address? 148b—June l, 20lb

City State Zip Code
5. Education. Circle the number of years of post high school education. 1 2 3 4 5 60 8
6. Name of Institution Degree Major Dates Attended
1. Claremont College &.A. Journalism 200b-2QI0
2. Ohio 5tate University Urban Studies ton

3. Ohio State University Political ‘Sdi&nce- 2013-present
If you expect to complete an educational program soon, indicate the date and type of program.
I expect to receive my M.S, in political science in January.
7. Current job. May we contact your present supervisor? yes X no
Job Title Reporter Employer Eroadfield Examiner

Type of Business newspaper Address i4oo P-iver Street, Eroadfield, OH 4321b
Dates (month/year) *1/2001 to (month/year) present
8. In your own handwriting, describe your duties and what you find most satisfying in this job.
I am currently a crime reporter for a daily newspaper. I write local crime news.
I especially enjoy working with my supervisor.

B. Complete the personnel officer’s notes. Use the correct affirmative or negative
simple past, present perfect, or present perfect progressive forms of the verbs in
parentheses. Sometimes there is more than one correct answer.
1. I have interviewed Nakisha Skoap-Pohlig for the editorial position.

(interview)
2. She for a job on November 12.

(apply)
3. She at the Broadfield Examiner for a long time.
(work)
4. She several excellent articles for that publication.

(write)
5. She that job while she a college student.

(find) (be)
6. She two schools of higher education.

(attend)
7. She journalism classes at Claremont College in 2006 and

(begin)
her B.A. there.

(receive)
8. Then she to Ohio State University.

(go on)
9. She classes in two different departments at Ohio State.

(take)
10. She a master’s program in urban studies.

(start)
11. She a degree in urban studies, though.

(get)
12. After a year, she to study political science instead.

(decide)
13. She her master's degree yet.

(receive)
14. She on Willow Terrace most of her life.

(live)
15. For the past five months, she on

(live)
16. In our recent conversations, the company graphologist asking

(recommend)
the applicant to come in for another interview.
17. He says that in question 8 of the application, Ms. Skoap-Pohlig a

(leave)
space between some words when she mentioned her supervisor.
18. He feels that this means she probably her supervisor yet about
(tell)
looking for a new job.
19. When Ms. Skoap-Pohlig answered question 8, she her writing to

(slant)
either the left or the right.
20. The graphologist to me yesterday that this indicates that she is a

(explain)
clear and independent thinker.
14 Unit 3
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the letter to an advice column. There are thirteen mistakes in the use of the simple
past, present perfect, and present perfect progressive. The first mistake is already
corrected. Find and correct twelve more.
Dear John,
been making
My grandson and his girlfriend have made wedding plans for the past few months. At first I
was delighted, but last week I have heard something that changed my feelings. It seems that our
future granddaughter-in-law has been deciding to keep her own last name after the wedding. Her
reasons: First, she doesn’t want to “lose her identity.” Her parents have named her 31 years ago,
and she was Donna Esposito since then. She sees no reason to change now. Second, she is a
member of the Rockland Symphony Orchestra, and she performed with them for eight years. As
a result, she already became known professionally by her maiden name.
John, when I’ve gotten married, I didn’t think of keeping my maiden name. I have felt so proud
when I became “Mrs. Smith.” We named our son after my father, but our surname showed that we
three were a family.
I’ve been reading two articles on this topic, and I can now understand her decision to use her
maiden name professionally. But, honestly, I still really can’t understand why she wants to use
it socially.
My husband and I have been trying many times to hide our hurt feelings, but it's been getting
harder and harder. I want to tell her and my grandson what I think, but I don’t want to ruin his
wedding celebration.
My grandson didn’t say anything so far, so we don’t know how he feels. Have we been making
the right choice by keeping quiet?
A Concerned Grandmother

Write an email to a friend about a new interest or hobby. Use some of the phrases from the box.
At first, I didn’t... I’ve just...

Before I... One of the best things about...
For the past several weeks,... Since I...
I still haven’t... You won’t believe it. I’ve been ...
I’m amazed that I’ve already...
16 Unit 3
UNIT
L
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive
EXERCISE “3 SPELLING: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PRESENT AND

PAST PARTICIPLES
Base Form Present Participle Past Participle
1. bet betting t>gf
2. breaking
3. cut
4. do
5. entertain
6. fought
7. forgive
8. leading
9. plan
10. practice
11. quit
12. sought
13. sunk
14. steal
15. sweep
16. swim
17. telling
18. withdrawn
17
EXERCISE 2 PAST PERFECT: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
STATEMENTS
Complete the online article. Use the affirmative or negative past perfect forms of the verbs
in parentheses.
Music superstar Lang Lang was born in Shenyang,
China, in 1982. By the time he was three years old, he
had started taking piano lessons. According

1. (start)
to Lang, he Liszt's "Hungarian
2. (hear)
Rhapsody No. 2" during a Tom and Jerry cartoon, and
he to play classical music, just

3. (decide)
like the music in the cartoon. By the time he was five,
Lang first place in a major

4. (win)
competition, and his family the
5. (realize)
Lang Lang
importance of giving their son the best music education possible.
After Lang Lang on his piano skills for several years, he finally received
6. (work)
admission to the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. As a teenager, he took first prize in a
number of international competitions because he the opportunity to study

7. (have)
with some of the best teachers in China and because he a great love of music
8. (develop)
and a strong desire to be the best. But Lang all of his goals yet. Before his
9. (reach)
sixteenth birthday, he to the U.S. to study at the Curtis Institute of Music in
10. (move)
Philadelphia. Not long after, he began his professional career. By the time he turned twenty, Lang
one of the most popular and successful concert pianists in the world.
11. (become)
In 2008, Lang Lang's popularity increased when he played at the Opening Ceremony of the
Beijing Olympic Games. Many people in the audience to classical music

12. (listen)
before. They were surprised at the beauty and excitement of his performance and were suddenly
fans. Interestingly, Lang Lang to participate in the ceremony not just to

13. (agree)
represent his home country or become more famous. He a sports fan since he
14. (be)
was a boy, so he enthusiastically performed, gave interviews, and attended events throughout the
Beijing Games. He also signed a contract with his favorite athletic equipment company and soon
began wearing Adidas Lang Lang Gazelle sneakers on stage. Because he

15. (bring)
18 Unit 4
sports, fashion, and his superstar quality to the serious works of composers such as Mozart, Liszt,
and Stravinsky, Time added Lang Lang to its list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World in
2009. According to the magazine, along with other talented young musicians, Lang Lang
the world of classical music.

16. (transform)
In recent years, Lang Lang has received doctorate degrees from the Royal College of Music, the
Manhattan School of Music, and New York University. He has also received numerous awards and
medals. Lang Lang tries to give as much as he receives. To raise funds for earthquake relief in China
and Haiti, he auctioned the piano he during a New York Central Park concert
17. (play)
in 2008. In 2013, he was chosen to be a United Nations Messenger of Peace—a role he says can
help improve the lives of children around the world through education.
For more on Lang Lang, visit www.langlang.com.
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive 19

EXERCOSE 3 PAST PERFECT: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT
ANSWERS
Look at the musician’s schedule. Complete the questions about his day and give short
answers. Use the past perfect.
TODAY
a.m.
5:00 get up
6:00 take a jog in the park
8:00 practice piano
10:00 meet with news reporters
10:30 play ping-pong
p.m.
12:00 have lunch
3:00 call Mom and Dad
6:00 do warm-up exercises
for concert
7:00 start performance
10:30 check the following day's
schedule
11:00 go to bed
1. It was 6:00 a.m.
A: Had hg gotten up -jet?
B: Ygs, he had.
2. The young musician was taking his morning jog.
A: piano yet?
B:
3. It was 11:00 a.m.
A: with reporters by then?
B:
4. It was noon.
A: his parents yet?
B:
20 Unit 4
5. It was shortly before 6:00 p.m.
A: his warm-up exercises?
B:
6. It was 7:30 p.m.
A: that evening’s performance?
B:
7. At 11:00 p.m., he went to bed.
A: the following day’s schedule?
B:
EXERCOSE 4 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE AND

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Read the situations. Draw conclusions, using the affirmative or negative past perfect
progressive form of the correct verbs from the box.
cry drink laugh pay wash

do eat listen rain wcitc h
1. Mara wasn’t in the living room, but her TV was on.
She had been watching Tom and Jerry cartoons.
2. The lights were off, and none of her schoolbooks were around.
She homework.
3. The window was open, and the floor was a little wet.
It
4. There was half a sandwich on the coffee table.
Mara the sandwich.
5. There was an unopened bottle of soda next to the sandwich.
She the soda.
6. Mara came into the living room. There were tears on her face.
At first, I thought she

7. I was wrong. Mara wasn’t upset.
She hard because of what was happening in one of the cartoons.

It was really funny.
8. There was a stack of clean plates next to the kitchen sink.
She dishes.
9. Mara could hear the TV from the kitchen.
She to the cartoons from the kitchen.
10. I was surprised when I realized how late it was.
I attention to the time.
EXERCISE 5 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS

A student reporter from a university newspaper is researching background information
before his interview with a famous musician. Use when, the words in parentheses, and the
past perfect progressive to write his research questions.
1. He made his first successful recording, (he / dream of stardom for a long time)
Had fie been dreaming of stardom for a long time when he made his first successful recording?
2. He finally received a recording contract. (How long / he / live in New York)
3. He got his first job as a musician, (he / really work as a cook in a fast-food restaurant)
4. He decided to enroll at the Berklee School of Music. (Where / he / study)
5. He began his music classes. (Why / he / take courses in accounting)
6. He realized he wanted to be a professional musician. (How long / he / play piano)
7. He established his new scholarship program, (he / look for ways to help young musicians for a
long time)
22 Unit 4
EXERCISE 6 PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Complete the article. Use the past perfect or past perfect progressive form of the verbs in
parentheses. Use the progressive form when possible.
In 2009, American R&B singer Beyonce Knowles
had a worldwide hit with her “Single Ladies” video.
But that was not her first success. The talented young
star had been performing since she was a girl.

1. (perform)
Before they were teens, she and several of her friends
to sing professionally. By
2. (begin)
that time, she music and
3. (study)
dance for several years.
Beyonce got interested in singing after she first prize in a talent

4. (receive)
contest in her school for her version of John Lennon’s song, “Imagine." Before the contest, her
dance instructor Beyonce’s incredible voice, and she

5. (hear)
her student to develop all of her skills. In 1997, Beyonce
6. (push)
a singer-dancer for a decade when she signed a contract with Columbia
7. (be)
Records and became successful as a member of Destiny’s Child. She was just sixteen years old. By
the time the group made its final appearance together in 2006, Beyonce
8. (work)
as a solo artist for some time. Since 2001, she in Hollywood movies.
9. (star)
and of course she music. She a top-selling
10. (record) 11. (have)
album, and in 2004, her fans got what they for when she won five
12. (wait)
Grammy Awards in a single night. Since then, Beyonce's popularity has continued to grow with
even more albums, more movies, and more awards.

EXERCISE 7 SIMPLE PASTAND PAST PERFECT IN TIME CLAUSES
Look at some important events in Beyonce Knowles’s life and career. Determine the correct order of
each pair ofphrases. Then combine the phrases, using the pastperfect orpastperfect progressive
to express the event that happened first. Use the progressive form when possible. Use the simple
past for the event that happened second. Add commas when necessary.
The Life and Times ofBeyonce Knowles

was executiveproducerandleadactress in Obsessed-
starredin Dream Gids, celebratedher25th birthday with a tour forher solo album S'day-i /
appearedin a Pepsiadvertisement, j /
was best female artistat the / / /
am in Houston, Texas European NRJRadioAwards / / /
actedandsang in the MTVmovie Carmen:AH/p-Hopera-i 1

attended-: /
Elementary School, / signeda 7 /
•in choir, became a / contractwith / /
Destiny's Child / Columbia / / 7. acted
Hiy Giri's Tyme) / Records / /
1990 1995 2000 2005

when
8. got married
vSearch
buttost
0Powersm Go/dmemberwith Mike Myers before.
othing company, House ofDereon, with hermother 9. finished the movie
-formedata Barack Obama celebration in Washington, D. C.
When.
mays in one night, including Song ofthe Year for "Single Ladies"
gave birth to herfirstchild already.

became a co-ownerofTidal, a music streaming service 10. set a record by winning si
movie, and advertising con
>/ received attention in Houston newspapers
By the time.
entity Schoo/, she dadrene/ved affenftin in
already.
H. gave birth to her first child / beca.

contract with Columbia records
After.
■/as in an ad for L’Oreal cosmetics

4. filmed an MTV movie / made the comedy Austin Powers in Goldmember
Beyonce
after
5. sang in a Pepsi ad / did ads for L’Oreal
When
already
6. started a clothing company with her mother / celebrated her 25th birthday
By the time
7. acted for five years / starred in Dream Girls
when
8. got married to Jay-Z / became internationally famous
before
9. finished the movie Obsessed I performed at a Barack Obama presidential celebration
When
already
10. set a record by winning six Grammy Awards in one night / earned millions from recording,
movie, and advertising contracts
By the time
already
11. gave birth to her first child / became a co-owner of Tidal, a music-streaming service
After

EXERCISE 8 EDITING
Read the concert review a student wrote for her school newspaper. There are ten mistakes
in the use of the past perfect and past perfect progressive. The first mistake is already
corrected. Find and correct nine more.
My assignment for tonight was to see Lang Lang at Symphony Center. To be honest, I hadn’t
vi&nt
expected much before I had gone to the concert. In fact, I hadn’t been look forward to it at all.
But then Lang Lang got my attention with his first two pieces.
By intermission, I had totally change my mind. Lang Lang had played just “Hungarian
Rhapsody No. 2,” and the audience had gone wild. I had been hearing Liszt’s composition many
times before, but not like that. By the time he finishes playing, everyone in the audience had
jumped to their feet and had started clapping enthusiastically. And the best part of the concert
had started yet.
After intermission, Lang Lang invited several young musicians to join him on the stage. All of
them had been winning a scholarship from the Lang Lang International Music Foundation. When
each child performed, I had felt their excitement and their passion for music. It was wonderful to
see that these talented children could have a chance to succeed, regardless of their ethnic
background or financial situation.
Superstar quality was certainly on display tonight. As I left Symphony Center, I had to ask
myself a question. Lang Lang was absolutely incredible. Why I had taken so long to find out
about him?
EXERCISE S> PERSONAL WRITING

Write a paragraph about an experience that surprised you. Explain what you did and how the
experience changed the way you thought and felt. Use some of the phrases from the box.
Afterwards,... I had an interesting experience...

As soon as... I had never... before ...
By the time it ended,... It happened ...
I changed my opinion because... When it started,...
I had always..., but...
26 Unit 4
PART 2 Future: Review and Expansion
UNIT
Future and Future Progressive
EXERCISE H CONTRAST OF FUTURE FORMS

Circle the best words to complete the conversation between two friends.
1. A: Hi, Toni. Are you busy?
B: Yes, I’m packing. Victor and I have plans. We'll go /(We're goingjout of town tomorrow.
2. ft: Do you need a bigger suitcase?
B: Actually, I do.
A: OK. I'm going to bring / I'll bring one over right away.
3. A: Do you take / Are you taking your dog on the trip?
B: No. We can’t. It’s a business trip.
4. A: Your poor dog! He's going to miss / He's missing you.
B: I know, but we won’t be / we aren’t out of town long.
5. A: So, give me some details about the trip.
B: We're attending / We’ll attend a World Future Society conference.
A: When does the conference start / will the conference start?
B: At 8:30 on Tuesday morning.
6. A: The phone is ringing.
B: It’s probably Victor. I'll answer / I’m going to answer it.
7. A: Watch out! The phone is on the edge of the table. It’ll fall / It’s going to fall.
B: Relax. I have everything under control.
8. A: What are your plans for the conference?
B: We'll see / We’re going to see several presentations on Masdar City in the United Arab
Emirates. Victor says that he really wants to get a new job there, but he promises me that
he won't apply / he isn’t going to apply for the job until we get more information.
27
EXERCISE 2 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE AND
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Complete the article. Use the affirmative or negative future progressive forms of the words
in parentheses.
A Green City in the Desert

If all goes according to plan, as many as
50,000 people will b& living
1. (will / live)
in super green1 Masdar City in the United Arab
Emirates in 2030. Amazingly, residents
the
2. (will / enjoy)
comforts of modem life, but they
the environment.
3. (will / harm)
Although Masdar City will be located in one of the richest oil countries in the world, its
citizens fossil fuel. Instead, they

4. (be going to / use)
the sun and the wind as sources of power in their
5. (be going to / take advantage of)
zero-carbon, zero-waste community.
Construction is underway on Masdar City. In the coming years, architects and engineers
on creative ways to make this green city a reality.

6. (will / work)
At the same time, graduate students at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
research to develop innovative products and construction

7. (be going to / do)
techniques to meet the challenges of this exciting project.
One of the biggest challenges for any green community is transportation. The residents of
Masdar City cars that use gas. In fact, there will be no cars
8. (will / drive)
at all in the city. People in small electric vehicles and other
9. (be going to / travel)
clean-energy vehicles that will be part of the public transportation system. Even better, they
After all, the streets of Masdar City will have protection

10. (will/walk)
from the sun and hot temperatures of the desert, and with new technology, cool air
in from the nearby Persian Gulf.

11. (be going to/blow)
1 green: the color green (because of trees and plants); protective of the environment
28 Unit5
Speaking of water, residents of Masdar City water from
12. (will/drink)
the Persian Gulf after the salt is removed from it in a solar-powered plant. Then additional
technology the waste water so that it can be used for
13. (be going to/clean)
farming and other purposes. And that’s not all. When Masdar City is complete, it will be totally
waste-free. Workers garbage to create power, and they
14. (will / bum)
materials for reuse and recycling.
15. (will/collect)
It will cost approximately $22 billion to build Masdar City, and the government of Abu Dhabi
most of the bills. Officials there see it as smart planning. If

16. (will/pay)
futurists are correct, more and more countries to follow the
17. (be going to / try)
model of this eco-city in the desert sometime soon.
EXERCISE 3 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS AND

SHORT ANSWERS
Complete the conversations. Use the future progressive forms of the words in parentheses
or short answers where appropriate.
1. A: When will you be mating your decision

(you / will / make your decision)
B: Tomorrow. It won’t take long for us to decide who will be getting the job.
2. A: .?
(the company / will / pay for my wife’s airfare)
B: — Any job offer we give will include airline tickets for your entire
family to Abu Dhabi.
3. A: Toni, .?
(you / be going to / travel alone)
B: Victor and I are going to be on the same flight.
4. A: You’re leaving so soon! Between now and the day you leave for Victor’s new job, what
(you / be going to / do)

B: I have a lot of things to take care of, but we’ll have time to go out for lunch. I promise.
5. A: Victor, .?
(you / will / stop at the consulate office today)
B: .. The Masdar company assistant is taking care of all our travel
documents. She’s great.
Future and Future Progressive 29

6. A: .?
(she / be going to / send the travel documents soon)
B: I expect everything to arrive in the next couple of days.
7. A: What kind of apartment

(we / will / live in)
B: Hey, stop worrying. Everything will be great in Masdar City. You’ll love it.
8. A: How .?
(we / will / get to the airport)
B: I think that we should take a taxi.
EXERCISE 4 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE OR SIMPLE PRESENT

Look at Toni's and Victor’s schedules for tomorrow. Complete the statements. Use the
correct future progressive with will or simple present forms of the verbs.
----------- =3------------
1J® ..Il diiJ iq>
8:00 a.m. go to the post 8:00 a.m. fill out tax forms
office 9:00 a.m. talk to the boss’s
9:00 a.m. call the electric assistant
company 10:00 a.m. do research about
10:00 a.m. buy everything on vertical farms
the shopping list 12:00 p.m. try to find Toni’s
12:00 p.m. eat lunch with Aidiya birthday gift
1:00 p.m. visit Mom 1:00 p.m. attend a meeting for
4:00 p.m. take the dog to new employees
Brigitte’s house 4:00 p.m. meet with Ron Lee
5:00 p.m. prepare dinner 5:00 p.m. pick up a surprise
7:00 p.m. finish packing cake at the bakery
7:00 p.m. put winter clothes
in storage
1. While Toni goes to the post office,
Victor will be filling out tax forms for his new job.
2. Victor his boss’s assistant
while Toni
3. Toni on her shopping list before the trip to Masdar City
while Victor
30 Units
4. While Victor at the mall,
Toni with Aidiya.
5. Victor
while Toni her mother.
6. While Victor with Ron Lee,
Toni
7. Victor at the bakery
while Toni
8. While Toni
Victor in storage.
EXERCQSE 5 EDITING
Read Victor’s journal entry. There are ten mistakes in the use of the future and the future
progressive. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct nine more.
I'm going
It’s 11:00 p.m. noVJ.i-ê-to bed in a few minute?, but I'm afraid
that I Won't get much sleep tonight. I'll be tired When I Will getup,
but I can't stop thinking about my newjob. Toni ha; our lastday
here completely planned. In the morning, We're going have
breakfast With friends and family. Then We're taking care of a few
last-minute errands. Our plane Will leave at5:00 p.m., and Toni has
already made a reservation for a taxi at 2:00. I'm really excited.
At this time tomorrow, Toni and I will be sitontheairplane on our
Way to Abu Dhabi. If I knowToni, she is enjoying a movie While I
Will try to catch up on my sleep. Oh, no, I hear thunder. It Will rain,
So I'd better close all the Windows. Maybe I'm going to Watch the
<-?'3 rain for a While. It’s a long time before I see rain again.
Future and Future Progressive 31

Write a paragraph about a trip that you are planning. Use some of the phrases from the box.
Before I return home,... The best part of the trip will be ...
During the first part of the trip,... When I get back,...
One day soon, I am going ... While I.... all my friends back home will be ...
One thing is for sure. On this trip, I won’t be... While I’m there,...
32 Units
UNIT
k0 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive
EXERCISE 1 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Complete the article. Use the affirmative or negative future perfect form of the words in
parentheses.
Winer Personal Management Seminars

As of January next year, Pam and Jessica Weiner, two
sisters, will have taught_____________

1. (teach)
dozens of personal management seminars to grateful
clients. Tired of disorganization in their own homes,
Pam and Jessica developed a system that worked so
well that they started teaching it to others. By this anniversary celebration, hundreds of people
across the country the Weiners’ seminars, and

2. (take)
these efficient sisters them manage the confusion
3. (help)
and stress in their lives.
“What a difference their seminars made!” exclaimed Terrie Smith, who completed the course
two years ago. “By the end of November, I the

4. (use)
system to complete my holiday shopping. I all
5. (purchase)
my gifts, and I them, too. I’ll actually
6. (wrap)
have time to enjoy the holidays this year.”
Why do we need a time-management system? According to Pam Weiner, statistics show that
people are extremely busy these days. For most of us, it seems that there are not enough hours
in the day, so we need to budget our time. Weiner gave an example of a new family in their
seminar. She said, “Ana and Jon are busy with their two children, and they both work. However,
they have no system, and this creates a lot of stress. By next Monday, the busy couple
the week’s menu yet, and they

7. (plan)
33
on a driving schedule for the week’s
8. (decide)
activities, which will cause a lot of problems. By the time Friday comes along, it is likely that they
more than once about these things.
9. (argue)
As a result, they will feel frustrated, angry, and tired.”
The Metcalfs, one of many satisfied families, agree. As Aida Metcalf explained, “At the end of
this week, we a lot in a minimum

10. (accomplish)
amount of time, and we our energy
11. (waste)
arguing about who does what in the house. Even better, because of our careful planning we
all the housework by noon on Saturday,

12. (finish)
and we can make plans to go out. Then, when we go back to work on Monday morning, we
a good time for part of the weekend,

13. (have)
and we’ll feel refreshed and ready to start a new week.”
In the Metcalfs’ experience, the time-management system also works well for long-range
planning. Aida said, “Before our seminar with the Weiners, our summers were a nightmare. We
never got to do the things we really wanted to do. But by the end of August this year, we
in our community yardsale, and

14. (participate)
the house. What’s more, we
15. (redecorate)
all the preparations for our annual
16. (make)
September family get-together.”
Pam and Jessica Weiner will celebrate another anniversary when they are guests once again on
tomorrow’s broadcast of Around Town. “Our television appearances started with this show,” Pam
pointed out. “As of tomorrow, we our system

17. (explain)
to television audiences each Friday for an entire year.”
34 Unit6
EXERCISE 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Look at the Metcalfs’ calendar for August. Write questions and answers about their
activities. Use the future perfect.
W
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Aid a Arnie Arnie Arnie Aida
Walk 1/2 Mi paint first paint Second paint start driving
every day bedrooM bedroom bathroom in Carpool
for day camp
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Aida Corrie and • Arnie ----- Arnie put
water garden Marsha pick paint furniture
daily vegetables downstairs back after
daily painting
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Arnie Arnie Meet Corrie pick Aida : Aida Call Community
H:00 p.M. with honker . blueberries start baking Arnie's sister Center
dentist i to diSCvSS ways for pies pies for bake bake sale
appointment to become (need 1 sale (agreed to
debt-free guarfs) bring 6 pies)
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Aida Iron and put Last day of
start awayfall Summer tamp
unpacking i Arnie plan clothing i for Corrie and
fall clothing | wf"u foe family Marsha Arnie go
get-together - shopping
29 130 31
Aida and Arnie 1 Family travel
pack for ' to Aunt lrene's_
Trip to Mom Aida pi'Ay house
and Pad's credit' Card
bills
1. (How many miles I Aida I walk / by August 31)

A: How many miles will Aida have walked by August ?/,?
B: She'll have walked 155 miles._______________
2. (Arnie / paint the bathroom / by August 5)

A: Will Arnie have painted the bathroom by August A?
B: Zes, he will.__________________________
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 35

3. (How many rooms / Arnie / paint / by August 5)
A:
B:
4. (When / Arnie / finish all the painting)
A:
B:
5. (Aida / start driving the carpool / by August 6)
A:
B:
6. (on August 16 / Arnie / leave / for his dentist appointment / by 4:00)
A:
B:
7. (Aida / unpack / all the fall clothing / by August 23)
A:
B:
8. (How many quarts of blueberries / Corrie / pick / by August 19)
A:
B:
9. (How many pies / Aida / bake / by August 21)
A:
B:
10. (they / finish / packing for the trip / by August 31)
A:
B:
36 Unit6
gKEKGDSii 3 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND TIME CLAUSES
Look again at the Metcalfs’ August calendar in Exercise 2 on page 35. Complete the
statements. Use the simple present and future perfect or future perfect progressive. Use
the future perfect progressive when possible.
1. By the time _______ Aida begins driving in the carpool

(begin driving in the carpool)
Arnie will have been painting_____________ for several days.
(pairit)
2. When
(plan the family get-together menu)
for a couple of weeks.

(pick vegetables)
3.
(call Arnie’s sister)
before
(do the menu)
4. already
(meet with the family’s banker)
when
(pay the monthly credit card bills)
5. By the time
(finish the fall clothes)
for four days.

(work on them)
6. When on August 21,

(take place)
yet.
(finish summer camp)
7. for almost a week

(plan his special menu)
by the time
(go shopping)
8. By the time
(travel to Aunt Irene's house)
(have a very productive month)
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 37

EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the online ad. There are eight mistakes in the use of the future perfect and future
perfect progressive. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
Find the Key to Your Future Success

have
By your next birthday, will yoiynade your dreams come true, or will you have waste another 12
months of your life? Will others have been enjoy fame and fortune for years when you finally decide
to take action? Don't wait any longer. The secret to your success is in our new book Making Time
fora Happy Future. We guarantee that you have found the formula for a better life by the time you
will finish the last page of our incredible book. Without a doubt, you'll have seeing the big
difference that time management can make. Even better, you'll have paid only $49.95 (plus tax and
shipping and handling) when you receive the key to your future. Your friends will not have received
yet this offer. But you must act fast. Make your purchase now, or by this time next week, you have
missed the opportunity of a lifetime!
EXERCDSE 5 PERSONAL WRITING

Make a list of ten things you hope to accomplish by the end of this class. Put them in
order of importance—from least important to most important. Use some of the phrases
from the box.
By the time ... Most importantly, I will...

I will... before... This class will end. By then, I...
I will have been ..., so I... When the class is over, I will already have ...
If all goes according to plan, I will... But I won’t have ... by then.
38 Unit6
PART 3 Negative and Tag Questions, Additions and Responses
UNIT
Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions
EXERCISE H AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE TAG QUESTIONS AND

SHORT ANSWERS
Anne-Marie wants to rent an apartment. Complete her conversation with the landlord. Use
appropriate tags. Write short answers based on the apartment ad.
N. Smithfield unfurnished one-bedroom in

landlord-occupied building. Renovated kitchen
with all new appliances, includes dishwasher.
Near all transportation & shopping, $1,500/month
+ utilities. Available for immediate occupancy.
Pets OK. 555-7738
1. ANNE-MARIE: The rent is $1,500, isn't it?
LANDLORD: Yes. it is.

2. ANNE-MARIE: That includes utilities,
LANDLORD:
3. ANNE-MARIE: The apartment isn’t furnished,
LANDLORD:
4. ANNE-MARIE: You’ve renovated the original kitchen,
LAN DLORD:
5. ANNE-MARIE: The kitchen doesn’t have a dishwasher,
LANDLORD:
6. ANNE-MARIE: You just put in a new refrigerator,
LANDLORD:
7. ANNE-MARIE: A bus stops nearby,
LANDLORD:
39
8. ANNE-MARIE: I can't move in right away,
LANDLORD:
9. ANNE-MARIE: My pets won't bother you,
LANDLORD:
10. ANNE-MARIE: You live right in the building,
LANDLORD:
EXERCISE 2 NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Todd and a realtor are discussing two communities—North Smithfield and Greenwood.
Complete their conversation. Use negative yes/no questions to ask about Greenwood.
Write short answers based on the information in the box.
Greenwood—Community Profile
Greenwood became a town in 1782. It has a number of historic buildings.
Schools: Greenwood High School, Greenwood Community College
Shopping: Greenwood Mall
Transportation: local public bus
Recreational Facilities: Briar State Park, Greenwood Beach (private),
Davis Baseball Stadium (planned for next year)
Cultural Opportunities: movie theaters (Greenwood Mall)
Average Rent: $1,500
1. REALTOR: North Smithfield has a community college.
TODD: Doesn't Greenwood have d community colle-g&?
REALTOR: /g5, it does.
2. REALTOR: North Smithfield built a public beach.
TODD:
REALTOR:
3. REALTOR: There are historic structures in North Smithfield.
TODD:
REALTOR:
40 Unit?
4. REALTOR: You can see live theater performances in North Smithfield.
TODD:
REALTOR:
5. REALTOR: People in North Smithfield shop at a nearby mall.
TODD:
REALTOR:
6. REALTOR: The average rent in North Smithfield is under $2,000.
TODD:
REALTOR:
7. REALTOR: North Smithfield has been a town for more than a hundred years.
TODD:
REALTOR:
8. REALTOR: They’re going to build a baseball stadium in North Smithfield.
TODD:
REALTOR:
EXERCISE 3 NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS

Complete the conversations. Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Write
negative yes/no questions and tag questions.
A. ARI: Didn't you move- in last week?

1. (move in)
DAN: Yes. You haven’t been living here very long yourself, have 'jou ?
ARI: Oh, it’s been about a year now.
DAN: It's a nice place to live,
ARI: We think so. We adjusted very quickly when we moved here.
B. KATIE: You haven't seen the letter carrier this morning, .?
DAN: No. Why?
KATIE: I don't think our mail is being forwarded from our old address.
DAN: you one of those change-of-address forms that

2. (fill out)
the post office provides?

Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions 41

KATIE: Yes. But that was almost a month ago. We should be getting our mail by now,
.?
DAN: I would think so.
C. DAN: there an all-night supermarket nearby?

1. (be)
MIA: Yes. It’s at 10th and Walnut.
DAN: I know where that is. there a restaurant there?

2. (used to / be)
MIA: That’s right. It closed last year.
DAN: That’s strange. It hadn't been there very long, .?

3.
MIA: About a year. I guess the location just didn’t attract much business.
D. ARI: The new neighbors are really friendly, .?
MIA: Yes. That reminds me. The people across the hall invited us over for coffee and cake on
Saturday afternoon. You haven’t made any plans for then, ?
ARI: Well, I was going to work on our taxes.
MIA: you a little break?

3. (can / take)
ARI: Sure. Why not?
EXERCISE 4 NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS

The new tenants are going to ask their neighbors to confirm some of their assumptions.
Read the assumptions. Then write negative yes/no questions or tag questions. For some
sentences, both types of questions are possible. (Remember: You can only use negative
yes/no questions when you think the answer is “Yes.”)
1. We think the people in Apartment 4F have lived here a long time.
The people in Apartment 4F have lived here a long time, haven't they? or
Haven't the people in Apartment 4F lived here a long time?___________
2. I don’t think our apartment had been occupied for a while.
Dur apartment hadn't been occupied for d Me, had it?
3. We believe this is a good building.
4. It seems that the owner takes good care of it.
42 Unit?
5. It looks like he has just finished renovations on the lobby.
6. We don’t think that he painted our apartment before we moved in.
7. I have the impression he doesn’t talk very much.
8. I don’t think the rent will increase next year.
9. It looks like some new people will be moving into Apartment IB.
10. We have the impression that this is a really nice place to live.
EXERCISE 5 EDITING
Two students are preparing a role play about problems getting an apartment. There are
ten mistakes with negative yes/no questions and tag questions. The first one is already
corrected. Find and correct nine more.
don't
MARIAM: You own this building, didn't you?
OWNER: Yes. And you’ve been living next door for about a year now, have you?
MARIAM: That’s right. But I’m interested in moving. There’s a vacant apartment in your building, isn’t it?
OWNER: Yes. It’s a one-bedroom on the fourth floor. The rent is $1,600 a month, plus utilities.
MARIAM: Wow! That's a lot of money, isn’t it? Could you not lower the rent a little?
OWNER: Wait a minute! You came over here to talk to me, haven’t you? You want to live here, don’t you?
MARIAM: No. I love this building. It would be perfect for me, but I can’t pay $1,600 a month.
OWNER: But this is a historic structure. I was originally planning to charge $1,800 a month.
MARIAM: I know. The history is what attracted me in the first place. But the elevator isn’t working,
isn't it?
OWNER: No, it isn’t. OK, so if I lower the rent, you’ll do some things in the apartment like painting,
won’t they?
Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions 43

MARIAM: Definitely. And I’m going to pay $1,500 a month, amn’t I?
OWNER: OK, OK. And you can move in next weekend, can you?
MARIAM: It's a deal!

Write negative yes/no and tag questions about a place where you want to live, study,
work, or travel. Use some of the phrases from the box.
..., are they? ..., don’t they? Isn’t this...?

.... aren’t I? Doesn’t it... ? There are a lot of... ?
.... can it? Haven't they... ? We won’t... ?
44 Unit 7
UNIT
Additions and Responses: So, Too, Neither,
Not either, and But
EXERCISE 1 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE ADDITIONS

Read the story about twin brothers. Circle the correct words to complete the story.
The Same, But Different

Barry and Simon Wong have gotten a lot of attention
since they were infants. It’s no surprise that people have
always been interested in them because Barry and Simon
are mirror-image twins.
Mirror-image twins look identical, but they often have
different physical characteristics, personality traits, and
preferences. For example, Barry writes with his left hand, but Simon doesn't / didn’t. He’s right-
handed. Barry is outgoing and relaxed about life, but Simon isn’t / doesn’t. He is very serious
2.
about making plans and getting things done as quickly as possible. According to the brothers,
Simon has always been very organized and very neat, but Barry has / hasn’t. Barry says that
he doesn’t mind if things are a little on the messy side. Barr}’ likes outdoor activities, and so /
too does Simon. Barry doesn’t spend much time sitting and watching TV Neither / So does his
5.
brother, but that’s where the similarities end. Barry likes to play team sports, while Simon prefers
physical activities that aren’t competitive. Barry has joined a soccer team, but Simon has / hasn't.
6.
He has joined a hiking club, however.
Being mirror-image twins doesn't stop Barry and Simon from having a strong connection.
Barry can’t imagine a life without his brother, and / but Simon can’t neither I either. The two
7. 8.
of them are best friends who have always been a pair. After high school, Barry decided to travel
before starting college. So did Simon / Simon did. It seems that when one of them gets an idea,
9.
the other one does too I either. If you ask them, the brothers will tell you they have always
io.
been the same, but different.
45
EXERCISE 2 AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE
Complete the conversations with affirmative and negative additions and responses.
A. KALEB: I’ve heard that there’s a twins festival every year.
KAREN: So hdvg I.
i.
KALEB: I didn’t realize that there were enough twins around to have a festival.
KAREN: I But hundreds of them attended the festival last year.

2.
KALEB: I'm talking about the festival in Twinsburg, Ohio.
KAREN: I Did you know that some of the people who go there actually fall in
3.
love and get married?
KALEB: Are you kidding?
KAREN: No. In 1998, Diane Sanders and her twin sister Darlene went to the festival in Twinsburg,
and Craig Sanders and his brother Mark Diane and Craig fell in love,
and Darlene and Mark.

5.
KALEB: Let me guess. Their children are twins.
KAREN: Not exactly. Diane and Craig have identical twin sons, Darlene and
Mark They have two singletons—one daughter was born in 2001 and
6.
the other in 2003.
KALEB: What's a singleton?
KAREN: A child that isn't a twin.
B. ELLIE: I thought I knew where the expression “Siamese twins" came from, I
I had to look it up.

1.
GRANT: What did you find out?
ELLIE: Well, you know it refers to identical twins whose bodies are joined. Chang and Eng Bunker
were conjoined twins who were born in Siam in 1811. The term was originally used to
describe them. The preferred term today is "conjoined twins.”
GRANT: I remember reading about them. Most doctors at the time had never seen conjoined twins,
and anyone else. Chang and Eng became famous.

2.
46 Unite
ELLIE: It’s interesting. They ended up living in the United States. Chang got married, and
Eng. Their wives were sisters. Chang and his wife had 10 children,
3.
and Eng and his wife had 11.
GRANT: Do you know how they died?
ELLIE: When they were older, Chang was sick, Eng .. He
was still strong and healthy. One night, Eng woke up, and his brother was dead. Eng died
the same night.
C. KIM: More and more women in the United States are having children later in life.
AMY: Women in Europe The average age of new mothers is rising there.
KIM: Because of the fact that new mothers are older and because of fertility treatments, the
number of triplets, quadruplets, and quintuplets will continue to increase.
AMY: And the number of twins.

2.
EXERCISE 3 AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE

Look at the information about twins festivals. Then complete the sentences about the
festivals. Use the information in parentheses to write appropriate additions and responses.
Location Twinsburg, Ohio, U.S.A Pleucadeuc, France Beijing, China

Year Started 1976 1994 2004
Time of Year first full weekend in mid-August first week of October
August
Who Attends twins, triplets, twins, triplets, twins and the general
quadruplets, quintuplets, quadruplets, quintuplets, public
and their families and their families
Types of Events talent show, parade, golf music, parade, games, entertainment, social
outing, contests, food, balloon releases, food events
entertainment
Registration recommended recommended none required
1. Twinsburg, Ohio, has a twins festival each year, and so does Pleucadeuc or
(Pleucadeuc)
and Pleucadeuc does too
2. Twinsburg was holding its festival in the 1980s,

(Pleucadeuc)
Additions and Responses: So, Too, Neither, Not either, and But 47
1
3. Twinsburg will celebrate its festival next year,

(Pleucadeuc)
4. Twinsburg festival participants should register,

(participants at Pleucadeuc)
5. The Pleucadeuc festival doesn’t have a talent show,

(the Beijing festival)
6. Twinsburg schedules its festival for August,

(Pleucadeuc)
7. Pleucadeuc didn’t have a festival in 1990,

(Beijing)
8. Twins have gone to the Twinsburg festival for many years,

(their families)
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the online travel review. There are eight mistakes with additions and responses. The
first one is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
On the Road Reviews

Twins Days Festival ★★★★★
Twinsburg, OH
Twinsburg really knows how to throw a party! I went to the festival in 2015. My twin
did
sister and my cousins-de-too. We had a great time. I really enjoyed the line dancing, and so
did my sister. I had never done that kind of dancing before, but once I started, I couldn't
stop, and neither can she. To be honest, I was hoping to see a cute guy twin at the dance.
and my sister did too, but we were out of luck. I didn't meet anyone, and my sister didn't
neither. But we still had fun. Our favorite part was the picnic on Friday night. I loved seeing
all the other twins there, and did my sister too.
48 Units
I have always liked being a twin, but my sister has. The Twinsburg festival changed all
that. By Saturday morning, she was really excited. Of course I was too. We couldn't wait for
the Double Take Parade to start. My sister and I both marched in the parade. I felt really
proud and excited to be a part of it. So she did.
Attending the Twins Day Festival with my sister may be a factor in why I liked it so much,
but my cousins aren't twins, and they can't wait to go back. My sister and I think the festival
is fantastic, and they are too.

Write one or two paragraphs about you and the friend or family member that you resemble
most. Use some of the phrases from the box.
The friend / family member that I resemble most is... Another similarity is ...
We are really alike in ... ... does too.
We have a lot in common. For example,... ... isn’t either.
When I think about all that we have in common ... Our greatest similarity is...
Additions and Responses: So, Too, Neither, Not either, and But 49
PART 4 Gerunds, Infinitives, and Phrasal Verbs * ■
UNIT
Gerunds »] Dinifimtwes: Review $nd Expansion
EXERCISE -3 GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Complete the statements with the correct gerund or infinitive form of the verb watch.
(Note: In some cases, both forms are correct.)
1. The children wanted to watch television.
2. I suggest watching television.
3. We would like television.
4. Do you need television?
5. I was busy, so I really couldn’t afford television.
6. I should have stopped, but I continued television.
7. Has a teacher ever encouraged you television?
8. Some people dislike television.
9. Others absolutely refuse television.
10. Please turn off all the lights after you finish television.
11. What time did you start television?
12. My sister is addicted. She can’t help television.
13. How long ago did you quit television?
14. Do you mind television?
15. My roommate and I have decided television.
16. I feel like television.
17. They considered television.
18. He keeps television.
19. When you’re tired, you seem television.
20. Are they going to the movies or planning television?
50
EXERCISE 2 GERUND OR INFINITIVE
Use the correct gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in parentheses to complete this
article. (Note: In some cases, both forms are correct.)
TOO ANGRY to reme-mb&r

1. (remember)
THE COMMERCIALS?
According to a study, violent TV shows
2. (watch)
makes it difficult brand names or
3. (recall)
commercial messages. Violence creates anger, and instead of
the commercials, viewers are attempting

4. (hear)
themselves down after violent scenes. The
5. (calm)
conclusion: violent programs may not be
6. (sponsor)
appealing for advertisers because it may not be profitable for them.
This conclusion is good news for the parents, teachers, and lawmakers who have objections to
violence on television and are struggling what children can watch. They had
7. (limit)
a small victory in the late 1990s when lawmakers and the television industry designed a
TV-ratings system. Unfortunately, Congress did not ask parents in

8. (participate)
the system, and the industry does not invite parents
9. (create) 10. (preview)
shows before it assigns ratings. As a result, the system is not totally reliable, and parents are still
guessing about the content of the shows their kids watch.
Why are parents objecting to violence in television shows? The numbers

11. (have)
tell the story: A typical child will see 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence between the
ages of three and 12! It’s impossible that this input won’t affect young
12. (believe)
children. In fact, a large number of researchers have noted the following possible consequences of
this much violence:

13. (view)
1. Children may become less sensitive to other people’s suffering.
2. They may also become fearful of with other people.

14. (interact)
3. They may be more likely in a way that is harmful to others.
15. (behave)
Studies have shown that a majority of people want commercial TV
16. (produce)
more educational and informational programs. In addition, more than 75 percent prefer
Gerunds and Infinitives: Review and Expansion 51

the number of hours of TV that children watch, and the American
17. (limit)
Academy of Pediatrics recommends children
18. (not permit) 19. (watch)
more than one to two hours per day.
It’s really difficult the reason why the entertainment industry resists
20. (understand)
changes.
21. (make)
Parents, teachers, and doctors are urging the industry clearer ratings
22. (develop)
and violence in children’s shows. What’s more, violent TV shows don’t
23. (get rid of)
seem companies an effective way their
24. (offer) 25. (advertise)
products. Even artists in the television business feel that it’s time the
26. (decrease)
amount of violence in American TV shows and have warned movie industry executives
change.
27. (not continue) 28. (avoid)
The industry may choose attention to the public, but it will not be
29. (not pay)
able to ignore the government. Lawmakers want the way networks
30. (investigate)
market violent shows to teenagers. They are also asking the industry
31. (schedule)
violence-free hours, when no violent content is allowed. Hopefully, parents in the United States
will someday feel good about the family TV.
32. (turn on)
EXERCISE 3 GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Complete the interview between a TV talk-show host and a doctor. Use the appropriate
word or phrase from the boxes and the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in parentheses.
fed up with likely shocked unwilling used to
HOST: I was shocked to learn that children will see 100,000 acts of violence on television
1. (leam)
before they are 12.1 had no idea the situation was that bad. It also appears that the networks
are They seem pretty satisfied with things the way they are.
2. (change)
DOCTOR: Yes, I think that they’re all the responsibility on the viewer. That’s the
3. (put)
way it’s always been, and they’re accustomed to it.
HOST: The networks may not want to change, but I know a lot of parents are really very
violence during family viewing times. They’re really sick of it. A lot
4. (see)
of my friends don't even turn on the cartoons anymore.
52 Unit 9
DOCTOR: That’s probably a very good idea. Several studies show that children are much more
others after they watch violent cartoons. It's really quite predictable.
5. (hit)
decide dislike force hesitate stop
HOST: OK. Now what can we do about this problem?
DOCTOR: Well, viewers can make a big difference. First of all, we have to put a lot of pressure on the
networks and them shows more clearly. They’ll

6. (rate)
give in if enough viewers tell them they must.
HOST: What else?
DOCTOR: When you see something you don’t like, pick up the phone immediately. Don’t wait. We
shouldn’t the networks about material that we find offensive.

7. (tell)
Recently, a network a violent ad in some regions of the country right

8. (run)
in the middle of a family sitcom. So many people complained that they reversed that decision
and the ad in that time slot.

9. (show)
HOST: Violence bothers my kids, but they a show once it starts. They want
10. (turn off)
to stick it out to the end.
consider forbid insist on permit
DOCTOR: Parents have to assert their authority and the channel when violence
11. (change)
appears. Sometimes they’ll face a lot of resistance, but they should be firm.
HOST: You know, in a lot of families, parents work until six. They can’t successfully
their children
certain shows. They’re just not
12. (turn on)
around to enforce the rules.
DOCTOR: There’s help from the electronics industry in the form of a V-chip.
HOST: What exactly is a V-chip?
DOCTOR: It’s a chip built into television sets. The V-chip doesn’t children
to violent shows. It blocks them electronically.

13. (tune in)
HOST: The V-chip and parental controls on satellite and cable TV are something all parents should
14. (use)

advise agree hesitate keep
HOST: All right. Is there anything else that you parents

15. (do)
DOCTOR: Parents must with their children. And they definitely shouldn’t
16. (communicate)
their kids about their feelings and opinions—and especially about

17. (ask)
their activities.
HOST: Thank you, Doctor, for to us today.

18. (speak)
EXERSDSE 4 OBJECTS WITH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Read the conversations about watching television. Then use the correct forms of the
words in parentheses to write summaries.
1. KIDS: Can we watch TV now?
MOM: I’m sorry, but you have to finish your homework first.
SUMMARY: __________________ Their mother didn't allow them to watch TV.

(their mother / allow / they / watch TV)
2. ANNIE: My parents finally bought me a new TV but it has a V-chip.
BEA: What’s that?
ANNIE: It’s something that blocks violent shows so that I can’t watch them.
SUMMARY:
(a V-chip / interfere with / Annie I watch violent shows)
3. ROGER: Our kids really seem to like Rappin’ Reading.
CORA: I know. It’s so great that there’s high-quality TV about reading and learning.
SUMMARY:
(the show / encourage / they / get interested in books)
4. DAD: You were having some pretty bad nightmares last night, Jennifer. I think you’d better
stop watching those cop shows.
JENNIFER: OK, but I really love them.
SUMMARY:
(her father / tell / Jennifer / watch cop shows / anymore)
5. STUDENT: We want to watch the TV news, but the reporting on adult news shows is usually
really frightening.
TEACHER: Try Youth Views. It’s a great news program for kids.
SUMMARY:
(the teacher / recommend / they / watch news for children)
54 Unit 9
6. SUE: I'll never forget that great Knicks game we watched last year.
BOB: What Knicks game?
SUE: Don’t you remember? We saw it together! The Knicks beat the Rockets 91-85.
SUMMARY:
(Bob / remember / they / see that game)
7. FRED: Does Sharif still watch Z-Men every Saturday?
ABU: No. We explained that it was much too violent for him, and he decided not to watch it
anymore.
SUMMARY:
(Sharif’s parents / persuade / he / watch the cartoon)
8. MOM: Sara, it’s nine o’clock. Time to turn off the TV
SARA: Oh, Mom. Just a little longer, OK?
MOM: You know the rules. No TV after nine o’clock.
SUMMARY:
(the mother / insist on / Sara / turn off the TV)
9. AZIZA: This is boring. What’s on the other channels?
BEN: I don’t know. Where's the remote control?
SUMMARY:
(Aziza / want / Ben / change the channel)
10. PAUL: Primer Reportaje, my favorite TV news program, starts in five minutes.
NICK: I've never understood why you watch that show. It’s in Spanish, and you don’t speak
Spanish at all.
SUMMARY:
(Nick / can’t get used to / Paul / watch a Spanish-language news program)

EXERCDSE 5 EDITING
Read Asoka’s essay. There are eleven mistakes in the use of the gerund and infinitive. The
first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct ten more.
Asoka Jayawardena
English 220
May 30
Violence on TV
hearing
I’m tired of-hear that violence on TV causes violence at home, in school, and on the streets.
Almost all young people watch TV, but not all of them are involved in committing crimes! In fact,
very few people choose acting in violent ways. To watch TV, therefore, is not the cause.
Groups like the American Medical Society should stop making a point of to tell people what to
watch. If we want living in a free society, it is necessary having freedom of choice. Children need
learn values from their parents. It should be the parents’ responsibility alone deciding what their
child can or cannot watch. The government and other interest groups should avoid to interfere in
these personal decisions. Limiting our freedom of choice is not the answer. If parents teach their
children respecting life, children can enjoy to watch TV without any negative effects.
EXERCISE <3 PERSONAL WRITING

Write a paragraph about a television show that you like. Use some of the phrases from the box.
I can’t remember... The show will allow...

I really like... These days, it is not easy...
I recommend ... This is a wonderful show for anyone who wants ...
In addition to ... Watching this show is...
The program is a great way... Without a doubt, everyone will enjoy...
56 Unit 9
UNIT
Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get
EXERCISE 1 CONTRAST: MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET

Complete the article about the roles that animals can play in our lives. Circle the correct verbs.
The Animal-Human Connection

Can pets get Z(îeip)humans lead better lives? Not only animal lovers, but also some
health-care professionals believe that pets let / get us improve our quality of everyday living.
Pets have / help their owners stay healthy. For example, dogs need daily exercise, and
3.
this has / makes many owners turn off their television sets or computers and go outside for
a walk. While walking their dogs, they get the health rewards of being physically active,
and they are able to talk to the people they see on the street or in the park. These positive
human relationships get / make dog owners feel happy, which can lead to longer, healthier
lives. Speaking of positive relationships, it is interesting to note that research shows pet
owners often have lower blood pressure as a result of spending time with their animals. It
seems that pets get / make their owners to relax, i
6.
Animals can also play an important role for
people with disabilities. In some cases,
health-care professionals let / get animals to

7.
provide attention, affection, and companionship
for their patients. The animals don’t replace
other forms of medical care, but they help / have

8.
patients recover more quickly and live longer.
The Delta Society is a nonprofit organization
that promotes the idea of using animals in places such as hospitals, nursing homes, and
rehabilitation centers. The society lets / gets volunteers to work with those in need, but it
9.
doesn’t let / make just any pet participate in its programs. It makes / gets pets and their
io. 11.
owners complete training courses so that the animals will be friendly and give comfort to
the humans they meet.
57
In addition to helping those who are ill, animals can assist people with disabilities. Guide
dogs help / make people who are blind cross busy streets or take public transportation.
12.
People who are unable to move their arms or legs can help / have their dogs open doors,
13.
turn lights off and on, and even answer the telephone. Special hearing dogs make / let
14.
hearing-impaired owners pay attention when the doorbell rings, their baby cries, or a fire
alarm sounds.
HXlEêilSE 2 MAKE, HAVE, GET, AND HELP + OBJECT

Read the tip sheet from an animal welfare agency. Complete the sentences by adding
pronoun objects and the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Dogs Are Family Members, Too

Whether your family has a dog or you’d like to bring a dog
into your home, here are some things to consider.
Ifyou’re thinking about getting a dog...
• It takes time and money to care for a dog. Be sure that you have enough of both. A dog could be a
member of your family for 15 years or more.
• Talking to all members of your family will make them fed part of the
1. (feel)
decision-making process, and they’ll be more likely to welcome a dog as a new member of the family.
• Pets are not always welcome. As one former pet owner suggests, you should find out if your landlord will let
a dog in your apartment.

2. (keep)
• There are always animals available for adoption. Before buying a dog from a pet shop or a breeder,
contact your local animal shelter. It's the humane thing to do. At the shelter, ask about classes or an
adoption program that will help what kind of dog is best for you and
3. (decide)
your family. Also, talk to staff members about the health and history of a dog that you want to adopt. It’s a
good idea to have you as much information as possible.

4. (give)
58 Unit 10
If there are children in the family...
• Your child may really want a dog, and she may promise to take care of your family's new pet, but
honestly, it may be impossible to get it. Consider dividing pet-care

5. (do)
responsibilities among all members of the family, including children. It doesn't have to be complicated.
Depending on the children's ages, it’s certainly possible to have

6. (take care of)
specific tasks such as taking the dog for a walk after school or giving the dog food and water.
• Children may have to learn to be gentle. Get animals need respect

7. (realize)
just like humans, and that means no hitting, kicking, riding, or pulling the tail of the family dog.
• At some point, your dog will get overexcited when he is playing. Children should know what to do to get
8. (calm down)
• It pays to be careful. If you have a very young child, she may love the family pet, but never let
with the family dog alone. Adult supervision is essential.

9.(play)
If there is a new baby coming into the family...
• Your dog will know that there's been a change, and he will probably be excited, anxious, and quite
curious. It’s up to you to help Before the baby arrives, introduce

10. (adjust)
him to baby sounds. He should also get accustomed to seeing a baby, so it’s a good idea to use a doll or
let time around a real infant, if possible.

11. (spend)
• Your dog may need training so that you can get you at all times
12. (obey)
when he is around the new baby. Remember to use positive rewards, not punishment.
• Although you’ll be very busy with your new baby, spending some time with your dog will make
that he is still an important member of the family. It will also help

13. (understand)
during this very exciting time in your life.
14. (relax)
If you want to know more, contact our organization and let you with more
15. (provide)
detailed information on dogs and families.
Make, Have, Let, Help, and Gef 59

Read the conversations. Then use the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses to
complete the summaries. Add pronouns when necessary.
1. JOHN: Mom, can I get a horse?
MOTHER: No, of course you can’t get a horse!
SUMMARY: John’s mother didn't let him net a horse.

<wr
2. MOTHER: Instead of a horse, will you agree to adopt a dog or a cat?
JOHN: OK.
SUMMARY: John’s mother

(get)
3. MOTHER: You can make the choice.
JOHN: I’d rather have a cat.
SUMMARY: His mother

(let)
4. MOTHER: Now, you have to do some research on pet care.
JOHN: I can do that. I know a couple of animal-protection groups that have good information
on their websites.
SUMMARY: She
(make)
5. JOHN: Do I have to do all the research by myself?
MOTHER: Yes, you do.

(help)
6. JOHN: I found out that I have to be 18 to adopt a pet. Can you fill out and sign the adoption
application forms for me?
MOTHER: Sure.
SUMMARY: John
(gat)
7. MOTHER: First, you have to explain the adoption process to me.
JOHN: I have all the information right here.
SUMMARY: John's mother

(have)
8. JOHN: I have enough money to pay the adoption fees.
MOTHER: You may need the money later. I’ll pay the fees.

(make)
60 Unit 10
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read Neha's email. She made seven mistakes in the use of make, have, let, help, and get.
The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct six more.
Hi Ami!
smile
Thanks for staying in touch. Your emails always make me to smile—even when I'm feeling
stressed. Knowing that I have a good friend like you really helps me relaxing and not take things
so seriously.
At the end of last semester, my roommates and I decided to get a dog. Actually, my roommates
made the decision and then got me go along with it. I made them promise to take care of the dog,
but guess who’s doing most of the work?! Don’t misunderstand me. I love Ellie and appreciate
what a great companion she is. I take her for a walk every morning and every night and make her
run and play in the park near our apartment as often as I can because I know how much she
enjoys it. Still, I wish I could have my roommates to spend just an hour a week with “our” dog.
At this point, I can’t even get them feeding Ellie, and now they want to move to an apartment
complex that won’t let us to have a dog. I think I’m going to have to choose whether to live with
my roommates or with Ellie—and I think I’m going to choose Ellie!
Neha

Write a paragraph about an experience that you, a friend, a family member, or a person in
a TV show or movie had with a pet. Use some of the phrases from the box.
I couldn’t get my pet to ... I was happy when ...

I had my pet... My parents let me ...
I helped my pet... My pet made me ...
Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get 61

UNIT
Phrasal Verbs: Review and Expansion
EXERCISE 1 PARTICLES
Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles.
Phrasal Verb Meaning
1. call back return a phone call
2. get recoverfrom an illness or a bad situation
3. cross draw a line through
4. call cancel
5. drop visit unexpectedly
6. look be careful
7. keep continue
8. talk persuade
9. blow explode
10. turn reject
11. run meet accidentally
12. put return to its original place
13. work solve
14. go continue
15. find discover
16. turn lower the volume
62
EXEffiaSE 2 PHRASAL VERBS
Complete the paragraphs with the appropriate form of the phrasal verbs from the boxes.
catch on figure out help out team up with turn on

eome-out go off take away turn off
A. There have been a lot of changes since the first
consumer cell phones came, out in the
1980s. The original phones were big, heavy, and very
expensive. After designers how

2.
to make them smaller and more affordable, they
really began to . Now, people

JR
all over the world are their mobile phones and using them in ways that
could never have been imagined in the 1980s. Several years ago, wireless companies
digital-photography experts to produce camera phones, which became

5.
popular with consumers. Internet access is another way that cell phones
by keeping us connected and informed. Today, smartphones are almost the

6.
equivalent of a small computer. However, there is a negative side to wireless technology. For
example, when cell phones constantly in restaurants, movie theaters, and

7.
classrooms, they can be annoying. When we’re forced to listen to other people’s conversations in
public places, it our privacy and the privacy of the person talking on the
8.
phone. Clearly, it’s sometimes best to our cell phones

9.
end up keep up with pick out use up

find out look over put away watch out for
B. Cell phones let us friends and family whenever and wherever we want, but
they can being very expensive. It’s great to stay in touch, but it's hard to
2.
know when to stop talking and our mobile phones

3.
Cell phone companies advertise reasonably priced calling packages, but it’s all too easy to
all the minutes on a basic plan. Many of us have the

4. *• ' s.
hard way what it’s like to pay overage charges. Smart consumers do comparison shopping and
Phrasal Verbs: Review and Expansion 63

a wireless service with features such as free weekend and evening minutes,
6.
unlimited calls to individual family members, and no roaming charges when customers go out of
their calling area. Smart consumers also their cell phone contract carefully
7.
before they sign it. They realize how important it is to hidden fees.
8.
EXERCISE 3 PHRASAL VERBS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

Complete the conversations. Use phrasal verbs and pronouns.
1. LUIS: I thought you were going to ask the Riveras over for dinner.
INES: I did. I dated them over for Friday night.
2. LUIS: Did you invite their son, too? He gets along well with Jimmy.
INES: That's a good idea. He really does
3. INES: If you run into Marta tomorrow, invite her, too. She knows the Riveras.
LUIS: I usually don’t on Tuesdays. If we want her to come, we should call.
4. INES: I’d like you to straighten up your room before the Riveras come over.
JIMMY: No problem. I’ll right after school on Friday.
5. JIMMY: There’s a big game on TV at eight o’clock on Friday that I’d like to watch. Do we really
have to get together with the Riveras then?
INES: Yes, we do. We haven't since last summer. Besides, we canceled our
dinner plans last month, and I don’t want to cancel again.
6. INES: Maybe you could pick out some CDs to play during dinner.
JIMMY: Sure. I’ll right now.
7. INES: I hope we can count on the Riveras to bring the dessert.
LUIS: Don’t worry. You can If they promised to bring dessert, then they’ll
bring it.
8. INES: You can bring out the roast now. It’s done.
LUIS: Great. I’ll right away so we can eat. It smells great.
9. INES: Be careful! Don't pick up the pan without pot holders! It’s hot!
LUIS: Ow! Too late! I just
64 Unit 11
10. LUIS: I’m going to turn down the music. It's a little too loud.
INES: Oh, don't get up. I’ll
11. LUIS: Should I cover up the leftovers?
INES: Uh-huh. Here’s some aluminum foil. After you , you can put them
in the refrigerator.
12. INES: You didn’t eat much at dinner tonight. You’re really sticking to your diet, aren’t you?
LUIS: That's right. I’ve for three weeks now, and I plan to continue until I
lose 15 pounds.
13. INES: Could you help me put away these folding chairs?
LUIS: Why don’t you rest? I’ll
14. INES: Don’t forget to turn on the dishwasher before you go to bed.
LUIS: I’ll now. That way I won’t forget.
15. INES: We got a phone call during dinner, but I can’t identify this number on the caller ID. I wish
I could figure out who called.
LUIS: It’s late, and I’m tired. Let’s go to sleep. We can tomorrow morning.

EXERCISE 4 DEFINITIONS
Figure out the puzzle.
|2 |3
10
iv & F7 V 6
fa 9
RT P2
F3
Fs
He
Fb
Fs 20
|22 123 FT
Fs Pie
^7 pj ,29 pjo
|32 133
F
FT
pis F7" FT [38 |39
po FT
3. You and I
Across
4. Gets off (the bus) 4. Pick up
5. Advertisements (short form)
7. Want
6. Hands in
11. Mix up
7. Taikover
13. Figure out
16. Opposite of fall 8. Tell off
17. Leave out 9. Take back
18. Think up 10. Carry on
19. These can run out of ink. 12. Look over
21.it rains, it pours. 14. am, is,
urn, to,
15. Eastern Standard Time (abbreviation)
L--------------------
23. Call up
25. Don’t go away. Please 18. Drop on
26. Street (abbreviation) 19. Put off
20. Come in
27. Middle 21. The music is loud. Please turn down.
31. Call off
32. Indefinite article 22. Pass out
33. Professional (short form) 24. Blow up
27. Her book out last year.
34. Medical doctor (abbreviation) up with more work
she usually show up? 28. Marcia always
36. What time
than anyone else.
38. Negative word
29. Rte. (full word)
40. Take place 30. Drop in means "to unexpectedly.”
41. Put up (a building)
31. You put a small bandage on it.
35. Don’t guess. Look it
Down
up at 5:00. I’ll be ready then. 37. Please go. 1Don't stop.
1. Pick_
39. Either...
2. Hello
66 Unit 11
EXERCISE 5 EDITING
Read the opinion piece that Luis wrote for his local newspaper. There are eight mistakes in the
use of phrasal verbs. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
up
In my opinion, drivers should hang-en-their phones and turn off them the minute
they get in their cars. This is the best way to eliminate some of the careless accidents on
the streets of our city. After all, is it more important to keep up your friends and business
associates with or save lives and money? I have looked into this matter and found some
alarming statistics on mobile phones and accidents out. Research from the National
Safety Council points out that cell phones and texting cause 1.6 million accidents each
year. Clearly, it’s time for drivers to get in the phone. And it's time for lawmakers to come
over with a plan to make all phone use by motorists illegal, including the use of headsets
and other hands-free technology. They must create a law to turn into our streets safe
places for drivers and pedestrians alike. Then the local authorities must carry out it.
EXERCBSE @ PERSONAL WRITING

Write a paragraph about the ways that you use a cell phone or smartphone. Use some of
the phrases from the box.
I really count on ... I’m afraid to miss out on .... so ...

I think that I should look into ... Like most people, I would like to cut down on ...
I usually turn my phone off when... One of these days, I’m going to end up ...
I’ll never give up ... When my friends call me up,...

PART 5 Adjective Clauses
UNIT
Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative
Pronouns
EXERCISE -3 ADDING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Put the adjective clauses in parentheses in the correct places to make new sentences.
1. People look at the brighter side of life, (that have an optimistic personality)
Pgop/g that have an optimistic personality loot at the- brighter side- of life-.
2. Some people assume we are born with personality traits, (which control all our feelings and actions)
3. Researchers contradict that idea, (whose work is in the field of positive psychology)
4. Positive psychologists offer practical, simple advice for anyone, (who wants a better chance of
being happy)
5. One activity is making a list of three good things in your life, (that helps to improve feelings of
well-being and happiness)
6. Having a close friend also increases the possibility of happiness, (who cares about you)
7. Interestingly, a mother doesn’t seem to be any happier than a woman with no children, (whose
children are grown)
68
EXERCISE 2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Meghana is doing a research assignment about happiness. Read her notes. Circle the correct
relative pronouns.
— The dictionary defines happiness aS a fee ling (fin of)/ who comes from a
pleasurable or satisfying experience. A perSon wino / whose life is happy
doesn't need to be a millionaire. Tine finings that/ wino make uS happy
often have nothing to do wifln money or luxury.
— A woman wino / whose wins the lottery might be happy, but not for
4.
long. Stories who / which appear in newspapers and magazines point out
how quickly the money disappears and how lottery winners often end up
looking for Something that / who will bring them more contentment
6.
— To achieve happiness, a job who / which is challenging or an experience
that / who allows people to grow and learn is better than money. Is it the
8.
feeling of accomplishment that / who leads to happiness?
9.
— Research shows the importance of genetics. About 50 percent of the
differences who / which exist between a man who / whose SayS he is

10. 11.
happy and one that/ which claims to be unhappy are a result of birth.
— Marfin Seligman, that/ who runs the Positive Psychology Center at the
University of Pennsylvania, SayS happiness requires effort Seligman has
clients and students who / whose feelings have changed dramatically

14.
with happiness training.
— Personal relationships are clearly important, but there's Still a question
that / who bothers me. If people who / whose romantic relationships are
Strong feel happy, why are there So many divorces?
— Remember to look at the Journal of Perfonaliiy and Social 'Psychology,
that / which will certainly have useful articles. Check for other
information that / who is in the online database at the library.

18.
Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 69

PART 5 Adjective Clauses
UNIT
Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative

! : /
u
Pronouns
EXERCISE 1 ADDING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Put the adjective clauses in parentheses in the correct places to make new sentences.
1. People look at the brighter side of life, (that have an optimistic personality)
People that have an optimistic personality loot at the brighter side- of life.-----------
2. Some people assume we are born with personality traits, (which control all our feelings and actions)
3. Researchers contradict that idea, (whose work is in the field of positive psychology)
4. Positive psychologists offer practical, simple advice for anyone, (who wants a better chance of
being happy)
5. One activity is making a list of three good things in your life, (that helps to improve feelings of
well-being and happiness)
6. Having a close friend also increases the possibility of happiness, (who cares about you)
7. Interestingly, a mother doesn't seem to be any happier than a woman with no children, (whose
children are grown)
68
EXERCISE 2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Meghana is doing a research assignment about happiness. Read her notes. Circle the correct
relative pronouns.
— The dictionary defines happiness aS a feeli ng (fhat)/ who comes from a
pleasurable or Satisfying experience. A person who / whose life is happy
doesn't need to be a millionaire. The things that / who make vS happy
often have nothing to do with money or luxury.
— A woman who / whose wins the lottery might be happy, but not for
long. Stories who / which appear in newspapers and magazines point out
how guickly the money disappears and how lottery winners often end up
looking for Something that/who will bring them more contentment

6.
— To achieve happiness, a job who / which is challenging or an experience
that / who allows people to grow and learn is better than money. 1$ it the
8.
feeling of accomplishment that/ who leads to happiness?
9.
— Research shows the importance of genetics. About 50 percent of the
differences who / which exist between a man who / whose SayS he is

10. 11.
happy and One that / which claims to be unhappy are a result of birth.
— Marfin Seligman, that/ who runs the Positive Psychology Center at the
University of Pennsylvania, SayS happiness requires effort. Seligman has
clients and students who / whose feelings have changed dramatically
with happiness training.
— Personal relationships are clearly important, but there's still a question
that / who bothers me. If people who / whose romantic relationships are
strong feel happy, why are there So many divorces?
— Remember to look at the Journal of Personaliiy and Social Psychology,
that / which will certainly have useful articles. Check for other
information that/ who is in the online database at the library.

18.

EXERCISE 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Complete the article with relative pronouns and the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
How to Stoy a Happy C©M.pI<e

Congratulations! You've finally found Ms. or
Mr. Right. You’re now a couph i—two people
who \ow_______
1. (love)
each other’s company, at
2. (laugh)
each other’s jokes, and to
3. (plan)
be together forever. Of course, you both want to
make this a relationship feeling wonderful.
4. (keep)
But how? Read this advice from several couples marriages
to be successful after many years.
5. (continue)
Respect your partner’s personality type. Opposites attract, but they also require a lot
of understanding. Heidi, an extreme introvert,
6. (be)
fell in love with her partner Dave partly because of his warm personality,
still always her feel very special. An
7. (make)
Heidi’s need for a lot of time alone, gets
8. (respect)
similar respect from Heidi, his going to some
9. (not mind)
social events without her.
Feel lucky. Sometimes luck is a question of attitude. Those couples
that they are fortun
10. (feel)
the very ones __ ______________ good luck in everyday events.
11. (find)
They don’t wait to win the lottery. They see luck in their partner’s little successes and in their
own happiness.
Write your own history. Think of your marriage as a wonderful story
a reality and history of
12. (have)
and photographs are the tools this reality back to
13. (bring)
life during the bad times.
70 Unit 12
Believe in each other. Trust is even more important than love,
and during a long marriage. This is the feeling
14. (increase) 15. (decrease)
each partner feel safe in the relationship. It’s also the
16. (make)
condition people grow and change as they must.
17. (help)
Spend time together. It’s not so easy in today’s world, but if you want a relationship
, it’s what you need. Develop the ability to
18. Oast)
simply enjoy being together. Couples this don’t
19. (do)
even have to talk to feel close. Remember, your relationship,
so perfect right now, is going to change over time. These five

20. (feel)
suggestions from successful couples can help you appreciate the good times and survive the
difficult ones.
EXERCISE 4 SENTENCE COMBINING

Combine the pairs of sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair an adjective
clause. Make any other necessary changes.
1. I met Rebecca in 1994. Rebecca is now my wife.

I met F-ebecca, who is now my wife, in
2. She was visiting her favorite aunt. Her aunt’s apartment was right across from mine.
3. I was immediately attracted to Rebecca because of her unique smile. The smile was full of
warmth and good humor.
4. I could see that Rebecca had a fun-loving personality. Her interests were similar to mine.
5. Ballroom dancing was one of our favorite activities. Ballroom dancing was very popular in those days.
6. We also enjoyed playing cards with some of our close friends. Our friends lived in the
neighborhood.

1
1 7. Our friend Mike taught us how to ski. Mike was a professional skier.
8. We got married in a ski lodge. The ski lodge was in Vermont.
9. Our marriage has grown through the years. Our marriage means a lot to us both.
10. The love, respect, and companionship have gotten stronger. The love, respect, and
companionship make us very happy.
11. Even the bad things have brought us closer together. Bad things have happened.
12. I really love Rebecca. Rebecca makes me feel truly happy.
EXERCISE 5 EDITING
Read Meghana’s paragraph about how psychologists measure happiness. There are ten
mistakes in the use of adjective clauses. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and
correct nine more.
focuses
Psychological research that focus on happiness requires a tool that can measure a person’s
feelings. A number of well-known researchers who they collect this type of data claim to have a
simple method that work well. They ask just one question, which is “How happy are you?” People
which respond to the question usually give their answer with a number. For example, on a scale of 1
to 10, a 1 would be “extremely unhappy” and a 10 would be “extremely happy." Professor Ed Diener,
that is a leading U.S. psychologist, says the method is surprisingly effective because it produces
answers that is honest and real. Of course there may be someone who feelings change throughout
the day, so there is a related type of measurement who uses handheld computers to send messages
to research participants to find out what they are doing at different times and what their mood is.
Technology is also important for scientists which make a connection between happiness and the
72 Unit 12
human body. When they see a person whose skin temperature have risen, they know the person is
happy. This group of researchers believes their method of measuring happiness through body heat,
blood pressure, heart rate, and brain waves is quite effective.

Circle the best number to show your level of introversion or extroversion. Then write a
paragraph to explain your answer. Use some of the phrases from the box.
L 1 1 1 1 J J _L
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 w
extremely extremely
introverted extroverted
I am the kind of person who... The most important...

Introverted I Extroverted people are those ... The thing that makes...
My favorite / least favorite activity, which ... The word that describes...

UNIT
Adjective Ctastss with ©fejiset Relative

Pronouns
EXERCISE H OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND WHERE OR WHEN

Circle the correct words to complete the book acknowledgments and dedications.
I couldn't have written this memoir without the lessons what /(thatjl learned from my parents.
With them, I found my place in a new world, while never losing my connections to the world
that / who we left behind. The courage and creativity with which / that they faced a new life and
2. 3.
culture have made it possible for me to write about our journey.
(Irina Pawlak, Finding Your Place: X Memoir of Discovery. Chicago, Hcmerion Press, 2016.)
These stories, that / which I wrote over a period of ten years, are dedicated to my students at the
Branton College Writing Program. The excitement whose / that they bring to the job of turning life
5.
into literature continues to inspire my own writing. The issues which / who we all face never
6.
change, but there has not been a day where / when a student hasn’t taught me a new way to
7.
look at one of those issues. It's a debt that / whom is impossible for me to repay.
8.
(Patrick O’Doyle, Fixed in Our Ways: Short Stories. Atlanta, Sandbar Press, 2015.)
This book, which / who you are holding in your hands, would not have been possible without the help
of many people. First of all, I’d like to thank everyone that / which I have ever met, for our lives are
io.
all shaped by our countless everyday encounters. Most of all, however, 1 want to thank the people
which / who I know best—my family and friends, without whose / whom you would not be reading
U- 12.
about all the people whose / that names I never even learned. I’d also like to express gratitude to my
13.
office desk, when / where I spent most of the last two years writing, and to my office chair, without
which / whose strong support I am sure I would have suffered many a backache. Finally, I need to
thank myself for any mistakes that / where you find in these pages. They are mine and mine alone.
ifi.
(Wolfgang Fremder, Strangers and Other Friends, Los Angeles, Knollcrest Books, 2013.)
74
I'd like to dedicate this book to Jean Auel, which / whose novel The Clan of the Cave Bear I read as
17.
a twelve-year-old. Lost in her story, I knew immediately that I wanted to study archeology. I hope
the young adults for whom / who I wrote this book will find the subject as fascinating as I did.
Among all the people that / where I must thank, first is photographer Eli Carcia-Ramirez, on
whom / whose photographs I based my earliest studies. At Altamira, that / where I first saw cave
20. 21.
paintings up close, I met other researchers in whose / who warm welcome I found the courage to
keep on working. In 2009, where / when the book was as good as I could make it, my luck
continued in my editor Jack Poulson, from which / whom I learned how to make it even better.
(Melissa Cho, Rock On! Stone Age Cave Paintings in Altamira. Toronto, Breadlow Press, 2015.)
EXERCISE 2 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND

WHERE OR WHEN
Read the article about book dedications and acknowledgments. Complete the information with
who(m), which, that, whose, where, or when, and the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
ToL. F., without. whose. encouragement...

Dedication and acknowledgement pages are the places an author
2.
the people support and assistance he or she
3. (thank) 4.
valuable while writing. These words of gratitude are an issue because
5. (find)
they are probably the last ones the author for
6. 7. (write)
a book, but they’ll most likely be the very first ones other people
8.
,. This fact may explain some of the problems
9. (read) io.
writers when preparing these pages. The thanks should be gracious
11. (face)
and well written, but the task of writing them most often comes at the end of a long project—a
time an author sometimes words.
12. 13. (run out of)
In the 16th and 17th centuries, rich nobles
14.
artists, writers were often paid well for writing dedications in
15. (support)
they their wealthy employers. Some
16. 17. (praise)
Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 75

"authors” avoided poverty by making a profession of dedication writing. They traveled the
countryside carrying fake books into they
,_______________ a
' 18. 19. (insert)
new dedication when each rich family invited them to stay at their home.
The current generation of writers usually dedicates a book to a family member, friend, or
colleague with he or she __ deeply connected.
20. 21. (feel)
The dedication page is short and often contains only the initials of the person or persons
to the author the work. However, in the
22. 23. (dedicate)
acknowledgements, . the author more room,
24. 25. (have)
everyone from reference librarians to proofreaders is thanked.
Unfortunately, most writers’ handbooks give authors very little help with dedications and
acknowledgments. “It’s just something you
26. 27. (be supposed to)
know how to handle,” complains one author.
EXERCISE 3 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

AND WHERE OR WHEN
Combine the pairs of sentences, using who(m), which, that, whose, where, or when. Make
the second sentence in each pair an adjective clause. Make any other necessary changes.
1. Jean M. Auel wrote a novel. I enjoyed reading it.

dean M. Auel wrote a novel which I enjoyed reading, or Jean M. Auel wrote a novel that I enjoyed reading.
2. The Clan of the Cave Bear tells the story of a clan of prehistoric people. Auel started researching
the bookin 1977.
3. It took a lot of work to learn about these prehistoric people. Auel wanted to understand the
prehistoric people’s lives.
4. The clan lived during the Ice Age. Glaciers covered large parts of the Earth then.
5. The people lived near the shores of the Black Sea. There are a lot of large caves there.
76 Unit 13
6. The clan made their home in a large cave. Bears had lived in the cave.
7. The task of hunting had great importance in the life of the Cave Bear Clan. The men were
responsible for the task of hunting.
8. One aspect of their lives was their technical skill. Auel describes that aspect well.
9. She learned some of the arts. Prehistoric people had practiced them.
10. In her preface, Auel thanks a man. She studied the art of making stone tools with him.
11. She also thanks an Arctic survival expert. She met him while she was doing research.
12. He taught her to make a snow cave on Mt. Hood. She spent one January night there.
13. She went through a difficult time. She couldn't write then.
14. A fiction writer inspired her to finish her book. She attended the writer’s lecture.
15. Jean Auel’s novel remains popular in translations around the world. She published the novel in 1980.
EXERCISE 4 OPTIONAL DELETIONS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

In five sentences from Exercise 3, the relative pronoun can be deleted. Rewrite the
sentences with the relative pronoun deleted.
1. (Sentence /) Jean M. Auel wrote a novel I enjoyed reading.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1 EXERCISE 5 EDITING
Read Jorge's book report. There are nine mistakes in the use of adjective clauses. The
first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
Jorge Ramos
English 220
which
For my book report, I read The Clan of the Cave Bear, that-Jean M. Auel wrote
after several years of research. In this novel about the life of prehistoric people, the
main character is Ayla. She is found by a wandering clan after an earthquake kills her
family. The same earthquake destroyed the cave in which this clan had lived, and they
are searching for another home. The clan leader wants to leave Ayla to die. She is an
Other—a human which language and culture his clan doesn't understand. However,
the leader's sister Iza, Ayla soon calls Mother, adopts her.
The story takes place at a time where human beings are still evolving. Ayla is a
new kind of human. Her brain, which she can use it to predict and make plans, is
different from Iza's and other clan members'. Their brains are adapted to memory, not
new learning, whom they fear and distrust. At first, Ayla brings luck to the clan. She
accidentally wanders into a place where they find a large cave, perfect for their new i
home. She is educated by Iza, who's great knowledge everyone respects. The skills
that Iza passes on to Ayla include healing and magic, as well as finding food, cooking,
and sewing. However, Ayla's powers make it impossible for her to stay with the clan.
She learns to hunt, a skill where women are forbidden to practice. Her uncle, that she
loves very much, allows her to stay with the clan, but after he dies, she loses his
protection. Another earthquake, for which she is blamed, destroys the clan's home,
and she is forced to leave.
78 Unit 13
Write a report about a book that you have read. Use some of the phrases from the box.
One character whose personality I... The main reason that...

The book which ... The place where ...
The ending of the book, which you ... The time period when ...
The final thing I... This is a book everyone ...

PART 6 Modals: Review and Expansion
UNIT
Modals and Similar Expressions: Review
gXERCISE 1 MODALS: FUNCTION

What is the function of the underlined modals and similar expressions? Choose from the
words in the box.
ability advice conclusion necessity future possibility prohibition
1. Anyone with family and friends in faraway places ought to use Skype to stay in touch.
advice
2. Skype is another way that we can stay connected online.
3. You must register, but the calls cost nothing.

4. That can't be right. There’s no way Skype offers free service.
5. That’s true. Skype users have got to pay for calls to home and mobile phones, but Skype-to-Skype
calls are free.

6. I couldn't get online yesterday. My DSL wasn't working.
7. You'd better find another Internet provider.
8. Should I sign up for Skype on my smartphone?
9. Sure. You can download the Skype app on your tablet, too.
10. Skype has millions of fans worldwide. It must be easy to use.
11. It’s very easy. Even a child can use it.

12. Do Skype users have to keep a regular phone for any reason?
13. In the U.S., Skype can’t provide calls to emergency numbers like 911 because U.S. laws don t
allow it.
14. You should always keep your Skype password secure.
15. Skype accounts are private, so you must not log on with another user’s name or password.
16. I may call my parents on Skype later today.
80
Complete the online article with the correct affirmative or negative form of the verbs in
parentheses.
Protect Yourself
by Karun Johnson August 10,2016
Even Mark Zuckerberg had to have- one before he created his own Facebook
1.(have to / have)
page. Bill Gates without one, either. And now that you’re involved
2. (could / live)
in social networking and shopping online, you need it, too. After all, it’s probably the number one way
that you yourself. You by now

3. (can / protect) 4. (must / know)
that I’m talking about having a strong password for your online accounts.
This article is for all of you out there who still have passwords like “password” or “12345.” I
understand. You’re afraid that you something more complicated.

5. (may / remember)
However, an effective password really a difficult one. In fact, you
6. (have to / be)
something that you easily. Start with a
7. (should / choose) 8. (be able to / recall)
word or group of words that’s meaningful to you, but not personal information like the name of your
hometown, a family member, or a pet. These are details that thieves

9. (might / find out)
about you online and the first thing they’ll use when they try to steal your password. Instead, you
of something like the car you’ve always wanted, and begin with
10. (ought to / think)
“red sports my dream.” Then keep on going. To be safe, you the
11. (had better / follow)
advice of the experts and add capital letters, numbers, and symbols. In the end, you
a great combination like EdSmydrttl as your password.

12. (could / have)
You’re feeling safer already, aren’t you? But hold on! There are just a few more things that you
Make a different password for each of your online accounts, and

13. (have got to / do)
change them regularly. Most importantly, you the passwords to
14. (must / give)
anyone if you want to truly protect the personal content of your accounts.
Comments: 35
Modals and Similar Expressions: Review 81

EXERCDSE 3 MODALS: MEANING
Read the conversations between two people who are going to a computer store. Circle the
correct words to complete the conversations.
1. A: The computer store (might)/ can't be crowded. It's Saturday.

B: You’re right. We'd better /'d better not leave right away.
2. A: Should / Might we take the subway?
B: No. Let’s drive. I'm not sure if I’ll find what I’m looking for, but who knows? I must / might
buy a new computer today. If I get one, I may not / can't bring it home on the subway.
3. A: I have to / don't have to be home by 5:00. I’m meeting my mother for dinner tonight.
B: It’s still early. We must not / can get back by 3:00.
4. A: Do you think it's going to rain?
B: It may / may not. I don’t see any clouds.
5. A: Hey, the sign says that you must not / don’t have to park here. It’s a loading area.
B: Oh, I might not / couldn't see the sign. That bus was in the way.
6. A: Wow! Look at all these people in the store. There must / can be a sale today.
B: Maybe we shouldn't / ought to come back another day.
A: How can / should you say that? Let’s see what’s going on.
7. A: We'd better not / might not wait to talk to a salesperson.
B: You’re right. Let’s find someone now. Last week, I can’t / wasn't able to get anyone in the
store to help me. It’s a good thing they have such low prices.
8. A: You may / ought to ask the salesperson if there’s a discount for students.
B: That’s a good idea. I'll show him my student ID card. It mustn’t / couldn’t hurt.
9. A: You need a computer with a webcam. Otherwise, how can you / do you have to do video
chats on Skype?
B: You’re right.
A: How about this computer? It might / must be perfect for you.
10. A: Wow! The computer is only $200. That has to / couldn't be the right price. It’s way too low.
B: You’re right. $200 is the amount you'll save off the regular price of the computer, but you
may / must buy it today to get the savings.
11. A: I couldn't / can’t believe what time it is! I’m going to be late for dinner with my mother.
B: Don’t worry. You’ll still be home by 5:00, but we've got to /'d better not leave right now.
12. A: Oh, no. My cell phone is ringing.
B: Who could / should that be?
A: It must / couldn't be my mother. She always calls when I'm late.
82 Unit 14
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the comment from Karun Johnson’s blog. There are eight mistakes in the use of
modals. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
35 Comments
Mary E on August 11, 2016 at 3:00 p.m.
sav
I must to-say that Karun is absolutely correct about good passwords. You could not think they’re
important, but I’m here to tell you that you had better not pay attention to your online security. I
had a major problem last year. I didn’t able to use my credit card when I went shopping one day
because someone had charged five or six big-screen TVs and airline tickets to my account, and I
had no more available credit. I couldn’t believe it was happening to me. I must spend almost two
months taking care of the problem, but I finally did. And I learned that this problem can happened
to anyone, so we don’t have to protect ourselves. I no longer have a “12345” password, and you
shouldn’t use one either. May you think of a better way to protect your privacy—and your money?

Write an opinion paragraph about the best ways for students to use the Internet safely.
Use some of the phrases from the box.
As a general rule,... The first step that everyone should ...

I was able to ... To protect themselves on the Internet, students must...
It might... You don't have to ...
Of course you can ..., but... You should never...
Modals and Similar Expressions: Review 83

UNIT
Advisability m the Past
EXERCISE H QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES: AFFIRMATIVE AND

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Complete the article with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses or with short
answers. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.
I Shouldn't Have- Said That!

That! ■..■7
1. (should/say)
(Or, How to Stop Fighting Losing Battles)
All families argue, but when you've just had the same argument for the tenth or hundredth
time, it's time to stop and think. Why did it happen again? What you
this time to make things different? For this week's column, we asked
2. (could / do)
Dr. Iva Gripe to answer some questions that readers frequently ask. Dr. Gripe works in the
field of clinical psychology and is an expert in resolving family conflicts.
Q: My husband promised to help around the house more. A week after his promise, his stuff was all
over the living room again. I pointed it out, and we had an argument. I
it pass and not said anything?

3. (should / let)
A: You were probably a bit unrealistic. True change is a process
4.
that takes time. After just a week, you him a break. I suggest
5. (could / give)
waiting 30 days before bringing up the subject again.
________________________
Q: My wife just bought a very expensive camera. I felt she it with
6. (might / discuss)
me first, but I didn't want to start a fight. Instead, I decided not to buy some clothes I need. I don't
feel comfortable with that decision. How I this

7. (should / handle)
situation instead?
A: Your feelings tell you that you to your wife's problem. You're
8. (should / adjust)
right. Adjusting only makes the situation worse. Instead, you her,
9. (ought to / face)
84
and you to find a solution together. (But see the previous
10. (should/try)
question and answer. Don't expect miracles right away!)
Q: Yesterday, my wife had an argument with her boss. I gave her a lot of good strategies for dealing
with her boss, but she didn't listen to me at all, and I felt insulted. I
her problem, or what?

11. (should / ignore)
A: Ignoring your wife wouldn't have been the answer. Next time,
12.
try to find out what she wants from you. Maybe she just wants you to listen quietly. She really
you, but since she didn't, try asking directly.

13. (ought to / tell)
---------
Q: I always make out the checks and pay the bills. It's a very time-consuming process. Last month, I
asked my husband to do it because I was busy. He did, but he was angry about it. I feel that he
more pleasantly, but I didn't say anything.

14. (might / act)
I?
15. (should / complain)
A: You were right not to say anything. Remember: You asked him
16.
to pay the bills, and he did. You didn't ask him to be nice about it.
------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------
Q: My husband spends every weekend in front of the TV. He ignores me and the children, and we all
feel bad about that. Last Sunday, he ruined our weekend again. I got upset and called him a couch
potato. What's our problem? I think we solve this before now.

17. (ought to / be able to)
A: You're right. He the entire day in front of the TV last Sunday. But
18. (should / spend)
there are two sides to every problem, and your technique for handling this one made it worse. You
definitely him an insulting name. Name-calling just makes the

19. (should / call)
situation seem permanent. Instead, you on your own feelings
20. (might / focus)
about his actions. You to him that his behavior makes you feel
21. (could / admit)
insecure and ignored, for example.
Advisability in the Past 85

1 EXERCISE 2 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Look at the tips for solving family conflicts. Write sentences about each situation. Use the
words in parentheses and the information from the chart.
aWisss
Situation Do...______________________ Don’t...
One of you is a saver, and one • create a budget with some • deny your purchases.
is a spender. You fight about "personal money” for each • accuse your partner of
money. partner. irresponsibility.
• treat your partner’s attitudes
with respect.
You dislike spending time with • plan ahead and schedule time • sulk.
your spouse’s family. alone with each other. • pretend to be sick.
Your child won't clean up his or • start with small tasks. • expect 100 percent change
her room. • provide containers to help overnight.
organize the toys. • yell.
• give up and do it yourself.
1. When Tom’s wife asked him about a new shirt, he said it wasn't new.
Tom shouldn't have- denied his purchase.

(should / deny)
2. Cora and Tom planned a budget without any spending money for either of them.
(ought to / create)
3. When Cora refused to spend money on a new TV Tom called her a cheapskate.
(might / treat)
4. When Tom bought a new TV anyway, Cora told him he was irresponsible.
(should / accuse)
5. On Friday, Kayla and Josh hadn’t decided what they were going to do on the weekend. Josh
suggested visiting his parents.
(should I plan)
6. By Sunday, they hadn’t spent any time alone together.
(could I schedule)
7. On Saturday, at Kayla’s sister’s house, Josh wouldn’t talk to anybody.
(should / sulk)
86 Unit 15
8. Hakeem’s room was a mess. His parents told him to clean the whole room immediately, and
Hakeem was very upset.
(might / start)
9. Hakeem didn’t know where to put his toys.
(could / provide)
10. Hakeem’s father cleaned it up himself on Saturday.
(should / give up / do)
EXERCISE 3 EDITING
Read a college student’s journal entry. There are nine mistakes in the use of modals. The
first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
shouldn't
_ I think my new roommate and 1 have both realized our mistakes. keggie should
have demanded the biggest room in the apartment aS Soon aS he arrived. He ought
to haye spoke to me first—after all, I've lived here longer than he has. On the other
hand, I really shouldn't shout at him aS Soon aS he asked me. I could have control my
temper and just talked to him aboutthe problem first I felt really bad aboutthaf-
t?3 _vnt.i.Lhl invited friends over the night before I had to take a test! Then I got So
angry I couldn't Sleep. He might have asks me first! I ought have Said Something
right away, but I didn't want to yell again. Of course, Some of my habits make
keggie mad, too. For example, I could've started washing my dishes when he moved
in, but I just let them pile up in the Sink. That was pretty gross—I definitely shouldn't
have did that &ut should have he dumped all the dirfy dishes in my bedroom? He
might found a better way to tell me he was annoyed. Last week, he wanted to talk
about our problems. As Soon aS we started, I realized we should have tried this
technique Sooner. Things have worked out a lot better Since our discussion.
Advisability in the Past 87

1

Read Dr. David Burns's advice.
According to recent ideas in psychology, spend ten minutes a day writing all the things
our feelings are mainly the result of the way you think you should or shouldn’t have done
we perceive reality, not reality itself. Once that day. Then say them all aloud (better yet,
people realize how unrealistic their feelings record them), and listen to yourself. When
of regret often are, they are more ready to let you recognize how foolish most feelings of
go of them. Psychiatrist David Burns, M.D., regret sound, the next step is to let go of
suggests specific strategies for dealing with them and to start dealing with the problems
useless feelings of regret and getting on with you face right now. After all, you can’t change
the present. One amusing technique is to the past.
Spend ten minutes writing down all the things you think you should or shouldn’t have done
today. Use some of the phrases from the box.
How could I have... ? I ought to have ...

I could have ... instead of... I really should have ...
I might have..., but I... I should not have ...
After you read your list aloud, write a paragraph about whether you agree with Dr. Burns or
not. Did the activity help you let go of your regrets? Use some of the phrases from the box.
After I thought about... In my opinion,...

From now on, I will... I think writing a list...
I still think I could have... Most of my regrets are ...
In conclusion,... When I read my list of regrets aloud,...
88 Unit 15
UNIT
Speculations About the Past
EXERCISE 1 DEGREES OF PROBABILITY

Circle the correct words to complete a high school student’s notes about the ancient Maya.
A Pyramid
temple (rvo windows!)
exactly
steps!
keigM-: 10 fl- (21
material: stor\€
Secret burial ctiak^ber?
1. Itfmust have)/ might have taken many years to build a pyramid.
2. It couldn't have / might not have been easy without horses or oxen.
3. The temples must have / could have been very dark inside.
4. Some pyramids must have / may have had a secret burial chamber.
5. The Maya must have / could have had some knowledge of astronomy. Look at the number of steps!
89
A U’C’ill Court
found in almost every Mayan city
frail court height of hoop: 27 ft (8 vn)

hoop
0 0 name of game: pok-a-fok?
Similar to basketball?
rubber bed I = Sun? W00r?
6. The Maya must have / might have enjoyed this sport.
7. The name of the game must have / could have been pok-a-tok.
8. It must have / may have been similar to basketball.
9. The solid rubber ball the Maya used must have / could have symbolized the sun or the moon.
10. The average Mayan man was 5 feet 1 inch (1.52 meters) tall. It couldn't have / might not have
been very easy to get the ball into the hoop.
11. The rules of the game were complicated. It had to have / might have been very difficult to score
any points.
90 Unit 16
Who were the ancient Maya? What happened to their advanced civilization? Complete the
speculations with the verbs in parentheses. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.
1. The ancient Maya must have been very intelligent people. They had developed the
(must / be)
most complex writing system in the Western Hemisphere as well as an amazingly accurate
astronomical calendar.
2. In the 1990s, archaeologists found four new Mayan sites in thick mountain jungle on the Yucatan
Peninsula in Mexico. Because of the thick jungle growth, the sites

(must / be)
easily visible.
3. Archaeologists very excited by the discovery. It contributed a lot of

(had to / feel)
important information to their knowledge about the Maya.
4. The Maya the sites between the years 700 and 900. The style of
(must / occupy)
architecture and the pottery found at the sites are typical of that time.
5. The sites lie between two major population centers. The Maya with
(may / trade)
other ancient peoples in their encounters with them.
6. Archaeologists once thought the Maya in the city centers. They

(could / live)
believed that the centers were used only for ceremonial purposes.
7. Archaeologists used to believe that the ancient Maya were very peaceful. Today, however, there is
evidence that they as peacefully as people used to believe.

(may / live)
8. Burn marks on buildings, war images on buildings and pottery, and the discovery of weapons
have led archaeologists to the conclusion that the Maya in wars.

(must / fight)
9. Archaeologist Arthur Demarest believes that after the year 751, there was intense rivalry among
Mayan rulers. He says, “Their ferocious competition, which exploded into civil war,
what finally triggered the society’s breakdown."

(may / be)
10. The rainforests enough food to support the Maya. Archaeologists have
(might / produce)
found evidence that at some point the rainforests were almost destroyed.
11. The Maya to other areas in search of food. That would explain their
(could / go)
suddenly abandoning their homes.
Speculations About the Past 91

12. The Maya a sufficient water supply. There was a four-month dry
(might / have)
period every year.
13. Some areas from overpopulation. Archaeologist T. Patrick Culbert

(may / suffer)
estimated that there were as many as 200 people per square kilometer.
14. Overpopulation to hunger. Human bones show definite evidence of

(could / lead)
poor nutrition.
15. Experts speculate that the Maya had so many problems toward the end of their civilization that
even a small disaster them.

(might / destroy)
16. Culbert said the final cause of destruction " something totally trivial—
(could / be)
two bad hurricane seasons... or a crazy king.”
EXERCISE 3 SHORT ANSWERS

Complete the tourists’ conversations with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses or
short answers. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.
1. A: Those pyramids we saw were fascinating. Do you think they took a long time to build?
B: The/ must have According to our guide, the Maya didn’t have horses or any other animals
(must)
to carry the stone.
2. A: It was really hot out there today. Do you think it was more than 90 degrees?
B: Everyone was sweating.

(must)
3. A: The tour guide was really informative. Do you think he’s studied archaeology?
B: He surely knows a lot.

(might)
4. A: I wonder if the guide ever heard of Erich von Daniken’s theories.
B: Von Daniken is pretty well known.

(may)
5. A: I just called Sue’s room, and there was no answer. Do you suppose she went out?
B: .. She said something about wanting to buy some postcards to send home.
(could)
6. A: Do you think pok-a-tok was a rough sport?
B: The players used to wear thick, heavy padding for protection.

(must)
92 Unit 16
7. A: What did you think of lunch?
B: It was very good. Did the Maya eat tortillas, too?
A: Their main crop was corn, and archaeologists have found metates among
(must)
the ancient ruins.
B: Metates? What are those?
A: Stones used for grinding corn into flour.
8. A: The guide didn’t say anything about the tip we gave him. Do you think he was happy with it?
B: .. Maybe we didn’t give him enough.

(might)
9. A: I don’t feel well.
B: Do you think it was something you ate?
A: We ate the exact same thing, and you’re fine!

(could)
EXERCISE 4 MODAL MEANINGS

Complete the conversations. Use a modal phrase from the boxes and the words in
parentheses.
couldn't have might have must hove
1. A: I was surprised that Max wasn't taking photos of the pyramids yesterday.
B: He’s been very forgetful lately. He must have left his camera in his room
(leave his camera in his room)
2. A: Is Sue still a student?
B: I don’t know. She

(finish her degree)
3. A: Max went to the top of Pyramid X yesterday.
B: He The stairs and all the area around it

(climb that pyramid)
were closed.
may have might not have must not have
4. A: I didn't see any items from the daily life of the Maya when we visited the pyramids.
B: The government
(take everything to the local museum)
5. A: Spanish explorers came here in the 1700s, but no one really paid much attention to what they found.
B: They
(understand the importance of their discoveries)

6. fl: My guidebook says we know a lot about Mayan civilization because of photographer John
P Lloyd Stephens.
B: That’s right. Without the photos he took of Mayan ruins in the 1840s, researchers
(get so interested in the Maya)
could have couldn't have had to have
7. A: What was the population of this area in the time of the Maya?
B: According to our guide, only about 6,000. Because of the limited space, there really
(be more people)
8. A: Did the Maya use math?
B: I think it’s certain, don’t you? Their civilization was extremely advanced. They
(develop a system of numbers)
9. A: Can you see what’s here on this wall?
B: It’s not really clear. It looks like a Mayan artist

(paint a picture of a warrior)
EHETOOSE 5 EDITING
Read the email from Sue’s mother. There are eight mistakes in the use of modals. The first
mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
Dear Sue,
received
I sent you an email last week, but I never heard back from you. You might not have receive it, or you
may had been too busy to respond. I understand. It’s not easy to keep in touch when you’re traveling.
Your father and I got your postcard of the Mayan temple. You must have enjoyed that part of your
trip. I know how interested you are in archaeology. I saw a program on television a while ago about
the Maya. Actually, it was about the Red Queen. The scientists who found her must not have been
really surprised because it was the first time anyone had discovered the body of a Mayan woman in a
royal tomb. They’re still trying to figure out who she was.
Because she was buried in a way similar to Mayan kings, she must has belonged to the royal family,
but that doesn’t completely solve the mystery of her identity. The red dust that covered her body
94 Unit 16
made the investigation difficult. At first, scientists thought she could have been one of three women. 1
found their names on a Red Queen website—Yohl Ik Nal, Zak Kuk, and Tzakbu Ajaw.
After careful research, the scientists decided the woman had lived sometime during the 7th century,
which meant it was impossible for her to be Yohl Ik Nal. It might not have been her because Yohl Ik
Nal died earlier than that. They also eliminated Zak Kuk, the mother of Pacal II, because the DNA in
the body of the Red Queen was different from the DNA in the body of King Pacal II. There was no
biological connection between them, so Zak Kuk could have been the Red Queen, either. The last
woman, Tzakbu Ajaw, must have been the Red Queen, but the researchers don’t have enough
information to be sure. Tzakbu Ajaw was the mother of Pacal Il’s children, but their bodies have not
been found yet, so there is no DNA to compare.
You might have find out something more about the Red Queen when you visited the Mayan
temples. If you did, let me know. But no matter what, please call me, text me, or email me. I miss you!
XXX, OOO,
Mom

Write a paragraph about an unsolved mystery that you have read or heard about in the
news. Use some of the phrases from the box.
Because ... must not have ...

One possible explanation was that...
I am interested in ... because ...
The ... could have ...
I found out about the mystery when ...
The mystery that...
There was no way ...
Of course, I’m not sure, but I have my own idea about what happened. The ...

PART 7 The
- Passive
UNIT
il //
The Passive: Overview
EXERCISE H ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Write active and passive sentences. Use they in active sentences when you don’t know
the subject.
1. (active) They print the publication monthly.

(passive) The publication is printed monthly.
2. (active) The political editor discovered a serious mistake in the July edition.
(passive) A serious mistake was discovered by the political editor in the July edition.
3. (active) They fired several employees as a result of the mistake.

(passive)
4. (active) They published an article about the Philippines a decade ago.
(passive)
5. (active)
(passive) The article was written by Al Baker.

6. (active)
(passive) New editors are frequently hired at the magazine.
7. (active) Two of the new editors interviewed Marla Jacobson.
(passive)
8. (active)
(passive) Marla was given an assignment on the Philippines.
9. (active) Marla researched the article thoroughly.
(passive)
10. (active)
(passive) Our readers were fascinated by the new article.
96
EXERCISE 2 PASSIVE STATEMENTS: SIMPLE PRESENT AND
SIMPLE PAST
Complete the facts about the Philippines with the passive form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. The Philippines were named by the Spanish explorer Villalobos in 1543.

(name)
2. The islands Pilipinas to honor the Prince of Asturias, who later

(call)
became King Phillip II of Spain.
3. The country by its Spanish name any longer. Its official name is the
(not know)
Republic of the Philippines.
4. The nation of about 7,500 islands.

(make up)
5. Only eleven of them major islands.

(consider)
6. An old legend says that the Philippines when a giant threw a huge
(form)
mass of rock into the sea.
7. In reality, the islands by volcanoes.

(create)
8. Today, about 1,000 of the islands
(populate)
9. Most of the small islands
(not inhabit)
10. The two large islands of Luzon and Mindanao and the group of small islands between them
by the three stars on the Philippine flag.

(represent)
EXERCISE 3 ACTIVE OR PASSIVE

Here are some more facts about the Philippines. Complete the sentences with the active
or passive form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. The Philippines are located in the tropics.

(locate)
2. Most people live____ near the water.

(live)
3. However, the mountains too.

(inhabit)
4. Large rivers on the main islands.

(find)
5. Floods often roads and bridges.

(damage)
6. Windstorms property damage and loss of life.

(cause)
7. Long ago, most of the land by forests.

(cover)
The Passive: Overview 97

i
1
I under 20% of the total land area.
8. Today, forests
(cover)
9. They more than 3,000 kinds of trees.

(contain)
10. Wild hogs on most of the islands.

(find)
11. Water buffalo for cultivating the flooded rice fields.

(use)
12. Hundreds of species of birds . in the Philippines.

(exist)
EXERCISE 4 THE PASSIVE: WITH OR WITHOUT AN AGENT

Complete the information about the Philippines. Use the passive form of the verbs in the
first set of parentheses. Include the agent in the second set of parentheses only when
necessary.
1. When the Spanish explorers came to the Philippines in the 1500s, the islands
_____ were inhabited by three groups of people-
(inhabit) (three groups of people)
2. The Aetas are believed to be the earliest inhabitants.

(believe) (people)
3. Thousands of years later, the Aetas

(follow) (groups from Indonesia)
4. Today, almost 200 languages and dialects
(speak) (the Filipinos)
5. Because they are similar, most dialects
(understand) (speakers of other dialects)
6. On December 31, 1937, Tagalog to be the
(declare) (President Manuel Quezon)
official language of the Philippines.
7. Today, it as a first or second language.

(speak) (most of the people)
8. Tagalog in schools throughout the

(teach) (teachers)
Philippines.
9. Tagalog belongs to the Austronesian family of languages. These languages
all across the Pacific, from Hawaii to Taiwan.

(speak) (people)
10. English for commercial and business purposes.

(use) (people)
98 Unit 17
EXERCISE 5 QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS
Look at this map of Bolivia.
$ rubber
sheep
cattle
llamas
oil
gold
& silver
tin
/
f wheat
Q potatoes
4 com
fruits and nuts
tobacco
4© logging
Write questions with the passive form of the words. Use the information on the map to
answer the questions. Write short answers to yes/no questions and complete sentences
for wh- questions.
1. tin / mine / in the north?
A: Is tin mined in the- north?
E: No, it isn't.
2. What other minerals / mine in Bolivia?
A: Nhat other minerals are mined in Bolivia?
B: zSrold and silver are mined in Bolivia.
3. Where / fruits and nuts / grow?
A:
B:
4. Where / logging / do?
A:
B:

5. What animals / raise?
A:
B:
6. llamas / find / in the east?

I 1
A:
B:
7. potatoes / grow / there?
A:
B:
8. Where / rubber / produce?
A:
B:
9. Where / oil / find?
A:
B:
10. wheat / grow / in the north?
A:
B:
11. cattle / raise / in the east?
A:
B:
12. corn / grow / in the north?
A:
B:
13. Where / tobacco / grow?
A:
B:
100 Unit 17
EXERCDSE S EDITING
Read the letter from the editor that appeared at the front of an architecture magazine.
There are eight mistakes in the use of the passive. The first mistake is already corrected.
Find and correct seven more.
Dear Readers:
Our mission is to bring you the world’s great architecture, and in this issue, our spotlight is
focused
■foetio on India. The Taj Mahal, which is locates in northern India, is considered one of the eight
wonders of the world. It was built by builders for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The emperor
was felt great sadness when his wife Mumtaz Mahal died during the birth of their fourteenth child
in 1631, and the Taj Mahal were created as a symbol of his eternal love. The incredible structure,
which was finish in approximately 1653, contains examples of Persian, Islamic, and Indian
architecture, and in 1983, it was became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The romance and beauty of Indian architecture don’t stop with the Taj Mahal. Magnificent
buildings found throughout India, and you’ll see marvelous examples in the photos and articles in
this issue of our magazine. I’m sure that, like me,
you’ll enjoy them all.
Sincerely,
fCafojvia Mder
Katarina Wilder
Editor-in-Chief

Write two paragraphs about a place that you want to visit. In the first paragraph, give
background information about the place. In the second paragraph, explain why you’d like
to go there. Use some of the phrases from the box.
... is known for... It is located ...

All the photographs that... The ... was built...
I plan ... The place that...
I really want to visit... because ... When I go there, I...

UNIT
The Passive with Modals and
Similar Expressions
EXEKGDSE H ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Write active and passive sentences. Use they in active sentences when you don’t know
the subject.
1. (active) Many countries will build new airports soon.
(passive) New airports will be built by many countries soon.
2. (active) They may construct some new airports on islands.
(passive)
3. (active)
(passive) Passenger facilities might be put on decks under the runways.
4. (active) They could save a lot of space that way.
(passive)
5. (active)
(passive) An island airport had to be built in Osaka Bay by the Japanese.
6. (active) At the old airport, they couldn't handle all the air traffic.
(passive)
7. (active) They had to move huge amounts of earth from nearby mountains.
(passive)
8. (active) Hong Kong’s island airport will impress international visitors.
(passive)
9. (active)
(passive) The airport can be reached easily by travelers.
10. (active) Before, they could reach Lantau only by ferry.
(passive)
102
Complete the article with the correct affirmative or negative form of the words in parentheses.
BRIDGING CULTURES by Abdul Santana
While astronauts are working out cultural
differences on international space projects, people
here on Earth could be brought closer

1. (could / bring)
together than ever before. Engineers believe that
many bodies of land, including continents,
by bridges and
2. (can / connect)
tunnels. One of these undertakings has already been completed. Some others
soon. Here’s a sampling of the projects and a few of their benefits.

3. (may / start)
England and Europe. The Channel Tunnel between France and England, the first of these
projects, has been operating since 1994. With the “Chunnel,” as it is called, passengers
by train under the English Channel. Unfortunately for driving

4. (can / carry)
enthusiasts, individual cars through the Chunnel. However, there is
5. (may / drive)
a shuttle, and in this way, up to 180 vehicles at a time
6. (are able to / transport)
Africa and Europe. The governments of Spain and Morocco investigated the possibility of a tunnel
under the Strait of Gibraltar but decided that it .. Still, a bridge

7. (could / do)
connecting the continents of Europe and Africa at some point.
8. (might/build)
In one plan, more than nine miles of water by the structure. New
9. (must / cross)
construction techniques for the bridge because it will be three
10. (have to / develop)
times higher than any bridge built so far.
Asia and Europe. In 2009, the governor of Yunnan Province in China proposed a new land
bridge to connect Asia and Europe. In his plan, a total of 17 countries between Shenzhen, China,
■
The Passive with Modals and Similar Expressions 103

1
and Rotterdam in the Netherlands by a system of railways and

11. (be going to / link)
highways. Another section to the Eurasian land bridge in the future
12. (might/add)
to include countries in the Middle East and Africa. From the governor’s perspective, the land
bridge will improve transportation, increase trade, and save energy.
Asia and North America. According to engineers, small islands located in the Bering Strait
by a bridge carrying a railroad line, a highway, and oil and gas

13. (could/join)
pipelines. If the bridge is built, it the Intercontinental Peace Bridge.
14. (might / call)
Italy and Sicily. Every year, 14 million people cross the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Italy.
These travelers have been promised a bridge and highway for a long time, but this promise
as quickly as people would like. Frequent earthquakes and

15. (might/fulfill)
dangerous winds of more than 125 miles (201 kilometers) per hour mean that, unfortunately,
some delays In addition, obtaining enough funding to complete the

16. (can/avoid)
project has been a major problem.
EKEI^CDSE 3 QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Complete the interview between EuroTravel magazine (EM) and Jean-Paul David (JD). Use
the correct form of the words in parentheses or short answers where appropriate.
EM: I’d like to ask a question about taking cars through the Chunnel on Le Shuttle.
cars have- to be occupied during the trip?

1. (have to / occupy)
JD: No, they don't .. Drivers can get out and walk alongside their vehicles if they feel like it.
EM: Now, what about the regular passenger train—the Eurostar? ticke
in advance?
3. (should / obtain)
JD: It’s best to have a reservation. Most passengers also need to check in at
least 30 minutes before the train departs.
EM: And the reservations online?

5. (can / make)
JD: .. In fact, that’s probably the most efficient way to book a trip.
6.
104 Unit 18
EM: Then tickets to travelers?
7. (will / mall)
JD: Eurostar is doing what it can to protect the environment. The process is
completely electronic.
EM: A lot of our readers are interested in skiing. train service to the Alps
again this year?

9. (be going to / offer)
JD: Both day trains and night trains equipped with sleeping accommodations
io.
have been scheduled for the ski season.
EM: food aboard the Eurostar ski trains?

11. (can / purchase)
JD: There are bar-buffet cars offering a selection of both hot and cold food.
12.
EM: Sounds good. Thanks. This information will be appreciated by our readers.
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the online article about space tourism. There are eight mistakes in the use of the
passive with modals and similar expressions. The first mistake is already corrected. Find
and correct seven more.
TRAVEL
Space Tourism May Not Be So Far Away
If you like to reach for the stars when it comes to travel, you may. interested in a trip to space.
Of course, your choices for space travel will be limit by the amount of money you can spend, but
there’s something for everyone.
Space tourism became a reality in 2001 for travelers with big bank accounts. The more than $20
million cost of a trip to the International Space Station could paid only by millionaires like U.S.
businessman Dennis Tito or Canadian Guy Lalibertd, the founder of Cirque du Soleil. Now, tourists
will be taking into suborbital space by Virgin Galactic. The six travelers and two pilots on the Virgin
Galactic flights can’t remain in space for an extended period of time, and their spaceship won’t orbit
Earth. However, they will be shoot by a rocket to a height of 68 miles (109 kilometers), where there
will be a true outer space experience. At that height, the blackness of space can be seen and in it
The Passive with Modals and Similar Expressions 105

the curved shape of planet Earth. Spacesuits must been worn at all times, but seatbelts can be
removed for about four or five minutes to allow travelers to enjoy the feeling of floating in zero
gravity. According to reports, 700 tickets at a cost of up to $250,000 each have already been sold.
If $250,000 is beyond your budget, your dreams of an out-of-this-world experience have to be
forgotten. A half-day "Astronaut Training Experience” is available at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center
near Orlando, Florida, for $160. Even better, your name can put on a microchip that is part of a
future NASA research project for free.

Write a paragraph that gives your opinion about whether or not space tourism is a good
idea. Use some of the phrases from the box.
I fee! very strongly that space tourism has to be... On the positive side,...
In the future, space tourism ... The best reason that...
On the negative side,... The cost of space tourism ...
106 Unit 18
UNIT
The Passive Causative
EXERCISE 1 PASSIVE CAUSATIVES

Rewrite the sentences using the passive causative. Include the agent only when
necessary.
1. Someone does my taxes every April.
I have- my taxes done- every April, or I get my taxes done every April.
2. Someone is repairing my computer.
3. My favorite mechanic at Majestic Motors checked my car.
4. Someone has just cleaned our windows.
5. Someone is going to cut our grass.
6. Someone must paint our house.
7. Someone should check our electrical wiring.
8. Northtown Contractors will probably do most of the work on our house.
9. They might build a new porch for us, too.
10. Someone had better remove the dead tree from the neighbors’ yard.
107
1
EXERCISE 2 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Complete the article about consumer fraud. Use the passive causative form of the verbs in
parentheses.
CMnq a Charqe for Nothin <7 <7 by Sebtifl Johnson <7

After an event such as an earthquake or a flood, consumers should be prepared to protect
themselves against dishonest businesses. As a result of damage to their homes, families must
q&t major repairs don& quickly. Working under great stress,

1. (get/do)
they sometimes jobs without looking carefully at all
2. (have / complete)
their options or taking the time to get a written estimate first. Often they
work by dishonest electricians and other contractors because they haven’t

3. (have/do)
checked with the Better Business Bureau. The following is an example.
After a major earthquake in Los Angeles, many people wanted to their
electric wiring systems One electrician told a woman that she had to
4. (get / test)
her circuit breakers to avoid permanent damage to
5. (have / replace)
her home and charged her $510 per breaker. The same breaker cost just $21.86 apiece in a
hardware store. A news show decided to the story

6. (have I investigate)
Using a hidden camera, reporters and camera crews filmed the electrician’s visit to another
customer. This customer had a broken circuit breaker, so he a new circuit
breaker to replace it. But the electrician told him that he should also
7. (have / install)
five other circuit breakers .. And he charged $356 per
8. (get I replace)
breaker. Furthermore, the electrician said that if the customer the job
immediately, there was a risk of fire. The investigative news team

9. (not have / do)
the “broken” circuit breakers Not only did they not
10. (have / test)
need replacement, but the electrician went on to resell the “bad” breakers to other customers.
Of course, the majority of workers are honest. But how can you, the consumer, guard against
those who aren’t? Here are some guidelines:
108 Unit 19
Be a smart consumer.
Do business only with service people who have good reputations. Before hiring unknown
professionals, them by appropriate agencies to see

11. (have/check out)
that they are properly licensed. And although the Better Business Bureau will not make
recommendations, they will tell you if they have received any complaints about a company.
Use a credit card if you can.

This way, if there is any problem, you will be able to payment
until the issue is resolved. Your credit card company will even help you try
12. (have / stop)
to resolve the conflict.
Get an estimate.
Always try to get an estimate, and it in writing.
13. (have / put)
Know where to go for help.

If you think you have been a victim of fraud, notify your state attorney general’s office. In
many cities, newspaper and TV reporters also specialize in helping consumers. If they can’t help,
you will at least have the satisfaction of the problem

14. (get / publicize)
The Passive Causative 109

EXERCISE 3 YES/NO AND WH- QUESTIONS
Tyler is talking to his friend Frank about his car. Use the words in parentheses and the
passive causative to write Frank’s questions.
1. FRANK: My old Ford’s been giving me trouble lately.

Where do you usually get your car serviced?________________
(Where / usually / get / your car / service)
TYLER: I always go to Majestic Motors.
2. FRANK:
(How often / get / it / service)
TYLER: Oh, about every 5,000 miles. In fact, I was there just yesterday.
3. FRANK: Really?
(get / it / winterize)
TYLER: Well, they put antifreeze in the radiator.
4. FRANK:
(ever / get / snow tires / put on)
TYLER: No, I haven't. We really don’t get enough snow around here for that. But we are going to
take a trip to Canada this winter.
5. FRANK:
(get / snow tires / put on / for the trip)
TYLER: I guess it’s not a bad idea.
6. FRANK: You bought your car in 2013. Right?
(How many times I get / it / check / since then)
TYLER: I can’t say exactly. I do a lot of driving, so I’ve taken it in a lot.
7. FRANK: And you always go to Majestic for repairs and maintenance?
(Why / get / the work / do / there)
TYLER: The guy who owns it is a good mechanic, and I trust him. He’d never rip me off.
FRANK: OK. I think I’ll bring my car in and have them take a look at it.
TYLER: You won’t be sorry.
FRANK: Thanks for the recommendation.
110 Unit 19
4 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Frank took his car to Majestic Motors. Look at a portion of the checklist of services. Write
all the things Frank had or didn’t have done. Use the passive causative with have or get.
2680 Midlothian Tpke, (corner of Douglas Ave.) • Paramus, OH 45455 • (937) 555-3485
[v/] check tire pressure [ ] replace air filter
[ ] change oil [ ] rotate tires
[ ] inspect undercarriage [ ] adjust timing and engine speed
fc/] lubricate body and chassis [7] service automatic transmission
[*/] inspect air filter fo/j flush cooling system
1. Hg had the tire- pressure eheeKed. or He got the tire pressure eheeked.
2. He didn't have the oil ehanged. or He didn't get the oil ehanged.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Passive Causative 111

1 EXERCISE 5 EDITING
Read Latoya and Vince’s email. There are nine mistakes in the use of the passive
causative. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
Dear Petra,
had
We’ve just-teveour furniture brought over from the apartment, and we’re really excited
about moving into our “new” (but very old) house. A 19th-century millionaire had this
place build for his daughter by a builder. We were able to afford it because it’s a real
"fixer-upper.” It needs to has a lot of work done. We’ve already gotten the roof fix, but
we're not having the outside painting until fall. The plumbers are doing some work now.
It’s a complicated procedure, but they should finish soon. After we get repaired the
plumbing, we’ll paint the inside ourselves (we can't paint over those big water stains until
the plumbers leave). It sounds awful, but just wait until you see it. There’s a fireplace in
every bedroom—we’re get the chimneys cleaned before winter. And the windows are
huge. In fact, they’re so large that we can’t wash them ourselves, so yesterday we had done
them professionally.
As you can imagine, we’ve both been pretty busy, but we’d love to see you. Are you brave
enough to visit us?
Love,
Latoya and Vince
EXERCISE ® PERSONAL WRITING

Write a paragraph about a problem you have had with a repair or personal service (for
example, a car or computer repair, a food delivery, or a haircut). Use some of the phrases
from the box.
According to..., I had to have ... I was finally able to ...

Here’s what I learned from my experience. I... The next time ...
I had a huge problem when ... The only way that I could get my ...
I tried to get.... but... The problem continued for...
112 Unit 19
PART 8 Conditional Sentences
UNIT
Present Real Conditional Sentences
EXERCISE U SIMPLE PRESENT

Look at the schedule of airplane fares. Then read the statements. For each statement,
write That’s right or That’s wrong. If the statement is wrong, correct the underlined
information.
AIR ITALY 4- SUPER BARGAIN AIRFARES Destination: Rome
OFF SEASON* PEAK SEASON**

GATEWAY
Round Trip One Way Round Trip One Way
New York $825 $525 $939 $609
Boston $825 $525 $939 $619
Philadelphia $819 $539 $965 $619

Washington $819 $539 $965 $619
Chicago $859 $555 $999 $639
Cincinnati $859 $555 $999
I $639
Atlanta $879 $569 $1,025 $649
*1
OffSeason: 4/1-5/31 and 10/1-10/31; **Peak Season: 6/1-9/30
1. If you leave from New York in April, you pay $525 for a round-trip ticket.
That's wrong. Iffou leave from New York in April, you pdf $525 for a one-way ticket.
2. If you leave from Boston in June, you pay $619 for a one-way ticket.
That's right.
3. You pay more if you leave from Chicago than if you leave from New York.
4. If you travel in September, your ticket costs less than if you travel in October.
5. If you fly in May, you pay peak-season rates.
113
1 6. If you buy a one-way ticket, you pay half the cost of a round-trip ticket.
7. If you fly round-trip from Atlanta in October, the ticket price is $879.
8. If you fly from Chicago, the fare is the same as from Cincinnati.
9. If you leave from Boston, you pay the same fare as from Philadelphia.
10. If you fly from Philadelphia, you pay a higher fare than from Chicago.
EXERCISE Z IMPERATIVES AND MODALS

Read the conversations about traveling to Italy. Write conditional sentences to summarize
the travel agent’s advice. Begin each sentence with if.
1. TOURIST: We're thinking of going to Italy.
AGENT: You should book a flight now.
SUMMARY: If you're thinking of going to Italy, you should book a flight now.
Things fill up early in the summer.
2. TOURIST: We're flexible.
AGENT: Don't go in the summer.

summary: If you're flexible, don't go in the summer.
It’s very hot and crowded in the summer. Besides, the rates are higher.
3. TOURIST: We don't want to spend a lot of money getting around in Rome.
AGENT: Take public transportation.
SUMMARY:
Taxis are expensive. You can get around fine with buses and trains.
4. TOURIST: We want to be smart consumers when we book this trip.
AGENT: Get a package deal with both airfare and hotel included.
SUMMARY:
It's a sure way to save money.
114 Unit 20
5. TOURIST: We prefer small hotels.
AGENT: Stay at a pensione.
SUMMARY:
It's usually more intimate and personal than a hotel.
6. TOURIST: My husband is very interested in architecture.
AGENT: You must visit the Palazzo Ducale in Venice.
SUMMARY:
It’s a gorgeous building made of pink-and-white marble. You can find a photo on this
travel website.
7. TOURIST: We love opera.
AGENT: You should attend an open-air performance in Verona’s Roman Arena.
SUMMARY:
It's just a short distance from Venice.
8. TOURIST: I’m interested in seeing ancient ruins.
AGENT: You might want to consider a side trip to Ostia Antica.

SUMMARY:
The ruins there are as interesting as the ones in Pompeii, and they re only a 30-minute
train ride from Rome.
9. TOURIST: We plan to take an electric razor and an electric toothbrush with us.
AGENT: Don’t forget to take a transformer and an adapter.
SUMMARY:
The electricity varies considerably in Italy, and unlike in the United States and Canada,
outlets have round holes.
10. TOURIST: We want to have a nice romantic dinner our first night there.
AGENT: You should try Matermatuta.
SUMMARY:
It's one of the most highly recommended restaurants in Rome. I hear that the seafood
is excellent.
Present Real Conditional Sentences 115

EXERCISE 3 SIMPLE PRESENT, IMPERATIVES, AND MODALS
Complete the article about health advice for travelers. Combine the two sentences to
make a real conditional sentence. Keep the same order and decide which clause begins
with if. Make necessary changes in capitalization and punctuation.
r
If You Go, Go Safely ;;
It can happen. You're miles away from home on vacation
or a business trip and you feel sick. What should you do?
Here are some tips from travel experts.
1. (You travel. You need to take special health precautions.)

o
If you travel, you need to take special health precautions.
A little preplanning can go a long way in making your trip a healthier one.
2. (Don't pack medication in your luggage. You plan to check your luggage on the plane.)
Pon't pack medication in your luggage- if you plan to check your luggage on the plane.
Keep it in your carry-on bags. That way, if the airline loses your luggage, you won't be left
without your medicine.
3. (You should bring along copies of your prescriptions and keep them in a secure place. You take
prescription medication.)
Make sure they are written in the generic (not the brand-name) form.
4. (Notify the flight attendant or train conductor. You feel sick on board a plane or train.)
They are trained to deal with the situation.
5. (Call your own doctor. You are traveling in your own country when you feel sick.)
He or she may be able to refer you to a doctor in the area.
116 Unit 20
6. (Your hotel can recommend a doctor. You need medical attention in a foreign country.)
As an alternative, you can contact your embassy or consulate.
7. (You experience chest pains, weakness in an arm or leg, or shortness of breath. Get yourself to
an emergency room.)
These can be symptoms of a heart attack. Time is of the utmost importance.
8. (You're not sure how serious your symptoms are. Assume they are serious and take
appropriate steps.)
It's better to be safe than sorry. Many travelers tend to ignore symptoms when they are away
from home.
9. (Don't drive to the hospital. You need to go to the emergency room.)
It's easy to get lost in an unfamiliar location. Take a taxi instead.
10. (You wear glasses. Take an extra pair with you.)
Many a vacation had been ruined by this lack of foresight.
Have a safe trip!

EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the airline travel tips. There are nine mistakes in the use of present real conditionals.
i The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more. Don’t forget to check
punctuation.
Super Bargains Travel, Inc.

The Truth About Airline Travel 4
have
*-*■ You-had-a better chance of getting a good seat on the plane if you buy your ticket early.
If you took a nonstop flight, it is sometimes cheaper than a trip with plane changes. It’s when you travel
that really counts. Your schedule is flexible, if you should take advantage of travel at off-peak hours.
*-*• Be aware of airline policy about cancellations or changes in reservations. When you make a change in
your travel plans, there are almost always extra fees.
If you do online check-in from your home or hotel the amount of time you stand in line at the airport
decreases. Besides, you know that your seat on the plane is confirmed, if you have a boarding pass before
arriving at the airport.
- You save both time and money when you travel light. You don't have to wait in line to check a bag before
departure or pick it up at baggage claim if you has just a carry-on bag and one personal item. Even better,
3
if you bring no luggage to check, then there are no baggage fees to pay.
*“*■ Airline employees try to be helpful they see problems. However, there is sometimes nothing they can do. If
you needed to dispute anything, be as polite as possible. It's the best way to get great service.
*-*• If you travel often, then you know what I mean with this next piece of advice. Wear shoes that you can take
off and put on easily. Frequent fliers use this strategy to make things easier at the security checkpoint.
If you’re traveling internationally, you must have your passport and visa documents with you. Even if they
are traveling in their own country, many experienced travelers are carrying their passport. It’s the safest
form of personal identification.
118 Unit 20
Write a paragraph with general advice for tourists. Use some of the phrases from the box.
As a general rule, if... If you want...

If I go on a trip,... In my opinion, tourists should ... if...
If you ..., you should not... When I...
If you are a smart tourist,... You can ... if...

UNIT
Future Real Conditional Sentences
EXERCOSE 1 IF AND UNLESS, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE,

SIMPLE PRESENT AND FUTURE
Circle the correct words to complete this Internet health and fitness quiz. (Note: You can
find the answers to the quiz in Exercise 3.)
HEALTH AND FITNESS QUIZ

Fact or Fiction?
How much do you really know about health and fitness?
Put your knowledge to the test.
Fact Fiction
1. (tf} Unless you want to be thin, you will have to watch your
O o
calorie intake.
2. If you skip / will skip a meal, you'll eat fewer calories each
b.
o o
day, so you'll lose weight.
3. It will be difficult for you to lose weight and keep it off O O

if / unless you exercise / will exercise regularly.
c. d.
4. Carrots are good for your eyesight. If / Unless you eat o o
them, your vision will improve.
5. If you change/will change your eating habits and become r c

f.
a vegetarian, you are/will be healthier.
fr
6. If you take / will take vitamin C daily, you catch / won't catch C
h. i.
a cold.
7. If your body has/will have too much vitamin A, you might o

j-
experience health problems.
8. If / Unless you go / will go outside with wet hair when the Q

k. I.
weather is cold, you'll get sick.
SUBMIT
120
EXERCISE 2 CONDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES:
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in parentheses or with short
answers.
RAUL: I’m shocked by the number of people who believe everything they read on the Internet. They
should realize that if they USS the web, they're going to see a lot of
1. (use)
information that may not be true.
YAN: What do you mean?
RAUL: At the moment, there is widespread use of the Internet. There are millions of sites, and in the
not-too-distant future there are going to be lots more. Anyone can put up a website.
YAN: That’s an interesting insight. I’ve never really thought about it before, but you’re right. I’ll be
doing a project for my writing class soon. If I to use the Intern

2. (decide)
research, how I about the accuracy of a website?

3. (know)
RAUL: First of all, consider the source. In other words, if you

4. (go)
well-respected organizations, they probably reliable
5. (have)
information that you can trust.
YAN: I figure out who a website belongs to if I

6. (be able to)
somewhere on the site?

7. (look)
RAUL: Look for an "About us" link on the home page. Most websites, especially
8.
legitimate ones, will provide this kind of information, and unless you it,
9. (have)
you confident about a site’s reliability.

10. (not be)
YAN: Is there anything else I should look for?
RAUL: If a web address with"edu” or".org,"you

11. (end)
good information there.

12. (find)
YAN: If I ".com” as part of the address, that
13. (see)
me anything?
14. (tell)
RAUL: .. A ".com” extension will usually be used by people or businesses selling a
15.
product. The information on these commercial sites can be useful, but its purpose might be to
sell rather than inform.

Future Real Conditional Sentences 121

YAN: I understand. Now, what can you tell me about Internet hoaxes?
RAUL: They’re quite common. Unless you the junk mail filter to keep them out
16. (set)
of your email, you one sometime soon.

17. (receive)
YAN: If one of these messages in my email, it

18. (show up)
difficult to recognize?
19. (be)
RAUL: An email hoax will be easy for you to spot.

20.
YAN: How?
RAUL: Most of them will make ridiculous claims. According to one hoax, if people
21. (wash)
their hair with certain kinds of shampoo, they cancer. Hoaxes will also
22. (get)
claim to be true, and they’ll use lots of capital letters and exclamation points.
YAN: What if I reply to the senders and ask them to stop sending me messages?
RAUL: Bad idea. If you to be a smart computer user, you

23. (want) 24. (not do)
anything except delete all junk mail, including hoaxes, immediately.
EXERCDSE 3 SENTENCE COMBINING WITH IF AND UNLESS

Here are the answers to the Internet quiz in Exercise 1. Use the words in parentheses and
if or unless to write future real conditional sentences. Use the same order as the items in
parentheses. Add punctuation where necessary.
1. Statement 1 is fact.
gasi/y if /ou
You will be able to control your weight more easily '/our calorie intake.
you limit /our
(you / be able to control / your weight more easily) (you /’limit / your calorie intake)
There’s a direct connection between your weight and how many calories there are in the food
you eat.
2. Statement 2 is fiction.
If you don't eat a meal, you'll be hungrier at /our next meal.____________
(you / not / eat 7 a meal) (you / be / hungrier at your next meal)
Then you’ll overeat, and this will cause you to gain rather than lose weight.
(you / have I trouble losing weight) (you / get / regular exercise)

Physical exercise will burn calories and increase your metabolism, which will speed up weight
loss and help you keep the pounds (or kilos) off.
122 Unit 21
(you / receive / some health benefits) (you / eat / carrots)

However, they wont improve poor eyesight.
(you / stop eating meat) (you / need / something to replace it in your diet)
Some vegetarians end up eating a lot of dairy products such as cheese or foods like rice and pasta
that have too many calories.
(you / have a cold) (vitamin C / help relieve the symptoms)

However, according to recent research, vitamin C can't prevent colds.
(you I suffer / possible negative effects) (your body / get / too much vitamin A)
Some doctors now believe that an excess of vitamin A can cause bones to weaken and break. It's
a good idea to talk to your physician about any vitamin supplements that you plan to take.
(you / not / have a problem going out with wet hair) (you / be / worried about feeling cold or looking less than perfect)
It's just a myth that you can get sick by going out in the cold when your hair is wet.

EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the article from a news magazine website. There are eight mistakes in the use of
future real conditionals. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven
more. Remember to check punctuation.
WOMEN’S HEALTH
Scientists Connect Positive Attitude and Health
If you want to be healthy, then you should stay positive. At least that’s what new
medical findings seem to say. According to researchers, if you handle stress well and have an
attitude toward life that is positive overall, you won’t live a longer, healthier life. In a recent
study, adults were asked questions about stressful situations that they were unable to
anticipate. For example, they might have been asked, “How you will react if you are stuck in
traffic?” or “What will you do if your boss will ask you to start a big project right at the end of
the day?"
Researchers found that the people with enthusiastic and positive responses had fewer
heart attacks over the next 10 years. In a similar study, scientists discovered that having a
positive attitude toward the future made people 12 percent less likely to suffer a heart attack.
Other research has also shown a connection between a positive attitude and good health.
According to the studies, if people will approach life in a positive way, they’ll be less likely to
get a cold or the flu and more likely to have lower blood pressure.
Will a woman live longer if she develops a more positive attitude? Doctors won’t really
know if more research is done, but many believe it’s possible that a change in attitude will
help. Doctors are confident of one thing. You’ll feel mentally stronger you do things that
you enjoy. So, if you like spending time with friends or playing sports you should do it. And
while you’re at it, take care of yourself. If you get enough sleep, exercise, and eat right, you’ll
feel the connection between better health and a more positive attitude.
124 Unit 21
EXERCBSE 5 PERSONAL WRITING
Write a paragraph about ways to improve your health. Use some of the phrases from the box.
I know that I should ... if... If I don't...

I will be able to ... if... It will not be easy, but if...
I will feel healthier if... To improve my health, I plan ...
If..., I might... Unless.... I will not...

UNIT
Present and Future Unreal Conditional

Sentences
EKE^GDSE -3 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE CONDITIONALS

Complete the fairy tale. Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Stone Soup
I
5I
1
i8
a
I
II
I
1 i
i
I
i j
II I
(@nce upon a time, there were three soldiers.
They were on their way home from the wars,
and they were very hungry and very tired.
"I wish we had something good to eat," said the first soldier.
1. (have)
"And I wish we in a nice warm bed," said the second.
2. (can / sleep)
"I wish those things possible," said the third. "But they are not. We must
3. (be)
march on until we reach home."
So on they marched. Suddenly they came to a village. The villagers saw them coming. They
knew that soldiers are always hungry. But the villagers didn't have much food. They worried that
if they some food to the soldiers, then they themselves

4. (offer)
that night. So they decided to hide all their food.
5. (not eat)
126
The three soldiers went to the first house. They asked, "Could you give us something to eat and
a place to sleep?"
The villagers responded, "We glad to give you food if we

6. (be)
some. But we don't. And we you space to sleep if
7. (have) 8. (give)
we all of it ourselves. But all our beds are full."
9. (not need)
And so it went with all the villagers. Everyone had a good excuse.
"We gave all our food to the soldiers who came before you."
"Our father's sick. We you food if he sick."

10. (offer) 11. (not be)
"The harvest was bad, and we need the grain for cattle feed. If we the
12. (not need)
grain, we it with you."

13. (share)
When the soldiers saw that the villagers refused to grant their requests, they thought, and then
they said, "We wish you us

14. (can / offer)
we'll have to make stone soup."
"Stone soup?" The villagers had never heard of it before.
"First, we'll need a large pot," said the soldiers.
The villagers consented and brought them the largest pot they could find.
"Now we need water to fill it and a fire to cook with."
The villagers brought buckets of water and built a fire in the village square.
"Now we need three round, smooth stones."
That too was no problem at all. The villagers brought them, and the soldiers dropped them into
the pot.
The soldiers stirred the pot and added some salt and pepper (all good soups have salt and pepper).
"Stones like these usually make a very fine soup, but if we some carrots,
15. (have)
it a lot better," they said.
16. (taste)
"I think I can find a carrot!" said one of the villagers. She ran home and got all the carrots she
had hidden from the soldiers.
Present and Future Unreal Conditional Sentences 127

i "This soup
17. (taste)
so much better if we
18. (put)
some cabbage in
d it," said the soldiers as they sliced the carrots. "We wish you
19. (have)
some cabbage.
It's a shame that you don't."
"Let me see if I can find one," said another villager. She went home and came back with three
cabbages that she had hidden from the soldiers.
"If we a little beef and a few potatoes, this soup

20. (add) 21. (be)
good enough for a rich man's table."
No sooner said than done. The villagers ran to get the hidden food.
Just imagine! A rich man's soup—and all from just a few stones!
The soldiers continued cooking and sighed, "If we in a little barley and a
22. (stir)
cup of milk, this soup fit for the king himself."
23. (be)
The villagers were really impressed. The soldiers knew the king! They wished that they
the king!
24. (know)
The villagers brought their hidden barley and milk to the soldiers, who stirred the ingredients
M
into the pot.
Finally the soup was ready. Tables were set up in the square, and torches were lit. The soup was
delicious. Fit for a king. But the villagers said to themselves, "If a king this
25. (eat)
soup, he bread, and a roast, and some cider to go with it, wouldn't he?"
26. (require)
Before not too long, everyone sat down to enjoy a great feast of roast, bread, cider, and soup.
Never before had they tasted such delicious soup. And imagint
it was made just from stones!
128 Unit 22
EXERCISE 2 WISH-. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Read the complaints by the villagers in the “Stone Soup” story. Rewrite the complaints as
wishes.
1. We don't have enough food.
We wish wg had enough food.
2. The soldiers will keep asking for our food.
3. We have to hide our food from them.
4. We need all our grain to feed the cows.
5. All our beds are full.
6. There isn't enough room for the soldiers.
7. The king won’t come here to eat with us.
8. We don’t have a larger soup pot.
9. We can't have stone soup every day.
EXERCDSE 3 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE CONDITIONALS

Rewrite the excuses, using the present and future unreal conditional. Begin each sentence
with if.
1. We don't have food. That’s why we can’t feed the soldiers.
If we had food, we could feed the soldiers.____________
2. I don’t have potatoes. That’s why I'm not going to make potato soup.

3. My apartment is small. That’s why I won't invite people over.
I
4. Steak is expensive. That’s why we don’t eat it.
5. My daughter is sick. That’s why I won’t go shopping later today.
6. I have bad eyesight. That’s why I can’t join the army.
7. The soup doesn’t have seasoning in it. That’s why it tastes so bland.
8. I don’t know the answer. That’s why I'm embarrassed now.
9. I’m not rich. That’s why 1 don’t take vacations.
10. I don’t have the recipe. That’s why I don't make stone soup.
EXERCISE 4 GIVING ADVICE WITH IF I WERE YOU...

Complete the conversations. Use were and the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to
write present and future unreal conditionals giving advice. Begin each sentence with if.
1. IX: I don’t know how to cook.

B: If I were you, I'd learn how to cooK.
(learn)
It’s an important skill to have.
2. A: I’ve never read a fairy tale.
13:
(read)
They’re a lot of fun.
3. A: I’ve never tried cabbage soup.
B:
(try)
It’s delicious, and it’s healthy.
130 Unit 22
4. A: This soup tastes bland. Where’s the salt?
B:
(not add)
Put some pepper in, instead.
5. A: I'm going to ask for a raise.
B:
(not ask)
You’ve only worked here a month.
6. A: Rambo VII is playing at the Cineplex. My daughter loves going to the movies.
B:
(not take)
It’s too violent.
7. A: My landlord just raised the rent again.
B:
(move)
You can find a nice apartment for much less.
8. A: I’m exhausted, and I have no idea what to make for dinner.
B:
(eat out)
The place across the street has good food, and it’s not expensive.
E2XEKCI1SE 5 YES/NO AND WH- QUESTIONS

Several campers are sitting around a fire. Write their questions using the present and
future unreal conditional.
1. What / we / do / if / we / can’t find the way back?
What would we do if we couldn't find the way back?
2. Who / look for us / if / we / get lost?
3. Where / we / go / if / it / start to rain?
4. you / be afraid / if / we / see a bear?

5. If / you / hear a loud growl / you / be scared?
6. What / you / do / if / you / be in my place?
7. What / we / do / if / we / run out of food?
8. If / we / not have any more food / we / make stone soup?
EXERCISE S EDITING
Read the camper’s journal entry. There are nine mistakes in the use of present and future
unreal conditionals. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
3 June II, 11:00 p.m.

3 Somewhere in the forest
(and it's not enchanted!)
CJ'3 w&re
cS'3 It's 11:00 p.m., and I'm still awake. I wish I was home. If I would be home, I would be
J-..3 asleep by now! t’ut here I am in the middle of nowhere. I'm furious at myself for
3
agreeing to go camping. My Sleeping bag is really uncomfortable. If I were more
comfortable, I will be able to Sleep. What do my family think if they could See me now?
c?'3 I'm cold, tired, and hungry. I wish I have Something to eat. E>ut all the food iS locked
3
up in the van, and everyone else i$ Sound asleep. If I would have a book, I would read,
3
but I didn't bring any books. Tonight, aS we Sat around the campfire, Someone read a
,-<3 story called "Stone Soup." I'm So hungry that even stone Soup Sounds good to me. If I
c= 3
know the recipe, I made it
Well, I'm getting tired of holding this flashlight (I wish I would have a regular
3
lamp!), so I think I'll try to fall asleep.
132 Unit 22
Write a paragraph about a wish you have for the world. Use some of the phrases from the box.
I could ... if... I wish ...

I would ... if I had ... If everyone
If I were ... People who ... probably wish...
The world might... if... To.... I would ...

1
UNIT
r^l Past llnreÔ Conditional Sentences
EXERCISE -J /FAND RESULT CLAUSES: VERB FORMS

Complete the sentences about Mickey Mouse and his creator Walt Disney. Use the correct
form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Walt Disney argued with his bosses at Universal Pictures about a
cartoon character named Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. If Disney
hadn't argued
(not argue)
wouldn't have left
(not leave)
with his bosses about Oswald, he
Universal Pictures in 1928.

ll
2. Walt Disney had to come up with an alternate plan after his
departure from Universal Pictures. He knew that he needed a new
cartoon character for his own company. If Walt Disney
at Universal, he
(stay) (might / not create)
his soon-to-be famous mouse along with artist Ub Iwerks.
3. Walt Disney's wife didn’t like the name her husband chose for his new cartoon character. Mickey
Mouse as Mortimer Mouse if Disney’s wife with

(could / end up) (agree)
her husband’s original idea for a name.
4. The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons had no sound. If Mickey

(speak)
short films, audiences them more. As it was, they were not successful.
(might / enjoy)
5. Steamboat Willie was the first Mickey Mouse cartoon with sound, and sound made all the
difference. Mickey a star by the end of 1928 if Steamboat Willie

(not become)
music and sound effects.

(not have)
6. From 1928 until 1946, Walt Disney’s voice was the voice of Mickey Mouse. If Disney
someone else’s voice to bring Mickey to life, the mouse

(use)
so cute and charming, and fans him so much.

(not be) (might / not love)
134
7. Walt Disney was a talented cartoonist, but he was also an intelligent businessman. Disney
much less money if he selling toys, clothes, and

(make) (not start)
other products when Mickey Mouse became popular.
8. After seeing the success of Mickey Mouse and the Walt Disney Company, the owners of Universal
Pictures probably wished that they a way to keep Disney at their company.
(find)

Complete the article about Walt Disney with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
had a difficult childhood, but he transformed his hardships
into magic. Looking back, one can see the seeds of Disney’s imagination in those early
experiences. It’s even possible that Disney wouldn't have, created his many magical
1. (not create)
worlds if his early years happier.
2. (be)
Disney’s father, Elias Disney, had dreams too, but they never came true. After a business
failure in Chicago, the Disneys moved to a farm in Missouri. If his two oldest brothers
farmwork more enjoyable, Walt Disney’s childhood

3. (find)
easier. However, the oldest brothers soon returned to
4. (might/be)
Chicago, and six-year-old Walt and his brother Roy were left to do the farm chores. In an
interesting parallel with the witch in Snow White, the Disneys sold apples door to door
when they needed money. In time, Roy found jobs off the farm, and if Roy
extra cash, Walt never

5. (not earn)
a carnival or a toy.
6. (might / see) 7. (own)
Once, when Walt was seven, he painted large animals on the walls of the farmhouse. His
father punished him severely, but others encouraged his talent. Some people believe that if
the local physician, “Doc” Sherwood, him a quarter for a

8. (not pay)
drawing of his horse, Walt’s life a different outcome. And if his
9. (have)
Aunt Margaret him a gift of drawing paper and crayons,
10. (not give)
Disney’s genius Elias’s harsh treatment.
11. (not survive)
Past Unreal Conditional Sentences 135

1 In 1910, when Walt was nine, Elias sold the farm and bought a newspaper route in Kansas
City, Missouri. For six years, Walt started work at 3:30 every morning. He sometimes fell asleep
I in the warm halls of apartment buildings or dozed over a toy on a family’s porch while he was
delivering newspapers. If he
12. (get)
more attention to his lessons. But under the circumstances, he
13. (could / pay)
didn’t have much success at school.
If he Walter Pfeiffer, Disney’s Kansas City boyhood

14. (not meet)
completely joyless. Pfeiffer’s family loved singing and telling
15. (might / be)
jokes, and they introduced Walt to vaudeville1 theater. “The Two Walts” even put together their
own show when they were thirteen. Disney’s strict parents if

16. (disapprove)
they Walt was acting in vaudeville, so Walt used to sneak out
17. (know)
r
through his bedroom window to go to the theater to perform.
When Disney was fourteen, his father gave him permission to attend Saturday classes at the
Kansas City Art Institute. If Elias ..Walt

18. (not agree) 19. (take)
longer to find his vocation, but he was already dreaming of becoming a cartoonist. He
overcame great obstacles in his career, but once he had studied at the Institute, he never lost his
determination to make his imagined worlds real.
1 vaudeville: a type of theater entertainment, popular from the 1880s to the 1950s, in which there were many short
performances of different kinds, including singing, dancing, jokes, etc.
EXERCISE 3 PAST CONDITIONAL WITH WISH

Toy Story is one of the most popular Disney movies. In the film, toys are alive, but only when
humans aren’t watching. The toys of a boy named Andy include Woody, who is a cowboy,
and Buzz Lightyear, who thinks he’s a real spaceman. Rewrite the sentences with wish.
1. WOODY: Buzz Lightyear took my place as Andy’s favorite toy. Andy didn’t get clothes and books for
his birthday.
I wish &uz.z Lightye-ar hadn't taken my place as Andy's favorite toy.
I wish Andy had gotten clothes and books for his birthday.
136 Unit 23
2. MR. POTATO HEAD: The kids didn’t bring good presents to Andy’s birthday party. There wasn’t a Mrs.
Potato Head toy in any of those boxes.
3. REX: Woody fought with Buzz. Buzz fell out the window.
4. ANDY: I lost Buzz Lightyear. I didn’t have my favorite toy to take to Pizza Planet.
5. BUZZ LIGHTYEAR: I found out the truth about being a toy instead of a real spaceman. I wasn’t able to
save the universe from evil.
6. WOODY AND BUZZ: We didn’t realize the importance of friendship. We didn’t help each other sooner.
I'-
ft

1 EXEfRCDSE 4 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Using the words in parentheses, combine each pair of sentences into one past unreal
conditional sentence. Keep the same order and decide which clause begins with if. Make
11 necessary changes in capitalization and punctuation.
1. Disney lived on a farm. He drew wonderful cartoon animals, (might)
If Disney hadn't lived on a farm, he might not have drawn wonderful eartoon animals.
2. He sold candy to train passengers as a boy. He loved model trains as an adult, (might)
3. He didn't join the army in World War I. He was too young, (would)
4. Disney met his fiancee’s parents. His friend Ub gave him money to buy a suit, (could)
5. Disney needed the help of his brother Roy. He asked Roy to be his business partner, (would)
6. His art lessons meant a lot to Disney. He paid for lessons for Disney Studio artists, (would)
7. Disney made Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. A bank loaned him $1.5 million, (could)
8. The movie succeeded. The bank didn’t take Disney's home, his studio, and the film, (would)
138 Unit 23
9. Disney died in 1966. He didn’t see the opening of the EPCOT Center in Florida, (would)
10. He overcame his unhappy childhood. He was a genius, (might)
EXERCISE 5 QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Complete the article with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses or with short answers.
The Second Time Around...

Our readers have shared some problems and
questions related to their first trip to Disney World. ★ \
Orlando
First-time visitors can use their experiences and have
more fun the first time around.
Q: We visited Disney World for the first time last April, during spring break.
It was packed! I think we spent most of our time waiting in lines. Is it always
like that? Would we have- avoided crowds if we

1. (avoid)
had visited______
at another time? —Fred and Betty Ruddle, Flint, Michigan
2. (visit)
A: Yes, ôu would have Spring break is one of the most crowded times (along
with the Christmas holiday season and Presidents' Day weekend). Next time, go between
Thanksgiving and Christmas or between January 4 and the middle of February.
Q: We bought tickets to the park at our hotel (not a Disney hotel), and they were expensive.
How much we if we
4. (save)
them at a Disney hotel? —K. Lewis, Denver, Colorado
5. (buy)
A: Up to 25 percent with a vacation package that included your hotel and entrance fees. But
remember that Disney hotels generally have a higher overall price.

Q: We bought tickets to Magic Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, Hollywood Studios, and the
EPCOT Center on a vacation with our eight-year-old daughter. We visited Magic Kingdom
first, and our daughter never wanted to leave. She really couldn't appreciate EPCOT, which
I we visited next and which fascinated us. If you the trip with
6. (make)
a small child, where you first?
7. (go)
—V. Luvik, Miami, Florida
A: EPCOT. It's usually best to go to EPCOT first. Then go to Animal Kingdom, Hollywood
Studios, and finally Magic Kingdom, which is fun for both adults and children.
Q: We stayed at a hotel inside the park because we wanted to be close to everything. Now
we're wondering if we made the right choice. we
a long way if we inside the park?

8. (travel) 9. (not stay)
—J. Mendez, San Juan, Puerto Rico
A: _. In fact, some of the hotels outside the park are

io.
actually closer to Magic Kingdom than some hotels inside the park, and rooms are definitely
much cheaper.
Q: Our son was studying pirates at school, so our first day at Disney World we raced over to
Pirates of the Caribbean. It was closed for repairs. If we

11. (call)
ahead, they us it was closed?
12. (tell)
—P. James, Syracuse, New York
A: In fact, it’s always a good idea to call, or even

13.
better, use the Disney website to find out if any rides are closed.
Q: On our first trip, we were never sure what to do next, and we spent a lot of time just
waiting. My husband blamed the park, but I think we should have done things differently.
140 Unit 23
If we more, we
14. (plan)
our trip more? —D. King, Dayton, Ohio
15. (enjoy)
A: There's so much to see that visitors can get
16.
overwhelmed. To get the best value for your money, plan each day ahead of time.
EXERCISE ® EDITING
Read Cassie’s email to her sister. There are nine mistakes in the use of past unreal
conditionals. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
Dear Jenny,
swi
This evening, I watched Toy Story 3.1 really wish I had see the movie sooner. I knew it
was the most popular movie of the summer in 2010, but I had no idea how good it really
was. Honestly, if I would have known about the incredible animation in the film, I would
have gone to a movie theater to see it. In fact, I would even have pay extra to see the 3D
version. Yes, I know what you’re thinking. You told me to see the film when it came out.
I really wish I have listened to you.
Luckily, I was also able to watch Toy Story and Toy Story 2.1 saw those movies a long time
ago. If I hadn’t watched them again, I might forgotten about Andy as a little boy and the
relationships between Woody, Buzz Lightyear, and the other toys. It was interesting to see
Andy as a college student in Toy Story 3. And Andy’s mother played a small but important
role again. The original Toy Story will never have happened if she hadn’t given Buzz
Lightyear to Andy as a birthday gift. In Toy Story 3, none of the important events would
have occurred if she hadn’t kept asking Andy to clean his room and if she didn’t put
Andy’s toys in the garbage by mistake. Does Andy’s mother remind you of anyone? We
could had had a lot more free time as kids if Grandma weren’t always forced us to pick up
our toys ... but she sure gave good presents!
OK, that’s all for now. You’re still planning to go back home to visit Grandma next
month, right? I’ll see you then.
Cassie

! Write a paragraph about something from your childhood that you wish had been different.
Use some of the phrases from the box.
I might not have ... If that had not occurred,...

I would have been ... if... Many people think about the past and wish ...
If I had ... My childhood was great, but I wish ...
If I had known ... My life would have been...
142 Unit 23
PART 9 Indirect Speech and Embedded Questions
UNIT
Direct and Indirect Speech
EXERCISE H DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Circle the correct words to complete the report about lie-detector tests.
The Awful Truth_____ __________

A number of years ago, the United States Supreme Court said /(toid)private employers
that you / they were no longer allowed to give lie-detector tests (also called polygraph tests)
to people they wanted to hire. I was curious about these tests, so I decided to do a little bit
of research.
I talked to Erica Dale, who took a polygraph test when she began working in our
organization. She was one of the last employees to take one. “The examiner was very
nice,” she told me. “He asked her / me a lot of harmless questions at first. During the test,
Erica told the examiner that I / she lived in the suburbs. When he asked, she said that it
4.
was / is Monday and that she has taken / had taken the bus to my / her interview. Then he
5. 6. 7.
brought up some tougher subjects. “I told him / you that I got /’d gotten into trouble for
8. 9.
stealing in high school,” Erica said. “I didn’t try to justify my mistake, and there certainly
wasn’t any point in lying about it.”
Polygraphs are still given to employees of security firms and government agencies. They
are also used by the police. Nevertheless, many experts say that they didn’t / don’t measure
io.
truth—only physical reactions to questions. Some questions increase the average person’s
blood pressure and create other physical changes that the polygraph measures, but do the
majority of tests give accurate results? “The tests are / were less than 50 percent accurate,”
u.
says one critic. “They simply do not reveal whether an individual is lying or actually telling
the truth.”
143
I!Il
111
Drew Faye, who served three years for a crime he didn’t commit, agrees. After his arrest,
officials gave him a lie-detector test. They told him that we / they plan / planned to drop
12. 13.
charges if you / he passed. “Hey, great,” said Faye. Unfortunately, he failed—twice—and
14.
spent three years in jail. A few years later, someone said / told the police that Faye actually
15.
didn’t commit / hadn’t committed the crime. Faye was released when the police learned the
16.
names of the real criminals.
A polygraph expert who saw the tests said that the police scored / had scored Faye’s tests
17.
improperly. Since his release, Faye has been campaigning against the use of polygraph tests.
EXERCISE 2 NECESSARY AND OPTIONAL TENSE CHANGES IN

INDIRECT SPEECH
Complete the interviewer’s report of a job applicant’s statements during a lie-detector test.
Change the verb tense for reported speech only when necessary.
The Applicant’s Statements The Interviewer’s Report

During the Test a Few Hours Later
1. "My name is Anita Bell.” She said (that) her name is Anita ggll.
2. "It’s Wednesday.” She said
3. "My husband drove me She stated

to the interview.”
4. "Our house is near the lake.” She said
5. “I shoplifted a lipstick She admitted

once as a teenager.”
6. "I went to my mother She added

right away.”
7. "She took me to the store She explained

to return the lipstick.”
8. “I always tell the truth.” She claimed
9. "The test seems easy." She said
10. “I don’t mind taking She noted

lie-detector tests.”
144 Unit 24
3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Compare the statements from a job interview with the previous employer’s information
form. Use say or tell to report the statements. Then write That’s true or That’s not true.
BATES DEPARTMENT STORE

EMPLOYEE INFORMATION FORM
Name: Ethan Taylor

Dates employed: Feb. 2012-Jan. 2015
Position (start): Salesclerk
Promotions? No
How many employees did
this employee supervise? None
Salary: Start: $20,500 per year
Finish: $22,000
Supervisor’s comments: This employee performed well on the job.
He was reliable, and he showed initiative
in serving customers and keeping the
department running smoothly.
Reason for leaving: Laid off when the store reduced its staff
Eligible for rehire: Yes
1. "My name is Ethan Taylor.”
He said his name is Tthan Taylor. That's true.
2. "I worked at Bates Department Store for four years.”
He told the interviewer that he'd worked at gates department Store for four years. That's not true.
3. “I was a salesclerk.”
4. “Then I received a promotion to supervisor.”
5. "I supervised five other salesclerks.”
Direct and Indirect Speech 145

6. "I'm a reliable worker."
7. "I showed initiative."
8. “My employers liked my work.”
9. “Bates didn't fire me."
10. “I lost my job because of staff reductions.”
11. "I earned $25,000 a year."
12. "I got a raise of more than $2,000.”
13. “I kept the department running smoothly.”
146 Unit 24
EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the journal entries. There are nine mistakes in the use of direct and indirect speech.
The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct eight more.
November 7
(I'd lost
I called Jason last week and told him that fvt4©s+my job. Jason was
Such a good friend that he offered to lend me Some money, but I
explained that I had Saved enough to be prepared in Case of an
emergency. I waS hoping for a job at his father's company, but JaSon
Said me fhaf he wasn't aware of any available positions.
November 3
Everyone SayS that it was difficult toêt a job these days, but Rachel
SayS that she'd always believed in *«e. She's my biggest Supporter. She
keeps telling me that you have a great chance of finding a job Soon.
N ovember^
I went to a job placement agency this morning to meet with a
recruiter. The recruiter told that she wants to give me a compute
skills test- After I finished the test, she said that she was very pleased
with your score or\ the test In fact, she Said, “I know of Several jobs
that you're qualified for."
November 15
The recruiter has been very helpful. I had an interview this
afternoon. If went well. The manager fold me that I was my last
appointment of the day. Maybe that means I'll be the first person
that he thinks of when he makes his final decision. I hope So!
Direct and Indirect Speech 147

Write a paragraph about a lie that later caused a problem for someone you know or read
about. Use some of the phrases from the box.
He I She said ...

He / She told...
He I She lied because ...
If he I she were in the same situation again, he / she ...
He I She made a serious mistake when he / she said ...
Later, he / she said ...
After people found out,...
The problem occurred when ...
148 Unit 24
UNIT
Tense Changes in Indirect Speech
EXERCISE H DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

In March 2011, there was a terrible earthquake in northern Japan that caused a huge
tsunami. Read what Lynn Thompson, an English teacher in northern Japan, said about it in
2011. Then use She said with indirect speech to write what her friend in Canada reported a
year later.
1. “I am living in Japan."
She said that she was living in Japan.
2. 'Tve been living here for three years.”
3. “There have been several smaller earthquakes in my years here.”
4. "This earthquake was the worst.”
5. “The tsunami caused tremendous destruction and loss of life.”
6. "Most of the residents of my town were evacuated.”
7. “All the teachers and students from my school are safe.”
8. "My school has been destroyed.”
9. “We lost electrical power for several days.”
10. “I am optimistic that the school will be rebuilt soon.”
149
EXERCISE 2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Read what people in northern Japan said about the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Use He
said or She said to report the people’s statements.
1. "I was never so afraid in my life.” —Mrs. Akiko Watanabe, store owner
5hg said that she'd never been so afraid in her life.________________
2. "I felt worried about the patients." —Ms. Harumi Inoui, hospital nurse
3. "We were well prepared for an earthquake, but not for the tsunami.” —Mr. Hiro Kato, fisherman
4. "The walls of these buildings may collapse at any time.” —unidentified fireman
5. "I haven’t seen anything like it.” —Mr. Yoshi Shimizu, TV reporter
6. "It felt like a giant hand reaching down and shaking me.” —Seventy-three-year-old man
7. "I’m scared that there’s going to be another one." —Eight-year-old girl
8. "I’m so glad I'm here to help." —Dr. Alicia Donovan, Australian doctor
9. ‘Although I’ve experienced earthquakes in my country, I had no idea what to do.” —Mexican
businesswoman
10. "If my house can't be saved, I don’t know where I’ll live.” —Eighty-six-year-old woman
150 Unit 25
EXERCISE 3 INDIRECT STATEMENTS
A. The 1994 earthquake in California was one of the worst in California’s history. Read the
interview between Today’s World (TW) and geophysicist Dr. Mary T. Ito (/TO). Then use
the information in the interview to answer the questions in part B.
When the Earth Moves

An Interview with Geophysicist Mary T. Ito
TW: Was the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake the rocks, and the rocks break along lines
worst in California's history? called faults. In fact, a hidden fault
ITO: Not at all. The San Francisco quake of caused the January 1994 Los Angeles
1906 was much worse.
quake.
TW: Southern California gets more than its fair
TW: Earthquakes aren't very common, are they?
share of quakes, doesn't it?
ITO: Actually, there could be as many as a
ITO: Yes. It has had several strong quakes in
million earthquakes a year.
the past 20 years.
TW: A million a year!
TW: Can't scientists predict them?
ITO: Yes. Several thousand of them may
ITO: Another interviewer just asked me this
occur today. However, most will go
very same question yesterday. As I
unnoticed because they'll occur
explained to him, scientists may be able
beneath the ocean's surface.
to make more accurate predictions
TW: But even those earthquakes can be sometime in the future. At present,
dangerous. they can tell you where an earthquake
ITO: You're right. Some have started will occur, but not when.
dangerous tidal waves. We remember, TW: That's really terrible. Isn’t there anything
for example, the terrible tsunami in we can do?
December 2004 that occurred following ITO: Yes. Engineers have developed houses
an earthquake under the Indian Ocean. and other structures that are able to
The tsunami killed hundreds of withstand earthquake shocks.
thousands of people. And then there Governments must enforce building
was the earthquake and tsunami that requirements in earthquake zones to
hit Japan in March 2011, causing what limit damage from earthquakes.
might be the worst nuclear accident in
TW: What can individual citizens do?
history. And, more recently, there was
the 2014 earthquake in Chile. ITO: People living in earthquake zones
should always be prepared because a
TW: What causes earthquakes?
quake might occur at any time. It's a
ITO: I can't explain in great detail because it good idea for them to have an
would be too complicated. Basically, emergency plan and emergency
quakes happen as a result of sudden equipment, such as a first-aid kit, a
movement in the rocks below the battery-powered radio, a flashlight,
Earth's surface. Forces push against the and extra batteries.
Tense Changes in Indirect Speech 151

1! B. Read the statements about Dr. Ito’s interview. For each statement, write That's right or
That’s wrong and use the verb in parentheses to report what Dr. Ito said.
1. The 1994 Los Angeles earthquake wasn’t as bad as the earthquake that hit San Francisco in 1906.
(said) That's right. She said that the San Francisco earthquake of had been much worse.
p 2. Earthquakes aren’t common.
(explain) That's wrong. 5/?e explained that there- could be as many as a million earthquakes a 'fear.
3. It's possible that there were earthquakes on the day of Dr. Ito’s interview.
(say)
4. Most earthquakes take place under water.
(say)
5. Earthquakes beneath the ocean are not dangerous.
(acknowledge)
6. There were a lot of people who died in the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean.
(add)
7. It’s easy to explain the cause of earthquakes.
(state)
8. A visible fault caused the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake.
(indicate)
9. Southern California gets a lot of earthquakes.
(note)
10. Another interviewer wanted to know about scientists’ ability to predict earthquakes.
(say)
152 Unit 25
11. Scientists will never be able to predict earthquakes accurately.
(claim)
12. People living in earthquake zones can do something to be prepared.
(say)
EKERCOSE 4 EDITING
Read the article. There are eight mistakes in the use of direct and indirect speech. The first
mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
Real-Life Geography
had been
News reports about the tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26,2004, said that children are-
able to save lives that day. In a recent interview, Dr. Mary T. Ito explained why. She observed that the
children have remembered their geography lessons that day.
Dr. Ito pointed out that tourists on the beaches in places like Thailand were amazed when the water
of the Indian Ocean receded at the start of the tsunami. As the water pulled back, they followed it so
that they could see the unusual sight. Dr. Ito said that many of the tourists are taking photos instead of
evacuating the beach. However, there were others, including children, who understood the danger.
Because they knew about geography, they quickly explained that a powerful wave of water will return
in about five minutes. They told their families and friends that they have to leave the beach and go to
higher ground right now. And once they were in a safe place, they told everyone they should stay here
because one large wave did not mean that the tsunami is over.
In the words of Dr. Ito, “You can never know too much about Earth science.” So if you’re a student,
pay attention in geography class. If you’re not, it might be a good idea to watch the National
Geographic Channel on TV.
Tense Changes in Indirect Speech 153

5 PERSONAL WRITING
Write a paragraph about a news story that you saw, read, or heard about a flood, an
earthquake, or another disaster. Use some of the phrases from the box.
Another... pointed out... People who were interviewed stated ...

At the end of the news report, I said ... The most recent reports say that the situation ...
I felt... when I heard ... The reporter added...
It occurred ... The reporter announced ...
One person explained ... The reporter didn't say...
|
I
154 Unit 25
UNIT
r indirect Instructions, Commands, Advice,

0 Requests, Invitations
OIEKCQSE U DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Write sentences in direct and indirect speech. Choose between She told me and She
asked me for the sentences in indirect speech.
1. (direct speech) "Turn left."
(indirect speech) She told me to turn left.
2. (direct speech) "Don’t turn right."
(indirect speech)
3. (direct speech)
(indirect speech) She told me to slow down.
4. (direct speech)
(indirect speech) She told me not to drive so fast.
5. (direct speech) “Can you please turn on the radio?"
(indirect speech)
6. (direct speech)
(indirect speech) She asked me to open the window.
7. (direct speech
(indirect speech) She asked me to come in for coffee.
8. (direct speech) “Don’t park in the bus stop.”
(indirect speech)
155
EXERCISE 2 AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE COMMANDS
Read the travel tips about the common and very dangerous problem of feeling sleepy
when driving from SafeCarTravel website. Then complete the sentences, rewriting the
advice in indirect speech.
Tips for Staying Awake While Driving

1. Get enough sleep before beginning a long trip.
2. Eat something before leaving on a trip.
3. Don’t rely on caffeinated beverages, such as coffee or cola, to stay awake.
4. Share the driving responsibilities with another person, if possible, to avoid fatigue.
5. Don’t wait until you’re sleepy to take a break.
6. Stop every couple of hours and stretch your legs by walking around.
7. Listen to music or an audiobook as a remedy for sleepiness.
8. Don’t allow daydreaming to interfere with driving.
9. Don’t park on the side of the road if you need to stop for a short nap.
1. SafeCarTravel tells drivers to get enough sleep before beginning a long trip.
2. The website tells drivers to eat something before leaving on a trip.
3. It also warns
4. The site tells
5. It tells
6. It urges
7. It advises
8. It cautions
9. It warns
156 Unit 26
EXERCISE 3 INDIRECT SPEECH
Circle the correct words to complete the journal entry.
Last Friday, my neighbor called me. Sheftnvlted)/ told me to go

<-3
cr3 for a ride in her mw car. I told her I would love to. As soon as I got
<r3
<r3 into the car, she told / invited me to buckle my seatbelt, i was
<S'3
-W3 pleased because I thought this meant she was a safe driver, was i
wrong! The experience was absolutely astonishing. i watched as the
speedometer approached and then passed so mph. I told her
slow / to slow down.. i begged her not to / to not speed.

3. 4.
she slowed down for a while, but then she sped up again.
Lr3 Suddenly we heard a siren, the police officer told her-pullz to -pull
er3
<r3 over and stop. He got out of the car and immediately asked her
Cr3
to show / not to show hint her license. She only had a learner's
6.
permit! He advised / ordered her to give him the permit, and, after
er3 7.
er3 checking my license, he told me that to take / to take the wheel and
Lr3 8.
GT3 follow him to the police station, two hours later, on the way home
cr3 from the station, my neighbor invited / ordered me to have dinner at

9.
Lr3
Cr3 her place, she had just bought a new microwave oven that she
Q13
wanted to try out. I thanked her but asked her waiting ' to wait
until another day. i had a headache and needed to take a nap!

Lr3
Indirect Instructions, Commands, Advice, Requests, Invitations 157

EXERCISE 4 DIRECT SPEECH
Reread the story in Exercise 3. Then rewrite the indirect speech as direct speech. The
numbers in the speech bubbles match the numbers in Exercise 3.
158 Unit 26
I
I
I EXERCISE 5 EDITING
I Read the journal entry. There are eight mistakes in the use of direct and indirect speech.
I The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct seven more.
My neighbor Jeanette is still a terrible driver. I advised her^go to driving
school, but her first leSSon was bad, really bad. To start with, she was drinking
a large Cup of hot coffee when she got in the car. The driving instructor told
her that to fhrowthe coffee away. He ordered her no to have any food or drink
I in the vehicle during a leSSon. When she turned the volume On the radio way up
I
and began Singing along with her favorite rock music, he Said turn the radio
off. Then, just as the instructor was warning her to paid attention, her cell
phone rang and She answered it-1 can Only imagine how angry he was, but of
course Jeanette didn't think it was a problem. She was actually Surprised that
tine instructor told her fo get out of the car.
When Jeanette told we the story, I couldn't stop laughing—until She asked me
to be k>er driving teacher. I mean, look at what happened the last time I got in
the car with her/ I Said that I wouldn't give her leSSonS, bvt I agreed to Call the
driving School for her. I asked the instructor giving her a Second chance. He
agreed, but only if Jeanette promised to do everything that he Said. He Said
that he would monitor her progress closely and added that if Jeanette's
problems persisted, he would tell her leave again. I cautioned Jeanette not to
cause any more problems.
Jeanette has been lucky So far. She got her learner's permit back after that
horrible night at the police station, and She might Still finish driving school and
get ker license. And if She does get a driver's license, I know one thing for
Sure—I'll be the one who drives if She invites me to going out with her.
Indirect Instructions, Commands, Advice, Requests, Invitations 159

1

Write a paragraph about a time when you did not do what you were told to do. Use some
of the phrases from the box.
... warned me .... but... I got in trouble because...

Although ... ordered me ... I learned an important lesson. I now know...
I did not... because ... In the future, when I am told ...
I finally... When ... told me.... I...
160 Unit 26
UNIT
Indirect Questions
EXERCISE U WORD ORDER

Lydia interviewed her grandmother for a school project. The next day, her grandmother
told a friend about their interview. Put the words in parentheses in order to make indirect
questions.
1. "Can I talk to you about your life?”
She dated if she could talk to me- about my life.____________

(about my life / if / could / she / talk to me)
2. "Do you have time today?”
(whether / had / I / time / yesterday)
3. "Could you show me some photos?”
(could / I / if / show her some photos)
4. “What’s your full name?"
(was / my full name / what)
5. “Who chose your name?”
(who / my name / had chosen)
6. “When were you born?”
(bom / I / when / was)
7. "What country did your family come from?”
(my family / what country / had come from)
8. "Where were you born?"
(where / I / born / was)
9. “What was your biggest adventure?"
(my biggest adventure / had been / what)
10. “What are you most proud of?"
(was / I / what / most proud of)
161
EXERCISE 2 CHANGES IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Complete the article by changing the direct questions in parentheses to indirect questions.
BRINGING HISTORY HOME by Monica Lubecki

A. poor young man who had just arrived in the United States saw a
fruit vendor on
a New York street. He pointed at a piece of fruit and paid for it. But he didn’t ask
___________what it was .. He bit into what he thought was an orange

1. (What is it?)
and quickly spit it out. It was a bitter kumquat—and he had spent precious money on it!
The young man was my grandfather. My mother told the story countless times, always
with the same sad little smile. I loved hearing it and often interrupted with questions to
prolong it. For example, I always asked

2. (How old was he?)
“Nineteen,” she reported. Then I asked ,. “Five
3. (How much did it cost?)
cents.” Finally, I demanded to know She
4. (Why didn't he ask the name of the fruit?)
always replied impatiently, “You know he couldn’t speak English.”
As an adult, I asked myself Later, I

5. (Why did the details seem so important?)
learned that our story was a typical immigrant family story. Children in a family
trying to handle the pressure of living in a new country couldn’t actually ask
., so the family told a story that explained the

6. (How are we going to get by?)
methods they used to survive. (Our family’s favorite rule was “Ask questions!”)
Everyone has good stories, and collecting them is an interesting way for younger family
members to stay close to older relatives and learn the family’s culture. However, there are
potential problems when it comes to asking appropriate questions and making the older
family members feel comfortable with a family history project. Recently, my son Mark
interviewed his grandfather, my husband’s father. If you’d like to try this in your family,
here are the steps Mark took to make his grandfather feel at ease.
1. Mark asked him politely

7. (Do you have some time to talk to me?)
162 Unit 27
2. He found a quiet room to talk in and then asked his grandfather
8. (Do you feel comfortable here?)

3. To get started, Mark talked about an event that the two of them had once
shared. He asked his grandfather

9. (Do you remember our trip to the circus?)
When the interview got under way, Mark wanted to know about the details of his
grandfather’s childhood. He asked him and

10. (What did you wear to school?)
In addition, he asked his grandfather
11. (What did your mother cook?)
12. (What hobbies did you have?)

he learned how his hobby, amateur radio, led
13. (What was your most important decision?)
to his job in communications. At the end of the interview, when he asked his grandfather
14. (What new invention do you like best?)

computers.
In this interview, Mark discovered things that we, his parents, had never known about
our own parents’ generation and ideas.
Indirect Questions 163

EXERCISE 3 INDIRECT QUESTIONS
A reporter interviewed Junot Diaz, a Dominican-American writer. Use the reporter’s notes
to report which questions she asked and which questions she didn’t ask.
1. where / born?
2. when / moved to the United States?
at the age of seven /

Ii * **——**
}. where / grew up? / ■■; '» 2
Santo Pomingo, PominiCan /
Republic and Parlin, ■ \\ O* /’v?,>'■ I
New Jersey 'i1''
4. when / wrote first novel? K/
5. what/studied in college?
English and Creative writing
6. worked during college? yes — delivering pool tables, washing dishes,
pumping gaS, working at a steel mill
7. always wanted to be a writer? no — wanted to be an astronaut when
a yovng boy
2. always enjoyed reading? yes - an avid reader Since a young boy
4. what / liked to read aS a young boy?
10. where / like to read everywhere — in the kitchen or outside
11. how/your family life influenced your work?
12. how / felt when you won a Pulitzer Prize?
164 Unit 27
1. She didn't asfr him where he was born.
2. She asked him when he had moved to the United States.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Indirect Questions 165

EXERCISE 4 EDITING
Read the opening paragraph of a student research paper. There are seven mistakes in the
use of direct and indirect speech. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct
six more.
After I saw the movie Invictus, I wanted to know more about it, so I watched several
interviews with the film’s director, Clint Eastwood. In each case, the interviewers asked
Castwood had decided
why-had-Eastwood decided to make a movie about the 1995 South African team that
won the Rugby World Cup championship. They asked how much you liked sports, and
they tried to find out whether the 2009 movie had a connection with the 2010 World Cup
soccer tournament in South Africa. Several interviewers wanted to know if was
Eastwood’s interest in politics part of his decision to make the film? They also asked
how much did the movie cost, especially since much of it was shot in South Africa. No
one had to ask who was Nelson Mandela, but many wanted to know when the former
South African president had come up with the idea of using a rugby championship to
handle political problems. That was exactly the kind of question I became interested in.
Because I am a sports fan, I originally wanted to learn more about the South African
rugby team, the Springboks, and their captain, Francois Pienaar. However, I soon began
to ask how Mandela could go from prisoner to presidential candidate to world leader to
Nobel Prize winner? This paper will report the results of my research. It will focus on
the reasons that Nelson Mandela won the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.

Find out about a family story by interviewing a family member or friend. Then write one or
two paragraphs about the story. Use some of the phrases from the box.
... explained that... I got a very interesting answer when I asked ...
... told me that... I talked to ... because...
First, I asked ... I wanted to know...
From this story, I learned ... Next, I wanted to find out.... so...
166 Unit 27
UNIT
0 -
o'; Embedded Questions
EXERCISE 1 WORD ORDER AND PUNCTUATION

Complete the conversation by changing the direct questions in parentheses to embedded
questions. Use correct punctuation.
A: Do vou
J
know if there is anything
t
good on TV?
='-^ Z“Tj
1. (Is there anything good on TV?)
B: There's a soccer game on this evening that I want to watch.
A: I don't understand
2. (Why do you enjoy watching sports all the time?)
B: Well, I want to know

3. (How can you watch those boring travel shows?)
A: I like to find out

4. (What are the ultimate travel destinations?)
B: But you never go anywhere. Can you remember
5. (When was your last vacation?)
A: That’s beside the point. I’m not sure

6. (Am I going to take a vacation anytime soon?)
It depends on my work and school schedules. But I can dream, can’t I?
B: OK. Can you explain

7. (How are you going to pay for your dream vacation?)
A: I’m trying to figure out
8. (How much will a volunteer vacation cost?)
B: I’ve always wondered
9. (Do people really take vacations where they have to work?)
A: Of course they do. Volunteer vacations are becoming more and more popular. They’re a great
way to travel. They’re not too expensive, and they give people a chance to see the world and help
others at the same time.
B: Do you know
10. (Which organization has volunteer vacations in Africa?)
A: The one that I’ve heard the most about is Global Volunteers, but there are other groups that
arrange trips, too.
B: Could you tell me

11. (Where should I go for more information?)
A: The Internet is a good place to go—or you could try watching a few travel shows with me!
167
EXEI3(SDSE 2 WORD ORDER AND PUNCTUATION
A. Look at the list of questions that students in a listening-speaking class prepared for
Jake Davis, a guest speaker who was invited to their class to talk about volunteer
vacations.
ffiuestiopvs for Mr. navis
Why do students talee-volunteer vacations?

what Is the average cost of a volunteer vacation?
Who pays for the trip?
when do most students tafee volunteer vacations?
How Lowg do the trips ordlwarlly Last?
will I have awy free time ow a volunteer vacation?

How far lw advawt do I have to plow a volunteer vacation?
no ( have to be over 21 to go on a volunteer vacation?
Are most of the volunteer opportunities In the U..S.?
should students on a volunteer vacation bring any extra money?
B. Complete the conversation that took place during the students’ question-and-answer
session with Mr. Davis. Choose the appropriate question from the list, and change it to
an embedded question. Use correct punctuation.
1. KHADIJA: I’m not sure why students take volunteer vacations. Isn’t the whole point of a
vacation to relax and have fun?
MR. DAVIS: A volunteer vacation is totally logical. Many students like the idea of traveling and
doing service work. They can do something useful while they’re experiencing the
customs of a different culture, learning new ideas, and, yes, even having fun.
2. VICKY: I’m only eighteen, so I'd like to know
MR. DAVIS: There are volunteer vacations for people of all ages, but you may need your parents'
permission for some of them since you’re not twenty-one.
3. JIN HO: Can you tell me
MR. DAVIS: The individual traveler pays.
168 Unit 28
4. NIDA: Could you clarify
MR. DAVIS: The cost depends on the location, the length, and the type of trip. The price can be
anywhere from several hundred to several thousand dollars.
5. MACHIKO: Do you know
MR. DAVIS: It’s always a good idea to have money for emergencies or something that you really
want to buy as a souvenir.
6. BILL: I’d like to find out
MR. DAVIS: You’ll spend most of your time on a volunteer project, but you’ll still have a chance to
meet the local people and have cultural experiences on your own.
7. GOSHA: Can you tell me
MR. DAVIS: The majority of the trips are from one to three weeks.
8. KHADIJA: I’m wondering ________________________________________
MR. DAVIS: Some travel during the summer, but others do a volunteer vacation when they have a
semester break.
9. NIDA: Do you know
MR. DAVIS: Some are in the U.S., but there are volunteer opportunities in countries all around the
world.
10. KE: I have a travel brochure about volunteer vacations, but it doesn’t actually say
MR. DAVIS: I suggest making your travel plans as soon as possible. That way, you 11 be sure to get
the trip that you want.
Embedded Questions 169

EXERCISE 3 INFINITIVES AFTER QUESTION WORDS
Read the conversation about traveling. Then use the correct question word and the
infinitive form of the appropriate verbs to complete the summaries.
1. SYLVIA: There are several airlines that fly from Chicago to Madrid. I have no idea which one I
should take.
SUMMARY: Sylvia is trying to figure out wbr^h airline- to take.
2. ANNE: Look for a nonstop flight and the lowest possible airfare.
SYLVIA: Where?
ANNE: I usually go to a website like Orbitz or Travelocity.
SUMMARY: Sylvia isn't sure
3. SYLVIA: OK. I’m thinking about renting a car. My question is how.
ANNE: It’s cheaper if you rent a car before you leave. You can do that on Orbitz or Travelocity,
too.
SUMMARY: Sylvia and Anne are discussing
4. SYLVIA: That was easy enough.
ANNE: What are you going to do about rental car insurance?
SYLVIA: Oh, you’re right. I’d better talk to my agent.
SUMMARY: Sylvia will ask her insurance agent
5. ANNE: Do you speak Spanish?
SYLVIA: A little, and I know where I can go for an inexpensive language course.
SUMMARY: Sylvia has already found out
6. ANNE: How long are you going to stay in Spain?
SYLVIA: Maybe two weeks—or maybe longer.
SUMMARY: Sylvia can't decide
7. ANNE: What kind of clothes are you going to pack?
SYLVIA: I’ve been thinking about that a lot.
SUMMARY: Sylvia is wondering
8. ANNE: Is there someone you can talk to about hotels and restaurants?
SYLVIA: I can’t think of anyone.
SUMMARY: Sylvia doesn’t know
170 Unit 28
EXERCQSE 4 EDITING
Read Lily’s email. There are six mistakes in the use of embedded questions. The first mistake
is already corrected. Find and correct five more. Don’t forget to check punctuation.
Dear Alicia,
'{ou're
I don’t know when aro you leaving for your trip, but I decided to write anyway. How are
you? Dan and I and the kids are all fine. Busy as usual. Tonight, Dan and I got a babysitter
and went to the movies (we hardly ever have the chance to go out alone). We saw a romantic
comedy called The Wedding Date. I don’t know is it playing near you, but I recommend it.
I was thinking about the last time we were in San Francisco together. Can you remember
where we ate. I know the restaurant was somewhere in Chinatown, but I can’t remember
what it was called.

I’ve been wondering why I haven’t heard from Wu-lan? Do you know where did he move?
I’d like to write to him, but I don’t know how to contact him.
Well, the summer is almost here. Let us know when can you come for a visit. It would be
great to see you again.

All my best,
Lily

Write a paragraph about a volunteer opportunity in your school or in the place where
you live. Write about the questions you have about the volunteer work. Use some of the
phrases from the box.
Before I volunteer, I need to find out how ...

I don’t know whether or not...
I hope that there is someone who can ...
I will decide ...
I wonder if...
I would really like to know ...
The volunteer work sounds interesting, but I don’t understand ...
Embedded Questions 171

PART 1 PRESENT AND PAST: REVIEW AND 10. convinces
EXPANSION 11. does... hope or is ... hoping
12. look
to ci 13. tells
EXERCISE 1 14. Does... lean
2. ask, asking 15. indicates
11. have, having
16. represents
3. buys, buying 12. hurries, hurrying
17. is planning
4. come, comes 13. lie, lies
18. doesn’t leave or didn't leave
5. control, controls 14. opens, opening
19. doesn’t avoid
6. do, doing 15. rains, raining
20. show
7. eats, eating 16. reaches, reaching
21. 's
8. employ, employs 17. say, saying
22. is investigating
9. fly, flies 18. ties, tying
23. thinks
10. forgets, forgetting
24. takes
EXERCISE 2 25. warns
26. doesn’t guarantee
A.
2. Are . . . taking 5. remember EXERCISE 4
3. is studying 6. look I lite
4. 's Well, I'm here at my new school, and I’m liking it very
studying
B. much. I’m study in the English Institute this semester, and
1. Do . . . know 4. does . .. mean
the style of the classes is really different from our English
2. teaches 5. don't believe don't
3. ’s working classes in Korea. My teachers doesn^t know how to speak
C. come
Korean, and my classmates are coming from countries all
1. do . . . spell
2. have around the world, so we use English all the time. That
3. looks means
is-meaning that I’m getting a lot of good practice these
D.
days.
1. are . . . sitting 5. writes I have
2. don't seem 6. is Although I’m very’ happy, sometimes I’m having
3. 'm trying 7. ’s beginning / don't
problems. I’m net understand my classmates names
4. doesn’t like
E. because they don’t look or sound like Korean names. 1
1. Do . . . want 4. analyzes always ask the same questions: "What’s your name?" and
2. is studying 5. write do
3. does ... do "HowAyou spell it?” I want to use names with titles like
6. sign
"Mr. Hoffman" and “Prof. Li” for my teachers, but they
EXERCISE 3
want me to call them by their first names. It’s difficult
2. doesn’t know m
3. is focusing for me to treat my teachers so informally, but I Atrying.
4. is writing
Slowly but surely, I’m getting accustomed to my life here.
5. looks You're
6. studies I miss you a lot. ¥eu still my favorite English teacher.
7. believe
8. gives EXERCISE 5
9. are using or use Answers will vary.

INIT 2 Simple Past and Past Progressive ;| 7. He was thinking only about Dana while he was
driving home, or While he was driving home, he
EXERCISE 1 was thinking only about Dana.
2. apply 11. grew 8. When he received a phone call from Dana, he was
3. was, were 12. lived recovering from his car accident, or He received a
4. became 13. meet phone call from Dana while he was recovering from
5. carried 14. pay his car accident.
6. developed 15. permitted
7. eat 16. planned EXERCISE 4
8. fell 17. send derided
I’m really glad that I was deciding to rent this
9. feel 18. slept didn't
10. got apartment. I almost wasn't move here because the rent
is a little high, but I’m happy to be here. All the other
EXERCISE 2 seemed
2. met 26. became apartments 1 researched were-seeming too small, and
3. asked 27. was dating the neighborhoods just weren't as beautiful as this one.
4. Was 28. didn't seem
5. did . . . notice 29. heard And moving wasn’t as bad as I feared. My original plan
6. Were . .. going out 30. was whispering was to take a week off from work, but when Hakim
7. found 31. got offered
8. didn’t fall 32. told was-ofering to help, I didn’t need so much time. What
9. were working 33. wanted moved
a great brother! We were moving everything into the
10. met 34. changed
11. hired 35. realized apartment in two days. The man next door was really
12. was trying 36. didn't stop nice to us. On the second day, he even helped Hakim
13. was 37. broke up
14. was feeling or felt 38. asked with some of the heavy furniture. His name is Jared. I
15. was pretending 39. was moving didn't
don’t even unpack the kitchen stuff last weekend because
or pretended 40. saw waited
16. thought 41. was sitting I was so tired. Last night, I walking Mitzi for only two
was standing
17. wanted 42. was trying blocks. When I came back, Jared stood downstairs. I
18. was working 43. jumped dropped
19. came 44. thought think I made him nervous because he was dropping his
20. didn’t ask 45. didn't ask mail when he saw me. When he recovered, we talked
21. solved 46. was helping
22. stopped 47. seemed for a few minutes. I'd like to ask him over for coffee this
23. fell 48. saw weekend (in order to thank him), but everything is still in
24. were taking 49. introduced
25. met 50. invited boxes. Maybe in a couple of weeks ...
EXERCISE 3 EXERCISE 5
Some answers may vary. Answers will vary.
2. While he was drinking a glass of water, he broke the
glass, or He was drinking a glass of water when he
broke the glass.
3. When he stood up to greet Dana, he fell on the wet
floor.
4. He forgot Dana’s name when he wanted to EXERCISE 1
introduce her to a friend. 2. brought, brought
5. While he was eating a plate of spaghetti, he got 3. chose, chosen
some sauce on Dana's dress, or He was eating 4. delayed, delayed
a plate of spaghetti when he got some sauce on 5. felt, felt
Dana’s dress. 6. found, found
6. He had no money when he got the check at the end 7. finished, finished
of dinner. 8. got, gotten
174 Workbook Answer Key

9. graduated, graduated EXERCISE 4
10. hid, hidden been malting
11. noticed, noticed My grandson and his girlfriend have made wedding
12. omitted, omitted
plans for the past few months. At first I was delighted,
13. owned, owned heard
14. read, read but last week I have heard something that changed my
15. replied, replied
feelings. It seems that our future granddaughter-in-law
16. ripped, ripped decided
17. showed, shown has been deciding to keep her own last name after the
18. spoke, spoken
wedding. Her reasons: First, she doesn’t want to "lose
named
EXERCISE 2 her identity.” Her parents have named her 31 years ago,
has been
2. She graduated from college in 2010. and she was Donna Esposito since then. She sees no
3. She’s been reporting or She’s reported crime news
since 2013. reason to change now. Second, she is a member of the
has performed or has been performing
4. Recently, she’s been researching crime in schools. Rockland Symphony Orchestra, and she performed with
5. She’s been working on her master's degree since has already become
2013. them for eight years. As a result, she already became
6. Her father worked for the Broadfield Police known professionally by her maiden name.
Department for 20 years. I got
7. Simon Pohlig moved to Broadfield in 2011. John, when I’ve gotten married, 1 didn’t think of
felt
8. He’s owned the historic Sharney’s Restaurant since keeping my maiden name. I have felt so proud when
2013.
9. A friend introduced Simon and Nakisha at the I became "Mrs. Smith.” We named our son after my
restaurant one night. father, but our surname showed that we three were a
10. He was the basketball coach for the Boys and Girls
Club for two years. family.
read
11. He's written two cookbooks for children. I’ve been reading two articles on this topic, and 1 can
12. He’s been planning a local television show since
January of this year. now understand her decision to use her maiden name
13. Nakisha and Simon have been engaged for one year. professionally. But, honestly, I still really can't understand
EXERCISE 3 why she wants to use it socially.

have tried
2. applied My husband and I have been trying many times to
3. has been working or has worked
hide our hurt feelings, but it’s been getting harder and
4. has written
5. found, was harder. I want to tell her and my grandson what I think,
6. has attended
but I don’t want to ruin his wedding celebration.
7. began, received
hasn't said
8. went on My grandson didn’t-say anything so far, so we don’t
9. has taken Have ve made
10. started know how he feels. Have we been making the right
11. didn’t get choice by keeping quiet?
12. decided
13. hasn’t received EXERCISE 5
14. lived Answers will vary.
15. has lived or has been living
16. has recommended or recommended
17. left I UNIT 4 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive
18. hasn't told
19. didn’t slant EXERCISE 1
20. explained 2. break, broken
3. cutting, cut
4. doing, done
5. entertaining, entertained

6. fight, fighting 7. Had he been looking for ways to help young
7. forgiving, forgiven musicians for a long time when he established his
8. lead, led new scholarship program?
9. planning, planned
10. practicing, practiced EXERCISE 6
11. quitting, quit 2. had begun 8. had been working
12. seek, seeking 3. had been studying 9. had been starring
13. sink, sinking 4. had received 10. had been recording
14. stealing, stolen 5. had heard 11. had had
15. sweeping, swept 6. had been pushing 12. had been waiting
16. swimming, swum 7. had been
17. tell, told
18. withdraw, withdrawing EXERCISE 7
2. After she had lost the Star Search competition, she
EXERCISE 2
signed a contract with Columbia Records.
2. had heard 10. had moved 3. She had been working at Columbia Records for
3. had decided 11. had become several years by the time she was in an ad for
4. had won 12. hadn’t listened L'Oreal cosmetics.
5. had realized 13. had agreed 4. Beyonce made the comedy Austin Powers in
6. had worked 14. had been Goldmember after she had filmed an MTV movie.
7. had had 15. had brought 5. When she sang in a Pepsi ad, she had already done
8. had developed 16. had transformed ads for L'Oreal.
9. hadn't reached 17. had played 6. By the time she celebrated her 25th birthday, she had
already started a clothing company with her mother.
EXERCISE 3 7. She had been acting for five years when she starred
2. Had he practiced; No, he hadn’t. in Dream Girls.
3. Had he met; Yes, he had. 8. She had become internationally famous before she
4. Had he called; No, he hadn't. got married toJay-Z.
5. Had he done; No, he hadn't. 9. When she finished the movie Obsessed, she had
6. Had he started; Yes, he had. already performed at a Barack Obama presidential
7. Had he checked; Yes, he had. celebration.
10. By the time she set a record by winning six Grammy
EXERCISE 4 Awards in one night, she had already earned millions
2. hadn't been doing from recording, movie, and advertising contracts.
3. had been raining 11. After she gave birth to her first child, she became a
4. had been eating co-owner of Tidal, a music-streaming service.
5. hadn’t been drinking
6. had been crying EXERCISE 8
7. had been laughing
My assignment for tonight was to see Lang Lang at
8. had been washing or had been doing
9. had been listening Symphony Center. To be honest, I hadn't expected much
10. hadn't been paying went
before I had gone to the concert. In fact, I hadn't been
looWna
EXERCISE 5 leek forward to it at all. But then Lang Lang got my
2. How long had he been living in New York when he
attention with his first two pieces.
finally received a recording contract? changed
3. Had he really been working as a cook in a fast-food By intermission, I had totally change my mind. Lang
restaurant when he got his first job as a musician? hadjust played
Lang had played just "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2," and
4. Where had he been studying when he decided to heard
enroll at the Berklee School of Music? the audience had gone wild. I had been hearing Liszt's
5. Why had he been taking courses in accounting composition many times before, but not like that. By
when he began his music classes? finished
6. How long had he been playing piano when he the time he finishes playing, everyone in the audience
realized he wanted to be a professional musician?
had jumped to their feet and had started clapping

hadn't EXERCISE 3
enthusiastically. And the best part of the concert had
2. Will the company be paying for my wife’s airfare?;
started yet. Yes, we (or it) will.
After intermission, Lang Lang invited several young 3. are you going to be traveling alone?; No, I’m not.
4. are you going to be doing?
musicians to join him on the stage. All of them had 5. will you be stopping at the consulate office today?;
won No, I won’t.
been winning a scholarship from the Lang Lang
6. Is she going to be sending the travel documents
International Music Foundation. When each child soon?; Yes, she is.
felt 7. will we be living in?
performed, I had-felt their excitement and their passion
8. will we be getting to the airport?
for music. It was wonderful to see that these talented
EXERCISE 4
children could have a chance to succeed, regardless of
2. will be talking to ... calls the electric company
their ethnic background or financial situation. 3. will be buying everything... does research about
Superstar quality was certainly on display tonight. As I vertical farms
4. tries to find Toni's birthday gift... will be eating
left Symphony Center, I had to ask myself a question. lunch
had I 5. will be attending a meeting for new employees ...
Lang Lang was absolutely incredible. Why J-had taken so
visits
long to find out about him? 6. meets ... will be taking the dog to Brigitte’s house
7. will be picking up a surprise cake ... prepares
EXERCISE 9 dinner
Answers will vary. 8. finishes packing... will be putting winter clothes
EXERCISE 5
PART 2 FUTURE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION I'm going
It’s 11:00 p.m. now. Fge to bed in a few minutes, but
I’m afraid that I won’t get much sleep tonight. I’ll be
EXERCISE 1
2. I’ll bring tired when I $>i£[ get up, but I can’t stop thinking about
3. Are you taking my new job. Toni has our last day here completely
4. He’s going to miss; we won’t be to
5. We’re attending; does the conference start planned. In the morning, we’re goingAhave breakfast
6. I’ll answer with friends and family. Then we’re taking care of a few
7. It’s going to fall leaves
8. We’re going to see; he won’t apply last-minute errands. Our plane will leave at 5:00 p.m.,
and Toni has already made a reservation for a taxi at 2:00.
EXERCISE 2
2. will be enjoying I’m really excited. At this time tomorrow, Toni and 1
sitting
3. won’t be harming will be sit on the airplane on our way to Abu Dhabi. If
4. aren't going to be using will be or Is going to be
5. are going to be taking advantage of I know Toni, she is enjoying a movie while I try to
It's going to
6. will be working catch up on my sleep. Oh, no, I hear thunder. It-will rain,
7. are going to be doing 111
8. won't be driving so I'd better close all the windows. Maybe I'm going to
It'll be or It's going to be
9. are going to be traveling watch the rain for a while. Ids a long time before I see
10. will be walking
11. is going to be blowing rain again.
12. will be drinking
13. is going to be cleaning EXERCISE 6
14. will be burning Answers will vary.
15. will be collecting
16. will be paying
17. are going to be trying

UNIT 6 Future Perfect and Future Perfect 6. the Community Center bake sale takes place . . .
Progressive________________________ Corrie and Marsha won't have finished summer
camp
EXERCISE 1 7. Arnie will have been planning his special menu . .
2. will have taken he goes shopping
8. the family travels to Aunt Irene's house, they will
3. will have helped
4. ’ll have used have had a very productive month
5. ’ll have purchased
EXERCISE 4
6. ’ll have wrapped
7. won’t have planned have
By your next birthday, will youAmade your dreams
8. won’t have decided wasted
9. ’ll have argued come true, or will you have waste another 12 months
10. ’ll have accomplished enjoying
of your life? Will others have been enjoy fame and
11. won't have wasted
12. ’ll have finished fortune for years when you finally decide to take action?
13. ’ll have had
Don’t wait any longer. The secret to your success is in
14. '11 have participated
15. (will have) redecorated our new book Making Time for a Happy Future. We
16. '11 have made will have
guarantee that you have found the formula for a better
17. ’ll have explained
life by the time you finish the last page of our
EXERCISE 2 seen
incredible book. Without a doubt, you’ll have seeing the
3. fl: How many rooms will Arnie have painted by
August 5? big difference that time management can make. Even
B: He'll have painted three rooms. better, you’ll have paid only S49.95 (plus tax and shipping
4. fl: When will Arnie have finished all the painting?
B: He'll have finished the painting by August 14. and handling) when you receive the key to your future.
yet.
5. fl: Will Aida have started driving the carpool by Your friends will not have received êYthis offer A. But
August 6?
B: Yes, she will (have). you must act fast. Make your purchase now, or by this
6. fl: On August 16, will Arnie have left for his dentist will
time next week, youAhave missed the opportunity of a
appointment by 4:00?
B: Yes, he will (have). lifetime!
7. fl: Will Aida have unpacked all the fall clothing by
August 23? EXERCISE 5
B: No, she won’t (have). Answers will vary.
8. fl: How many quarts of blueberries will Corrie have
picked by August 19?
B: She’ll have picked three quarts of blueberries. PART 3 NEGATIVE AND TAG QUESTIONS,
9. fl: How many pies will Aida have baked by ADDITIONS AND RESPONSES
August 21? .{D.IOij'v el ,©3i®tS sin-iW
B: She’ll have baked six pies. (eWferig._____________________ .______
10. A: Will they have finished packing for the trip by
August 31? EXERCISE 1
B: Yes, they will (have). 2. doesn’t it?; No, it doesn’t.
3. is it?; No, it isn't.
EXERCISE 3 4. haven’t you?; Yes, I have.
2. Arnie plans the family get-together menu, Corrie 5. does it?; Yes, it does.
and Marsha will have been picking vegetables 6. didn't you?; Yes, I did.
3. Aida will have called Arnie’s sister . . . Arnie does the 7. doesn’t it?; Yes, it does.
menu 8. can I?; Yes, you can.
4. Arnie will have met with the family’s banker .. . 9. will they?; No, they won’t.
Aida pays the monthly credit card bills 10. don’t you?; Yes, I do.
5. Aida finishes the fall clothes, she will have been
working on them

EXERCISE 2 Mariam: That’s right. But I'm interested in moving. There's
2. Didn't Greenwood build a public beach? No, it didn't. there
a vacant apartment in your building, isn’t it?
3. Aren't there historic structures in Greenwood? Yes,
there are. Owner: Yes. It’s a one-bedroom on the fourth floor. The
4. Can’t you see live theater performances in
rent is $1,600 a month, plus utilities.
Greenwood? No, you can't. Wouldn't jou
5. Don’t people in Greenwood shop at a nearby mall? Mariam: Wow! That’s a lot of money, isn't it? Could-you
Yes, they do.
not lower the rent a little?
6. Isn’t the average rent in Greenwood under $2,000?
Yes, it is. Owner Wait a minute! You came over here to talk to me,
7. Hasn’t Greenwood been a town for more than a didn't
haven't you? You want to live here, don’t you?
hundred years? Yes, it has. fes
8. Aren’t they going to build a baseball stadium in Mariam: No. I love this building. It would be perfect for
Greenwood? Yes, they are. me, but I can’t pay $1,600 a month.
EXERCISE 3 Owner: But this is a historic structure. I was originally
A. planning to charge $1,800 a month.

3. isn't it Mariam: I know. The history is what attracted me in the
B. is
first place. But the elevator isn't working, iwH it?
1. have you
2. Didn’t... fill out Owner: No, it isn’t. OK, so if I lower the rent, you'll do
3. shouldn’t we
some things in the apartment like painting,
C. eou
1. Isn't won’t they?
2. Didn't. . . use to be Mariam: Definitely. And I’m going to pay $1,500 a
3. had it aren't
month, amn’t I?
D.
1. aren't they Owner OK, OK. And you can move in next weekend,
2. have you can't
eaayou?
3. Can’t. . . take
Mariam: It's a deal!
EXERCISE 4
3. This is a good building, isn't it? or Isn’t this a good EXERCISE 6
building? Answers will vary.
4. The owner takes good care of it, doesn’t he? or
Doesn't the owner take good care of it?
5. He’s just finished renovations on the lobby, hasn’t he?
wi
"T 8 Additions and Responses: So, Too, Neither,
or Hasn’t he just finished renovations on the lobby?

6. He didn’t paint our apartment before we moved in, EXERCISE 1
did he?
2. isn't 7. and
7. He doesn’t talk very much, does he?
3. hasn’t 8. either
8. The rent won’t increase next year, will it?
4. so 9. did Simon
9. Some new people will be moving into Apartment
5. Neither 10. too
IB, won’t they? or Won't some new people be
6. hasn't
moving into Apartment IB?
10. This is a really nice place to live, isn't it? or Isn't this
EXERCISE 2
a really nice place to live?
A.
EXERCISE 5 2. didn’t either 5. so did
don't 3. am too 6. but... don’t
Mariam: You own this building, didn't you? 4. did too
Owner: Yes. And you've been living next door for about B.
haven't 1. but... didn't 3. so did
a year now, have you?
2. neither had 4. but... wasn't

C. PART 4 GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND PHRASAL
1. are too 2. so will VERBS
EXERCISE 3
OLKUif ..
II-WWi,________________ ■
2. but Pleucadeuc wasn’t
3. and Pleucadeuc will too or and so will Pleucadeuc EXERCISE 1
4. and so should participants at Pleucadeuc or and 3. to watch 12. watching
participants at Pleucadeuc should too 4. to watch 13. watching
5. and the Beijing festival doesn’t either or and neither 5. to watch 14. watching
does the Beijing festival 6. to watch or watching 15. to watch
6. and so does Pleucadeuc or and Pleucadeuc does too 7. to watch 16. watching
7. and neither did Beijing or and Beijing didn’t either 8. watching 17. watching
8. and their families have too or and so have their 9. to watch 18. watching
families 10. watching 19. to watch
11. to watch or watching 20. to watch
EXERCISE 4
Twinsburg really knows how to throw a party! I went EXERCISE 2

2. watching 18. not permitting
to the festival in 2015. My twin sister and my cousins 3. to recall 19. to watch
did
de too. We had a great time. I really enjoyed the line 4. hearing 20. to understand
5. to calm 21. making
dancing, and so did my sister. I had never done that kind 6. Sponsoring 22. to develop
of dancing before, but once I started, I couldn’t stop, and 7. to limit 23. (to) get rid of
could 8. to participate 24. to offer
neither eae she. To be honest, I was hoping to see a cute 9. creating 25. to advertise
was
guy twin at the dance, and my sister did too, but we were 10. to preview 26. to decrease
11. having 27. not to continue
out of luck. I didn’t meet anyone, and my sister didn’t 12. to believe 28. to avoid or avoiding
either
neither. But we still had fun. Our favorite part was the 13. viewing 29. not to pay
14. interacting 30. to investigate
picnic on Friday night. I loved seeing all the other twins 15. to behave 31. to schedule
mf sister did too or so did my sister
there, and did my sister too. 16. to produce 32. turning on
hasn't 17. limiting or to limit
I have always liked being a twin, but my sister has.
The Twinsburg festival changed all that. By Saturday EXERCISE 3
2. unwilling (or not willing) to change
morning, she was really excited. Of course 1 was too.
3. used to putting
We couldn’t wait for the Double Take Parade to start. 4. fed up with seeing
5. likely to hit
My sister and I both marched in the parade. I felt really
And so did she or And she did too 6. force ... to rate
proud and excited to be a part of it. So she did. 7. hesitate to tell
8. decided to run
Attending the Twins Day Festival with my sister may
9. stopped showing
be a factor in why I liked it so much, but my cousins 10. dislike turning off
11. insist on changing
aren’t twins, and they can’t wait to go back. My sister and
do 12. forbid ... to turn on
I think the festival is fantastic, and they are too. 13. permit... to tune in
14. consider using
EXERCISE 5 15. advise ... to do
Answers will vary. 16. keep communicating
17. hesitate to ask
18. agreeing to speak

EXERCISE 4 6. get 11. makes
2. A V-chip interferes with Annie’s (or Annie) watching 7. get 12. help
violent shows. 8. help 13. have
3. The show encourages them to get interested in 9. gets 14. make
books. 10. let
4. Her father told Jennifer not to watch cop shows
anymore. EXERCISE 2
5. The teacher recommended their watching news for 2. you keep 9. her play
children. 3. you (to) decide 10. him (to) adjust
6. Bob didn’t (or doesn't) remember their (or them) 4. them give 11. him spend
seeing that game. 5. her to do 12. him to obey
7. Sharif's parents persuaded him not to watch the 6. them take care of 13. him understand
cartoon. 7. them to realize 14. you (to) relax
8. The mother insisted on Sara’s (or Sara) turning off 8. him to calm down 15. us provide
the TV.
9. Aziza wanted (or wants) Ben to change the channel. EXERCISE 3
10. Nick can’t get used to Paul’s (or Paul) watching a 2. got him to agree to adopt a dog or a cat.
Spanish-language news program. 3. let him make the choice.
4. made him do some research on pet care.
EXERCISE 5 5. didn’t help him do the research, or didn’t help him
hearing to do the research.
I’m tired of hear that violence on TV causes violence 6. got her to fill out and sign the adoption application
at home, in school, and on the streets. Almost all young forms.
7. had him explain the adoption process (to her).
people watch TV, but not all of them are involved in 8. didn’t make him pay the adoption fees.
committing crimes! In fact, very few people choose
to oct Watching EXERCISE 4
acting in violent ways. To watch TV, therefore, is not the
Thanks for staying in touch. Your emails always make
cause.
smite
me to smile—even when I’m feeling stressed. Knowing
Groups like the American Medical Society should relax
telling that I have a good friend like you really helps me relaxing
stop making a point of to tell people what to watch. If
to live to have and not take things so seriously.
we want living in a free society, it is necessary having
to learn At the end of last semester, my roommates and I
freedom of choice. Children need learn values from
decided to get a dog. Actually, my roommates made
their parents. It should be the parents’ responsibility to
to deride the decision and then got me Ago along with it. I made
alone deciding what their child can or cannot watch.
them promise to take care of the dog, but guess who s
The government and other interest groups should avoid
interfering doing most of the work’! Don’t misunderstand me. I love
to interfere in these personal decisions. Limiting our
Ellie and appreciate what a great companion she is. 1 take
freedom of choice is not the answer. If parents teach let
, . , j to respect watching her for a walk every morning and every night and make
their children respecting life, children can enjoy to watch
her run and play in the park near our apartment as often
TV without any negative effects.
as 1 can because 1 know how much she enjoys it. Still, 1
EXERCISE 6 spend
wish I could have my roommates to spend just an hour a
Answers will vary.
week with "our" dog. At this point, I can't even get them
to feed
[QLKPl! i.lftj /■Wil'g;. ILjgi IKI/i) ;gygj(gj5>-' feeding Ellie, and now they want to move to an apartment
bare
complex that won’t let us te-have a dog. I think I’m going
EXERCISE 1
2. let 4. makes to have to choose whether to live with my roommates or
3. help 5. make with Ellie—and I think I'm going to choose Ellie!
Workbook Answer Key 1&

Answers will vary. up
In my opinion, drivers should hang en their phones
them
and turnAoff thetjj the minute they get in their cars.
UNIT 11 Phrasal Verb: lew and Expansion
This is the best way to eliminate some of the careless
EXERCISE 1
accidents on the streets of our city. After all, is it more
2. over 10. down with
3. out 11. into important to keep upAyour friends and business
4. off 12. back associates or save lives and money? I have looked
5. in (on) or by 13. out out
6. out 14. on into this matter and foundAsome alarming statistics on
7. on or up 15. out
mobile phones and accidents Research from the
8. into 16. down
9. up National Safety Council points out that cell phones and
EXERCISE 2 texting cause 1.6 million accidents each year. Clearly, it’s
A.
off
B. time for drivers to get in the phone. And it’s time for
2. figured out 1. keep up with up
3. catch on lawmakers to come ever with a plan to make all phone
2. end up
4. turning on 3. put. . . away use by motorists illegal, including the use of headsets
5. teamed up with 4. use up
6. help ... out 5. found out and other hands-free technology. They must create
7. go off our stmts__
6. pick out a law to turnAinto ojjEsseEts safe places for drivers and
8. takes away 7. look over
9. turn... off 8. watch out for pedestrians alike. Then the local authorities must
it
carry AoutX-
EXERCISE 3
2. get along (well) with him EXERCISE 6
3. run into her
Answers will vary.
4. straighten it up
5. gotten together with them
6. pick them out or pick some out
PART 5 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
7. count on them
8. bring it out
IIS îwt
9. picked it up E
10. turn it down
11. cover them up EXERCISE 1
12. stuck to it 2. Some people assume we are born with personality
13. put them away traits which control all our feelings and actions.
14. turn it on 3. Researchers whose work is in the field of positive
15. figure it out psychology contradict that idea.
4. Positive psychologists offer practical, simple advice for
EXERCISE 4 anyone who wants a better chance of being happy.
5. One activity that helps to improve feelings of well-being
|e ’a Iv I e j* s
I'd] e Fs] i FrI e M't M~i~|d|| i
and happiness is making a list of three good things in
IS s s Ô^JF I u | s |'te
UI L |"a t_
n Mt I
■_a.
■u
MM
your life.
6. Having a close friend who cares about you also
increases the possibility of happiness.
_____ i S |E I IT
N| v| E N M i ■s 7. Interestingly, a mother whose children are grown
■ uM Fp"e|n doesn't seem to be any happier than a woman with
kti"eIlIeIpIh lol n|e no children.
Efk_ Fv
EXERCISE 2
RIO I
2. whose 5. which
3. that 6. that
4. who 7. which

8. that 14. whose their answer with a number. For example, on a scale of 1
9. that 15. that
to 10, a 1 would be "extremely unhappy” and a 10 would
10. which 16. whose who
11. who 17. which be "extremely happy." Professor Ed Diener, that is a
12. that 18. that
leading U.S. psychologist, says the method is surprisingly
13. who an
effective because it produces answers that is honest and
EXERCISE 3 whose
real. Of course there may be someone who feelings
2. laugh 12. that has
3. plan 13. that or which bring change throughout the day, so there is a related type of
4. that keeps that or which
14. which increases measurement who uses handheld computers to send
5. whose . . . continue 15. decreases
6. who is 16. that or which makes messages to research participants to find out what they
7. which . . . makes 17. that helps are doing at different times and what their mood is.
8. who respects 18. that or which lasts who or that
9. who doesn’t mind 19. who do Technology is also important for scientists which make
10. that or who feel 20. which feels a connection between happiness and the human body.
11. who or that find has
When they see a person whose skin temperature have
EXERCISE 4 risen, they know the person is happy. This group of
2. She was visiting her favorite aunt, whose apartment
researchers believes their method of measuring happiness
was right across from mine.
3. I was immediately attracted to Rebecca because of through body heat, blood pressure, heart rate, and brain
her unique smile, which was full of warmth and
waves is quite effective.
good humor.
4. I could see that Rebecca, whose interests were
EXERCISE 6
similar to mine, had a fun-loving personality.
5. Ballroom dancing, which was very popular in those Answers will vary.
days, was one of our favorite activities.
6. We also enjoyed playing cards with some of
our close friends who (or that) lived in the
neighborhood. Pronouns
7. Our friend Mike, who was a professional skier,
taught us how to ski. EXERCISE 1
8. We got married in a ski lodge that (or which) was in 2. that 14. where
Vermont. 3. which 15. whose
9. Our marriage, which means a lot to us both, has 4. which 16. that
grown through the years. 5. that 17. whose
10. The love, respect, and companionship that (or 6. which 18. whom
which) make us very happy have gotten stronger. 7. when 19. that
11. Even the bad things that (or which) have happened 8. that 20. whose
have brought us closer together. 9. which 21. where
12. I really love Rebecca, who makes me feel truly happy. 10. that 22. whose
11. who 23. when
EXERCISE 5 12. whom 24. whom
focuses 13. whose
Psychological research that focus on happiness requires
EXERCISE 2
a tool that can measure a person's feelings. A number of
2. where 8. which or that
well-known researchers who tj>e£ collect this type 3. thanks 9. read
worKs 4. whose 10. which or that
of data claim to have a simple method that work well.
5. finds or has found 11. face
They ask just one question, which is “How happy are or found 12. when
who or that 13. runs out of or
you?” People which respond to the question usually give 6. which or that
7. writes has run out of
Workbook Answer Key 1&

14. when 22. whom EXERCISE 5
15. supported 23. dedicates or
16. which has dedicated For my book report, I read The Clan of the Cave Bear,
which
17. praised 24. where that Jean M. Auel wrote after several years of research. In
18. which 25. has
19. inserted 26. which or that this novel about the life of prehistoric people, the main
20. whom 27. are supposed to character is Ayla. She is found by a wandering clan after an
21. feels
earthquake kills her family. The same earthquake destroyed
EXERCISE 3 the cave in which this clan had lived, and they are searching
2. The Clan of the Cave Bear, which Auel started
for another home. The clan leader wants to leave Ayla to
researching in 1977, tells the story of a clan of whose
prehistoric people. die. She is an Other—a human whieh language and culture
3. It took a lot of work to learn about these prehistoric
his clan doesn't understand. However, the leader's sister
people, whose lives Auel wanted to understand. who or whom
4. The clan lived during the Ice Age, when glaciers Iza, A Ayla soon calls Mother, adopts her.
covered large parts of the Earth. when
The story takes place at a time where human beings
5. The people lived near the shores of the Black Sea,
where there are a lot of large caves. are still evolving. Ayla is a new kind of human. Her brain,
6. The clan made their home in a large cave where
bears had lived. which she can use )(to predict and make plans, is different
7. The task of hunting, which the men were from Iza’s and other clan members’. Their brains are
responsible for, had great importance in the life which
adapted to memory, not new learning, whom they fear
of the Cave Bear Clan, or The task of hunting,
for which the men were responsible, had great and distrust. At first, Ayla brings luck to the clan. She
importance in the life of the Cave Bear Clan.
accidentally wanders into a place where they find a large
8. One aspect of their lives which (or that) Auel
describes well was their technical skill. cave, perfect for their new home. She is educated by Iza,
9. She learned some of the arts that (or which) whose
who's great knowledge everyone respects. The skills that
prehistoric people had practiced.
10. In her preface, Auel thanks a man with whom Iza passes on to Ayla include healing and magic, as well
she studied the art of making stone tools, or Auel
as finding food, cooking, and sewing. However, Ayla's
thanks a man who (or whom or that) she studied
the art of making stone tools with. powers make it impossible for her to stay with the clan.
11. She also thanks an Arctic survival expert who which or that or (0)
She learns to hunt, a skill where women are forbidden
(or whom or that) she met while she was doing who or whom
research. to practice. Her uncle, that she loves very much, allows
12. He taught her to make a snow cave on Mt. Hood,
her to stay with the clan, but after he dies, she loses his
where she spent one January night.
13. She went through a difficult time when she couldn't protection. Another earthquake, for which she is blamed,
write.
destroys the clan's home, and she is forced to leave.
14. A fiction writer, whose lecture she attended, inspired
her to finish her book.
EXERCISE 6
15. Jean Auel's novel, which she published in 1980,
remains popular in translations around the world. Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 4 [ PART 6 MODALS: REVIEW AND EXPANSION

2. (Sentence 8) One aspect of their lives Auel describes
well was their technical skill.
3. (Sentence 9) She learned some of the arts prehistoric EXERCISE 1
people had practiced.
2. ability 7. advice
4. (Sentence 10) In her preface, Auel thanks a man she
3. necessity 8. advice
studied the art of making stone tools with.
4. conclusion 9. ability
(Sentence 11) She also thanks an Arctic survival
necessity 10. conclusion
expert she met while she was doing research.
6. ability 11. ability

r
12. necessity 15. prohibition EXERCISE 5

13. prohibition 16. future possibility Answers will vary.
14. advice
EXERCISE 2 UNIT 15 Advisability in the Past

2. couldn’t live
3. can protect EXERCISE 1
4. must know 2. could... have done
5. may not remember 3. Should... have let
6. doesn’t have to be 4. Yes, you should have or You should have
7. should choose 5. could have given
8. ’re able to recall or ’ll be able to recall 6. might have discussed
9. might find out 7. should... have handled
10. ought to think 8. shouldn’t have adjusted
11. ’d better follow 9. ought to have faced
12. could have 10. should have tried
13. ’ve got to do 11. Should ... have ignored
14. mustn’t give 12. No, you shouldn’t have
13. ought to have told
EXERCISE 3 14. might have acted
1. ’d better 15. Should... have complained
2. Should; might; can’t 16. No, you shouldn’t have
3. have to; can 17. ought to have been able to
4. may not 18. shouldn’t have spent
5. must not; couldn’t 19. shouldn’t have called
6. must; ought to; can 20. might have focused
7. 'd better not; wasn't able to 21. could have admitted
8. ought to; couldn’t
9. can you; might EXERCISE 2
10. couldn't; must 2. They ought to have created a budget with some
11. can’t; 've got to "personal money” for each partner.
12. could; must 3. He might have treated her attitude with respect.
4. She shouldn’t have accused him of irresponsibility
EXERCISE 4 (or being irresponsible).
My 5. They should have planned ahead.
1 must to say that Karun is absolutely correct about 6. They could have scheduled time alone with each
might
good passwords. You could not think they’re important, other.
7. He shouldn't have sulked.
but I’m here to tell you that you had better rja^pay 8. They might have started with small tasks.
attention to your online security. I had a major problem 9. They could have provided containers to help
wasn't organize the toys.
last year. 1 didn’t able to use my credit card when I went 10. He shouldn’t have given up and done it himself.
shopping one day because someone had charged five
EXERCISE 3
or six big-screen TVs and airline tickets to my account,
I think my new roommate and 1 have both realized our
and 1 had no more available credit. I couldn’t believe it shouldn't
had to mistakes. Reggie should have demanded the biggest room
was happening to me. I must spend almost two months
in the apartment as soon as he arrived. He ought to have
taking care of the problem, but I finally did. And I learned spoken
happen spoke to me first—after all, I’ve lived here longer than he
that this problem can happened to anyone, so we cjbrtf have shouted
has. On the other hand, 1 really shouldn’t shew at him as
have to protect ourselves. I no longer have a "12345” controlled
soon as he asked me. 1 could have control my temper and
password, and you shouldn’t use one either. May you think
just talked to him about the problem first. I felt really bad
of a better way to protect your privacy—and your money?

about that—until he invited friends over the night before 5. She could have
6. It must have been
I had to take a test! Then I got so angry 1 couldn’t sleep. He
asteed to 7. They must have
might have asks me first! I oughtAhave said something 8. He might not have been
9. It couldn’t have been
right away, but I didn’t want to yell again. Of course,
some of my habits make Reggie mad, too. For example, EXERCISE 4
I could’ve started washing my dishes when he moved 2. might have finished her degree
3. couldn’t have climbed that pyramid
in, but I just let them pfie up in the sink. That was pretty 4. may have taken everything to the local museum
done should he have 5. must not have understood the importance of their
gross—I definitely shouldn't have did that. But should
discoveries
have he dumped all the dirty dishes in my bedroom? 6. might not have gotten so interested in the Maya
have 7. couldn’t have been more people
He mightAfound a better way to tell me he was annoyed.
8. had to have developed a system of numbers
Last week, he wanted to talk about our problems. As 9. could have painted a picture of a warrior
soon as we started, I realized we should have tried this
EXERCISE 5
technique sooner. Things have worked out a lot better
I sent you an email last week, but I never heard back
since our discussion. received have
from you. You might not have receive it, or you may had
EXERCISE 4 been too busy to respond. I understand. It’s not easy to
Answers will vary.
keep in touch when you’re traveling.
Your father and I got your postcard of the Mayan
frag;
temple. You must have enjoyed that part of your trip.
EXERCISE 1 I know how interested you are in archaeology. I saw
2. couldn't have 7. could have
a program on television a while ago about the Maya.
3. must have 8. may have
4. may have 9. could have Actually, it was about the Red Queen. The scientists who
5. must have 10. couldn’t have
found her must have been really surprised because
6. must have 11. had to have
it was the first time anyone had discovered the body of
EXERCISE 2
a Mayan woman in a royal tomb. They're still trying to
2. must not have been
3. had to have felt figure out who she was.
4. must have occupied Because she was buried in a way similar to Mayan
5. may have traded hart
6. couldn’t have lived kings, she must has belonged to the royal family, but that
7. may not have lived doesn’t completely solve the mystery of her identity. The
8. must have fought
9. may have been red dust that covered her body made the investigation
10. might not have produced difficult. At first, scientists thought she could have been
11. could have gone
12. might not have had one of three women. I found their names on a Red
13. may have suffered Queen website—Yohl Ik Nal, Zak Kuk, and Tzakbu Ajaw.
14. could have led
15. might have destroyed After careful research, the scientists decided the
16. could have been woman had lived sometime during the 7th century,
EXERCISE 3 which meant it was impossible for her to be Yohl Ik

couldn't have
2. It must have been Nal. It might not have been her because Yohl Ik Nal
3. He might have
died earlier than that. They also eliminated Zak Kuk, the
4. He may have

mother of Pacal II, because the DNA in the body of the EXERCISE 4
Red Queen was different from the DNA in the body of 3. were followed by groups from Indonesia
4. are spoken
King Pacal II. There was no biological connection 5. are understood by speakers of other dialects
couldn't 6. was declared by President Manuel Quezon
between them, so Zak Kuk eould have been the Red
might have or may have or could have 7. is spoken by most of the people
Queen, either. The last woman, Tzakbu Ajaw, must have 8. is taught
been the Red Queen, but the researchers don’t have 9. are spoken
10. is used
enough information to be sure. Tzakbu Ajaw was the
mother of Pacal H’s children, but their bodies have not EXERCISE 5
3. Where are fruits and nuts grown? They’re grown in
been found yet, so there is no DNA to compare. the north (or northeast) and in the central part of
found
You might have find out something more about the the country.
4. Where is logging done? It’s done in the east (or
Red Queen when you visited the Mayan temples. If you southeast).
did, let me know. But no matter what, please call me, 5. What animals are raised? Sheep, cattle, and llamas
are raised.
text me, or email me. I miss you! 6. Are llamas found in the east? No, they aren’t.
7. Are potatoes grown there? Yes, they are.
EXERCISE 6 8. Where is rubber produced? It’s produced in the
Answers will vary. north.
9. Where is oil found? It’s found in the south, east, and
west (or northwest).
PART 7 THE PASSIVE 10. Is wheat grown in the north? No, it isn’t.
iffiW W swsiww 11. Are cattle raised in the east? Yes, they are.
12. Is com grown in the north? No, it isn’t.
EXERCISE H 13. Where is tobacco grown? It’s grown in the south.
3. Several employees were fired as a result of the mistake.
4. An article about the Philippines was published a EXERCISE 6
decade ago.
5. Al Baker wrote the article. Our mission is to bring you the world’s great
focused
6. They frequently hire new editors at the magazine, or architecture, and in this issue, our spotlight is focus on
The magazine frequently hires new editors. located
7. Marla Jacobson was interviewed by two of the new India. The Taj Mahal, which is locates in northern India,
editors. is considered one of the eight wonders of the world.
8. They gave Marla an assignment on the Philippines.
9. The article was researched thoroughly by Marla. It was built Bjjauih^rs for the Mughal emperor Shah
10. The new article fascinated our readers. Jahan. The emperor ^4 felt great sadness when his wife
EXERCISE 2 Mumtaz Mahal died during the birth of their fourteenth

ws
2. were called 7. were created child in 1631, and the Taj Mahal were created as a symbol
3. is not known 8. are populated
4. is made up of his eternal love. The incredible structure, which
9. are not inhabited
finished
5. are considered 10. are represented was finish in approximately 1653, contains examples of
6. were formed
Persian, Islamic, and Indian architecture, and in 1983, it
EXERCISE 3 44 became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. are inhabited 8. cover The romance and beauty of Indian architecture don’t
4. are found 9. contain are-
5. damage 10. are found stop with the Taj Mahal. Magnificent buildings A found
6. cause 11. are used throughout India, and you’ll see marvelous examples in
7. was covered 12. exist
the photos and articles in this issue of our magazine. I'm
sure that, like me, you’ll enjoy them all.
Workbook Answer Key ia

Answers will vary.
If you like to reach for the stars when it comes to travel,
be
you mayAinterested in a trip to space. Of course, your
ar limited
choices for space travel will be limit by the amount of
money you can spend, but there’s something for everyone.
EXERCISE 1
Space tourism became a reality in 2001 for travelers
2. Some new airports may be constructed on islands.
3. They might put passenger facilities on decks under with big bank accounts. The more than $20 million cost
the runways. be
of a trip to the International Space Station couldApaid
4. A lot of space could be saved that way.
5. The Japanese had to build an island airport in Osaka only by millionaires like U.S. businessman Dennis Tito
Bay.
or Canadian Guy LalibertG, the founder of Cirque du
6. At the old airport, all the air traffic couldn’t be taken
handled. Soleil. Now, tourists will be taking into suborbital space
7. Huge amounts of earth had to be moved from
by Virgin Galactic. The six travelers and two pilots on
nearby mountains.
8. International visitors will be impressed by Hong the Virgin Galactic flights can’t remain in space for an
Kong’s island airport.
extended period of time, and their spaceship won't orbit
9. Travelers can reach the airport easily. shot
10. Before, Lantau could be reached only by ferry. Earth. However, they will be shoot by a rocket to a
height of 68 miles (109 kilometers), where there will be a
EXERCISE 2
2. can be connected true outer space experience. At that height, the blackness
3. may be started of space can be seen and in it the curved shape of planet
4. can be carried be
5. may not be driven Earth. Spacesuits must been worn at all times, but seatbelts
6. are able to be transported can be removed for about four or five minutes to allow
7. couldn’t be done
8. might be built travelers to enjoy the feeling of floating in zero gravity.
9. must be crossed According to reports, 700 tickets at a cost of up to
10. have to be developed
11. are going to be linked 5250,000 each have already been sold.
12. might be added If $250,000 is beyond your budget, your dreams of
13. could be joined don't
14. might be called an out-of-this-world experienceAhave to be forgotten. A
15. might not be fulfilled half-day ’Astronaut Training Experience" is available at
16. can’t be avoided
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center near Orlando, Florida, for
EXERCISE 3 bs
$160. Even better, your name canAput on a microchip
3. Should ... be obtained
4. Yes, they should that is part of a future NASA research project for free.
5. can ... be made
6. Yes, they can EXERCISE 5
7. will... be mailed Answers will vary.
8. No, they won't
9. Is. . . going to be offered
10. Yes, it is
11. Can ... be purchased
12. Yes, it can EXERCISE 1
2. I'm having (or getting) my computer repaired.
3. I had (or got) my car checked by my favorite
mechanic at Majestic Motors.

4. We’ve just had (or gotten) our windows cleaned. pointed
5. We’re going to have (or get) our grass cut. outside painting until fall. The plumbers are doing some
6. We must have (or get) our house painted. work now. It’s a complicated procedure, but they should
7. We should have (or get) our electrical wiring the plumbing repaired
checked. finish soon. After we get repaired the plumbing, we’U
8. We will probably have (or get) most of the work on paint the inside ourselves (we can’t paint over those big
our house done by Northtown Contractors.
9. We might have (or get) a new porch built (by them), water stains until the plumbers leave). It sounds awful,
too. but just wait until you see it. There’s a fireplace in every
10. The neighbors had better have (or get) the dead tree getting
removed from their yard. bedroom—we’re get the chimneys cleaned before winter.
And the windows are huge. In fact, they're so large
EXERCISE 2
that we can’t wash them ourselves, so yesterday we had
2. have . . . completed 9. didn’t have . . . done them done
3. have . . . done 10. had . . . tested done them professionally.
4. get. . . tested 11. have . . . checked out
As you can imagine, we’ve both been pretty busy, but
5. have . . . replaced 12. have . . . stopped
6. have . . . investigated 13. have . . . put we’d love to see you. Are you brave enough to visit us?
7. had . . . installed 14. getting . . . publicized
8. get. . . replaced EXERCISE 6
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 3
2. How often do you get it serviced?
3. Did you get it winterized? PART 8 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
4. Have you ever gotten snow tires put on? : Real Conditional Sentences
5. Are you going to get (or Will you get or Are you
getting) snow tires put on for the trip? EXERCISE 1
6. How many times have you gotten it checked since 3. That's right.
then? 4. That’s wrong. If you travel in September, your ticket
7. Why do you get the work done there? costs more than if you travel in October.
5. That’s wrong. If you fly in May, you pay off-season
EXERCISE 4 rates.
3. He didn’t have (or get) the undercarriage inspected. 6. That’s wrong. If you buy a one-way ticket, you pay
4. He had (or got) the body and chassis lubricated. more than half the cost of a round-trip ticket.
5. He had (or got) the air filter inspected. 7. That’s right.
6. He didn’t have (or get) the air filter replaced. 8. That’s right.
7. He didn’t have (or get) the tires rotated. 9. That’s wrong. If you leave from Washington, you
8. He didn’t have (or get) the timing and engine speed pay the same fare as from Philadelphia.
adjusted. 10. That’s wrong. If you fly from Philadelphia, you pay
9. He had (or got) the automatic transmission serviced. a lower fare than from Chicago.
10. He had (or got) the cooling system flushed.
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 5 3. If you don’t want to spend a lot of money getting
had around in Rome, take public transportation.
We’ve just hove our furniture brought over from the 4. If you want to be smart consumers when you book
apartment, and we’re really excited about moving into this trip, get a package deal with both airfare and
hotel included.
our "new" (but very old) house. A 19th-century 5. If you prefer small hotels, stay at a pensione.
builf
millionaire had this place build for his daughter 6. If your husband is very’ interested in architecture,
you must visit the Palazzo Ducale in Venice.
bjB^tttftier. We were able to afford it because it’s a real 7. If you love opera, you should attend an open-air
, „ have performance in Verona’s Roman Arena.
fixer-upper." It needs to has a lot of work done. We’ve
fixed 8. If you’re interested in seeing ancient ruins, you
already gotten the roof fe, but we’re not having the might want to consider a side trip to Ostia Antica.
Workbook Answer Key

9. If you plan to take an electric razor and an electric if you bring no luggage to check, then there are no
toothbrush with you, don’t forget to take a
baggage fees to pay.
transformer and an adapter. if or when
10. If you want to have a really nice romantic dinner • Airline employees try to be helpfulAthey see problems.
your first night there, you should try Matermatuta. However, there is sometimes nothing they can do. If
need
EXERCISE 3 you needed to dispute anything, be as polite as possible.
3. You should bring along copies of your prescriptions It's the best way to get great service.
and keep them in a secure place if you take
prescription medication. • If you travel often, then you know what I mean with
4. Notify the flight attendant or train conductor if you this next piece of advice. Wear shoes that you can take
feel sick on a plane or train.
5. Call your own doctor if you are traveling in your off and put on easily. Frequent fliers use this strategy to
own country when you feel sick. make things easier at the security checkpoint.
6. Your hotel can recommend a doctor if you need
medical attention in a foreign country. • If you're traveling internationally, you must have your
7. If you experience chest pains, weakness in an arm passport and visa documents with you. Even if they
or leg, or shortness of breath, get yourself to an
emergency room. are traveling in their own country, many experienced
carrf
8. If you're not sure how serious your symptoms are, travelers are carrying their passport. It’s the safest form
assume they are serious and take appropriate steps.
9. Don't drive to the hospital if you need to go to the of personal identification.
emergency room.
10. If you wear glasses, take an extra pair with you. EXERCISE 5
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 4
have
• You had a better chance of getting a good seat on the IlgWa-'J |
plane if you buy your ticket early.
take
EXERCISE 1
• If you took a nonstop flight, it is sometimes cheaper b. skip h. take
c. unless i. won't catch
than a trip with plane changes. It's when you travel that
If four schedule is flexible, fou d. exercise j- has
really counts. Your schedule is flexible, if you should e. If k. If
f. change l. g°
take advantage of travel at off-peak hours.
g- will be
• Be aware of airline policy about cancellations or
EXERCISE 2
changes in reservations. When you make a change in
2. decide
your travel plans, there are almost always extra fees. 3. will.. . know or am . .. going to know
• If you do online check-in from your home or hotelA 4. go
5. 'Il.. . have or 're ... going to have
the amount of time you stand in line at the airport 6. Will... be able to or Am . . . going to be able to
decreases. Besides, you know that your seat on the 7. look
8. Yes, you will, or Yes, you are.
plane is confirmed);if you have a boarding pass before 9. have
arriving at the airport. 10. won’t be or aren't going to be or 're not going to be
11. ends
• You save both time and money when you travel light. 12. '11... find or 're ... going to find
You don’t have to wait in line to check a bag before 13. see
have 14. will. .. tell or is .. . going to tell
departure or pick it up at baggage claim if you has just 15. Yes, it will, or Yes, it is.
a carry-on bag and one personal item. Even better, 16. set
17. '11 receive or 're going to receive
18. shows up

r
19. will... be or is .. . going to be Will a woman live longer if she develops a more
20. No, it won’t, or No, it isn't. unless
positive attitude? Doctors won't really know if more
21. wash
22. ’ll get or ’re going to get research is done, but many believe it’s possible that a
23. want
change in attitude will help. Doctors are confident of one
24. won’t do or ’re not going to do or aren't going to do if
thing. You’ll feel mentally strongerAyou do things that
EXERCISE 3
you enjoy. So, if you like spending time with friends or
3. You’ll have (or You’re going to have) trouble losing
weight unless you get regular exercise. playing sports Ayou should do it. And while you’re at it,
4. You’ll receive (or You’re going to receive) some take care of yourself. If you get enough sleep, exercise,
health benefits if you eat carrots.
5. If you stop eating meat, you’ll need (or you’re going and eat right, you’ll feel the connection between better
to need) something to replace it in your diet. health and a more positive attitude.
6. If you have a cold, vitamin C will help (or is going
to help) relieve the symptoms. EXERCISE 5
7. You'll suffer (or You're going to suffer) possible Answers will vary.
negative effects if your body gets too much
vitamin A.
8. You won’t have (or You aren’t going to have or P 22 Present and Future Unreal Conditional
You're not going to have) a problem going out with
Sentences
wet hair unless you're worried about feeling cold or
looking less than perfect. EXERCISE 1
2. could sleep 15. had
EXERCISE 4 16. would taste
3. were
If you y>fff want to be healthy, then you should stay 4. offered 17. would taste
5. wouldn’t eat 18. put
positive. At least that’s what new medical findings seem to 6. ’dbe 19. had
say. According to researchers, if you handle stress well and 7. had 20. added
8. ’dgive 21. would be
have an attitude toward life that is positive overall, 9. didn't need 22. stirred
will >
you won't live a longer, healthier life. In a recent study, 10. 'doffer 23. would be
11. weren’t 24. knew
adults were asked questions about stressful situations that 12. didn’t need 25. ate
they were unable to anticipate. For example, they might 13. ’d share 26. ’d require
will you 14. could offer
have been asked, "How you will react if you are stuck in
„ , asks
traffic?” or "What will you do if your boss wall ask you to EXERCISE 2
2. We wish the soldiers wouldn’t keep asking for our
start a big project right at the end of the day?”
food.
Researchers found that the people with enthusiastic 3. We wish we didn't have to hide our food from them.
4. We wish we didn’t need all our grain to feed the
and positive responses had fewer heart attacks over the
cows.
next 10 years. In a similar study, scientists discovered that 5. We wish all our beds weren’t full.
6. We wish there were enough room for the soldiers.
having a positive attitude toward the future made people
7. We wish the king would come here to eat with us.
12 percent less likely to suffer a heart attack. Other 8. We wish we had a larger soup pot.
9. We wish we could have stone soup every day.
research has also shown a connection between a positive
attitude and good health. According to the studies, if EXERCISE 3
people approach life in a positive way, they'll be less 2. If I had potatoes. I’d make potato soup.
3. If my apartment weren’t small. I’d invite people over.
likely to get a cold or the flu and more likely to have 4. If steak weren’t expensive, we’d eat it.
lower blood pressure. 5. If my daughter weren’t sick. I’d go shopping later
today.

6. If I didn't have bad eyesight, I could join the army. EXERCISE 7
If the soup had seasoning in it, it wouldn't taste so Answers will vary.
bland.
8. If I knew the answer, I wouldn’t be embarrassed
now.
9. If I were rich, I’d take vacations.
10. If I had the recipe, I'd make stone soup. EXERCISE 1
2. had stayed; might not have created
EXERCISE 4 3. could have ended up; had agreed
2. If I were you, I’d read a fairy tale. 4. had spoken; might have enjoyed
3. If I were you, I’d try cabbage soup. wouldn’t have become; hadn’t had
4. If I were you, I wouldn't add salt. 6. had used; wouldn't have been; might not have loved
If I were you, I wouldn't ask for a raise. 7. would've made; hadn’t started
6. If I were you, I wouldn’t take her to see Rambo VII 8. ’d found
(or to that movie or to see that movie).
If I were you, I'd move. EXERCISE 2
8. If I were you, I’d eat out. 2. had been
3. had found
EXERCISE 5 4. might have been
2. Who would look for us if we got lost? hadn’t earned
3. Where would we go if it started to rain? 6. might.. . have seen
4. Would you be afraid if we saw a bear? 7. (might never have) owned
If you heard a loud growl, would you be scared? 8. hadn’t paid
6. What would you do if you were in my place? 9. would have had
7. What would we do if we ran out of food? 10. hadn't given
8. If we didn’t have any more food, would we make 11. wouldn’t have survived
stone soup? 12. had gotten
13. could have paid
EXERCISE 6 14. hadn’t met
were 15. might have been
It’s 11:00 p.m., and I'm still awake. I wish I was home. 16. would have disapproved
were 17. ’d known
If I would be home, I would be asleep by now! But here
18. hadn’t agreed
I am in the middle of nowhere. I’m furious at myself 19. would have taken
for agreeing to go camping. My sleeping bag is really
would EXERCISE 3
uncomfortable. If I were more comfortable, I will be 2. I wish the kids had brought good presents to Andy’s
would birthday party. I wish there had been a Mrs. Potato
able to sleep. What de my family think if they could
Head toy in one of those boxes.
see me now? 3. I wish Woody hadn’t fought with Buzz. I wish Buzz
had
I’m cold, tired, and hungry. I wish I have something to hadn’t fallen out the window.
4. I wish I hadn’t lost Buzz Lightyear. I wish I'd had my
eat. But all the food is locked up in the van, and everyone favorite toy to take to Pizza Planet.
had
else is sound asleep. If I would have a book, I would read, 5. I wish I hadn’t found out the truth about being a toy
instead of a real spaceman. I wish I had been able to
but I didn't bring any books. Tonight, as we sat around save the universe from evil.
the campfire, someone read a story called "Stone Soup.’’ 6. We wish we had realized the importance of
friendship. We wish we had helped each other
I’m so hungry that even stone soup sounds good to me. sooner.
Knew would mate
If I know the recipe, I made it.
EXERCISE 4
Well, I’m getting tired of holding this flashlight (I wish
had 2. If he hadn’t sold candy to train passengers as a boy,
I would have a regular lamp!), so I think 1’11 try to fall he might not have loved model trains as an adult.
3. He would have joined the army in World War I if he
asleep.
hadn't been too young.

4. Disney couldn’t have met his fiancee’s parents if his would
friend Uh hadn’t given him money to buy a suit. original Toy Story will never have happened if she hadn’t
5. If Disney hadn't needed the help of his brother Roy, given Buzz Lightyear to Andy as a birthday gift. In
he wouldn’t have asked Roy to be his business partner.
6. If his art lessons hadn’t meant a lot to Disney, he Toy Story 3, none of the important events would have
wouldn’t have paid for lessons for Disney Studio artists. occurred if she hadn’t kept asking Andy to clean his
7. Disney couldn’t have made Snow White and the Seven hadn't
Dwarfs if a bank hadn’t loaned him $1.5 million. room and if she didn’t put Andy’s toys in the garbage by
8. If the movie hadn’t succeeded, the bank would have mistake. Does Andy’s mother remind you of anyone? We
taken Disney's home, his studio, and the film. have
9. If Disney hadn’t died in 1966, he would have seen could had had a lot more free time as kids if Grandma
hadn't
the opening of the EPCOT Center in Florida. weren’t always forced us to pick up our toys... but she
10. He might not have overcome his unhappy childhood
sure gave good presents!
if he hadn’t been a genius.
OK, that’s all for now. You're still planning to go back
EXERCISE 5
home to visit Grandma next month, right? I’ll see you
4. would . . . have saved
5. had bought then.
6. had made
7. would . . . have gone EXERCISE 7
8. Would . . . have traveled Answers will vary.
9. hadn't stayed
10. No, you wouldn’t have
11. had called PART 9 INDIRECT SPEECH AND EMBEDDED
12. would . . . have told QUESTIONS
13. Yes, they would have .gGLTJtr^ Direct and Indirect Speech
14. had planned
15. would . . . have enjoyed EXERCISE 1
16. Yes, you would have 2. they 10. don't
3. me 11. are
EXERCISE 6 4. she 12. they
5. was 13. planned
This evening, I watched Toy Story 3.1 really wish I had
seen 6. had taken 14. he
see the movie sooner. I knew it was the most popular 7. her 15. told
8. him 16. hadn't committed
movie of the summer in 2010, but I had no idea how
had 9. ’d gotten 17. had scored
good it really was. Honestly, if I would have known about
EXERCISE 2
the incredible animation in the film, I would have gone to
paid 2. (that) it’s Wednesday.
a movie theater to see it. In fact, I would even have pay 3. (that) her husband had driven her to the interview.
extra to see the 3D version. Yes, I know what you’re 4. (that) their house is near the lake.
5. (that) she’d shoplifted a lipstick once as a teenager.
thinking. You told me to see the film when it came out. I 6. (that) she’d gone to her mother right away.
had 7. (that) she’d taken her to the store to return the
really wish I have listened to you.
lipstick.
Luckily, I was also able to watch Toy Story and Toy 8. (that) she always tells the truth.
Story 2.1 saw those movies a long time ago. If I hadn’t 9. (that) the test seems easy.
hove 10. (that) she doesn't mind taking lie-detector tests.
watched them again, I might A forgotten about Andy
as a little boy and the relationships between Woody, Buzz EXERCISE 3
3. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d been a
Lightyear, and the other toys. It was interesting to see
salesclerk. That’s true.
Andy as a college student in Toy Story 3. And Andy's 4. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d received
a promotion to supervisor. That’s not true.
mother played a small but important role again. The
Workbook Answer Key

5. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d his
was my last appointment of the day. Maybe that means
supervised five other salesclerks. That’s not true.
6. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he is (or was) I’ll be the first person that he thinks of when he makes
a reliable worker. That’s true.
7. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d shown his final decision. I hope so!
initiative. That’s true.
EXERCISE 5
8. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) his employers
had liked his work. That’s true. Answers will vary.
9. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) Bates hadn’t
fired him. That’s true.
10. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d lost his
job because of staff reductions. That's true.
EXERCISE 1
11. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d earned
$25,000 a year. That’s not true. 2. She said (that) she’d been living there for three years.
12. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he’d gotten a 3. She said (that) there had been several smaller
raise of more than $2,000. That’s not true. earthquakes in her years there.
13. He said (or told the interviewer) (that) he had kept 4. She said (that) that earthquake had been the worst.
the department running smoothly. That’s true. 5. She said (that) the tsunami had caused tremendous
destruction and loss of life.
EXERCISE 4 6. She said (that) most of the residents of her town had
been evacuated.
November 7 7. She said (that) all the teachers and students from her
I'd lost
I called Jason last week and told him that Tve-lost my job. school were safe.
8. She said (that) her school had been destroyed.
Jason was such a good friend that he offered to lend me 9. She said (that) they had lost electrical power for
some money, but I explained that I had saved enough to several days.
10. She said (that) she was optimistic that the school
be prepared in case of an emergency. I was hoping for would be rebuilt soon.
told
a job at his father’s company, but Jason said me that he
EXERCISE 2
wasn’t aware of any available positions. 2. She said (that) she’d felt worried about the patients.
November 8 3. He said (that) they’d been well prepared for an
is earthquake, but not for the tsunami.
Everyone says that it was difficult to get a job these days, 4. He said (that) the walls of those buildings might
she's
but Rachel says that she’d always believed in me. She’s collapse at any time.
I 5. He said (that) he hadn’t seen anything like it.
my biggest supporter. She keeps telling me that you have 6. He said (that) it had felt like a giant hand reaching
a great chance of finding a job soon. down and shaking him.
7. She said (that) she was scared that there was going
November 9
to be another one.
I went to a job placement agency this morning to meet 8. She said (that) she was so glad she was there to help.
me wanted 9. She said (that) although she’d experienced
with a recruiter. The recruiter toldAthat she wants to earthquakes in her country, she’d had no idea what
give me a computer skills test. After I finished the test, to do.
my 10. She said (that) if her house couldn’t be saved, she
she said that she was very pleased with your score on the didn't know where she would live.
test. In fact, she said, "I know of several jobs that you’re
EXERCISE 3
qualified for."
3. That's right. She said (that) several thousand of
November 15 them might occur that day.
4. That's right. She said (that) most would go
The recruiter has been very helpful. I had an interview
unnoticed because they would occur beneath the
this afternoon. It went well. The manager told me that I ocean's surface.
5. That’s wrong. She acknowledged (that) some had
started dangerous tidal waves (tsunamis).

6. That’s right. She added that the tsunami had killed UNIT 26 Indirect Instructions, Commands,
hundreds of thousands of people. 'Advice, Requests, Invitations
7. That’s wrong. She stated (that) she couldn’t explain
in great detail because it would be too complicated. EXERCISE 1
8. That’s wrong. She indicated (that) a hidden fault had
2. She told me not to turn right.
caused the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake.
3. "Slow down."
9. That’s right. She noted (that) it had had several
4. "Don’t drive so fast."
strong earthquakes in the past 20 years.
5. She asked me to turn on the radio.
10. That’s right. She said (that) another interviewer had 6. "Can (or Could) you please open the window?" or
just asked her that very same question the day before. "Please open the window." or "Open the window,
11. That’s wrong. She claimed (that) scientists might be please."
able to make more accurate predictions sometime in 7. "Please come in for coffee." or "Come in for coffee,
the future. please." or "Would you like to come in for coffee?"
12. That’s right. She said (that) it was a good idea for 8. She told me not to park in the bus stop.
them to have an emergency plan.
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 4
3. drivers not to rely on caffeinated beverages, such as
News reports about the tsunami in the Indian Ocean coffee or cola, to stay awake.
had been 4. drivers to share the driving responsibilities with
on December 26, 2004, said that children are able to save another person, if possible, to avoid fatigue.
lives that day. In a recent interview. Dr. Mary T. Ito 5. drivers not to wait until they're sleepy to take a break
had 6. drivers to stop every couple of hours and stretch
explained why. She observed that the children have their legs by walking around.
remembered their geography lessons that day. 7. drivers to listen to music or an audiobook as a
remedy for sleepiness.
Dr. Ito pointed out that tourists on the beaches in 8. drivers not to allow daydreaming to interfere with
places like Thailand were amazed when the water of the driving.
9. drivers not to park on the side of the road if they
Indian Ocean receded at the start of the tsunami. As the need to stop for a short nap.
water pulled back, they followed it so that they could see
EXERCISE 3
the unusual sight. Dr. Ito said that many of the tourists 7. ordered
were 2. told
are taking photos instead of evacuating the beach. However, 3. to slow 8. to take
4. not to 9. invited
there were others, including children, who understood the 10. to wait
5. to pull
danger. Because they knew about geography, they quickly 6. to show
. . would
explained that a powerful wave of water wUl return in
EXERCISE 4
about five minutes. They told their families and friends 2. (Please) buckle your seat belt.
had 3. (Please) slow down.
that they have to leave the beach and go to higher ground
then 4. (Please) don't speed.
right new. And once they were in a safe place, they told 5. (Please) pull over and stop.
there 6. (Please) show me your license, or Would you
everyone they should stay here because one large wave did
was (please) show me your license?
not mean that the tsunami is over. 7. (Please) give me the permit.
8. (Please) take the wheel (and follow me to the police
In the words of Dr. Ito, “You can never know too much
station).
about Earth science." So if you’re a student, pay attention 9. Would you like to have dinner at my place?
10. Could (or Can) you wait until another day?
in geography class. If you're not, it might be a good idea
to watch the National Geographic Channel on TV. EXERCISE 5
EXERCISE 5 My neighbor Jeanette is still a terrible driver. 1 advised

Answers will vary. her^go to driving school, but her first lesson was bad.

really bad. To start with, she was drinking a large cup of 7. She asked (me) what country my family had come
from.
hot coffee when she got in the car. The driving instructor
'v nOt
8. She asked (me) where I was born.
told her fhrtj to throw the coffee away. He ordered her ho 9. She asked (me) what my biggest adventure had
been.
to have any food or drink in the vehicle during a lesson.
10. She asked (me) what I was most proud of.
When she turned the volume on the radio way up and
EXERCISE 2
began singing along with her favorite rock music, he
to 2. how old he had been
saidAturn the radio off. Then, just as the instructor was 3. how much it had cost
pay 4. why he hadn't asked the name of the fruit
warning her to paid attention, her cell phone rang and
5. why the details had seemed so important
she answered it. I can only imagine how angry he was, 6. how they were going to get by
but of course Jeanette didn't think it was a problem. She 7. if (or whether) he had some time to talk to him
8. if (or whether) he felt comfortable there
was actually surprised that the instructor told her to get 9. if (or whether) he remembered their trip to the circus
out of the car. 10. what he had worn to school
11. what his mother had cooked
When Jeanette told me the story, I couldn’t stop 12. what hobbies he had had
laughing—until she asked me to be her driving teacher. 13. what his most important decision had been
14. what new invention he likes (OR liked) best
I mean, look at what happened the last time I got in the
car with her! I said that I wouldn't give her lessons, but I EXERCISE 3
3. She asked him where he had grown up.
agreed to call the driving school for her. I asked the 4. She didn’t ask him when he had written his first novel.
to give
instructor gtvmg her a second chance. He agreed, but She asked him what he had studied in college.
6. She asked him if (or whether) he had worked during
only if Jeanette promised to do everything that he said. college.
He said that he would monitor her progress closely and 7. She asked him if (or whether) he had always wanted
to be a writer.
added that if Jeanette’s problems persisted, he would tell 8. She asked him if (or whether) he had always enjoyed
to
herAleave again. I cautioned Jeanette not to cause any reading.
9. She didn’t ask him what he liked to read when he
more problems. was a young boy.
Jeanette has been lucky so far. She got her learner’s 10. She asked him where he likes (or liked) to read
11. She didn’t ask him how his family life influenced his
permit back after that horrible night at the police station, work.
and she might still finish driving school and get her 12. She didn't ask him how he felt when he won a
Pulitzer Prize.
license. And if she does get a driver’s license, I know one
thing for sure—I’ll be the one who drives if she invites EXERCISE 4
9°
me to going out with her. After I saw the movie Invictus, I wanted to know more
about it, so I watched several interviews with the film's
EXERCISE 6
Answers will vary. director, Clint Eastwood. In each case, the interviewers
Eastwood had decided
asked why had Eastwood decided to make a movie about
______ . Z the 1995 South African team that won the Rugby World
he
Cup championship. They asked how much you liked
EXERCISE 1
2. She asked (me) whether I had time yesterday. sports, and they tried to find out whether the 2009 movie
3. She asked (me) if I could show her some photos. had a connection with the 2010 World Cup soccer
4. She asked (me) what my full name was.
She asked (me) who had chosen my name. tournament in South Africa. Several interviewers wanted
6. She asked (me) when I was born.

Eastwood's interest in politics was 8. when most students take volunteer vacations.
to know if was-Eastwoed^-interest in pelttics part of
9. if (or whether) most of the volunteer opportunities
his decision to make the film? They also asked how much are in the U.S.?
10. how far in advance I have to plan a volunteer vacation.
)fc^the movie cost, especially since much of it was shot in
who Nelson Mandela was
South Africa. No one had to ask who was Melson Mandela, EXERCISE 3
2. where to look for a nonstop flight and the lowest
but many wanted to know when the former South
possible airfare.
African president had come up with the idea of using a 3. how to rent a car.
4. what to do about rental car insurance.
rugby championship to handle political problems. That
5. where to go for an inexpensive language course.
was exactly the kind of question I became interested 6. how long to stay in Spain.
7. what kind of clothes to pack
in. Because I am a sports fan, I originally wanted to
8. who to talk to about hotels and restaurants.
learn more about the South African rugby team, the
EXERCISE 4
Springboks, and their captain, Francois Pienaar. However,
you're
I don’t know when are you leaving for your trip, but
I soon began to ask how Mandela could go from prisoner
I decided to write anyway. How are you? Dan and I and
to presidential candidate to world leader to Nobel Prize
the kids are all fine. Busy as usual. Tonight, Dan and I got
winner? This paper will report the results of my research.
a babysitter and went to the movies (we hardly ever have
It will focus on the reasons that Nelson Mandela won the
the chance to go out alone). We saw a romantic comedy
1993 Nobel Peace Prize. if it's
called The Wedding Date. I don’t know ts-k playing near
EXERCISE 5
you, but I recommend it.
Answers will vary'.
I was thinking about the last time we were in San
IttC'Ou □ Francisco together. Can you remember where we ate? I

know the restaurant was somewhere in Chinatown, but 1
EXERCISE 1
can’t remember what it was called.
2. why you enjoy watching sports all the time.
3. how you can watch those boring travel shows. I’ve been wondering why I haven't heard from Wu-lan?
4. what the ultimate travel destinations are. he moved
Do you know where did he move? I’d like to write to him,
5. when your last vacation was?
6. if (or whether) I’m going to take a vacation anytime but 1 don’t know how to contact him.
soon.
Well, the summer is almost here. Let us know when
7. how you're going to pay for your dream vacation? you can
8. how much a volunteer vacation will cost. can you come for a visit. It would be great to see you
9. if (or whether) people really take vacations where
again.
they have to work.
10. which organization has volunteer vacations in Africa?
EXERCISE 5
11. where I should go for more information?
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 2
2. if (or whether) I have to be over twenty-one to go
on a volunteer vacation.
3. who pays for the trip?
4. what the average cost of a volunteer vacation is?
5. if (or whether) students on a volunteer vacation
should bring any extra money?
6. if (or whether) I’ll have any free time on a volunteer
vacation.
7. how long the trips usually last?

FOG 4 - 5th Ed - Workbook

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FIFTH EDITION

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2006, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030

Text design and layout: Page Designs International

Cover image: Andy Roberts/Getty Images

Printed in the United States of America

PART 0 Present and Past: Review and Expansion

PART 2 Future: Review and Expansion

PART 3 Negative and Tag Questions, Additions and Responses

PART 4 Gerunds, Infinitives, and Phrasal Verbs

FART 5 Adjective Clauses

PART ® Modals: Review and Expansion

;ART 7 The Passive

PART 0 Indirect Speech and Embedded Questions

Workbook Answer Key 173

Jane Curtis began teaching ESOL in Spain, where she participated in a

About the Author v

iL Simple Present and Present Progressive

EXERCISE 1 SPELLING: SIMPLE PRESENT AND

1. answer answers answering

A. AMBER: I think I’ve seen you before. you

Professor Bertolucci's course this semester?

NOEL: No, but my twin sister, Dominique, Italian this year.

AMBER: That her! I her name now. You two

B. JARED: you that woman over there?

TARO: That's Mangena. She usually a pronunciation class at the Institute,

but she in the computer lab this term.

JARED: That’s an interesting name. What it?

known anyone else with that name.

C. ROSA: How you your name?

ZHUO: Here, I’ll write it down for you.

ROSA: You unusual handwriting. It very artistic.

D. IVY: Hi. Why you there with such a terrible look on

your face? You too happy.

LEE: I to read this letter from my friend. He

a computer, so he his letters by hand, and his handwriting

awful. It to get on my nerves.

E. AMY: you to hear something interesting? Justin

CHRIS: What exactly a graphologist .?

AMY: A graphologist people’s handwriting. You can learn a lot about

people from the way they —especially from how they

on the news a lot these days because the federal government

Simple Present and Present Progressive 3

Dear Professor Kim,

lot of good practice these days.

I miss you a lot. You still my favorite English teacher.

EXERCISE 5 PERSONAL WRITING

In general,... These days,...

EXERCISE 1 SPELLING: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SIMPLE PAST

Base Form Simple Past

FIRST MEETINGS fl by Rebecca Hubbard ' -

What were you doing when you

Dana and I sure in love at first sight! We

Van has been influential in my life since we were teenagers. We

Aleesha into the apartment next door to mine when I

EXERCISE 3 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

1. drop his wallet / wait for Dana in the restaurant

2. Full legal name Skoap-?ohlig_ Nakisha _______ Ann