Ielts 6 SRBK

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11 Communication

1a
Success
Communication today

Reading (Matching headings; Sentence completion)


 COURSEBOOK pages 8–9 and 18–19

Before you read


1 a Look at the title of the passage on page 7, and the
photo. Answer the questions.
1 In what kinds of situation do you use gestures
instead of your voice?
2 How successful do you find the use of gestures to
communicate?
incorrect?
1
b Only one of the headings is suitable for
paragraph B.
1 Which one contains information that is factually

2 Which one contains information that is not


mentioned in the paragraph?
3 Which one contains information that summarises
the main topic of the paragraph?

Test practice
b Read the first paragraph (A), and answer the
questions. 4 Complete the Test practice task.
1 Can you use sign language? The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A–G.
2 Do you know anyone else who can use sign
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from
language?
the list of headings below.
3 What might the sign in the picture mean?

Identify topic sentences List of Headings


2 Look quickly through paragraphs A and B. i Uncertainties concerning the origins of signing
Answer the questions. ii The groups who make use of sign language
iii Several decades of decline for BSL
1 What is paragraph A mainly about? Choose one.
iv Changes occurring in the spoken language
A the large numbers of deaf people in Britain
v Two mistaken beliefs about sign language
B the nature of sign language
vi The introduction of formal lessons for signing
C a comparison between sign language and speech
vii An alternative system of manual communication
2 Which is the topic sentence in paragraph A?
viii Variation in the forms of BSL is reduced
3 Which is the topic sentence in paragraph B?
ix The difficulties involved in learning BSL
4 Which other phrases in paragraph B relate to
‘misunderstanding’? 1 Paragraph A 5 Paragraph E
2 Paragraph B 6 Paragraph F
TEST STRATEGY 3 Paragraph C 7 Paragraph G
4 Paragraph D
In a ‘Matching headings’ task, the heading should be
similar in content to the topic sentence, as they both
reflect the overall topic of a paragraph.
EXPERT LANGUAGE
The prefix mis- generally means bad or wrong.
Identify paragraph topics
3 a Look at the following headings, and then read
paragraph B again.
Sentence completion
a A rise in the numbers of people using American 5 a Look at the sentence. What kind of word is
Sign Language missing (noun/verb/adjective, etc.)?
b The international use of British Sign Language Apart from people who are deaf or dumb, sign
c Two mistaken beliefs about sign language language is used by family members and .

b Read paragraph A and find the missing word.

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Module 1
Communication 1a
BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE – 20 C Another method of using the hands to communicate is finger spelling, where
each letter of the conventional alphabet has a corresponding finger sign.
Communicating without the use of the voice However, finger spelling does not represent an alternative to signing. There
are only two situations in which the finger-spelling alphabet is used in sign
language. Firstly, it can be used to spell out the names of people and places for
25 which no sign exists. Secondly, finger spelling can be used to spell words for
which the signer does not know the sign. Nevertheless, finger spelling is a very
lengthy and laborious substitute for sign language.
D Little is known about the way in which British Sign Language (BSL) developed,
as it has no written form. The few written records that do exist concerning
30 the historical use of sign language in the country were mainly produced by
hearing people, and this calls into question their reliability. What is known
is that people in Britain were signing by the 16th century. Many scholars
think that signing systems were used prior to this, although there is no firm
evidence to support that.
A More than 900,000 people in Britain are severely deaf, and an unknown
number are dumb, that is to say they lack the ability to speak. For these 35 E Like all other natural languages, BSL changes over time. It is thought that
people, an alternative system of communication is available which requires modern BSL developed during the 18th century, when there was a mass
neither hearing ability nor speech. It is a system based on the use of signs. The movement of people from the countryside to the expanding cities in search
5 signs are made using movements of the body, in particular of the hands, as of work. As deaf individuals came into contact with larger numbers of other
well as facial expressions. Sign language is used mainly by the deaf and those deaf people in these growing cities, they formed communities, and their
who are unable to speak. However it is also used by those who communicate 40 system of communication became more standardised. This trend was further
on a daily basis with them, such as family members, or by interpreters who are strengthened with the development of formal education.
employed to help the deaf communicate with people in the wider world.
F The first school in Britain to include sign language in its curriculum is generally
10B The deaf sign language is surrounded by misunderstanding. For example, a thought to be the ‘Academy for the Deaf and Dumb’, which opened in 1760.
lot of people think that signing is simply a way of conveying ordinary speech The school’s owner, Thomas Braidwood, introduced a system of sign language
through gesture, but there is very little connection between spoken language 45 known as the combined system, which is believed to have been the basis for
and sign language. Sign language is a separate communication system, though BSL. Unfortunately, only children of wealthy parents could afford to attend the
it is just as complex as spoken language. Another common misconception about school, and it was not until the late 18th century that Joseph Watson, a relative
15 sign language is that it can be understood everywhere. This is not the case. who was trained by Braidwood, opened the first state-funded school for deaf
For instance, there is a considerable difference between the sign languages of children in Britain. This was called the ‘London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb’.
Britain and the United States; they have only about one third of their signs in
50 G Since that time, BSL has encountered various setbacks by comparison with
common. Speakers of British English and American English can communicate
spoken language. For example, during the 19th century few deaf children
much more easily than deaf people from the two countries.
had the opportunity to learn BSL at school; most had to learn it informally.
Then for much of the 20th century there was increasing opposition to sign
language. During this time deaf children were encouraged or forced to adapt
Test practice
55 to mainstream forms of communication. They had to understand others by lip
6 Complete the Test practice task. reading, and to ‘speak’ using finger spelling. Eventually it was recognised that
this approach was unsuccessful, and that BSL was a complex and full method
TEST STRATEGY of communication. People became more tolerant towards it and finally, in
2003, it was given the official status of a language.
Don’t change the word in any way. Copy it exactly
from the passage.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY OR A NUMBER from the


passage for each sentence. Task analysis
7 Check your answers to Exercise 6 and answer
1 The finger-spelling method of signing is based the questions.
on the traditional . 1 Have you written one word/number only for each
2 The existence of a sign language in the 16th sentence?
century is supported by reliable . 2 Have you copied the word/number exactly as it is
3 The development of modern BSL is probably written in the passage?
connected to an increase in the size of .
4 From the beginning of the 20th century to the EXPERT LANGUAGE
1970s there was towards BSL. neither line 4
5 In , BSL was recognised by the British Which word always comes soon after this one?
government as a language.
Which word means the opposite of this one?

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1a Module 1
Communication

Words with more than one meaning


Vocabulary
3 Choose the correct words in italics to complete
 COURSEBOOK page 10 the text.

Collocations Summer camps


1 a Look at the list of words. Circle the best word to The USA has an extensive range of summer camps.
use with the one which is underlined. These are supervised outdoor programmes for
1 common social communal media children or teenagers, conducted during the summer
2 clean clear plain relationship months. The 1 lesson / point of the summer camps is
3 physical real bodily appearance to get children to explore their surroundings freely and
4 technological tool equipment developments mix with others of a similar age.
5 become get turn aware
Experts 2 argue / mean that, in general, children
6 divide share part information
nowadays have too little opportunity to play outside.
b Complete the sentences using two-word phrases According to one 3 story / account, many children
from Exercise 1a. spend up to three hours a day watching TV or using
1 In the next few decades will lead to new a computer. The effects are not well understood,
medical procedures. and more research needs to be done in this
2 A person’s character will tell you more about 4 place / area. In the meantime, summer camps
someone than his or her . offer physical activities in a safe environment.
3 The police departments of different countries
often concerning individuals they are 4 a Think about the following opinions. Do you
trying to find. agree or disagree with each one?
4 The study found that there was a between
1 Face-to-face communication with friends is more
the amount of time spent watching TV and levels
enjoyable than texting or messaging.
of fitness.
2 A lot of people sign agreements without reading
5 Individuals and organisations are increasingly
the details very carefully.
using to communicate their views.
3 Tourism helps to promote understanding between
6 Children generally of other people’s
different cultures.
feelings between the ages of two and four.
4 At a certain age, popularity with their peers is
more important to children than the approval of
Phrasal verbs
their parents.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of 5 Certain kinds of skill are disappearing because of
one of the verbs in the box. developments in technology.
6 There is a big difference between watching a film
back up bring up get across leave out pick up on
at the cinema and watching a film at home.
point out spell out
7 Having a discussion with friends usually helps
1 The presenter is a very good communicator. She when making a difficult decision.
always manages to her point in language 8 A conversation can become boring if one person
that is easy to understand. talks too much.
2 While I had the chance, I the subject of b For those opinions that you disagree with,
our earlier disagreement. rewrite the sentence so that it expresses an
3 The sales assistant that the phone I had opinion you agree with.
chosen was more expensive at other stores. Texting friends is sometimes more enjoyable than face-to-face
4 The editor asked the journalist to some of
the details in her report, as it was too long. communication.
5 Although the actor was very nervous, the audience
didn’t seem to it.
6 It is the duty of manufacturers to the risks
involved with any of their products very plainly.
7 When I made a complaint about poor service,
other people me .

EXPERT LANGUAGE
All the verb phrases in the box can be separated by a
noun or pronoun, except for one. Which one is it?

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Module 1
Communication 1a
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the
Language development verbs in brackets.

 COURSEBOOK page 13, EXPERT GRAMMAR page 173


New technology
Present tenses It 1 (seem) that accurate predictions about
technology are difficult to make. These days,
most young people 2 (watch) films on an
TEST STRATEGY
electronic device. However, despite an overall fall
For the second task of the Academic and General in attendance, some new cinemas 3 (now
Training Writing Papers you often have to write about a open). In a similar trend, sales of traditional books
general situation or problem facing people today. These 4 (rise again), while e-readers 5
share certain features, such as the use of present tenses. (lose) popularity.

1 Choose the correct verb form in italics to  HELP


complete the sentences. 1 Which tense is seem usually used with – the present
1 Every single day millions of people put / are continuous or present simple?
putting a letter into a letterbox.
2 Mail trucks take / are taking the letters to a 4 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
processing centre. 1 At the moment I (save) money to .
3 A machine separates / is separating the large 2 My friends and I usually (go) to the
envelopes from the smaller ones. at the weekend.
4 A barcode is sprayed onto each envelope so 3 Most of my friends (think) that shopping is
that every single envelope has / is having its own .
unique number. 4 I (prefer) staying at home to .
5 In general, it now seems / is seeming that there is a 5 I (usually listen) to music while I am .
decreasing demand for postal services. 6 I (need) to get a good score in IELTS so
6 Nowadays, postal workers find that they deliver / that I can .
are delivering more parcels and fewer letters. 7 Right now I (practise) the present tense in
2 Choose the correct verb forms in italics to English.
complete the text.

Helping children to communicate in the classroom


T he way in which adults 1 interact / interacts
with children has a big effect on how their
communication skills develop. Teachers in elementary
schools should be aware of typical language
development and the strategies that 2 encourage / are
encouraging this. They should try and 3 adopt / adopting
some simple rules. For example, non-verbal information,
like lip movements, facial expression and eye contact,
helps children to understand what the teacher 4 says /
is saying. And teachers should allow extra thinking time
when children 5 respond / are responding to questions.
In addition, the physical environment 6 has / is having a
huge impact on how well pupils can listen and talk. Can
children 7 hear / hearing the teacher’s voice, and if not,
what can be done? 8 Is / Are there any visual distractions
in areas where children are expected to concentrate?
9 Is / Are the lighting good enough for children to see the
teacher’s face?

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1a Module 1
Communication

Test practice
Writing (Task 1)
3 a Look at the pie charts below and complete the
 COURSEBOOK page 14, EXPERT WRITING page 192 introductory and overview sentences.
Ownership of phones
Introduction and overview in three different years 17%
1 Look at the sentences. Which ones are 35%
introductory sentences, and which ones are
overview sentences?
1 The graph shows how many books were bought 48%
by men and women between 1990 and 2010.
2 The pie charts compare household expenditure in 12%
the UK in 1960 and 2010.
3 In general, sales of cinema tickets fell, while sales 46%
of DVDs went up. May 2011
4 The table shows Brazil’s main exports and imports 42%
from January to December 2015.
5 It can be seen that, overall, spending on luxury 9%
goods by the 20- to 30-year-old group exceeded
that of other age groups. February 2012
35% 56%
EXPERT LANGUAGE
One word in these sentences means was greater than.
Which word is it? smartphone
different type of cell phone
2 a Look at the bar chart below and complete the no cell phone May 2013
introductory and overview sentences.
The pie charts show the 1 of people owning
Book sales a smartphone, a different type of cell phone, or no
30 cell phone, from 2 to 3 . Over that
conventional books e-books period, 4 ownership rose considerably, while
25 ownership in both the other groups 5 .
b Answer the questions about the details of the pie
20 charts. Use words and/or numbers.
Sales ($billion)

1 What proportion of people owned a smartphone


15 in 2011?
2 What proportion of people owned neither a
10 smartphone nor another type of cell phone in
2012?
5 3 What proportion of people owned a different type
of cell phone in 2011?
4 What proportion of people owned a smartphone
0
2012 2013 2014 in 2013?
Years
EXPERT LANGUAGE
The chart shows how much was spent on 1
and 2 from 3 to 4 . The value The words proportion and percentage have similar
of e-book sales 5 particularly in 2014, while meanings.
the value of conventional book sales 6 .
b Answer the questions about the details of the bar Assess and improve
chart. Use words as well as numbers. 4 Answer the questions.
1 How much money was spent on conventional 1 Which comes first, the introductory sentence or
books in 2012? the overview sentence?
2 How much money was spent on conventional 2 Is the introductory sentence exactly the same as
books in 2014? the chart title?
3 How much money was spent on e-books in 2012? 3 What is the difference between the main details
4 How much money was spent on e-books in 2014? and the introductory and overview sentences?

10

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1b Back to the old ways
3 a Look at the registration form in the Test practice
Listening (Section 1) task below and answer the questions.
1 Who will probably complete the registration form,
 COURSEBOOK pages 12 and 15 the librarian or the woman?
2 What kind of words might fit in the gaps?
Before you listen
b Look at the headings on the left of the form.
1 You are going to listen to a librarian talking to a What questions might the librarian ask to get the
woman who is asking about library membership. information he needs?
Think about the situation and answer the
4
questions.
5
1 What kind of information might they discuss?
2 Which words/phrases do you expect to hear? 6
3 Who will probably write notes, the librarian or the 7
woman? 8
9
TEST STRATEGY
10
Thinking about the general context of a conversation
before you listen helps you to follow the conversation
Test practice
better.
4a 1.2 Now listen to the conversation and
Test practice complete the Test practice task below.

2 a Read the instructions and the questions below, Questions 4–10


and think about what kind of word might fit in
Complete the form below.
the spaces.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
Questions 1–3 NUMBER for each answer.
Complete the notes below.
Library Registration Form
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each
Name: Frances 4
answer.
Title: Miss
Current occupation: 5
University Library
Address: 6
I can register as an external member. Chester
Fee = 1 per year Phone number: 7
Can borrow up to 2 books. Email address: 8 @swiftair.com
Doesn’t include use of 3 . Chosen card collection point: 9 library
Payment method: 10
b 1.1 Now listen to the conversation and
complete the notes. b Check your answers. Make sure that you have
c Check your answers. Make sure that you have written only one or two words and/or a number
written only one word and/or a number in each in each space.
space.
Task analysis
5 Answer the questions.
1 Check your answers with those at the back of the
book. How many were correct?
2 How many were incorrect? Listen to the
conversation again to see why you got them wrong.

11

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1b Module 1
Communication

2 a Look at the words/phrases in the box and


Language development answer the questions.

 COURSEBOOK page 16, EXPERT GRAMMAR page 173 after after that before by then in 1874 in 1896
in the same year now subsequently then
Past simple 1 Which words/phrases refer to a specific time?
2 Which words/phrases mean next?
3 Which word has the opposite meaning to after?
4 Which word means at the time of speaking?
5 Which phrase could be used to describe two
events that happened last year?
b Complete the text with the words/phrases in the
box.
after the war before by then in 1920 subsequently

Public broadcasting in Britain


1 World War I began, in 1914, techniques for
TEST STRATEGY using wireless technology to transmit speech, rather
Passages about events or people from the past often than just coded signals, had been developed. However,
appear in the Academic and General Training Reading it was only 2 that radio became popular with
Papers. These passages share common features, such the general public. Simple radio receiver sets were
as the use of past tenses, and adverbials expressing developed for a rapidly expanding market. This meant
time and sequence. that wireless could be used for ‘broadcasting’ as well as
for sending targeted messages.
Marconi’s company pioneered regular broadcasts of
Reading about the past: verb forms information and entertainment in Britain. 3 it
1 a Complete the text about Marconi with the organised the first broadcast. 4 the company set
correct form of one of the verbs in the box. up broadcasting stations in Chelmsford and London.
5 requests for licences to broadcast from
apply begin give go make operate present ring different companies were increasing, and in 1922
several of these joined together to become the British
Broadcasting Company (BBC). The era of popular
Marconi broadcasting for the home – first by radio, later by
television – had begun.

G uglielmo Marconi was born in Italy in 1874. He was


an inventor and electrical engineer, now known for his
pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission.
Write about the past
Marconi 1 his research on radio waves while at 3 Use the notes below to describe the early days
home in Bologna. Then in 1896, he 2 to England in of television in Britain. Use the past simple, and
search of financial support, and in the same year he specific dates, and/or words/phrases like the
3 for legal protection for a system of communication ones in Exercise 2.
without the use of wires, known as telegraphy.
1923 John Logie Baird begins developing a system to
In trials on Salisbury Plain, a high, flat area in southern enable TV broadcasting.
England, Marconi 4 his system to the navy, the army
1926 First demonstrations of equipment at
and representatives of the government’s post office. After
that he 5 a demonstration to accompany a public department store in London.
lecture on telegraphy by William Preece, chief engineer to 1928 Baird allows people to place orders for a TV set.
the General Post Office. Marconi walked around the lecture 1932 The British government decides to allow
hall carrying a box (the receiver), and Preece 6 the
regular broadcasting.
transmitter. Whenever Preece created an electric spark, a
bell 7 on Marconi’s box, but there was no visible 1936 The BBC broadcasts the first ‘high-definition’ TV
connection between the two men. The demonstration caused programme from London.
a sensation and 8 Marconi a celebrity.

b Underline all the words/phrases in the text about


Marconi that refer to time.

12

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Module 1
Communication 1b
Vocabulary
 COURSEBOOK page 16

The media 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
agencies audience broadcast content events issues journalists views

1 One popular format for television programmes features members of


the asking politicians questions.
2 There is considerable competition between television channels to
cover big such as the football World Cup.
3 sometimes risk their lives to obtain first-hand news reports.
4 The of some news reports may be checked by legal advisers
before they are published.
5 These days, the media are able to most news stories as they
occur in real time.
6 After the radio news there is usually a debate about topical
relating to it.
7 When giving an account of the news, professional reporters avoid
expressing their own .
8 Newspapers sometimes obtain reports from rather than from
their own staff.
2 a Look at the spidergram relating to news. Check the meaning of
EXPERT STRATEGY any unknown words in a dictionary.
Spidergrams are a good way of
national
recording new vocabulary on a given local 2
topic, because they help you to
consider word meanings in a way that headlines scope 3
simple lists don’t. They also show the
connection between words/phrases interviews broadcasting TV
formats NEWS
in a visual way, which may help you channels
1 4
remember them better.
bulletins sources internet

6 5

b Complete the spidergram with the words in the box.


agencies international journalists newspapers radio reports

3 Complete the media words in the sentences.


1 In my country, some television channels b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t the news
continuously.
2 J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s are sometimes criticised for the methods they use
to obtain information.
3 People often get together with friends to watch international
sporting e _ _ _ _ s.
4 Surveys show that one of the i _ _ _ _ s which people regard as most
important is the cost of living.
5 I would like to be a member of the a _ _ _ _ _ _ e on a television or
radio programme.
4 Write five similar sentences about you and your country. Try to
use some of the words from Exercise 1.
1
2
3
4
5

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1b Module 1
Communication

2 1.3 Close your book and listen to the same


Speaking (Part 1) questions. Answer them yourself, with full answers,
using phrases relating to expressing an opinion.
 COURSEBOOK pages 11 and 17, EXPERT SPEAKING page 185
Fluency
3 Answer the questions.
1 What does fluency mean in relation to speaking?
2 Which of the following words are related to fluency?
i speed
ii quantity
iii correctness
iv flow
v pronunciation
4 Below are some of the reasons why speakers
may lack fluency. For each one, suggest what the
speakers could do to improve their fluency.
Problem Suggestion
1 trying hard to use
correct grammar
2 trying to remember
the right words
3 lack of confidence
4 too little speaking
practice
5 too little knowledge
of English
Expand answers
5 1.4 Listen to a speaker talking about social
1 a Look at the questions about communicating with media. Which fluency problems does he seem to
friends. For each question, think about how you have? Use Exercise 3 to help you.
might answer it. Then try to expand your answers.
Test practice
TEST STRATEGY 6a 1.5 Listen to the questions about handwriting
If you only give a short answer, the examiner may ask and answer them.
you a follow-up question to try and get you to say more.
b 1.5 Listen again and record your answers.
Don’t wait for this; try to give full answers straight away.
Assess and improve
1 How do you usually communicate with friends?
7 Listen to the recording you made and answer the
2 When did you first start using social media?
questions.
3 How often do you make new friends on social
media? 1 How fluently did you speak? Use Exercise 3 to assess
4 Do you prefer chatting to friends on social media, your own fluency.
or face to face? 2 How can you improve your fluency over the next
few months?
b Look at the answers below, and match each one 3 How can you improve your fluency immediately?
with a question from Exercise 1a. Try to answer the questions in Exercise 6a again to
A I don’t do that – I just keep in touch with people practise.
I already know, for instance old school friends
or other students. That’s because I’m not really
interested in seeing how many new friends I can
get, I think that’s a waste of time.
B I usually phone them if I’m not with them.
Sometimes I text as well, especially if I know they’re
at work and won’t be able to answer the phone.
C Well, it’s hard to say because I like both, there isn’t
much difference between them really.
D I can’t remember exactly, but probably when I was
twelve years old – that’s when I got my first phone.

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Module 1
Communication 1b
4 Write an overview of the information in the
Writing (Task 1) graph. Write one or two sentences.

 COURSEBOOK pages 20–21, EXPERT WRITING page 192

Lead-in
1 Answer the questions.
1 How often do you send letters or parcels through 5 Use the words/phrases in the box to describe the
the post? figures (A–E) in words and numbers.
2 Do you use the postal service more often or less almost approximately exactly (just) over
often than you did five years ago? (just) under more than
3 What kind of items do you mostly receive through
the post? A 3 billion B 21 billion C 21.8 billion
D 99.4 billion E 42 billion
Understand the task 6 Answer the questions about the details of the
2 Look at the title and the axes of the graph below. graph. Use words as well as numbers.
Which overview sentence would be better for 1 How many personal bills and payments were
describing it? Why? delivered in 2000?
A The graph shows items delivered by the postal 2 How many mass advertising items were delivered
service from 2000 to 2013. in 2013?
B The graph shows how many items of three 3 How many personal letters were delivered in 2000?
different types were delivered during a thirteen- 4 How many personal letters were delivered in 2007?
year period by the postal service.
Items delivered by the postal service, Test practice
2000–2013
TEST STRATEGY
100
When you do the test task, you only have 20 minutes
mass advertisements
80 to complete it, so include the most important details
from the graph or chart, rather than all of the details. In
60 addition, the examiners want to see that you recognise
Billion

which are the key features.


40 personal bills and payments
7 Complete the Test practice task, based on the
20 graph in Exercise 2.
personal letters
0
2000 2003 2005 2007 2010 2013 The graph shows the numbers of different items
Years delivered by the postal services between 2000
3 Look at the general features of the graph (the and 2013.
shape of the lines and the legend). Answer the Summarise the information by selecting
following questions without mentioning any and reporting the main features, and make
figures. comparisons where relevant.
1 What does the solid line show? It shows that delivery
of mass advertisements increased. Write at least 150 words.
2 What does the dashed line show?
3 What does the dotted line show?
4 Which type of item was generally delivered the Assess and improve
most? 8 Check your writing and answer the questions.
5 Which type of item was generally delivered the 1 Did you introduce the graph?
least? 2 Did you give an overview?
3 Did you describe some of the figures, rather than
TEST STRATEGY all of them?
To gain a good score for task achievement you should
focus on what information is relevant to the task. For
example, do not try to give reasons for the figures in
the graph or chart, only describe them.

15

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