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Essay U4

The document discusses stresses on a cubic element and how to represent them. It introduces the concepts of normal stresses, shear stresses, and principal stresses. It describes how to calculate the maximum and minimum normal stresses (principal stresses) in a differential element using equations. It then introduces Mohr's circle as a graphical representation of the normal and shear stresses on planes of different orientations around a point. Mohr's circle relates the principal stresses to the normal and shear stresses on any inclined plane through its geometry.

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25 views

Essay U4

The document discusses stresses on a cubic element and how to represent them. It introduces the concepts of normal stresses, shear stresses, and principal stresses. It describes how to calculate the maximum and minimum normal stresses (principal stresses) in a differential element using equations. It then introduces Mohr's circle as a graphical representation of the normal and shear stresses on planes of different orientations around a point. Mohr's circle relates the principal stresses to the normal and shear stresses on any inclined plane through its geometry.

Uploaded by

marianacarmonargz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESSAY AND SAMPLE

UNIT 4

29 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2021
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE YUCATÁN
MARIANA DE JESÚS CARMONA RODRÍGUEZ
The first thing to know is that the most general state of stresses at a given point Q can
be represented by six components. Three of these components, sx, sy and sz, define the
normal stresses exerted on the faces of a small cubic element centered on Q and with the
same orientation as the coordinate axes, and the other three, txy, tyz and tzx,† the
components of the shear stresses on the same element.
There is a stress which is called FLAT STRESS, to begin with, we must consider a
differential element subjected to the flat state. If we perform a shear on it, there must
appear in the shear plane a normal stress ( ) and a shear stress (xy) must appear in
the shear plane for the element to remain in equilibrium. The angle indicates the
direction normal to the shear plane.
Assuming the depth of the element to be unitary, we can equations can be established to
maintain equilibrium in the element. o differential. First, let us establish the forces
exerted by x, y y xy on the element:

If we project these forces in the direction q, we can obtain the value of the stress. obtain
the value of the stress .

Then, when developing the expression, we are left with:

This expression allows us to find the shear stress on any plane of a differential element
with an inclination  respect to the x direction.

MAIN EFFORTS.
In design and stress analysis, it is often necessary to determine the maximum stresses in
an element to ensure the safety of the loaded member.
The equation showing the stress variation in a differential element for any plane
depends on the variable .. We can therefore derive this equation to obtain the direction
of the stress’s maximum stresses:

We can then make a representation of that triangle and find the expressions for sin2

and cos2.
It can be raised for p1:

Finally, we obtain:

Where p1,2 are the largest stresses that can occur in the differential element and are
called principal stresses. occur in the differential element and are called principal
stresses.
If we substitute sin(2p1,2) and cos(2p1,2) in the expression for ', we obtain:

This means that in the main planes, there are only normal stresses since the shear stress
is zero. normal stresses since the shear stress is zero.

MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESSES.


The Mohr's circle of stresses is an application of Mohr's circle to the calculation of
stresses in planes with different orientations around a point of a part subjected to a
biaxial stress state.
If a differential element is drawn around the analyzed point, with two planes oriented
according to a flat x-y axis system and the third one inclined a generic angle φ
establishing the equilibrium of forces in the directions of σ and τ in that element one
has:

Dividing the above two equations by the length AB and considering that OA=AB-
cos(φ), OB=AB-sen(φ) we arrive at:
Deriving the first equation with respect to φ and equaling zero gives the values of φ
(inclinations of the plane AB) for which the normal stress is maximum or minimum:

Equation that has two solutions of φ. Substituting each of the solutions in the second of
the equations we find that the shear stress is zero for these planes and substituting in the
first of the equations we obtain the maximum and minimum normal stresses (principal
stresses):

The expression of the stresses in any plane with inclination φ with respect to the
principal planes, as a function of the principal stresses, is deduced by taking the x,y
directions oriented according to the principal planes and substituting:

The Mohr circle of stresses is a circle drawn in the σ-τ plane in which each point on its
circumference represents the normal and shear stresses in a plane AB with any
inclination. Thus, the points X and Y in the figure correspond to the planes
perpendicular to the x and y axes. As can be seen, they are located at opposite points of
the circle, at 180º. The points of intersection of the circumference with the axis τ =0
correspond to the principal planes, and it follows from the figure that the value of σ at
these points is the value of the principal stresses (σ1, σ2) obtained by equations (5).
These planes are equally separated an angle of 180º on the circle, indicating that the
angle between the principal planes is 90º. In general, two planes between which there is
an angle φ are separated an angle 2φ on the Mohr circle. The figure also shows that the
angle φ between the principal planes and the x,y planes, obtained by expression (4) is
represented by 2φ on Mohr's circle.
Mohr's circle is used as a graphic resource for the analysis of stresses in biaxial tensile
states.
To draw Mohr's circle correctly, the following details should be taken into account:
The direction of rotation of the angle φ in the circle corresponds to the direction of
rotation of the plane AB.
The sign of the tangential stresses (τ) is taken as positive if they rotate clockwise around
the differential element and negative otherwise.
The angle between two radii of the circle is equal to twice the angle between the
corresponding real planes.
SAMPLE:

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