October

2018

VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
HIMACHAL PRADESH
Contents
- Introduction
- Determinants
- Architectural Elements
- Materials & Construction Techniques
- Disaster & Construction Management
- Case Study

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 INTRODUCTION
HIMACHAL PRADESH
• LOCATION - Northern part of India, situated in the
Western Himalayas

• COUNTRY – India

• AREA - 55,673 sq. km

• POPULATION - 6,864,602

• DENSITY - 123/sq. km

• The state is spread across valleys. About 90% of the

state’s population lives in rural areas.
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 INTRODUCTION
TOPOGRAPHY
• The land of Himachal Pradesh rises from the plains at
an altitude from 350 meters mean sea level on the
southwest to an altitude 6816 meters in the east
towards the Tibetan plateau.

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 INTRODUCTION
SEISMIC ZONE
• According to the GSHAP data, Himalayan region falls in
a region of high to very high seismic hazard rated as
Zone IV and V.

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 DETERMINANTS
1. Socio-Cultural Factor
2. Political Factor
3. Economic Factor
4. Climatic Factor
5. Technological Factor

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 DETERMINANTS
1. Socio-Cultural Factors

• 90% of the population has thinly in small villages and depends mostly in agriculture and animal
husbandry as prime economic activities.

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 DETERMINANTS
2. Political Factors
• The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12
districts which are grouped into 3 divisions viz.,
Shimla, Kangra and Mandi.
• The districts are further divided into 69 subdivisions,
78 blocks and 145 tehsils.

SUBDIVISIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

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 DETERMINANTS
3. Economic Factors
• Tourism is the major contributor to the state’s
economy and growth.
• Agriculture contributes about 9.4% to the net state
domestic product.
• About 90% of the population directly depends on
agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62%
of the total workers of the state.
• Hydropower is also one of the major sources of
income generation for the state because of the
number of perennial rivers.

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 DETERMINANTS
4. Climatic Factors

• There is huge variation in climate in Himachal

Pradesh due to variation in altitudes (450 - 6500
mst.)
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 DETERMINANTS
4. Climatic Factors

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 DETERMINANTS
4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR

• The primary materials for construction here are wood and stone.
• Among variety of trees, deodar and kail are best suited for construction.
• Architectural style like kath-khuni, use of dhajji walls during construction.

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 ARCHITECTURE
Introduction to Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh
• In Himachal elements of nature shape the spatial order and man has to adapt himself to
these forces.
• Over the ages it has evolved unique traditions of art and architecture with foreign influences.
• In the post independence period it has been marked by almost complete break from
traditional and colonial style of architecture.
• Small hamlets located in remote areas, still continue with their old age vernacular building
traditions.
Architecture of Himachal Pradesh can broadly divided into 4 broad categories
• Houses (residential)
• Temple/Monasteries (religious)
• Palaces (royal residences)
• Granaries (storage)

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 ARCHITECTURE
Houses (Residential)
• Double storey houses with pitched
roof, oriented towards South to
reduce heat loss.
• Linear arrangement of rooms,
connected by a balcony on all the
floors.
• Timber and stone are used widely
as both have high thermal capacity
and low conductivity.
• Inner walls thickness is 4 inch and
outer walls thickness is 9 inch.

TYPICAL COMPONENTS

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 ARCHITECTURE
Houses (Residential)
Typology of Houses
• The character of a Himachal
vernacular, the story unit is
basically a cuboid
• The smallest houses are two or
three layers stacked in two or
three levels (ground, first and
second floor)
• The size of the house increases by
placing cuboids side by side and
then extending up three levels
• Single Cuboid
Double Cuboid
Triple Cuboid
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 ARCHITECTURE
Houses (Residential)
Levels of House
A gaushala (cattle shed) on
the ground level, middle level
to store practical items and
top level for cooking, living
spaces and sometimes
formal spaces.

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 ARCHITECTURE

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 ARCHITECTURE
Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Himachal Pradesh is a land of
the Gods.

• Hindu temples of many types

and Buddhist monasteries are
found in this spectacular land of
the Himalayas

• There are three styles of temple

architecture:
Pagoda style
Shikhara style
Pahari style

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 ARCHITECTURE
Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Pagoda style

These are rectangular stone and

wood structures with successive
roofs, placed one over the other
making them in some cases look
like multi-storey edifices

Hadimba Temple (Manali) , Tripura

Sundri Temple (Naggar) and Adi
Brahma Temple (Khokhan) are
examples of such architecture
Hadimba Temple, Manali

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 ARCHITECTURE
Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Shikhara style

It refers to the rising tower over the

sanctum where the presiding deity
is enshrined and is the most
prominent and visible part of a
Hindu temple of North India.

Bishweshwar temple (Bajaura), Shiv

Temple (Naggar), Gauri Shankar
Temple (Dashal), Shiv Temple
(Jagatsukh) are built in this style.
Bishweshwar Temple, Kullu

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 ARCHITECTURE
Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Pahari style

Pahari style is a mixture of all other

temple forms.

Bhuvneshwari Temple and Bijli

Mahadev Temple in Kullu are
excellent examples of this form of
temple architecture.

Bijili Mahadev Temple, Kullu

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 ARCHITECTURE
Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Monasteries
Sherabling Monastery, Bir

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 ARCHITECTURE
Palaces (Royal Residences)
• The major palaces of the state are located in
jubbal, rampur bushair, naggar, chamba and
kumarsain(100 yrs. Old).
• It incorporates various styles of hill
architecture such as traditional, features
from Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries
and even from Islamic structures of the
plains
• A pergola roof to highlight main entrance
coexists with domical roof tops over the main
halls.
• Palace is built in local materials and roof
forms have to be perforce sloping – so as to Kumarsain Palace, Shimla
ward off climatic elements.
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 ARCHITECTURE
Granaries (Storage)
• A granary is a storehouse for grain or animal
feed. In ancient or primitive granaries,
pottery is the most common use of storage
in these buildings. Granaries are often built
above the ground to keep the stored food
away from mice and other animals.

• Two main types of granaries:

Independent (freestanding) buildings
Granaries within the houses
• The size and the scale of the granary is in
direct correlation to the volume of the
content to be stored.

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 ARCHITECTURE
Granaries (Storage)

These are independent free These wooden granaries The communal wood and stone
standing wooden granaries with stone plinths and roofs granary is a cluster of three
with stone tile roof. in Sundagaon are a part of independent Kath-Khuni storage
a cluster of family buildings. buildings and three small folk
temples in old Jubbal.
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 ARCHITECTURE
Granaries (Storage)

The blue
colour
indicates
where the
storage
spaces are
throughout
the building
plans and
sections.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN CROSS SECTION

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Deodar Wood
•Imparts stability to tall structures.

•Insect and termite resistant.

•Even when untreated, can withstand long periods of weather

corrosion.

•Used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters,

roofs etc.

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Mud

•Good insulator and binder.

•Either filled into wooden forms and

rammed.

•Alternatively, sun-dried mud bricks is

used for walls.

•Easy availability.

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Stone
Hard Stone

• Used in building foundation and wall supporting the

roof.

Slate Tiles
•Have high quartz content, frost resistant.

•Low maintenance.

•Invulnerable to rot and insects.

•Provide a moisture barrier to the structure.

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Kath - Khuni Construction
Typical Components

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Foundation and Plinth
•Stone plinth is filled upto a meter.

•The depth of trench is relative to the

height of structure.

•For a two-storey building, the depth is

0.6 to 1m.

Wall (Wood and Stone wall)

• Walls are constructed with alternate
course of dry masonry and wood
without cementing mortar.
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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Wall Courses

• Laying two wooden wall beams longitudinally • Layering of wood and stone including
parallel to each other with a gap in between.The a truncate pyramid shaped corner
gap is filled with rubble stone and wooden nail stone to protect the wood.
at the edge.
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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Stone Plinth Foundations
•Stone plinth is filled upto
a meter from the ground
level.

•The depth of trench is

relative to the height of
structure.

•For a two-storey building,

the depth is 0.6 to 1m.

•In case of lower temple,

its as deep as 3 metres

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Trombe Wall

• Passive solar building design.

• A wall is built on the winter side of the building.
• Glass external layer and high capacity internal
layer separated by a layer of air.

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Wooden Panels
•Timber paneled walls instead of brick
and stone walls.

•Panels are thick for sound insulation.

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
South to North Sloping Roofs
• South to North sloping roofs for maximum
winter sun.

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 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Skylights
• Roof with the skylight heat up interior.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Types:
- Earthquake

- Floods and Cloudburst

- Avalanche

- Landslide

- Forest Fires

- Soil Erosion

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
1. Earthquake
CHAMBA

LAHAUL SPITI
- Quite devastating and sudden in nature, is one of
the most common types of disasters that hits the state. KANGRA
KULLU
- Seismologists have categorized this state in seismic HAMIRPUR
MANDI
zones IV and V, highly prone to earthquakes. UNA KINNAUR

SHIMLA
- More than 250 earthquakes of magnitude above
SOLAN
4.0 on the Richter scale, including 51 with magnitude
above 5.0 have rocked the state during the last SIRMAUR

century.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
2. Floods and Cloudburst

- Cloudbursts are very common in this state. CHAMBA

LAHAUL SPITI
They are basically excessive rain in a short period,
resulting in floods.
KANGRA
- When dams get damaged during earthquake, KULLU

Sudden release of water by opening floodgates of HAMIRPUR

MANDI KINNAUR
increases the volume of water in the downstream. UNA

This poses a great threat for floods. SHIMLA

SOLAN

SIRMAUR

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
3. Avalanche
CHAMBA
LAHAUL SPITI
- Sudden slide of large mass of snow along the
slopes of mountain.
KANGRA KULLU

- Villages in high altitudes and army and para-military HAMIRPUR KINNAUR

Camps are frequently hit by this form of calamity. UNA MANDI

SHIMLA
- They are more common in elevation more than SOLAN
3500 M.
SIRMAUR

- Very frequent on slopes of 30-45 degrees.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
4. Landslide

- Downward movement of rocks primarily under

the influence of gravity.

- It is both natural and manmade phenomena and

varies with variation in altitude, geology and
topography.

- The controlling factors of landslide are

steepness of slope, type of rocks, change in
vegetation and developmental activities like C/o
roads, tunnels, Hydropower projects etc.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
5. Forest Fire

- The forests of Himalayan region, due to biotic

and geographic reasons are more prone to forest
Fires.

- 90% of the fires are human induced, intentional

or unintentional.

Eg. Shifting cultivation, throwing cigarettes,

cooking, collection of forest produce etc.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
6. Soil Erosion

- Himachal Pradesh, which is drained

by a large network of river systems, soil
erosion by water has become a problem.

- Besides causing great loss to soil

fertility, huge quantity of eroded material
carried by water channels causes floods.

- Activities like deforestation, road

construction. Forest fires etc are reasons
for soil erosion.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
List of Disasters Occured:
1905: Kangra Earthquake

1975: Kinnaur Earthquake

1979: Lahaul-Spiti Avalanche

1995: Solan Forest Fire

2008: Naina Devi Temple Stampede

2011: Landslides in Chamba

2012: Himalayan Flash Floods

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House

- Mostly constructed in Chamba, Kangra & Una.

- Mainly low income rural people use this type

of construction technique.

- The mud used here is the mixture of clayey

soil, straw, cow dung and coarse sand.

- It is proved that mud houses are more

vulnerable to earthquake because of its brittle
nature and lack of lateral force resisting system.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House

- For the improvement of mud house,

wooden bracing is used.

- A concrete plinth is used to fix the bamboos

at ground level.

- Holes are made within the walls to connect

the bamboo poles at inner and outer side of Strengthening of existing
mud house
the walls using bamboo splints and wire.

- The horizontal bracings are provided between bamboo poles to reduce deflection and vertical
to resist lateral load.
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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House

Split bamboo members

aligned vertically, then
mud-plastered and
Embedded into the
earthen plinth Members bored
and fastened with
rope or wire

Split bamboo members aligned

horizontally, then mud-plastered
and bottom members rest on
earthen plinth

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Non-engineered RCC Building

- RCC building is also popular in rural and

semi-urban areas for their better strength
and durability.

- Often these buildings are constructed in

rural areas by the local constructor without
any engineering design.

- Improvement of non-engineered RCC building can be made by jacketing the existing beams and
columns with additional concrete ring and caging of reinforcement.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Non-engineered RCC Building

- Removing cover of the old steel, new steel can be welded with the old one thus by covering it
again inadequate section of RCC column and beam can be strengthened.

- Appropriate design and careful

construction procedure will be enough
for making them earthquake resistant.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads

- Rural homesteads follow a courtyard layout.

- A group of separate buildings surround an open

space and thus define the courtyard.

- Each building is a one-roomed structure

accommodating different functions such as dwelling
units for extended family members, kitchens and
granaries.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads

- The central part of the courtyard

is the highest point, sloping gently (1%
minimum) to the edges to allow
drainage.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads

- Drainage channels connected to nearby

water bodies are created to prevent
stagnation of water within the homestead,
especially around the edges of buildings.

- In some flood-prone areas, houses have

a built-in wooden/bamboo platform
(machan) normally used as storage space,
but during flood serves as a raised refuge
area.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Stilts

- Typically such houses are raised on bamboo

or timber stilts and have a floor made of split
bamboo sections or timber planks.

- The use of RC posts as stilts has become common

is areas with a tradition of stilted housing,
substituting the typical timber and bamboo stilts.

- These have the advantage of being water-resistant

and hence more durable.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Stilts

- Usually bamboo stilts have to be replaced within 2-3 years

and although timber stilts can last longer depending on the
type of wood used, they are still less durable than RC stilts.

- RC stilts cost more than

bamboo, but are not
significantly expensive than
good quality timber stilts.

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DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Design and Construction for Cloudburst Prone Area:
Bamboo House with Extended Eaves

- Extended roof eaves to be used to prevent

direct wetting of walls during rain. Extended
roof eave
- Rainwater gutters can be used to discharge Rainwater
gutter
water away from the house. Gap for
ventilation
- Concrete stump (katla) or if affordable,
brick plinth is used to support bamboo posts.
Gap
Kaatla
- Should build house on raised homestead with
slightly sloping ground for drainage. Slope for
drainage

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Location
From Simla, a drive of about 30
kilometers leads to the little town
called Theog, and lying just two
kilometers outside Theog is a small
beautiful compact settlement of
Janog.(at 1980 m altitude)

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Introduction
- Janog is a perfect example of a
compact farming village

- where houses, cattle pens,

chicken houses, storage areas,
threshing floors and small gardens
coexist in a limited area

- centers upon a village temple and

temple storehouse or bhandar.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Landmarks
- It houses two beautiful temples:
the younger temple is consecrated
to the Devta Chikhadeshwara
Maharaj and the older Trigaresvara
Mahadev temple which is a short
distance away.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
- The tower, with projecting top floor on all sides and a steep
notched log as ladder of entrance to the highest floor, is called a
bhandar.

- The key to unlock the trap door and entrance to the

superstructure/ bhandar is held by the local pujari or priest.

- The wooden walls that enclose the two upper floors of the
bhandar are quite plain except for some rectangular indented
panels and some pierced geometric signs that are apparently
auspicious symbols.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
- Mounted all along the roof edges are double
border boards with space between them for
the attachment of free-hanging pendants,
wooden dowels, that move in the breeze.

- These attachments form a kind of fringe all

around the tower and that are a hallmark of
temple and bhandar design in the Western
Himalaya.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
- The lower storey of the temple is
constructed of wooden courses that
alternate with cut stone in usual timber-
bonded way.

- The building is some times used today

as a school, but its ritual connection to the
nearby temple proper continues.

- A simple human face at the top of the

tower’s gable gazes towards the second
and most important sacred building,
dwelling place of the divine protector of
Jenog and its people.
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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple

Carved and colored

sides of the ladder

Attractive
embellishments:
Beautiful floral,
curlicue patterned
edging

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Temple and Details - Trigaresvara Mahadeva Temple
- A short distance from the bhandar and reached by climbing
a fairly steep path that leads beyond the village living area is
the local village shrine. The building is dedicated to Siva.

- Many red flags or pennants blow in the winds of its hilltop

setting. It is smaller than any house in the hamlet, buts its
significance is great. In terms of style it is one of the alpine
types that is sometimes called ‘Chalet’.

- Trigaresvara is essentially the major local deity, the devata,

who is part of the village family. His shrine is his dwelling, the
most important ‘house’ in Jenog and respected by all
who live there

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details
- Janog is a small settlement consisting of about
twenty houses, each about two or three storey
high.

- The upper level accommodates the living

space and the lower floor is usually a cow shed.

- It is a typical farming village with little pathways

encircling the clustered village.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details
- These substantial shelters
have storage areas and room for some
animals on the ground floor while
overhanging balconies offer pleasant
sitting and working areas as they
extend out from the upstairs living
areas.

- All of the domestic buildings are

covered with large and heavy shingles
made of slate.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details
- Most of the buildings around the tower are like nearly all
of the houses in the village in being roofed over with large
slabs of slate, carefully shaped and usually nailed into place
over a wooden frame. The tall tower, however,
is covered with wood.

- The upper level is typically finished in wooden panels or

with continuous series of operable windows -very typical of
this place.

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

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 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 71 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 72 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Houses And Details

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 73 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Vernacular Granaries

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 74 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 CASE STUDY - JANOG
Vernacular Granaries

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 75 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 THANK YOU!

Submitted by:
AMIT JAKHAD (14010) PRERNA CHOUHAN (14044)
ESTHER RAI (14022) ROBINA (14047)
MANSI PUSHPAKAR (14034) SAHIL (14048)

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