Abnormal Psychology Q&A Topic 2 B

Psychometrician
Board Exam Practice Questions
AMRM 5.7 Version

Advance Modular Reading Materials
(Base on the Latest Table of Specification

Released by PRC 2023-2024)
Abnormal Psychology
Practice Questions
B. Psychological Disorders and Specific

Symptoms Based on DSM-5: 400 Items
Practice Questions
QUALITY
x x
Abnormal Psychology: B. Psychological Disorders and Specific Symptoms
Based on DSM-5: 400 Items Practice Questions
1. Differentiate anxiety disorders from other psychological disorders.

2. Differentiate trauma and-stressor related disorders from other psychological disorders.
3. Differentiate obsessive-compulsive related disorders from other psychological disorders.
4. Explain somatic symptom and related disorders from other disorders.
5. Evaluate dissociative disorder from other psychological disorders.
6. Illustrate depressive disorders from other psychological disorders.
7. Explain eating and sleep disorder from other disorders.
8. Evaluate the different sexual dysfunctions, paraphilic disorders, and gender dysphoria.
9. Explain substance-related and addictive disorder from other psychological disorders.
10. Explain impulse control disorders from other disorders.
11. Illustrate the different personality disorders and with the other psychopathologies of
personalities.
12. Illustrate schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders from other psychological disorders.
13. Identify the different neurodevelopmental disorders based on DSM-5
14. Identify the different neurocognitive disorders based on DSM-5
B. Psychological disorders and specific symptoms based on DSM-5:
Practice Questions
Differentiate anxiety 1 What is a distinguishing feature of anxiety disorders compared to

disorders from other mood disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) The presence of persistent worry and fear
b.) Periods of elevated mood
c.) Excessive sleep disturbances
d.) Frequent emotional outbursts
Differentiate anxiety 2 How do obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) differ from

disorders from other generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) GAD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while
OCD is marked by general anxiety.
b.) OCD features repetitive thoughts and behaviors, while

GAD involves excessive worry without specific
compulsions.
c.) Both disorders are identical in their presentation.
d.) GAD is a subtype of OCD with milder symptoms.
Differentiate anxiety 3 What distinguishes panic disorder from social anxiety disorder?
disorders from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder involves intense fear in social situations,

while social anxiety disorder leads to sudden panic
attacks.
b.) Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks, while social anxiety disorder centers around
excessive fear of social situations.
c.) Both disorders have identical symptoms and are often
comorbid.
d.) Panic disorder is exclusively related to agoraphobia, while

social anxiety disorder pertains to fear of crowds.
Differentiate anxiety 4 Which symptom is a distinguishing feature of post-traumatic

disorders from other stress disorder (PTSD) when compared to generalized anxiety
psychological disorder (GAD)?
disorders.
a.) Intrusive memories and flashbacks
b.) Excessive worrying about the future
c.) Frequent panic attacks
d.) Fear of social interactions
Differentiate anxiety 5 How can specific phobias be differentiated from other anxiety
disorders from other disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Specific phobias involve general fear, while other anxiety

disorders involve specific fears.
b.) Specific phobias are typically related to specific objects or
situations, causing intense fear and avoidance.
c.) Specific phobias are characterized by a complete lack of

anxiety, unlike other anxiety disorders.
d.) Other anxiety disorders involve milder, easily manageable

fears compared to specific phobias.
Differentiate anxiety 6 What distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from

disorders from other panic disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder is characterized by excessive worrying

about everyday concerns, while GAD is marked by sudden
panic attacks.
b.) GAD involves specific phobias, while panic disorder does
not.
c.) Panic disorder is primarily characterized by specific

traumatic experiences, while GAD is not tied to any
specific events.
d.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a
wide range of life events and situations, while panic
disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
Differentiate anxiety 7 How do social anxiety disorder and specific phobias differ from
disorders from other each other?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Social anxiety disorder involves intense fear of specific

objects or situations, while specific phobias are related to
social interactions.
b.) Both disorders have identical symptoms and are treated
the same way.
c.) Social anxiety disorder is marked by a fear of social

situations and interactions, while specific phobias are
characterized by intense fear and avoidance of specific
objects or situations.
d.) Social anxiety disorder is a milder form of specific
phobias, involving less intense fear and avoidance.
Differentiate anxiety 8 What distinguishes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from

disorders from other obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves intrusive memories and flashbacks, while

PTSD is characterized by repetitive rituals and
compulsions.
b.) Both disorders have identical symptoms and are often
comorbid.
c.) PTSD is related to specific traumatic experiences, while
OCD is not tied to any specific events.
d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and

nightmares related to a traumatic event, while OCD
involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
traumatic experiences.
Differentiate anxiety 9 How can you differentiate between agoraphobia and panic
disorders from other disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Agoraphobia is a subtype of panic disorder, while panic

disorder is a milder form of agoraphobia.
b.) Agoraphobia involves specific phobias, while panic

disorder does not.
c.) Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear of open

spaces and crowded places, leading to avoidance, while
panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks.
d.) Panic disorder is exclusively related to social situations,
while agoraphobia pertains to fear of heights.
Differentiate anxiety 10 What is a key feature that distinguishes separation anxiety

disorders from other disorder from other anxiety disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Separation anxiety disorder primarily occurs in adults,

while other anxiety disorders occur in children.
b.) Separation anxiety disorder is marked by excessive fear

and distress when separated from attachment figures,
typically in children, while other anxiety disorders do not
involve attachment-related fears.
c.) Separation anxiety disorder is a subtype of social anxiety
disorder, while other anxiety disorders are not related to
social situations.
d.) Other anxiety disorders involve specific phobias, while
separation anxiety disorder does not.
Differentiate anxiety 11 How do panic disorder and agoraphobia differ from one
disorders from other another?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder involves specific phobias, while

agoraphobia is related to panic attacks.

comorbid.
traumatic experiences, while agoraphobia is not tied to
any specific events.
d.) Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks, while agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear
of open spaces and crowded places, leading to avoidance.
Differentiate anxiety 12 How can generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) be distinguished
disorders from other from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) GAD is primarily characterized by specific obsessions and

compulsions, while OCD involves excessive worry.
b.) GAD is related to specific traumatic experiences, while

OCD is not tied to any specific events.
c.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a

wide range of life events and situations, while OCD is
marked by repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
specific worries.
d.) OCD is a subtype of GAD with milder symptoms.
Differentiate anxiety 13 What distinguishes specific phobias from mood disorders like
disorders from other depression?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Specific phobias involve persistent sadness and low mood,

while mood disorders like depression involve intense fear
of specific objects or situations.
b.) Specific phobias involve excessive, uncontrollable worry
about a wide range of life events and situations, while
mood disorders like depression are characterized by
persistent sadness and low mood.
comorbid.
d.) Mood disorders like depression primarily involve specific

phobias and fears.
Differentiate anxiety 14 How can you differentiate between specific phobias and
disorders from other obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Specific phobias are characterized by repetitive thoughts

and behaviors, while OCD involves intense fear of specific
comorbid.
c.) Specific phobias are primarily related to specific traumatic

experiences, while OCD is not tied to any specific events.
d.) Specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of
specific objects or situations, while OCD involves
repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to specific
phobias.
Differentiate anxiety 15 How do panic disorder and social anxiety disorder differ from
disorders from other each other?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder involves intense fear of social situations,

while social anxiety disorder is marked by recurrent,
unexpected panic attacks.
b.) Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder are two terms
for the same condition.

traumatic experiences, while social anxiety disorder is not
tied to any specific events.
d.) Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected
panic attacks, while social anxiety disorder is primarily
centered around intense fear of social situations and
interactions.
disorders from other bipolar disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) PTSD is characterized by mood swings between mania and

depression, while bipolar disorder involves intrusive
memories and flashbacks.
comorbid.
c.) PTSD is related to specific traumatic experiences, while

bipolar disorder is not tied to any specific events.
d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and

nightmares related to a traumatic event, while bipolar
disorder primarily involves mood swings between mania
and depression.
Differentiate anxiety 17 How can you differentiate between agoraphobia and specific
disorders from other phobias?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Agoraphobia involves intense fear of specific objects or

situations, while specific phobias are related to open
spaces and crowded places.
b.) Agoraphobia and specific phobias are two terms for the
same condition.
c.) Agoraphobia is primarily characterized by specific

traumatic experiences, while specific phobias are not tied
to any specific events.
d.) Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear of open
specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of
specific objects or situations.
Differentiate anxiety 18 What sets apart obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from
disorders from other generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a

wide range of life events and situations, while GAD is
marked by repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
specific worries.
b.) OCD is primarily characterized by specific obsessions and
compulsions, while GAD involves excessive fear.

comorbid.
d.) GAD is a subtype of OCD with milder symptoms.
Differentiate anxiety 19 How can you differentiate between social anxiety disorder and
disorders from other post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Social anxiety disorder is related to specific traumatic

experiences, while PTSD is not tied to any specific events.

comorbid.
c.) Social anxiety disorder is characterized by intense fear of

social situations and interactions, while PTSD is marked
by intrusive memories and flashbacks related to a
traumatic event.
d.) Social anxiety disorder is a subtype of PTSD with milder
symptoms.
Differentiate anxiety 20 What distinguishes panic disorder from specific phobias?

psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder is a subtype of specific phobias, while

specific phobias involve recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks.
b.) Panic disorder involves specific obsessions and
compulsions, while specific phobias do not.

traumatic experiences, while specific phobias are not tied
d.) Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks, while specific phobias involve intense fear and
avoidance of specific objects or situations.
Differentiate anxiety 21 How can you differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder
disorders from other (GAD) and bipolar disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) GAD involves mood swings between mania and

depression, while bipolar disorder is marked by excessive,
uncontrollable worry.
comorbid.
c.) GAD is primarily characterized by specific obsessions and

compulsions, while bipolar disorder is not tied to any
specific events.
d.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a
wide range of life events and situations, while bipolar
disorder primarily involves mood swings between mania
and depression.
disorders from other panic disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) PTSD is characterized by specific traumatic experiences,

while panic disorder is not tied to any specific events.

comorbid.
c.) PTSD involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while

panic disorder is marked by intrusive memories and
flashbacks related to a traumatic event.
d.) PTSD is a subtype of panic disorder with milder
symptoms.
Differentiate anxiety 23 How can you differentiate between specific phobias and
disorders from other separation anxiety disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of

specific objects or situations, while separation anxiety
disorder primarily involves excessive fear of being
separated from attachment figures.
comorbid.
c.) Specific phobias are primarily related to specific traumatic

experiences, while separation anxiety disorder is not tied
d.) Specific phobias involve mood swings between mania and
depression, while separation anxiety disorder is
characterized by specific obsessions and compulsions.
Differentiate anxiety 24 How do panic disorder and agoraphobia differ from one
disorders from other another?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic disorder involves specific phobias, while

agoraphobia is related to panic attacks.

comorbid.
c.) Panic disorder is characterized by intense fear of open

agoraphobia is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks.
d.) Panic disorder and agoraphobia are two terms for the
same condition.
Differentiate trauma 25 Which of the following is a key feature that distinguishes trauma
and-stressor related and stressor-related disorders from other psychological
psychological
disorders.
a.) Presence of hallucinations or delusions
b.) Onset of symptoms after a traumatic event
c.) Chronic and enduring nature of symptoms
d.) Elevated mood and increased energy
Differentiate trauma 26 Which of the following disorders falls under the category of
and-stressor related trauma and stressor-related disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Major Depressive Disorder
b.) Social Anxiety Disorder
c.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
d.) Acute Stress Disorder

Differentiate trauma 27 What is the primary difference between trauma and stressor-
and-stressor related related disorders and dissociative disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Dissociative disorders involve memory loss, while trauma-

related disorders do not.
b.) Trauma-related disorders involve changes in identity,

while dissociative disorders do not.
c.) Dissociative disorders always result from combat-related

trauma.
d.) Trauma-related disorders exclusively involve phobias.
Differentiate trauma 28 Which of the following disorders may share symptoms with
and-stressor related trauma and stressor-related disorders but is distinguished by a
disorders from other chronic and pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of
psychological others?
disorders.
a.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
b.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
c.) Panic Disorder
d.) Specific Phobia
Differentiate trauma 29 In the context of trauma and stressor-related disorders, what is

and-stressor related the term used to describe the repeated reliving of a traumatic
disorders from other event through intrusive memories, nightmares, or flashbacks?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Depersonalization
b.) Derealization
c.) Re-experiencing
d.) Dissociation
Differentiate trauma 30 Which of the following best describes a hallmark feature of
and-stressor related trauma and stressor-related disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Sudden and unpredictable onset of symptoms
b.) Symptoms occurring without any external stressor
c.) Symptoms persisting for a specific duration regardless of

stressors
d.) Symptoms triggered by exposure to a traumatic event
Differentiate trauma 31 Which of the following is a common symptom in both trauma and
and-stressor related stressor-related disorders and mood disorders like depression?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hypervigilance
b.) Anhedonia
c.) Hallucinations
d.) Compulsions
Differentiate trauma 32 Which of the following disorders may co-occur with trauma and
and-stressor related stressor-related disorders due to shared risk factors, such as
disorders from other exposure to violence or disaster?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
b.) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
c.) Substance Use Disorder
d.) Schizophrenia
Differentiate trauma 33 Which of the following is a common feature in Obsessive-
and-stressor related Compulsive Disorder (OCD) but is not a defining characteristic
disorders from other of trauma and stressor-related disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Repeatedly performing rituals or behaviors
b.) Intrusive, unwanted thoughts
c.) Emotional numbing and avoidance
d.) Flashbacks of the traumatic event
Differentiate trauma 34 Which psychological disorder is characterized by a marked and

and-stressor related persistent fear of a specific object or situation and is not
disorders from other categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder?
psychological
disorders.
b.) Specific Phobia
c.) Panic Disorder
d.) Borderline Personality Disorder
Differentiate trauma 35 Which of the following is a key difference between trauma and
and-stressor related stressor-related disorders and eating disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Trauma-related disorders are characterized by abnormal

eating behaviors.
b.) Eating disorders are always triggered by a specific

traumatic event.
c.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders result from

exposure to a traumatic event.
d.) Eating disorders involve excessive worry and anxiety.

Differentiate trauma 36 What is the primary difference between trauma and stressor-
and-stressor related related disorders and obsessive-compulsive and related
psychological
disorders.
a.) Trauma-related disorders involve repetitive behaviors,

while obsessive-compulsive disorders do not.
b.) Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are always

triggered by a traumatic event.
c.) Trauma-related disorders involve intrusive thoughts and

avoidance behaviors.
d.) Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are

exclusively characterized by mood disturbances.
Differentiate trauma 37 Which disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of intense

and-stressor related fear or discomfort, often accompanied by physical symptoms like
disorders from other a racing heart, sweating, and trembling, but is not a trauma and
psychological stressor-related disorder?
disorders.
b.) Panic Disorder
c.) Social Anxiety Disorder
d.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Differentiate trauma 38 Which symptom is commonly associated with trauma and

and-stressor related stressor-related disorders and is not typically seen in dissociative
psychological
disorders.
a.) Memory loss or fragmentation
b.) Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
c.) Repeatedly performing rituals or behaviors
d.) Chronic feelings of unreality or detachment

Differentiate trauma 39 In the context of trauma and stressor-related disorders, which
and-stressor related term describes the phenomenon where a person feels detached
disorders from other from their own body or experiences the world as unreal or
psychological dreamlike?
disorders.
a.) Hyperarousal
b.) Depersonalization
c.) Intrusion
d.) Avoidance
Differentiate trauma 40 What differentiates trauma and stressor-related disorders from

and-stressor related personality disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Personality disorders are characterized by excessive

anxiety and hyperarousal.
b.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders result from

exposure to a traumatic event.
c.) Personality disorders involve intrusive thoughts and

flashbacks.
d.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders are always present

from early childhood.
Differentiate trauma 41 Which of the following disorders is characterized by marked and

and-stressor related persistent distrust and suspicion of others, often leading to
disorders from other interpersonal conflicts?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Bipolar Disorder
b.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
c.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
d.) Schizoid Personality Disorder

Differentiate trauma 42 Which psychological disorder is characterized by repetitive,
and-stressor related intrusive thoughts, and behaviors, such as counting, checking, or
disorders from other handwashing, and is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-
psychological related disorder?
disorders.
a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
b.) Acute Stress Disorder
c.) Bipolar Disorder
d.) Major Depressive Disorder
Differentiate trauma 43 Which psychological disorder is characterized by recurrent

and-stressor related episodes of extreme fear or dread, along with physical symptoms
disorders from other like trembling and heart palpitations, and is not a trauma and
psychological stressor-related disorder?
disorders.
a.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
b.) Panic Disorder
Differentiate trauma 44 What is a common symptom in both trauma and stressor-related

and-stressor related disorders and dissociative disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Compulsions
b.) Dissociation
c.) Intrusive thoughts
d.) Mood swings

Differentiate trauma 45 Which of the following psychological disorders involves an
and-stressor related enduring pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-
disorders from other image, and affect, with impulsivity, but is not categorized as a
psychological trauma and stressor-related disorder?
disorders.
a.) Borderline Personality Disorder
b.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
c.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Differentiate trauma 46 What is the term for a common feature in trauma and stressor-
and-stressor related related disorders where individuals intentionally avoid reminders
disorders from other of a traumatic event and experience emotional numbing?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hyperarousal
b.) Intrusion
c.) Avoidance
d.) Dissociation
Differentiate trauma 47 Which of the following disorders is characterized by persistent,

and-stressor related excessive worry, even when there is no clear or specific threat,
disorders from other and is not a trauma and stressor-related disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic Disorder
b.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
c.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
d.) Bipolar Disorder

Differentiate trauma 48 What is a key distinguishing feature of trauma and stressor-
and-stressor related related disorders when compared to mood disorders like major
disorders from other depressive disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Sudden mood swings
b.) Recurrent panic attacks
c.) Symptoms triggered by exposure to a traumatic event
d.) Chronic sadness and anhedonia
Differentiate trauma 49 Which term describes a common feature in trauma and stressor-
and-stressor related related disorders where individuals may experience heightened
disorders from other arousal, irritability, and difficulty sleeping?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Intrusion
b.) Depersonalization
c.) Hyperarousal
d.) Avoidance
Differentiate trauma 50 Which of the following disorders is characterized by a pattern of

and-stressor related disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving
disorders from other deceit, manipulation, and a lack of remorse, and is not
psychological categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder?
disorders.
d.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Differentiate trauma 51 Which psychological disorder is characterized by recurrent,
and-stressor related intrusive, and distressing thoughts, and repetitive behaviors
disorders from other aimed at reducing the distress, and is not categorized as a
psychological trauma and stressor-related disorder?
disorders.
a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
b.) Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Differentiate trauma 52 Which of the following symptoms is a common feature in both

and-stressor related trauma and stressor-related disorders and anxiety disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
b.) Emotional numbing and avoidance
c.) Hallucinations and delusions
d.) Manic episodes
Differentiate trauma 53 In the context of trauma and stressor-related disorders, what is

and-stressor related the term used to describe the re-experiencing of a traumatic
disorders from other event through distressing and intrusive thoughts, nightmares, or
psychological flashbacks?
disorders.
a.) Avoidance
b.) Dissociation
c.) Intrusion
d.) Depersonalization
Differentiate trauma 54 What differentiates trauma and stressor-related disorders from
and-stressor related dissociative disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Dissociative disorders are exclusively characterized by

hyperarousal and irritability.
b.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders involve a chronic

and enduring pattern of behavior.
c.) Trauma-related disorders are triggered by traumatic

events, while dissociative disorders involve disruptions in
consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
d.) Dissociative disorders are always comorbid with mood
disorders.
Differentiate obsessive- 55 Which of the following best distinguishes obsessive-compulsive

compulsive related disorder (OCD) from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) The presence of specific obsessions and compulsions
b.) Persistent, excessive worry about multiple areas of life
c.) Frequent panic attacks and avoidance behaviors
d.) Frequent nightmares and flashbacks
Differentiate obsessive- 56 What distinguishes body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from social
compulsive related anxiety disorder (SAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Excessive preoccupation with physical appearance and

imagined flaws
b.) Fear of negative judgment and embarrassment in social

situations
c.) Frequent panic attacks and avoidance of public places
d.) Repetitive checking and cleaning rituals

Differentiate obsessive- 57 How can hoarding disorder be differentiated from obsessive-
compulsive related compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hoarding involves persistent difficulty discarding items,

while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Hoarding is characterized by excessive fear of

contamination, while OCD involves collecting unnecessary
items.
c.) Both hoarding disorder and OCD involve cleaning rituals.
d.) Hoarding is a subtype of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 58 Which of the following differentiates trichotillomania (hair-

compulsive related pulling disorder) from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Recurrent hair-pulling leading to hair loss
b.) Intrusive and distressing memories of a traumatic event
c.) Excessive handwashing and contamination fears
d.) Recurrent nightmares and flashbacks
Differentiate obsessive- 59 What distinguishes excoriation (skin-picking) disorder from

compulsive related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Repetitive skin-picking resulting in skin damage
b.) Frequent handwashing and cleaning rituals
c.) Fear of being contaminated by germs
d.) Obsessions about harming others

Differentiate obsessive- 60 What sets apart post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from
psychological
disorders.
a.) Intrusive and distressing memories related to a traumatic

event
b.) Specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to

traumatic experiences
c.) Compulsive checking of doors and windows for safety
d.) Fear of germs and contamination
Differentiate obsessive- 61 How can body-focused repetitive behavior disorder (BFRB) be

compulsive related differentiated from trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) BFRB involves repetitive behaviors like skin-picking and

nail-biting, while trichotillomania is specific to hair-
pulling.
b.) Both BFRB and trichotillomania are interchangeable
terms for the same disorder.
c.) BFRB is primarily characterized by hoarding behaviors.
d.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive nail-biting behaviors.
Differentiate obsessive- 62 What distinguishes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from

compulsive related body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves excessive cleaning and contamination fears.
b.) BDD is marked by an excessive preoccupation with

perceived physical flaws.
c.) Both OCD and BDD involve specific obsessions and

compulsions.
d.) OCD is a subtype of BDD.

Differentiate obsessive- 63 How can social anxiety disorder (SAD) be differentiated from
compulsive related specific phobia?
psychological
disorders.
a.) SAD involves a fear of specific objects or situations, while

specific phobia involves fear of social judgment.
b.) Both SAD and specific phobia are interchangeable terms

for the same disorder.
c.) SAD is characterized by excessive worry about various

aspects of life.
d.) Specific phobia is primarily characterized by excessive

fear of social interactions.
Differentiate obsessive- 64 What distinguishes trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) from

compulsive related hoarding disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to

hair loss.
b.) Hoarding disorder is marked by an excessive

preoccupation with physical appearance.
c.) Both trichotillomania and hoarding disorder involve

excessive cleaning rituals.
d.) Trichotillomania is a subtype of hoarding disorder.
Differentiate obsessive- 65 What sets apart attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

compulsive related from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Impulsivity and inattention in ADHD, whereas OCD

involves obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Both ADHD and OCD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) OCD primarily involves hyperactivity and difficulty

concentrating.
d.) ADHD is a subtype of OCD.

Differentiate obsessive- 66 How can intermittent explosive disorder (IED) be differentiated
compulsive related from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) IED involves recurrent outbursts of aggression and anger,

while OCD involves repetitive rituals.
b.) Both IED and OCD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) OCD is characterized by excessive aggression and violent

behavior.
d.) IED is a subtype of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 67 What distinguishes kleptomania from post-traumatic stress

compulsive related disorder (PTSD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Compulsive stealing in kleptomania, while PTSD involves

intrusive traumatic memories.
b.) Both kleptomania and PTSD involve the same intrusive

memories.
c.) PTSD is characterized by compulsive shoplifting

behaviors.
d.) Kleptomania is a subtype of PTSD.
Differentiate obsessive- 68 How can avoidant personality disorder be distinguished from

psychological
disorders.
a.) Avoidant personality disorder involves an excessive fear of

social situations and judgment, while OCD involves
specific obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Both avoidant personality disorder and OCD are
interchangeable terms for the same disorder.
c.) OCD is primarily characterized by a lack of interest in

social interactions.
d.) Avoidant personality disorder is a subtype of OCD.

Differentiate obsessive- 69 What distinguishes trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) from
compulsive related generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.

hair loss, while GAD is characterized by excessive,
generalized worry.
b.) Both trichotillomania and GAD are interchangeable terms
c.) GAD primarily involves excessive concern about physical

appearance.
d.) Trichotillomania is a subtype of GAD.
Differentiate obsessive- 70 How can depersonalization-derealization disorder be

compulsive related differentiated from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Depersonalization-derealization disorder involves feeling

detached from oneself and the surroundings, while OCD
involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Both depersonalization-derealization disorder and OCD
are interchangeable terms for the same disorder.
c.) OCD primarily involves feelings of detachment from

reality.
d.) Depersonalization-derealization disorder is a subtype of

OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 71 What distinguishes excoriation (skin-picking) disorder from

compulsive related generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Excoriation disorder involves repetitive skin-picking

leading to skin damage, while GAD is characterized by
excessive, generalized worry.
b.) Both excoriation disorder and GAD are interchangeable
c.) GAD primarily involves repetitive skin-picking behaviors.
d.) Excoriation disorder is a subtype of GAD.

Differentiate obsessive- 72 How can body-focused repetitive behavior disorder (BFRB) be
compulsive related differentiated from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
disorders from other (ADHD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) BFRB encompasses repetitive behaviors like skin-picking,

nail-biting, and hair-pulling, while ADHD involves
symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity.
b.) Both BFRB and ADHD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) ADHD is primarily characterized by repetitive behaviors

related to physical appearance.
d.) BFRB is a subtype of ADHD.
Differentiate obsessive- 73 What sets apart eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or
compulsive related bulimia nervosa from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Eating disorders involve preoccupation with food, body

weight, and shape, while OCD involves specific obsessions
and compulsions unrelated to these concerns.
b.) Both eating disorders and OCD are interchangeable terms
c.) OCD primarily revolves around concerns related to food

and body image.
d.) Eating disorders are subtypes of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 74 How can hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder) be

compulsive related distinguished from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hypochondriasis involves excessive fear of having a

serious illness, while OCD involves specific obsessions
and compulsions unrelated to health concerns.
b.) Both hypochondriasis and OCD are interchangeable terms
c.) OCD primarily involves an excessive fear of illness.
d.) Hypochondriasis is a subtype of OCD.

Differentiate obsessive- 75 How can trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) be
compulsive related distinguished from panic disorder?
psychological
disorders.

hair loss, while panic disorder is characterized by
recurrent panic attacks.
b.) Both trichotillomania and panic disorder involve similar
symptoms of hair-pulling.
c.) Panic disorder is primarily characterized by an excessive

preoccupation with physical appearance.
d.) Trichotillomania is a subtype of panic disorder.
Differentiate obsessive- 76 What distinguishes obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

compulsive related (OCPD) from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCPD involves a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with

order, control, and perfectionism, while OCD involves
specific obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Both OCPD and OCD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) OCD primarily revolves around concerns related to order

and perfectionism.
d.) OCPD is a subtype of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 77 How can avoidant personality disorder be differentiated from

compulsive related social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Avoidant personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern

of social inhibition and fear of negative evaluation, while
SAD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
b.) Both avoidant personality disorder and SAD are
c.) SAD primarily revolves around avoidance of social

interactions.
d.) Avoidant personality disorder is a subtype of SAD.

Differentiate obsessive- 78 What sets apart body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from major
compulsive related depressive disorder (MDD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) BDD involves a preoccupation with perceived physical

flaws and defects, while MDD is characterized by
persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.
b.) Both BDD and MDD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) MDD primarily involves preoccupation with physical

appearance.
d.) BDD is a subtype of MDD.
Differentiate obsessive- 79 How can hoarding disorder be distinguished from borderline

compulsive related personality disorder (BPD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hoarding disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding

possessions and cluttered living spaces, while BPD is
characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships and
self-identity.
b.) Both hoarding disorder and BPD involve similar
symptoms of cluttered living spaces.
c.) BPD primarily revolves around difficulty discarding

possessions.
d.) Hoarding disorder is a subtype of BPD.
Differentiate obsessive- 80 What distinguishes body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from

psychological
disorders.
a.) BDD involves a preoccupation with perceived physical

flaws, while OCD involves specific obsessions and
compulsions unrelated to body image concerns.
b.) Both BDD and OCD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) OCD primarily revolves around concerns related to

physical appearance.
d.) BDD is a subtype of OCD.

Differentiate obsessive- 81 How can obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be differentiated
compulsive related from schizophrenia?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while

schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in thought,
perception, and reality.
b.) Both OCD and schizophrenia are interchangeable terms
c.) OCD primarily revolves around hallucinations and

delusions.
d.) Schizophrenia is a subtype of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 82 What sets apart obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from

compulsive related postpartum depression?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions

unrelated to postpartum concerns, while postpartum
depression is characterized by mood disturbances after
giving birth.
b.) Both OCD and postpartum depression are interchangeable
c.) OCD primarily revolves around concerns related to

postpartum experiences.
d.) Postpartum depression is a subtype of OCD.
Differentiate obsessive- 83 How can trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) be

compulsive related distinguished from bipolar disorder?
psychological
disorders.

hair loss, while bipolar disorder is characterized by mood
swings and episodes of mania and depression.
b.) Both trichotillomania and bipolar disorder are
c.) Bipolar disorder primarily revolves around hair-pulling

behaviors.
d.) Trichotillomania is a subtype of bipolar disorder.

Differentiate obsessive- 84 What distinguishes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from
compulsive related attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while

ADHD is characterized by symptoms of impulsivity,
inattention, and hyperactivity.
b.) Both OCD and ADHD are interchangeable terms for the
same disorder.
c.) OCD primarily revolves around symptoms of impulsivity

and inattention.
d.) ADHD is a subtype of OCD.
Explain somatic 85 What is the primary characteristic of somatic symptom and

symptom and related related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Hallucinations
b.) Exaggerated physical symptoms
c.) Impaired memory and cognition
d.) Social withdrawal
Explain somatic 86 Which of the following is NOT a specific somatic symptom and
symptom and related related disorder?
disorders.
a.) Conversion disorder
b.) Illness anxiety disorder
c.) Malingering
d.) Factitious disorder imposed on self

Explain somatic 87 A patient experiences unexplained blindness, paralysis, or
symptom and related seizures, without any medical explanation. Which somatic
disorders from other symptom and related disorder is this most likely indicative of?
disorders.
a.) Hypochondriasis
c.) Conversion disorder
d.) Factitious disorder
Explain somatic 88 Which of the following is true about illness anxiety disorder?
symptom and related
disorders.
a.) It involves faking physical symptoms.
b.) It is primarily treated with medication.
c.) It is characterized by excessive worry about having a

serious medical condition.
d.) It is a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Explain somatic 89 What is the main goal of treatment for somatic symptom and
symptom and related related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Suppressing physical symptoms with medication
b.) Educating patients about their symptoms
c.) Reducing distress and disability related to somatic

symptoms
d.) Encouraging patients to engage in strenuous physical

activity
Explain somatic 90 In which somatic symptom and related disorder does an
symptom and related individual intentionally produce or feign physical or
disorders from other psychological symptoms to assume the "sick role"?
disorders.
c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self
d.) Body dysmorphic disorder
Explain somatic 91 Which of the following is a common comorbidity often associated

symptom and related with somatic symptom and related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Bipolar disorder
b.) Major depressive disorder
c.) Schizophrenia
d.) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Explain somatic 92 What is the key difference between factitious disorder imposed on
symptom and related self (formerly Munchausen syndrome) and factitious disorder
disorders from other imposed on another?
disorders.
a.) Factitious disorder imposed on self involves intentional

production of symptoms in another person.
b.) Factitious disorder imposed on another involves faking

symptoms for personal gain.
c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self involves faking

symptoms in oneself, while factitious disorder imposed on
another involves faking symptoms in someone else.
d.) There is no difference between the two; they are the same
condition.
Explain somatic 93 What is the primary diagnostic criterion for conversion disorder?
symptom and related
disorders.
a.) Presence of medically unexplained physical symptoms
b.) A history of childhood trauma
d.) A strong family history of mental illness
Explain somatic 94 Which therapeutic approach is commonly used in the treatment

symptom and related of somatic symptom and related disorders to help individuals
disorders from other understand and manage their symptoms and distress?
disorders.
a.) Psychodynamic therapy
b.) Medication-only approach
c.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
d.) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Explain somatic 95 Which of the following is a key characteristic of somatic symptom

symptom and related and related disorders in children and adolescents?
disorders.
a.) High pain tolerance
b.) Absence of any physical symptoms
c.) Frequent malingering
d.) Expression of somatic complaints through school refusal

Explain somatic 96 What is the primary distinction between somatic symptom
symptom and related disorder and illness anxiety disorder?
disorders.
a.) Somatic symptom disorder involves a focus on specific

physical symptoms, while illness anxiety disorder involves
excessive worry about having a serious medical condition.
b.) Somatic symptom disorder only occurs in males, while
illness anxiety disorder primarily affects females.
c.) Somatic symptom disorder involves faking symptoms,

while illness anxiety disorder involves genuine physical
symptoms.
d.) There is no distinction between the two; they are the same
condition.
Explain somatic 97 What is the term for when individuals with somatic symptom and
symptom and related related disorders consciously seek medical procedures, even
disorders from other surgeries, without any genuine medical need?
disorders.
a.) Hypochondriasis
b.) Munchausen syndrome
c.) Body dysmorphic disorder
d.) Health anxiety
Explain somatic 98 Which of the following is a potential risk factor for developing
symptom and related somatic symptom and related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Healthy social support
b.) Frequent exercise
c.) Past history of physical illness
d.) High self-esteem

Explain somatic 99 What is the appropriate response when healthcare providers
symptom and related suspect a patient may have somatic symptom and related
disorders.
a.) Immediately prescribe medication to alleviate symptoms
b.) Discharge the patient from care
c.) Conduct thorough medical evaluations to rule out physical

causes, and if necessary, refer to mental health
professionals for assessment and treatment
d.) Reassure the patient that their symptoms are all in their
mind
Explain somatic 100 Which of the following is a common treatment approach for
symptom and related somatic symptom and related disorders that involves educating
disorders from other patients about their symptoms, addressing their concerns, and
disorders. helping them self-manage their physical symptoms?
a.) Pharmacotherapy
b.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
c.) Psychoanalysis
d.) Health education and reassurance
Explain somatic 101 Which of the following statements is true about the prognosis of
symptom and related somatic symptom and related disorders?
disorders.
a.) The prognosis is generally excellent, and most individuals

recover quickly.
b.) The prognosis varies but tends to be chronic in some

cases.
c.) The prognosis is uniformly poor, and individuals rarely

see any improvement.
d.) The prognosis depends solely on the severity of physical

symptoms.
Explain somatic 102 What is the main goal of treatment for individuals with somatic
symptom and related symptom and related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Eliminate all physical symptoms
b.) Validate the presence of serious medical conditions
c.) Reduce the distress and impairment associated with their

symptoms
d.) Encourage increased focus on physical symptoms
Explain somatic 103 In somatic symptom and related disorders, individuals often
symptom and related experience heightened emotional distress. Which of the following
disorders from other emotional experiences is particularly common in these
disorders. individuals?
a.) Apathy and emotional numbness
b.) Excessive happiness and euphoria
c.) Anxiety and fear
d.) Uncontrollable laughter
Explain somatic 104 What term is used to describe a psychological disorder in which
symptom and related individuals are excessively concerned about their physical
disorders from other appearance and perceive imagined flaws or defects in their
disorders. appearance?
a.) Illness anxiety disorder
b.) Body dysmorphic disorder
d.) Factitious disorder imposed on self

Explain somatic 105 Which of the following is a potential consequence of somatic
symptom and related symptom and related disorders?
disorders.
a.) Improved overall health
b.) Enhanced self-esteem
c.) Increased healthcare utilization and costs
d.) Reduced risk of physical illnesses
Explain somatic 106 Which of the following is a common cognitive-behavioral

symptom and related technique used in the treatment of somatic symptom and related
disorders from other disorders to help individuals manage their symptoms?
disorders.
a.) Encouraging symptom-focused behavior
b.) Catastrophizing and reinforcing illness beliefs
c.) Challenging illness-related thoughts and beliefs
d.) Prescribing medication for symptom relief
Explain somatic 107 What is the term used to describe a pattern of seeking medical
symptom and related care for multiple somatic symptoms, often involving numerous
disorders from other doctor visits and medical tests, despite reassurance from
disorders. healthcare providers that there is no underlying medical
condition?
a.) Hypochondriasis
b.) Somatic symptom disorder
c.) Medical hypervigilance
d.) Doctor-shopping behavior

Explain somatic 108 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of illness
symptom and related anxiety disorder (formerly hypochondriasis)?
disorders.
a.) Excessive worry about having a serious illness
b.) Frequent somatic symptoms
c.) Unconcerned about the possibility of having a medical

condition
d.) Misinterpretation of bodily sensations
Explain somatic 109 Which of the following best describes the primary feature of
symptom and related factitious disorder imposed on another (formerly Munchausen
disorders from other syndrome by proxy)?
disorders.
a.) Faking one's own symptoms
b.) Manipulating or inducing symptoms in someone else
c.) Exaggerating physical symptoms for personal gain
d.) Seeking attention and sympathy from others
Explain somatic 110 What term is used to describe a group of physical symptoms that
symptom and related are not intentionally produced but are linked to psychological
disorders from other distress and are often associated with somatic symptom and
disorders. related disorders?
a.) Malingering
b.) Medically unexplained symptoms
d.) Hypochondriasis
Explain somatic 111 In the context of somatic symptom and related disorders, what is
symptom and related meant by "doctor-shopping"?
disorders.
a.) Seeking medical care from a single trusted healthcare

provider
b.) Regularly scheduling routine check-ups
c.) Consistently following prescribed treatment plans
d.) Seeking multiple medical opinions and visiting various

healthcare providers for the same or different symptoms
Explain somatic 112 Which of the following terms describes the phenomenon where
symptom and related individuals intentionally exaggerate or feign physical or
disorders from other psychological symptoms to assume the "sick role" and gain
disorders. attention, care, or sympathy from others?
a.) Malingering
b.) Factitious disorder imposed on another
d.) Illness anxiety disorder
Explain somatic 113 Which subtype of somatic symptom and related disorders is
symptom and related characterized by the intentional production or feigning of
disorders from other physical or psychological symptoms in oneself for the primary
disorders. purpose of assuming the "sick role"?
c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self
d.) Body dysmorphic disorder

Evaluate dissociative 114 Which of the following is a defining feature of dissociative
disorder from other disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Rapid mood swings
b.) Memory gaps or identity fragmentation
c.) Excessive worry and anxiety
d.) Hallucinations and delusions
Evaluate dissociative 115 Which disorder is commonly mistaken for dissociative identity
disorder from other disorder (DID) due to its similar symptom of memory issues?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Bipolar disorder
b.) Schizophrenia
d.) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Evaluate dissociative 116 Which of the following is not typically associated with
disorder from other dissociative disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Flashbacks
b.) Paranoid delusions
c.) Amnesia
d.) Identity confusion

Evaluate dissociative 117 A patient presents with periods of time during which they seem to
disorder from other "zone out" and lose awareness of their surroundings. They report
psychological gaps in their memory during these episodes. What should be
disorders. considered in the differential diagnosis?
a.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
b.) Dissociative Amnesia
c.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
d.) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Evaluate dissociative 118 What is the primary distinction between

disorder from other depersonalization/derealization disorder and other dissociative
psychological disorders?
disorders.
a.) Depersonalization/derealization disorder involves identity

fragmentation.
b.) Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not a

dissociative disorder.
c.) Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized

by a sense of unreality or detachment from oneself or the
world.
d.) Depersonalization/derealization disorder is exclusively
caused by substance abuse.
Evaluate dissociative 119 Which of the following is a key feature that distinguishes
disorder from other Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) from Borderline
psychological Personality Disorder (BPD)?
disorders.
a.) Self-harming behaviors
b.) Rapid mood swings
c.) Identity fragmentation and distinct personality states
d.) Obsessive-compulsive tendencies

Evaluate dissociative 120 A patient experiences recurrent episodes of memory loss but
disorder from other reports that these episodes are always preceded by high levels of
psychological stress. Which dissociative disorder should be considered in the
disorders. differential diagnosis?
a.) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
b.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
c.) Dissociative Amnesia
d.) Schizoaffective Disorder
Evaluate dissociative 121 Which disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of

disorder from other detachment from one's own body, as if they are observing
psychological themselves from outside?
disorders.
b.) Bipolar Disorder
c.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
d.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Evaluate dissociative 122 Which psychological disorder is most commonly confused with
disorder from other Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) due to its shared symptom
psychological of altered perception of reality?
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia
b.) Social Anxiety Disorder
d.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Evaluate dissociative 123 Which symptom is commonly associated with Dissociative
disorder from other Fugue?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Persistent and excessive worry
b.) Sudden, unexpected travel away from one's home or

customary place
c.) Compulsive handwashing and checking behaviors
d.) Intense fear of being in social situations
Evaluate dissociative 124 Which of the following is a common comorbidity with

disorder from other Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Eating disorders
b.) Bipolar disorder
c.) Social phobia
d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Evaluate dissociative 125 In the assessment of dissociative disorders, which diagnostic tool
disorder from other or interview is commonly used to aid in the diagnosis and
psychological evaluation?
disorders.
a.) Beck Depression Inventory
b.) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID)
c.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
d.) Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

Evaluate dissociative 126 Which type of trauma is most commonly associated with the
disorder from other development of dissociative disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Physical abuse
b.) Natural disasters
c.) Everyday stressors
d.) Childhood abuse and neglect
Evaluate dissociative 127 Which dissociative disorder is characterized by a sudden and

disorder from other unexpected change in one's identity and travel to a new location,
psychological often with amnesia for the previous life?
disorders.
c.) Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue
d.) Schizoaffective Disorder
Evaluate dissociative 128 Which cognitive therapy approach is commonly used to treat
disorder from other individuals with dissociative disorders to help integrate their
psychological identities and memories?
disorders.
a.) Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
b.) Exposure Therapy
c.) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
d.) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Evaluate dissociative 129 Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Identity
disorder from other Disorder (DID) that distinguishes it from Schizoaffective
psychological Disorder?
disorders.
a.) Auditory hallucinations
b.) Rapid mood swings
c.) Presence of distinct personality states
d.) Social anxiety
Evaluate dissociative 130 A patient experiences periods of derealization, where they feel
disorder from other disconnected from the external world and everything seems
psychological unreal. Which dissociative disorder is most likely to be
disorders. considered in this case?
a.) Dissociative Amnesia
b.) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
c.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
d.) Panic Disorder
Evaluate dissociative 131 What is the primary difference between Dissociative Identity
disorder from other Disorder (DID) and Dissociative Amnesia?
psychological
disorders.
a.) DID involves multiple personalities; Dissociative Amnesia

involves a single personality.
b.) DID is always triggered by trauma, while Dissociative

Amnesia can have various causes.
c.) DID is characterized by identity fragmentation;

Dissociative Amnesia is not.
d.) DID is less common than Dissociative Amnesia.

Evaluate dissociative 132 In the evaluation of dissociative disorders, what is the
disorder from other significance of assessing the patient's history of trauma and
psychological adverse life experiences?
disorders.
a.) Trauma history is irrelevant to the diagnosis of

dissociative disorders.
b.) Trauma history can be helpful in identifying possible risk

factors.
c.) Trauma history always indicates the presence of a

dissociative disorder.
d.) Trauma history is the sole diagnostic criterion for

Evaluate dissociative 133 Which condition is characterized by involuntary, recurring

disorder from other recollections of a traumatic event and heightened arousal
psychological symptoms, and is commonly misdiagnosed as a dissociative
disorders. disorder?
a.) Panic Disorder
b.) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Evaluate dissociative 134 Which of the following is a common symptom of both

disorder from other Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) and Borderline Personality
psychological Disorder (BPD)?
disorders.
a.) Distinct personality states
b.) Intense fear of abandonment
c.) Mood swings
d.) Obsessive thoughts and compulsions

Evaluate dissociative 135 Which dissociative disorder is typically associated with a sudden
disorder from other loss of personal identity and the assumption of a new identity,
psychological often in a different location, without conscious awareness?
disorders.
a.) Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue
c.) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
d.) Bipolar Disorder
Evaluate dissociative 136 What is the primary focus of treatment for individuals with
disorder from other Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Medication to stabilize mood swings
b.) Integrating the distinct personality states
c.) Reducing anxiety and worry
d.) Behavioral therapy for phobias
Evaluate dissociative 137 Which disorder is characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts,

disorder from other repetitive behaviors, and intense anxiety, and can sometimes be
psychological confused with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
disorders.
c.) Schizophrenia

Evaluate dissociative 138 Which cognitive therapy approach is commonly used to treat
disorder from other individuals with Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder to
psychological help them regain a sense of reality?
disorders.
a.) Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
b.) Exposure Therapy
c.) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
d.) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Illustrate depressive 139 Which of the following is a key feature that differentiates
disorders from other depressive disorders from anxiety disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Persistent feelings of sadness
b.) Excessive worry and fear
c.) Panic attacks
Illustrate depressive 140 What distinguishes Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) from
disorders from other Bipolar Disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) MDD involves extreme mood swings
b.) Bipolar Disorder involves chronic sadness
c.) MDD includes manic episodes
d.) Bipolar Disorder is characterized by persistent low mood

Illustrate depressive 141 What symptom is common in both Generalized Anxiety Disorder
disorders from other (GAD) and Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hallucinations
b.) Sleep disturbances
c.) Panic attacks
d.) Social isolation
Illustrate depressive 142 What distinguishes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from
disorders from other Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
b.) Persistent low mood
c.) Social withdrawal
d.) Excessive guilt
Illustrate depressive 143 Which symptom is more indicative of Depressive Disorders than
disorders from other Schizophrenia?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Delusions
b.) Hallucinations
c.) Mood disturbances
d.) Disorganized thinking

Illustrate depressive 144 What is a distinguishing feature of Obsessive-Compulsive
disorders from other Disorder (OCD) compared to Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Persistent sadness
b.) Recurrent, distressing obsessions and compulsions
d.) Social isolation
Illustrate depressive 145 How do Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder (DDD) and

disorders from other Depressive Disorders differ in their core features?
psychological
disorders.
a.) DDD involves persistent low mood, while Depressive

Disorders involve a sense of unreality.
b.) DDD is characterized by hallucinations, while Depressive

Disorders involve mood disturbances.
c.) DDD involves a distorted sense of self and the

surroundings, while Depressive Disorders involve
persistent sadness.
d.) DDD is marked by impulsive behaviors, while Depressive
Disorders involve excessive worry.
Illustrate depressive 146 How can Schizoaffective Disorder be differentiated from

psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizoaffective Disorder includes both mood disturbances

and psychotic symptoms.
b.) Schizoaffective Disorder involves only mood disturbances.
c.) Depressive Disorders include hallucinations.
d.) Schizoaffective Disorder involves social isolation.

Illustrate depressive 147 What distinguishes Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) from
psychological
disorders.
a.) Rapid mood swings and unstable relationships in BPD
b.) Persistent low mood in BPD
c.) Aversion to social interactions in BPD
d.) Hallucinations in BPD
Illustrate depressive 148 How can Postpartum Depression be distinguished from typical
disorders from other Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Postpartum Depression occurs only in men, while MDD

affects both genders.
b.) Postpartum Depression occurs after childbirth, while

MDD can happen at any time.
c.) Postpartum Depression involves hallucinations.
d.) MDD is more severe than Postpartum Depression.
Illustrate depressive 149 How does Schizophrenia differ from Depressive Disorders in
disorders from other terms of symptoms?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia primarily involves persistent sadness.
b.) Depressive Disorders include hallucinations.
c.) Schizophrenia is characterized by mood disturbances.
d.) Schizophrenia involves hallucinations, delusions, and

disorganized thinking.
Illustrate depressive 150 What is a distinguishing feature of Eating Disorders (such as
disorders from other Anorexia and Bulimia) compared to Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Eating Disorders primarily involve mood disturbances.
b.) Depressive Disorders include obsessive preoccupation

with body weight and shape.
c.) Eating Disorders involve dysfunctional eating behaviors

and body image concerns.
d.) Depressive Disorders are more common in males.
Illustrate depressive 151 What distinguishes Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) from
disorders from other typical Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) SAD occurs only during the summer months.
b.) SAD is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression

related to specific seasons.
c.) MDD is always accompanied by manic episodes.
d.) SAD is less severe than MDD.
Illustrate depressive 152 What distinguishes Schizoid Personality Disorder from

psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder involves excessive mood

swings.
b.) Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by social

detachment and emotional coldness.
c.) Depressive Disorders involve hallucinations.
d.) Schizoid Personality Disorder results in impulsive

behaviors.
Illustrate depressive 153 How can Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) be
disorders from other differentiated from Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) OCD is characterized by excessive worrying about future

events.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve intrusive thoughts and

compulsions.
c.) OCD involves a pervasive sense of sadness.
d.) Depressive Disorders result in panic attacks.
Illustrate depressive 154 What is a key differentiating feature of Attention-

disorders from other Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared to Depressive
psychological Disorders?
disorders.
a.) ADHD is characterized by excessive sadness.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve inattention and

hyperactivity.
c.) ADHD primarily involves symptoms of inattention,

hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
d.) Depressive Disorders involve hallucinations.
Illustrate depressive 155 How can Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) be

disorders from other differentiated from Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) BPD involves persistent low mood.
b.) BPD is characterized by rapid mood swings, impulsivity,

and unstable relationships.
c.) Depressive Disorders include a strong fear of

abandonment.
d.) BPD leads to hallucinations.

Illustrate depressive 156 How does Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) differ from
psychological
disorders.
a.) PTSD is characterized by persistent sadness.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve intrusive thoughts related to

trauma.
c.) PTSD primarily involves re-experiencing traumatic events

and hyperarousal symptoms.
d.) Depressive Disorders are more common in veterans.
Illustrate depressive 157 What distinguishes Bipolar Disorder from Depressive

disorders from other Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Bipolar Disorder is characterized by recurrent manic

episodes.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve a constant sense of

euphoria.
c.) Depressive Disorders result in impulsive behaviors.
d.) Bipolar Disorder is always accompanied by anxiety.
Illustrate depressive 158 How do Panic Disorders differ from Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic Disorders involve persistent sadness.
b.) Depressive Disorders are marked by recurrent panic

attacks.
c.) Panic Disorders primarily involve excessive worrying.
d.) Depressive Disorders involve intense fear of specific

Illustrate depressive 159 What distinguishes Postpartum Psychosis from Postpartum
disorders from other Depression?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Postpartum Psychosis involves a persistent low mood.
b.) Postpartum Psychosis is a milder form of Postpartum

Depression.
c.) Postpartum Psychosis is characterized by hallucinations,

delusions, and severe mood disturbances.
d.) Postpartum Depression primarily results in anxiety.
Illustrate depressive 160 How can Depressive Disorders be differentiated from Substance
disorders from other Use Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance Use Disorders primarily involve mood

disturbances.
b.) Depressive Disorders result in cravings for substances.
c.) Substance Use Disorders involve a pattern of substance

misuse, leading to physical and psychological dependence.
d.) Depressive Disorders are associated with extreme social

isolation.
Illustrate depressive 161 What is a distinguishing feature of Schizotypal Personality

disorders from other Disorder compared to Depressive Disorders?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by

excessive mood swings.
b.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder involves a pervasive

pattern of social and interpersonal deficits.
c.) Depressive Disorders include hallucinations.
d.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder leads to panic attacks.

Illustrate depressive 162 How does Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) differ from
psychological
disorders.
a.) GAD is characterized by persistent low mood.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve excessive worrying about

future events.
c.) GAD is always accompanied by panic attacks.
d.) Depressive Disorders primarily involve excessive fear of

Illustrate depressive 163 How can Depressive Disorders be distinguished from

disorders from other Schizoaffective Disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Depressive Disorders are characterized by recurrent

manic episodes.
b.) Schizoaffective Disorder involves persistent low mood.
c.) Depressive Disorders include hallucinations and

delusions.
d.) Schizoaffective Disorder combines mood disturbances with

psychotic symptoms.
Illustrate depressive 164 What distinguishes Depressive Disorders from Generalized

disorders from other Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Depressive Disorders are primarily characterized by

excessive worry and fear.
b.) GAD involves persistent low mood.
c.) Depressive Disorders primarily result in panic attacks.
d.) GAD is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression.

Illustrate depressive 165 How do Depressive Disorders differ from Obsessive-Compulsive
disorders from other Disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Depressive Disorders involve recurrent, distressing

obsessions and compulsions.
b.) OCD is characterized by excessive sadness.
c.) Depressive Disorders involve a pattern of substance

misuse.
d.) OCD is marked by impulsive behaviors.
Illustrate depressive 166 How can Depressive Disorders be differentiated from Schizoid
disorders from other Personality Disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a

pattern of social detachment and emotional coldness.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve persistent low mood.
c.) Schizoid Personality Disorder leads to panic attacks.
d.) Depressive Disorders result in hallucinations.
Illustrate depressive 167 What differentiates Narcissistic Personality Disorder from

psychological
disorders.
a.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves persistent low

mood.
b.) Depressive Disorders are characterized by grandiosity

and a need for admiration.
c.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder leads to panic attacks.
d.) Depressive Disorders result in hallucinations.

Illustrate depressive 168 How do Depressive Disorders differ from Bipolar Disorder?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Bipolar Disorder is marked by recurrent panic attacks.
b.) Depressive Disorders involve rapid mood swings.
c.) Bipolar Disorder includes both depressive episodes and

manic episodes.
d.) Depressive Disorders result in excessive social isolation.
Explain eating and 169 What is the primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Excessive eating
b.) Excessive sleeping
c.) Severe restriction of food intake
d.) Frequent binge-eating
Explain eating and 170 Which sleep disorder is characterized by recurring episodes of
sleep disorder from abrupt awakenings accompanied by intense fear and a racing
other disorders. heart?
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleep apnea
c.) Night terrors
d.) Narcolepsy
Explain eating and 171 What is the primary feature of binge eating disorder?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Excessive exercise
b.) Recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food
c.) Inability to fall asleep
d.) Fear of weight gain
Explain eating and 172 Which sleep disorder is characterized by repeated interruptions
sleep disorder from in breathing during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality and
other disorders. daytime fatigue?
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleep apnea
c.) Sleepwalking
d.) Restless legs syndrome
Explain eating and 173 What is the primary symptom of bulimia nervosa?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Extreme weight loss
b.) Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging

behaviors
c.) Excessive sleep
d.) Hallucinations
Explain eating and 174 Which sleep disorder is characterized by an irresistible urge to
sleep disorder from fall asleep suddenly during the day, often at inappropriate times?
other disorders.
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleep apnea
c.) Narcolepsy
d.) Sleep paralysis
Explain eating and 175 What is the primary symptom of insomnia?

sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Frequent nightmares
b.) Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
c.) Excessive appetite
d.) Delusions
Explain eating and 176 Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated
sleep disorder from sleep apnea?
other disorders.
a.) Weight loss
b.) Improved concentration
c.) Cardiovascular problems and daytime fatigue
d.) Enhanced memory

Explain eating and 177 Which eating disorder is characterized by a cycle of binge eating
sleep disorder from followed by purging behaviors, such as vomiting or laxative use?
other disorders.
a.) Anorexia nervosa
b.) Bulimia nervosa
c.) Orthorexia
d.) Pica
Explain eating and 178 What is a common feature of sleepwalking (somnambulism)?

sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) A deep, restful sleep
b.) Awareness and memory of the sleepwalking episodes
c.) Incomplete and unusual activities during sleep
d.) Nocturnal panic attacks
Explain eating and 179 Which of the following is a symptom of restless legs syndrome
sleep disorder from (RLS)?
other disorders.
a.) Excessive snoring
b.) Inability to fall asleep
c.) An uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an urge to

move them
d.) Sleepwalking
Explain eating and 180 Which eating disorder is characterized by an obsession with
sleep disorder from healthy eating to the point of it becoming a significant disruption
other disorders. in one's life?
b.) Bulimia nervosa
c.) Orthorexia
d.) Binge eating disorder
Explain eating and 181 Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of
sleep disorder from consuming large amounts of food, often in secret, without
other disorders. compensatory behaviors like purging?
b.) Bulimia nervosa
c.) Binge eating disorder
d.) Orthorexia
Explain eating and 182 What is the primary feature of sleep paralysis?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Restful sleep
b.) The ability to move freely during sleep
c.) A temporary inability to move or speak when falling asleep

or waking up
d.) Sleepwalking
Explain eating and 183 Which of the following is not a common symptom of insomnia?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Difficulty falling asleep
b.) Difficulty staying asleep
c.) Frequent nightmares
d.) Daytime fatigue
Explain eating and 184 Which sleep disorder is characterized by a strong urge to move
sleep disorder from the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations,
other disorders. especially at night?
a.) Sleep apnea
b.) Narcolepsy
c.) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
d.) Sleepwalking
Explain eating and 185 Which eating disorder is associated with a distorted body image
sleep disorder from and a relentless pursuit of extreme thinness?
other disorders.
b.) Bulimia nervosa
d.) Orthorexia
Explain eating and 186 Which sleep disorder is characterized by a sudden, temporary
sleep disorder from inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up,
other disorders. often accompanied by vivid hallucinations?
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleepwalking
c.) Sleep paralysis
d.) Narcolepsy
Explain eating and 187 What is the primary symptom of binge eating disorder (BED)?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Severe food restriction
b.) Recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food

with a lack of control
c.) Purging behaviors like vomiting
d.) Insomnia
Explain eating and 188 Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive daytime
sleep disorder from sleepiness, often accompanied by sudden muscle weakness or
other disorders. loss of muscle tone, known as cataplexy?
a.) Sleep apnea
b.) Insomnia
c.) Narcolepsy
d.) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Explain eating and 189 What is a potential complication of untreated bulimia nervosa?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Improved self-esteem
b.) Electrolyte imbalances, tooth decay, and digestive issues
c.) Restful sleep
d.) Weight gain
Explain eating and 190 Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of
sleep disorder from binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors,
other disorders. such as vomiting or laxative use, to prevent weight gain?
b.) Bulimia nervosa
d.) Orthorexia
Explain eating and 191 What is a common characteristic of night eating syndrome?
sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Frequent nightmares
b.) Excessive exercise during the night
c.) Recurrent episodes of eating during the night
d.) Sleepwalking
Explain eating and 192 Which sleep disorder is characterized by sudden, brief muscle
sleep disorder from twitches or jerks that occur during the transition from
other disorders. wakefulness to sleep?
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleep apnea
c.) Hypnagogic jerks (or hypnic jerks)
d.) Narcolepsy
Explain eating and 193 What is a primary symptom of avoidant/restrictive food intake
sleep disorder from disorder (ARFID)?
other disorders.
a.) Extreme weight loss
b.) Fear of gaining weight
c.) Limited food choices due to sensory issues or aversions
d.) Frequent binge eating
Explain eating and 194 Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive snoring,
sleep disorder from gasping, and temporary cessation of breathing during sleep?
other disorders.
a.) Insomnia
b.) Sleepwalking
c.) Sleep apnea
d.) Narcolepsy
Explain eating and 195 What is the primary characteristic of avoidant/restrictive food
sleep disorder from intake disorder (ARFID)?
other disorders.
a.) Binge eating episodes
b.) Extreme weight loss
c.) Limited food choices due to sensory issues or aversions
d.) Purging behaviors
Explain eating and 196 What is a common feature of night terrors?

sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Vivid dreams that are easy to recall
b.) Talking and interacting with others during episodes
c.) Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbances
d.) Sudden and intense episodes of fear and confusion during

sleep
Explain eating and 197 What is the primary symptom of narcolepsy?

sleep disorder from
other disorders.
a.) Excessive daytime sleepiness
b.) Insomnia
c.) Sleepwalking
d.) Sleep apnea

Explain eating and 198 Which eating disorder is characterized by a lack of control
sleep disorder from during eating episodes but does not involve compensatory
other disorders. behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise?
b.) Bulimia nervosa
d.) Orthorexia
Explain eating and 199 Which sleep disorder is characterized by a strong urge to move
sleep disorder from the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, and the
other disorders. urge is relieved by moving the legs?
a.) Sleep apnea
b.) Narcolepsy
c.) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
d.) Sleepwalking
Evaluate the different 200 What is a common feature of sexual dysfunctions and paraphilic
sexual dysfunctions, disorders?
paraphilic disorders,
and gender dysphoria.
a.) They both result from a lack of sexual desire.
b.) They both involve distress or impairment in functioning.
c.) They primarily affect men more than women.
d.) They can be resolved without professional intervention.

Evaluate the different 201 Which of the following is an example of a sexual dysfunction in
sexual dysfunctions, men?
a.) Voyeuristic Disorder
b.) Gender Dysphoria
c.) Premature Ejaculation
d.) Fetishistic Disorder
Evaluate the different 202 What is the primary characteristic of gender dysphoria?
sexual dysfunctions,
a.) Atypical sexual preferences
b.) A mismatch between one's gender identity and assigned

sex at birth
c.) A lack of sexual desire
d.) Frequent sexual fantasies
Evaluate the different 203 Which of the following is a paraphilic disorder involving non-
sexual dysfunctions, consenting individuals or observing unsuspecting strangers
paraphilic disorders, undressing or engaging in sexual activities?
a.) Exhibitionistic Disorder
b.) Voyeuristic Disorder
c.) Fetishistic Disorder
d.) Pedophilic Disorder

Evaluate the different 204 What is the primary goal of treatment for individuals with
sexual dysfunctions, paraphilic disorders?
a.) To eliminate the paraphilic behavior entirely
b.) To encourage individuals to embrace their paraphilic

preferences
c.) To increase sexual desire and libido
d.) To provide hormone therapy
Evaluate the different 205 Which of the following is a common treatment approach for
sexual dysfunctions, individuals with sexual dysfunctions such as erectile dysfunction
paraphilic disorders, or female orgasmic disorder?
a.) Hormone therapy
b.) Psychotherapy
c.) Gender reassignment surgery
d.) Electroconvulsive therapy
Evaluate the different 206 What is the primary criterion for diagnosing a paraphilic
sexual dysfunctions, disorder in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
paraphilic disorders, Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)?
a.) Frequency of the paraphilic behavior
b.) Distress or impairment caused by the paraphilic behavior
c.) Sexual orientation
d.) Duration of the paraphilic behavior

Evaluate the different 207 Which of the following is a gender dysphoria treatment option for
sexual dysfunctions, individuals seeking a gender transition from male to female
paraphilic disorders, (MTF)?
a.) Mastectomy
b.) Hysterectomy
c.) Hormone therapy (estrogen)
d.) Voice therapy
Evaluate the different 208 What is the most appropriate term for the experience of a person
sexual dysfunctions, whose gender identity aligns with their assigned sex at birth?
a.) Gender dysphoria
b.) Gender nonconformity
c.) Transgender
d.) Cisgender
Evaluate the different 209 Which paraphilic disorder involves exposing one's genitals to
sexual dysfunctions, unsuspecting individuals without their consent, typically in a
paraphilic disorders, public setting?
d.) Frotteuristic Disorder

Evaluate the different 210 What is the primary characteristic of sexual dysfunctions, as
sexual dysfunctions, defined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
paraphilic disorders, Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)?
a.) Atypical sexual preferences
b.) Distress or impairment in sexual response or functioning
c.) A lack of sexual desire
d.) Frequent sexual fantasies
Evaluate the different 211 Which of the following is an example of a sexual dysfunction in
sexual dysfunctions, women?
a.) Gender Dysphoria
b.) Premature Ejaculation
c.) Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
d.) Pedophilic Disorder
Evaluate the different 212 Which of the following paraphilic disorders involves a sexual
sexual dysfunctions, attraction to prepubescent children and is considered a criminal
paraphilic disorders, offense in most jurisdictions?
c.) Pedophilic Disorder

Evaluate the different 213 What is the primary focus of treatment for individuals with
sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria who seek gender-affirming care?
a.) To change an individual's gender identity to match their

assigned sex at birth
b.) To suppress all gender-related behaviors and expressions
c.) To provide social and medical support for an individual's

affirmed gender identity
d.) To encourage cross-dressing behavior
Evaluate the different 214 What is the primary goal of psychological treatment for
sexual dysfunctions, paraphilic disorders, such as Exhibitionistic Disorder or
paraphilic disorders, Fetishistic Disorder?
a.) To encourage individuals to fully embrace and express

their paraphilic desires
b.) To eliminate all sexual behaviors and preferences
c.) To reduce or manage paraphilic behaviors that cause

harm or distress
d.) To increase sexual desire for conventional sexual activities
Evaluate the different 215 Which of the following is a common sexual dysfunction in both
sexual dysfunctions, men and women, characterized by a persistent inability to
paraphilic disorders, achieve or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual activity?
a.) Premature Ejaculation
b.) Erectile Dysfunction
c.) Female Orgasmic Disorder
d.) Voyeuristic Disorder

Evaluate the different 216 Which paraphilic disorder involves a sexual attraction to
sexual dysfunctions, nonliving objects or specific body parts (e.g., feet, shoes) and is
paraphilic disorders, the most common paraphilic disorder in men?
Evaluate the different 217 What is the term used to describe a condition where an
sexual dysfunctions, individual's gender identity is fluid and not fixed within the
paraphilic disorders, traditional binary concepts of male or female?
a.) Gender Dysphoria
b.) Transgender
c.) Cisgender
d.) Genderqueer
Evaluate the different 218 Which of the following is a common treatment approach for
sexual dysfunctions, individuals with gender dysphoria who seek a gender transition
paraphilic disorders, from female to male (FTM)?
a.) Hormone therapy (testosterone)
b.) Mastectomy
c.) Voice therapy
d.) Ovariectomy
Evaluate the different 219 What is one of the primary goals of sex education and counseling
sexual dysfunctions, for individuals with sexual dysfunctions or paraphilic disorders?
a.) To pathologize and stigmatize their experiences
b.) To promote a healthy and satisfying sex life
c.) To encourage conformity to traditional gender roles
d.) To ignore the importance of consent in sexual activities
Evaluate the different 220 What is the primary criterion for diagnosing gender dysphoria in
sexual dysfunctions, children and adolescents, as specified in the DSM-5?
a.) Duration of gender dysphoric symptoms
b.) Consistency of gender identity over time
c.) Parental consent for gender-affirming interventions
d.) Age at which cross-gender behavior began
Evaluate the different 221 Which paraphilic disorder involves a sexual focus on rubbing
sexual dysfunctions, one's genitals against a non-consenting person, often in crowded
paraphilic disorders, public places?

Evaluate the different 222 Which of the following statements is true regarding sexual
sexual dysfunctions, dysfunctions and gender dysphoria?
a.) Sexual dysfunctions always lead to distress or impairment

in functioning.
b.) Gender dysphoria is a form of sexual dysfunction.
c.) Sexual dysfunctions are only a concern for older adults.
d.) Gender dysphoria may be present without causing distress.
Evaluate the different 223 What is a common approach in the treatment of paraphilic
sexual dysfunctions, disorders like Voyeuristic Disorder and Exhibitionistic Disorder?
a.) Encouraging the individual to engage in such behaviors

more discreetly
b.) Legal prosecution and incarceration
c.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy and relapse prevention
d.) Providing hormone therapy
Evaluate the different 224 What is a key aspect of the assessment and diagnosis of sexual
sexual dysfunctions, dysfunctions and paraphilic disorders?
a.) Relying solely on self-reported symptoms
b.) Conducting a comprehensive clinical evaluation
c.) Prescribing medication as the first-line treatment
d.) Avoiding discussions of sexual behaviors

Evaluate the different 225 Which of the following is a common treatment for erectile
sexual dysfunctions, dysfunction that involves the injection of medication into the base
paraphilic disorders, of the penis to induce an erection?
a.) Hormone therapy
b.) Psychotherapy
c.) Vacuum erection devices
d.) Intracavernosal injection therapy
Evaluate the different 226 What is the main purpose of a sex reassignment surgery (gender-
sexual dysfunctions, affirming surgery) in individuals with gender dysphoria?
a.) To completely change an individual's sexual orientation
b.) To achieve a physical appearance consistent with their

affirmed gender identity
c.) To enforce conformity to traditional gender roles
d.) To suppress the individual's gender identity
Evaluate the different 227 Which paraphilic disorder involves engaging in non-consensual
sexual dysfunctions, sexual activity, often involving the suffering or humiliation of
paraphilic disorders, others, and is considered a serious criminal offense in most
and gender dysphoria. jurisdictions?
c.) Sadistic Disorder

Evaluate the different 228 In the context of gender dysphoria, what is the role of a mental
sexual dysfunctions, health professional?
a.) To prevent individuals from transitioning
b.) To provide support, evaluation, and counseling for

individuals exploring their gender identity
c.) To enforce gender stereotypes and societal norms
d.) To ignore the needs and experiences of transgender

individuals
Evaluate the different 229 What is one of the primary goals of treatment for sexual
sexual dysfunctions, dysfunctions and paraphilic disorders?
a.) To eliminate all sexual behaviors
b.) To prioritize the needs and desires of the therapist
c.) To reduce distress and improve overall well-being
d.) To ignore the consequences of these conditions
Explain substance- 230 What is the primary characteristic that distingu substance-
related and addictive related and addictive disorders from other psychological
psychological
disorders.
a.) Impaired cognitive functioning
b.) Substance use and abuse
c.) Mood disturbances
d.) Personality disorders

Explain substance- 231 Which of the following is an example of a substance-related
related and addictive disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
b.) Major Depressive Disorder
c.) Alcohol Use Disorder
d.) Schizophrenia
Explain substance- 232 A person who experiences withdrawal symptoms when they stop
related and addictive using a particular substance may be diagnosed with:
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
b.) Substance Use Disorder
d.) Social Phobia
Explain substance- 233 What differentiates Substance Use Disorder from recreational
related and addictive substance use?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Recreational substance use does not lead to addiction.
b.) Recreational substance use is only done on weekends.
c.) Substance Use Disorder is always diagnosed in teenagers.
d.) Substance Use Disorder is defined by the legal status of

the substance.
Explain substance- 234 Which of the following is a common comorbidity with Substance
related and addictive Use Disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Autism Spectrum Disorder
b.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
c.) Borderline Personality Disorder
d.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Explain substance- 235 Which of the following is a key feature that distinguishes
related and addictive Substance-Induced Disorders from other psychological
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance-Induced Disorders are permanent and

irreversible.
b.) They are caused by a specific substance and resolve when

substance use is discontinued.
c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are always accompanied by

severe mood swings.
d.) They are primarily caused by genetic factors.
Explain substance- 236 A person who experiences intense cravings for a particular
related and addictive substance and has lost control over their use of it is likely
disorder from other suffering from:
psychological
disorders.
c.) Schizophrenia
d.) Substance Use Disorder

Explain substance- 237 Which category of substances is most commonly associated with
related and addictive Substance Use Disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Prescription medications
b.) Herbal supplements
c.) Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
d.) Illicit drugs and alcohol
Explain substance- 238 What distinguishes a "substance abuser" from a person with a
related and addictive diagnosed Substance Use Disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance abusers use substances recreationally.
b.) Substance abusers have never sought treatment.
c.) Substance abusers do not experience withdrawal

symptoms.
d.) There is no distinction between the two terms.
Explain substance- 239 Which psychological disorder is NOT characterized by substance

related and addictive use but rather by the presence of intrusive, unwanted thoughts
disorder from other and repetitive behaviors?
psychological
disorders.
d.) Antisocial Personality Disorder

Explain substance- 240 Which of the following statements is true about the relationship
related and addictive between substance-related disorders and mood disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance-related disorders are always comorbid with

mood disorders.
b.) Mood disorders and substance-related disorders are

entirely unrelated.
c.) There is a high rate of comorbidity between substance-

related disorders and mood disorders.
d.) Substance-related disorders exclusively affect mood.
Explain substance- 241 Which of the following is not a category of substances commonly
related and addictive associated with Substance Use Disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Stimulants
b.) Hallucinogens
c.) Nicotine
d.) Caffeine
Explain substance- 242 A person who experiences severe mood swings, alternating
related and addictive between periods of mania and depression, may be diagnosed
disorder from other with:
psychological
disorders.
b.) Borderline Personality Disorder

Explain substance- 243 What is a common feature of Substance-Induced Disorders that
related and addictive distinguishes them from other psychological disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) They only occur in adolescents and young adults.
b.) They always result in permanent cognitive impairment.
c.) They are caused by trauma or abuse.
d.) They are reversible and linked to substance use.
Explain substance- 244 Which of the following is not a key criterion for diagnosing
related and addictive Substance Use Disorder according to the DSM-5?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Using a substance in larger amounts or for a longer

period than intended.
b.) Craving or a strong desire to use the substance.
c.) Using the substance despite negative consequences.
d.) Regularly using a substance for relaxation and stress

relief.
Explain substance- 245 Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes
related and addictive Substance Use Disorder from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
disorder from other (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance Use Disorder is primarily characterized by

compulsive behaviors.
b.) OCD is always caused by substance abuse.
c.) Substance Use Disorder is linked to specific substances

and their abuse.
d.) OCD is more common in adolescents, while Substance Use

Disorder is prevalent in adults.
Explain substance- 246 A person who experiences severe difficulties in maintaining
related and addictive relationships, engaging in impulsive behaviors, and has a
disorder from other pervasive fear of abandonment may be diagnosed with:
psychological
disorders.
Explain substance- 247 What distinguishes Substance-Induced Disorders from primary

related and addictive mental health disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance-Induced Disorders are caused by biological

factors, while primary mental health disorders are not.
b.) Primary mental health disorders are always linked to

substance use.
c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are reversible and related to

substance use, while primary mental health disorders are
not caused by substance use.
d.) Primary mental health disorders are only diagnosed in
adolescents.
Explain substance- 248 Which psychological disorder is characterized by recurrent and

related and addictive intrusive thoughts, as well as repetitive behaviors aimed at
disorder from other reducing distress?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Panic Disorder
b.) Schizophrenia

Explain substance- 249 Which of the following is not a common comorbidity with
related and addictive Substance Use Disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
c.) Eating Disorders
d.) Autism Spectrum Disorder
Explain substance- 250 What is the defining characteristic that sets Substance Use
related and addictive Disorder apart from Schizophrenia?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Hallucinations and delusions
b.) Impairment in cognitive functioning
c.) Pervasive fear of abandonment
d.) Problematic use of specific substances
Explain substance- 251 Which psychological disorder involves excessive and irrational
related and addictive fears, often leading to avoidance behavior?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Bipolar Disorder
b.) Panic Disorder
c.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Explain substance- 252 A person who experiences intrusive, unwanted thoughts and
related and addictive engages in repetitive rituals in an attempt to reduce distress may
disorder from other be diagnosed with:
psychological
disorders.
Explain substance- 253 What distinguishes Substance-Induced Disorders from primary

related and addictive mental health disorders?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance-Induced Disorders always result from trauma.
b.) Primary mental health disorders involve specific

substances.
c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are primarily caused by

biological factors.
d.) Substance-Induced Disorders are directly related to

substance use.
Explain substance- 254 Which psychological disorder is NOT characterized by excessive

related and addictive substance use and its associated problems?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance Use Disorder

Explain substance- 255 What key symptom distinguishes Substance Use Disorder from
related and addictive Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Persistent excessive worry and anxiety
b.) Impaired cognitive functioning
c.) Use of substances for relaxation and stress relief
d.) Inability to control substance use
Explain substance- 256 A person who experiences a loss of contact with reality,
related and addictive hallucinations, and delusions is most likely suffering from:
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
c.) Schizophrenia
Explain substance- 257 What differentiates Substance-Induced Disorders from primary

related and addictive mental health disorders in terms of causation?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Substance-Induced Disorders are always caused by

genetic factors.
b.) Primary mental health disorders are only diagnosed in

adults.
c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are reversible and linked to

substance use.
d.) Primary mental health disorders are always triggered by

trauma.
Explain substance- 258 Which psychological disorder is characterized by patterns of
related and addictive manipulation, deceit, and disregard for the rights of others?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
a.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Explain substance- 259 Which of the following is not a common comorbidity with
related and addictive Substance Use Disorder?
disorder from other
psychological
disorders.
b.) Eating Disorders
c.) Schizophrenia
d.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Explain impulse control 260 What distinguishes impulse control disorders from other
disorders from other psychiatric disorders?
disorders.
a.) Impulse control disorders involve an inability to resist

impulsive behaviors.
b.) Impulse control disorders are characterized by

hallucinations and delusions.
c.) Impulse control disorders primarily affect mood and

emotions.
d.) Impulse control disorders are synonymous with obsessive-

compulsive disorder (OCD).
Explain impulse control 261 Which of the following is an example of an impulse control
disorders.
b.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
c.) Kleptomania
Explain impulse control 262 How can impulse control disorders be distinguished from
disorders from other substance use disorders?
disorders.
a.) Impulse control disorders are always related to substance

abuse.
b.) Impulse control disorders involve impulsive behaviors,

while substance use disorders revolve around the abuse of
drugs or alcohol.
c.) Impulse control disorders exclusively affect teenagers.
d.) Substance use disorders involve excessive shopping and

gambling.
Explain impulse control 263 Which of the following is a common impulse control disorder in
disorders from other children?
disorders.
a.) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
d.) Schizophrenia
Explain impulse control 264 Which of the following is a key characteristic of intermittent
disorders from other explosive disorder (IED)?
disorders.
a.) Intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations.
b.) Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.
c.) Recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger and aggression.
d.) A persistent preoccupation with physical appearance.
Explain impulse control 265 What distinguishes borderline personality disorder (BPD) from
disorders from other impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) BPD is characterized by a pattern of unstable

relationships and self-image.
b.) Impulse control disorders involve impulsive behaviors,

while BPD revolves around self-harm.
c.) BPD is exclusively diagnosed in children and adolescents.
d.) Impulse control disorders are a subtype of BPD.
Explain impulse control 266 Which of the following is a common treatment approach for
disorders.
a.) Antipsychotic medication
b.) Psychoanalysis
d.) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Explain impulse control 267 Which impulse control disorder is characterized by a persistent
disorders from other and recurrent failure to resist stealing items that are not needed
disorders. for personal use or financial gain?
a.) Pyromania
b.) Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
c.) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
d.) Kleptomania
Explain impulse control 268 Which of the following best describes the primary difference
disorders from other between substance use disorders and impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) Substance use disorders involve compulsive drug or

alcohol abuse, while impulse control disorders involve
impulsive behaviors unrelated to substance abuse.
b.) Substance use disorders primarily affect teenagers, while
impulse control disorders affect individuals of all ages.
c.) Impulse control disorders are characterized by delusions

and hallucinations, while substance use disorders are not.
d.) Both substance use disorders and impulse control

disorders are the same, and the terms are interchangeable.
Explain impulse control 269 What is the hallmark feature of pathological gambling, which is
disorders from other considered an impulse control disorder?
disorders.
a.) A strong desire to avoid gambling activities.
b.) A preoccupation with obtaining money to gamble.
c.) An inability to control the impulse to gamble despite

negative consequences.
d.) Frequent episodes of binge eating.

Explain impulse control 270 How can intermittent explosive disorder (IED) be distinguished
disorders from other from other impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) IED is characterized by impulsive acts of theft.
b.) IED primarily affects adolescents.
c.) IED is characterized by recurrent, explosive outbursts of

anger and aggression.
d.) IED is a subtype of Conduct Disorder.
Explain impulse control 271 What is the primary goal of treatment for impulse control
disorders.
a.) Eradicate impulsive behaviors completely.
b.) Control impulsive behaviors and minimize their negative

consequences.
c.) Substitute impulsive behaviors with obsessive-compulsive

behaviors.
d.) Isolate individuals with impulse control disorders from

society.
Explain impulse control 272 Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of

disorders from other oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), a common impulse control
disorders. disorder in children?
a.) Recurrent episodes of explosive anger.
b.) Persistent patterns of anger, defiance, and disobedience.
c.) Excessive fear of social situations.
d.) Compulsive handwashing and checking rituals.

Explain impulse control 273 How do impulse control disorders differ from personality
disorders.
a.) Impulse control disorders involve enduring patterns of

behavior, while personality disorders are characterized by
impulsive behaviors.
b.) Impulse control disorders primarily affect teenagers, while
personality disorders affect individuals of all ages.
c.) Impulse control disorders and personality disorders are

the same and can be used interchangeably.
d.) Impulse control disorders involve an inability to resist

impulsive behaviors, while personality disorders involve
enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural
norms.
disorders from other individuals with impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) Exposure therapy
b.) Medication for treating hallucinations
d.) Inpatient hospitalization for an extended period
Explain impulse control 275 Which impulse control disorder is characterized by a recurrent
disorders from other and intense urge to set fires and a fascination with fire?
disorders.
a.) Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
b.) Pyromania
c.) Kleptomania
d.) Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Explain impulse control 276 What distinguishes Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) from
disorders.
a.) OCD involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions)

and repetitive behaviors (compulsions), while impulse
control disorders involve impulsive behaviors.
b.) OCD is synonymous with intermittent explosive disorder
(IED).
c.) Impulse control disorders exclusively involve self-harming

behaviors.
d.) Both OCD and impulse control disorders are the same.
Explain impulse control 277 Which of the following impulse control disorders involves
disorders from other recurrent, deliberate fire-setting behaviors?
disorders.
a.) Pyromania
b.) Trichotillomania
c.) Body Dysmorphic Disorder
d.) Social Anxiety Disorder
Explain impulse control 278 Which of the following is a key symptom of kleptomania, an
disorders from other impulse control disorder?
disorders.
a.) Recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger and aggression.
b.) An irresistible urge to steal items that are not needed for
personal use or financial gain.
c.) A pattern of unstable relationships and self-image.
d.) A strong fear of specific objects or situations.

Explain impulse control 279 Which treatment approach is commonly used for individuals with
disorders.
a.) Antipsychotic medication
b.) Exposure therapy
d.) Hypnotherapy
Explain impulse control 280 What distinguishes intermittent explosive disorder (IED) from
disorders from other other impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) IED is characterized by recurrent, explosive outbursts of

anger and aggression that are out of proportion to the
situation.
b.) IED primarily involves excessive shopping and spending
money impulsively.
c.) IED is a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
d.) IED is synonymous with kleptomania.
disorders from other individuals with impulse control disorders?
disorders.
a.) Antidepressant medications
b.) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
c.) Behavioral therapies, such as anger management
d.) Antipsychotic medications

Explain impulse control 282 How can oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) be distinguished
disorders from other from intermittent explosive disorder (IED)?
disorders.
a.) ODD involves recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger,

while IED primarily features patterns of anger, defiance,
and disobedience.
b.) ODD is exclusively diagnosed in adults, while IED
primarily affects children and adolescents.
c.) ODD and IED are synonymous and can be used

interchangeably.
d.) ODD involves recurrent, uncontrollable episodes of binge

eating.
Explain impulse control 283 Which impulse control disorder is characterized by a recurrent
disorders from other failure to resist stealing items that are not needed for personal
disorders. use or financial gain?
a.) Pyromania
b.) Trichotillomania
c.) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
d.) Kleptomania
Illustrate the different 284 Which of the following is a defining characteristic of narcissistic
personality disorders personality disorder (NPD)?
and with the other
psychopathologies of
personalities.
a.) Extreme fear of abandonment
b.) Chronic feelings of emptiness
c.) Lack of empathy and an excessive need for admiration
d.) Social withdrawal and avoidance

Illustrate the different 285 What distinguishes borderline personality disorder (BPD) from
personality disorders other personality disorders?
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Perfectionism and rigidity
b.) Unstable relationships, self-image, and impulsivity
c.) Avoidance of social situations
d.) Obsessive-compulsive tendencies
Illustrate the different 286 A person who experiences pervasive and excessive anxiety,
personality disorders worry, and fear across different life domains may be diagnosed
and with the other with:
personalities.
a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder
c.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 287 Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive

personality disorders pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others?
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Histrionic Personality Disorder
c.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
d.) Avoidant Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 288 Individuals with avoidant personality disorder are most likely to:
personality disorders
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Seek attention and admiration
b.) Avoid social situations due to fear of rejection
c.) Have a strong desire for perfection
d.) Experience sudden and intense mood swings
Illustrate the different 289 A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is likely
personality disorders to exhibit:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Flexibility and spontaneity
b.) Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control
c.) Emotional instability and impulsivity
d.) Social detachment and indifference
Illustrate the different 290 Which of the following is a key characteristic of schizoid
personality disorders personality disorder?
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Fear of abandonment and unstable relationships
b.) Disregard for the rights of others and impulsivity
c.) Detachment from social relationships and limited

emotional expression
d.) Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior

Illustrate the different 291 A person who experiences intense and unstable relationships, a
personality disorders distorted self-image, and impulsive behavior may be diagnosed
personalities.
a.) Avoidant Personality Disorder
b.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
d.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 292 What differentiates histrionic personality disorder from other
personality disorders personality disorders?
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Pervasive pattern of social detachment and indifference
b.) Chronic feelings of emptiness and loneliness
c.) Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior
d.) Preoccupation with order and perfectionism
Illustrate the different 293 Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are likely to:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Display a pattern of social inhibition and fear of criticism
b.) Have a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of

others
c.) Exhibit emotional instability and impulsivity
d.) Seek out risky and thrilling experiences

Illustrate the different 294 A person with dependent personality disorder is most likely to:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Display a grandiose sense of self-importance
b.) Exhibit a pervasive pattern of clinging and submissive

behavior
c.) Demonstrate a disregard for the rights of others
d.) Avoid social situations due to fear of rejection
Illustrate the different 295 Which personality disorder is associated with a pervasive pattern
personality disorders of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity
and with the other to criticism?
personalities.
a.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
b.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
c.) Avoidant Personality Disorder
d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 296 A pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of
personality disorders remorse, and deceitfulness are characteristic features of:
and with the other
personalities.
c.) Schizoid Personality Disorder
d.) Dependent Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 297 Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are likely to
personality disorders exhibit:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Grandiosity and a need for admiration
b.) Odd beliefs, magical thinking, and eccentric behavior
c.) Avoidance of social situations due to fear of rejection
d.) Intense and unstable relationships
Illustrate the different 298 A person who experiences a pervasive pattern of social
personality disorders inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and a fear of being criticized
and with the other is likely to have:
personalities.
a.) Histrionic Personality Disorder
b.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
d.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

personality disorders pattern of instability in self-image, interpersonal relationships,
and with the other and marked impulsivity?
personalities.
b.) Histrionic Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 300 A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is more
personality disorders likely to:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Experience intense and unstable relationships
b.) Engage in risky and impulsive behavior
c.) Be preoccupied with order, perfectionism, and control
d.) Display a pervasive pattern of social detachment
Illustrate the different 301 A pervasive pattern of social detachment, restricted emotional
personality disorders expression, and a lack of desire for close relationships are
and with the other features of:
personalities.
b.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
c.) Dependent Personality Disorder
d.) Histrionic Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 302 A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy,
personality disorders and a hypersensitivity to criticism are features of:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
b.) Avoidant Personality Disorder
c.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
d.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 303 Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder are most likely
personality disorders to:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Avoid social situations due to fear of rejection
b.) Have a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion
c.) Display a grandiose sense of self-importance and lack of

empathy
d.) Engage in impulsive and risky behavior
Illustrate the different 304 A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships,

personality disorders self-image, and marked impulsivity are features of:
and with the other
personalities.
b.) Dependent Personality Disorder
d.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 305 A person who experiences intense and irrational fears of social
personality disorders situations, scrutiny, and negative evaluation may be diagnosed
personalities.
a.) Social Anxiety Disorder
b.) Schizoid Personality Disorder
c.) Histrionic Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 306 Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder may exhibit:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) A pervasive pattern of social detachment and restricted

emotional expression
b.) Odd beliefs, magical thinking, and eccentric behavior
c.) Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior
d.) Disregard for the rights of others and impulsivity
Illustrate the different 307 A pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of others,
personality disorders interpreting motives as malevolent, is a key feature of:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
b.) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
c.) Dependent Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 308 A person who consistently seeks reassurance and support from
personality disorders others, has difficulty making everyday decisions, and fears being
and with the other left alone is likely to have:
personalities.
a.) Dependent Personality Disorder
c.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
d.) Schizoid Personality Disorder

Illustrate the different 309 Which personality disorder is associated with a pervasive pattern
personality disorders of extreme emotionality and attention-seeking behavior?
and with the other
personalities.
b.) Schizoid Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 310 A pervasive pattern of social detachment, restricted emotional
personality disorders expression, and a preference for solitary activities are
and with the other characteristic of:
personalities.
b.) Histrionic Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 311 A person who experiences intrusive thoughts and engages in
personality disorders repetitive behaviors to alleviate anxiety is more likely to have:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
c.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

personality disorders pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and a fear of
and with the other being criticized or rejected, but differs from Avoidant Personality
psychopathologies of Disorder?
personalities.
a.) Dependent Personality Disorder
b.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
c.) Schizoid Personality Disorder
d.) Depressive Personality Disorder
Illustrate the different 313 A person with paranoid personality disorder is most likely to:
and with the other
personalities.
a.) Exhibit a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of

others
b.) Display a grandiose sense of self-importance and lack of

empathy
c.) Seek out risky and thrilling experiences
d.) Engage in impulsive and aggressive behavior
Illustrate schizophrenia 314 What distinguishes schizophrenia from mood disorders?

and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Distorted perception of reality
b.) Extreme mood swings
c.) Social withdrawal
d.) Sleep disturbances

Illustrate schizophrenia 315 Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Apathy
b.) Hallucinations
c.) Flat affect
Illustrate schizophrenia 316 How does schizophrenia differ from dissociative identity disorder
and other psychotic (DID)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves multiple personalities; DID does

not.
b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects mood; DID affects

identity.
c.) Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought and

perception; DID involves distinct identities.
d.) Schizophrenia is characterized by memory loss; DID is

not.
Illustrate schizophrenia 317 Which neurotransmitter is commonly implicated in the

and other psychotic pathophysiology of schizophrenia?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Serotonin
b.) Dopamine
c.) Acetylcholine
d.) GABA
Illustrate schizophrenia 318 What distinguishes schizophrenia from obsessive-compulsive
and other psychotic disorder (OCD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Presence of intrusive thoughts
b.) Ritualistic behaviors
c.) Disorganized thinking
d.) Fear of social situations
Illustrate schizophrenia 319 Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Delusions
b.) Hallucinations
c.) Apathy
d.) Agitation
Illustrate schizophrenia 320 How does schizophrenia differ from post-traumatic stress
and other psychotic disorder (PTSD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia is triggered by traumatic events; PTSD is

not.
b.) Schizophrenia involves dissociation; PTSD involves

hallucinations.
c.) Schizophrenia is a chronic condition; PTSD is often time-

limited.
d.) Schizophrenia is characterized by flashbacks; PTSD is not.

Illustrate schizophrenia 321 How does schizophrenia differ from social anxiety disorder
and other psychotic (SAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves fear of social situations; SAD

involves hallucinations.
b.) Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions; SAD involves

excessive fear of negative evaluation.
c.) Schizophrenia causes panic attacks; SAD does not.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; SAD is a psychotic

disorder.
Illustrate schizophrenia 322 Which of the following is a feature of schizoaffective disorder

and other psychotic that distinguishes it from major depressive disorder with
disorders from other psychotic features?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Impaired cognitive function
b.) Presence of mood episodes and psychosis concurrently
c.) Chronic fatigue
d.) Persistent sadness
Illustrate schizophrenia 323 In the context of schizophrenia, what are "catatonic symptoms"?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Excessive worry and fear
b.) Motor abnormalities and extreme negativism
c.) Flashbacks and nightmares
d.) Uncontrollable laughter and crying

Illustrate schizophrenia 324 How does schizophrenia differ from attention-
and other psychotic deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia is characterized by hyperactivity; ADHD

b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects children; ADHD persists

into adulthood.
c.) Schizophrenia involves impaired attention and psychosis;

ADHD involves hyperactivity and impulsivity.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; ADHD is a psychotic

disorder.
Illustrate schizophrenia 325 What distinguishes schizophrenia from borderline personality

and other psychotic disorder (BPD)?
psychological
disorders.
b.) Fear of abandonment
c.) Disorganized thinking and psychosis
d.) Chronic feelings of emptiness
Illustrate schizophrenia 326 How does schizophrenia differ from generalized anxiety disorder
and other psychotic (GAD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia is characterized by excessive worrying;

GAD involves hallucinations.
b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects children; GAD persists

into adulthood.
c.) Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and

psychosis; GAD is characterized by excessive,
uncontrollable worry.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; GAD is a psychotic
disorder.
Illustrate schizophrenia 327 Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Apathy
b.) Delusions
c.) Impaired memory and attention
d.) Hallucinations
Illustrate schizophrenia 328 What distinguishes schizophrenia from major neurocognitive

and other psychotic disorder (formerly known as dementia)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Presence of hallucinations
b.) Age of onset
c.) Impaired cognitive function and memory
d.) Chronic feelings of sadness
Illustrate schizophrenia 329 In the context of schizophrenia, what are "negative cognitive
and other psychotic symptoms"?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Delusions and hallucinations
b.) Cognitive distortions and memory lapses
c.) Decreased motivation and social withdrawal
d.) Excessive worry and fear

Illustrate schizophrenia 330 How does schizophrenia differ from substance use disorders?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves hallucinations; substance use

disorders involve mood swings.
b.) Schizophrenia is primarily caused by substance abuse;

substance use disorders are independent of psychotic
symptoms.
c.) Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought and
perception; substance use disorders are characterized by
cravings.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; substance use disorders
are psychotic disorders.
Illustrate schizophrenia 331 What distinguishes schizophrenia from bipolar disorder?

and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
b.) Mood swings between depression and mania
c.) Chronic feelings of emptiness
d.) Impaired cognitive function
Illustrate schizophrenia 332 Which of the following is a characteristic of schizotypal

and other psychotic personality disorder?
psychological
disorders.
b.) Fear of abandonment
c.) Odd or eccentric behavior and appearance
d.) Impaired memory and attention

Illustrate schizophrenia 333 How does schizophrenia differ from autism spectrum disorder
and other psychotic (ASD)?
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves repetitive behaviors; ASD involves

hallucinations.
b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects children; ASD is a lifelong

condition.
c.) Schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thinking

and psychosis; ASD involves social communication
difficulties and repetitive behaviors.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; ASD is a psychotic
disorder.
Illustrate schizophrenia 334 In the context of schizophrenia, what are "cognitive distortions"?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
b.) Distorted thoughts and faulty interpretations of reality
c.) Motor abnormalities and extreme negativism
Illustrate schizophrenia 335 How does schizophrenia differ from dissociative amnesia?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves memory loss; dissociative amnesia

b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects mood; dissociative

amnesia involves memory gaps.

psychosis; dissociative amnesia is characterized by
memory loss due to psychological stress.
d.) Schizophrenia is a chronic condition; dissociative amnesia
is often time-limited.
Illustrate schizophrenia 336 What distinguishes schizophrenia from major depressive
and other psychotic disorder (MDD)?
psychological
disorders.
b.) Chronic feelings of emptiness
c.) Mood swings between depression and mania
d.) Disruptions in thought processes and perception
Illustrate schizophrenia 337 Which of the following is a characteristic of delusional disorder?

and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
b.) Fixed, false beliefs with no basis in reality
c.) Impaired cognitive function and memory
d.) Excessive worry and fear
Illustrate schizophrenia 338 How does schizophrenia differ from panic disorder?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves panic attacks; panic disorder is

characterized by hallucinations.
b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects children; panic disorder is

more common in adults.

psychosis; panic disorder is characterized by recurrent
panic attacks.
d.) Schizophrenia is a mood disorder; panic disorder is a
psychotic disorder.
Illustrate schizophrenia 339 Which of the following is a characteristic of somatic symptom
and other psychotic disorder?
psychological
disorders.
b.) Chronic fatigue
c.) Distressing physical symptoms without apparent medical

cause
Illustrate schizophrenia 340 How does schizophrenia differ from postpartum depression?
and other psychotic
psychological
disorders.
a.) Schizophrenia involves mood swings after childbirth;

postpartum depression involves hallucinations.
b.) Schizophrenia primarily affects women; postpartum

depression occurs in both men and women.

psychosis; postpartum depression is characterized by
mood disturbances following childbirth.
d.) Schizophrenia is a chronic condition; postpartum
depression is often time-limited.
Identify the different 341 What is the primary characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder
neurodevelopmental (ASD) according to DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Impaired social communication and interaction
b.) Hyperactivity and impulsivity
c.) Persistent patterns of inattention
d.) Frequent mood swings

Identify the different 342 Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by
neurodevelopmental repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
b.) Intellectual Disability
c.) Specific Learning Disorder
Identify the different 343 What is a common feature of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

neurodevelopmental Disorder (ADHD) according to DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Impaired motor skills
b.) Persistent deficits in social communication
c.) Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
d.) Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors
Identify the different 344 Which neurodevelopmental disorder involves difficulties in

neurodevelopmental learning and using academic skills despite having average or
disorders based on above-average intelligence?
DSM-5
a.) Specific Learning Disorder
c.) Communication Disorder
d.) Developmental Coordination Disorder

Identify the different 345 What distinguishes Intellectual Disability from other
neurodevelopmental neurodevelopmental disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Impaired social communication
b.) Repetitive behaviors
c.) Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive

functioning
d.) Inattention and hyperactivity
Identify the different 346 What is a core feature of Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) in
neurodevelopmental DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Deficits in intellectual functioning
b.) Impaired social communication
c.) Difficulties in learning and using academic skills

neurodevelopmental difficulties in motor coordination that significantly impact daily
disorders based on activities or academic achievement?
DSM-5
a.) Intellectual Disability
b.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
c.) Autism Spectrum Disorder
d.) Communication Disorder

Identify the different 348 What distinguishes Communication Disorders from other
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Repetitive behaviors
b.) Deficits in intellectual functioning
c.) Difficulties in language, speech sound production, and/or

communication
d.) Inattention and hyperactivity
Identify the different 349 Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by a

neurodevelopmental persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
disorders based on that interferes with daily functioning or development?
DSM-5
b.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
c.) Intellectual Disability
d.) Specific Learning Disorder
Identify the different 350 What criterion is essential for the diagnosis of Intellectual
neurodevelopmental Disability in DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Deficits in motor coordination
b.) Deficits in social communication
c.) Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive

functioning

Identify the different 351 Which neurodevelopmental disorder involves persistent
neurodevelopmental difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal
disorders based on communication as manifested by deficits in social-emotional
DSM-5 reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and developing
and maintaining relationships?
a.) Specific Learning Disorder
c.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
d.) Intellectual Disability
Identify the different 352 What distinguishes Tourette's Disorder from other
disorders based on
DSM-5
c.) Motor and vocal tics
d.) Difficulties in academic skills
Identify the different 353 In DSM-5, what is the primary characteristic of Attention-
neurodevelopmental Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
disorders based on
DSM-5
b.) Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors
c.) Persistent deficits in intellectual functioning
d.) Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Identify the different 354 Which neurodevelopmental disorder involves difficulties in motor
neurodevelopmental coordination without a medical or neurological condition
disorders based on explaining the impairment?
DSM-5
c.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
d.) Specific Learning Disorder
Identify the different 355 What characterizes the core features of Intellectual Disability in
neurodevelopmental DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Deficits in social communication
b.) Impaired motor skills
c.) Deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning
Identify the different 356 What distinguishes Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) from other
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Deficits in intellectual functioning
c.) Difficulties in learning and using academic skills
d.) Motor coordination difficulties

neurodevelopmental persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, as
disorders based on well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or
DSM-5 activities?
a.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
c.) Communication Disorder
Identify the different 358 What distinguishes Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
neurodevelopmental (DMDD) from other neurodevelopmental disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Motor coordination difficulties
b.) Mood swings and irritability
c.) Impaired social communication
d.) Repetitive behaviors
Identify the different 359 Which neurodevelopmental disorder primarily involves

neurodevelopmental difficulties in motor coordination and planning, impacting
disorders based on activities of daily living?
DSM-5
c.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
d.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Identify the different 360 In DSM-5, what is a key characteristic of Attention-
neurodevelopmental Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) regarding the age of
disorders based on onset?
DSM-5
a.) Symptoms must be present before the age of 7
b.) Symptoms must be present before the age of 12
c.) Symptoms must be present before the age of 5
d.) Symptoms can onset at any age
Identify the different 361 What is a distinguishing feature of Attention-

neurodevelopmental Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes according to
disorders based on DSM-5?
DSM-5
a.) Inattentiveness only, hyperactivity-impulsivity only, or a

combination of both
b.) Motor and vocal tics
c.) Social communication deficits
Identify the different 362 What neurodevelopmental disorder involves difficulties in the
neurodevelopmental acquisition and use of motor skills, often leading to clumsiness
disorders based on and coordination problems?
DSM-5
a.) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
b.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
c.) Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)

Identify the different 363 Which neurodevelopmental disorder is associated with persistent
neurodevelopmental patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, often
disorders based on causing challenges in academic, occupational, or social
DSM-5 functioning?
c.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
d.) Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)
Identify the different 364 What is a characteristic feature of Rett Syndrome, a

neurodevelopmental neurodevelopmental disorder not explicitly covered in DSM-5
disorders based on but considered separately?
DSM-5
a.) Hyperactivity and impulsivity
b.) Severe impairments in social communication
c.) Loss of purposeful hand skills and development of

repetitive hand movements
Identify the different 365 Which neurodevelopmental disorder involves difficulties in

neurodevelopmental communication, including problems with understanding and
disorders based on using language, as well as challenges in social interaction?
DSM-5
b.) Communication Disorder
c.) Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)

Identify the different 366 What characterizes the onset of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
neurodevelopmental symptoms in DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Symptoms must be present in early childhood, but may not

become fully apparent until social demands exceed limited
capacities
b.) Symptoms must be present at birth
c.) Symptoms typically emerge in adolescence
d.) Symptoms appear abruptly in adulthood

neurodevelopmental persistent difficulties in mathematics, despite adequate
disorders based on intelligence and opportunities for learning?
DSM-5
a.) Intellectual Disability
b.) Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)
c.) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
d.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
Identify the different 368 What is a defining feature of Intellectual Disability in DSM-5
neurodevelopmental regarding adaptive functioning?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Severe impairments in social communication
b.) Deficits in intellectual functioning only
c.) Deficits in adaptive functioning alongside intellectual

deficits

Identify the different 369 What distinguishes Language Disorder from Communication
neurodevelopmental Disorder in DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Language Disorder involves only difficulties in speech

sound production, while Communication Disorder involves
broader language difficulties.
b.) Communication Disorder involves only difficulties in
speech sound production, while Language Disorder
involves broader language difficulties.
c.) Both disorders are identical in terms of diagnostic criteria.
d.) Language Disorder primarily affects adults, while

Communication Disorder primarily affects children.
Identify the different 370 In DSM-5, what is a criterion for the diagnosis of Intellectual
neurodevelopmental Disability in terms of intellectual functioning?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Below-average intelligence
b.) Deficits in reasoning and problem-solving
c.) Significantly below-average intellectual functioning
d.) Difficulty in academic skills
Identify the different 371 What is a key feature of Major Neurocognitive Disorder
neurocognitive (formerly known as Dementia) according to DSM-5?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Gradual onset and progressive decline in cognitive

function
b.) Sudden onset of cognitive impairment
c.) Temporary cognitive decline due to stress
d.) Isolated impairment in motor skills

Identify the different 372 Which neurocognitive disorder is specifically associated with
neurocognitive repetitive and ritualistic behaviors as a prominent feature?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Alzheimer's Disease
b.) Frontotemporal Dementia
c.) Parkinson's Disease
Identify the different 373 Which condition is characterized by memory impairment as a

neurocognitive primary symptom, often with the preservation of other cognitive
disorders based on functions initially?
DSM-5
a.) Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
b.) Delirium
c.) Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
d.) Alzheimer's Disease
Identify the different 374 What distinguishes Delirium from other neurocognitive
neurocognitive disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Gradual onset of symptoms
b.) Irreversible cognitive decline
c.) Sudden onset and fluctuating course of symptoms
d.) Presence of motor deficits

Identify the different 375 Which neurotransmitter system is commonly affected in Lewy
neurocognitive Body Dementia, contributing to motor and cognitive symptoms?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Serotonergic
b.) Dopaminergic
c.) GABAergic
d.) Glutamatergic
Identify the different 376 Mild Neurocognitive Disorder differs from Major Neurocognitive
neurocognitive Disorder primarily in:
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Severity of cognitive impairment
b.) Presence of hallucinations
c.) Duration of symptoms
d.) Specific cognitive domains affected
Identify the different 377 Which of the following is a key characteristic of Vascular
neurocognitive Neurocognitive Disorder?
disorders based on
DSM-5

function
b.) Cognitive decline due to traumatic brain injury
c.) Abrupt onset of cognitive impairment associated with

cerebrovascular events
d.) Cognitive decline solely related to aging

Identify the different 378 In which neurocognitive disorder is there a marked decline in
neurocognitive language function, such as difficulty in word finding and
disorders based on expressing oneself?
DSM-5
b.) Huntington's Disease
c.) Primary Progressive Aphasia
d.) Normal Aging
Identify the different 379 What is a common feature of both Alzheimer's Disease and
neurocognitive Parkinson's Disease Dementia?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Presence of Lewy bodies in the brain
b.) Predominant motor symptoms
c.) Onset in late adulthood only
d.) Absence of memory impairment
Identify the different 380 Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of
neurocognitive neurocognitive disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Regular physical exercise
b.) High educational attainment
c.) Advanced age
d.) Adequate social support

Identify the different 381 What distinguishes the presentation of neurocognitive disorders
neurocognitive from delirium?
disorders based on
DSM-5
c.) Sudden onset and fluctuating course of symptoms
d.) Isolated impairment in memory
Identify the different 382 Which of the following is NOT a common feature of
neurocognitive Frontotemporal Dementia?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Changes in personality and social conduct
b.) Repetitive and ritualistic behaviors
c.) Motor deficits resembling Parkinson's disease
d.) Language impairment
Identify the different 383 What distinguishes Mild Neurocognitive Disorder from normal
neurocognitive age-related cognitive decline?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Presence of significant memory impairment
b.) Absence of any cognitive decline
c.) Functional impairment in daily activities
d.) Isolated impairment in executive functions

Identify the different 384 Which neurocognitive disorder is associated with a
neurocognitive characteristic triad of symptoms: memory loss, atrophy of the
disorders based on hippocampus, and elevated levels of tau protein in cerebrospinal
DSM-5 fluid?
b.) Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
c.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
d.) Huntington's Disease
Identify the different 385 What distinguishes Lewy Body Dementia from other
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Predominant language impairment
b.) Fluctuating cognitive symptoms and visual hallucinations
c.) Progressive motor deficits
d.) Absence of behavioral changes
Identify the different 386 Which cognitive domain is primarily affected in Primary
neurocognitive Progressive Aphasia?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Memory
b.) Language
c.) Executive functions
d.) Visuospatial skills

Identify the different 387 What is a common cause of Delirium in older adults?
neurocognitive
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Chronic alcohol use
b.) Normal aging
c.) Neurodegenerative disorders
d.) Infections and medication side effects
Identify the different 388 Which neurotransmitter system is primarily affected in

neurocognitive Alzheimer's Disease?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Serotonergic
b.) Dopaminergic
c.) Cholinergic
d.) GABAergic
Identify the different 389 What distinguishes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) from other
disorders based on
DSM-5

function
b.) Presence of motor deficits resembling Parkinson's disease
c.) Rapidly progressive course with myoclonus and ataxia
d.) Predominant language impairment

Identify the different 390 In which neurocognitive disorder is there a clear link to exposure
neurocognitive to certain toxins, such as heavy metals or pesticides?
disorders based on
DSM-5
b.) Traumatic Brain Injury
c.) Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
d.) Normal Aging
Identify the different 391 Which type of neurocognitive disorder is characterized by a

neurocognitive history of traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's

Disease
b.) Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
c.) Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
d.) Normal Aging
Identify the different 392 Which of the following is a common behavioral symptom in
neurocognitive Frontotemporal Dementia?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Memory loss
b.) Depressive symptoms
c.) Repetitive motor movements
d.) Changes in social conduct and personality

Identify the different 393 What distinguishes Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV
neurocognitive Infection from other neurocognitive disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Predominant motor symptoms
c.) History of HIV infection
d.) Absence of memory impairment
Identify the different 394 Which neurocognitive disorder is characterized by the presence
neurocognitive of abnormal protein aggregates called Pick bodies?
disorders based on
DSM-5
b.) Frontotemporal Dementia
c.) Lewy Body Dementia
d.) Huntington's Disease
Identify the different 395 Which neurocognitive disorder is associated with motor
neurocognitive symptoms such as chorea (involuntary, jerky movements) and
disorders based on psychiatric symptoms, and is caused by a genetic mutation?
DSM-5
a.) Huntington's Disease
b.) Alzheimer's Disease
c.) Parkinson's Disease Dementia
d.) Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

Identify the different 396 What is a distinguishing feature of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
neurocognitive as compared to Major Neurocognitive Disorder?
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Absence of any cognitive impairment
b.) No impact on daily functioning
c.) Significant cognitive decline
d.) Presence of cognitive decline but not meeting the criteria

for functional impairment
Identify the different 397 Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with
neurocognitive an increased risk of developing Vascular Neurocognitive
disorders based on Disorder?
DSM-5
a.) Hypertension
b.) Social isolation
c.) Regular physical exercise
d.) Low educational attainment
Identify the different 398 In the context of neurocognitive disorders, what is anosognosia?
neurocognitive
disorders based on
DSM-5
a.) Impaired memory
b.) Lack of insight into one's own cognitive deficits
c.) Hallucinations
d.) Motor deficits

Identify the different 399 Which neurocognitive disorder is characterized by the
neurocognitive accumulation of abnormal tau protein in the brain, leading to
disorders based on motor symptoms, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes?
DSM-5
a.) Parkinson's Disease Dementia
b.) Alzheimer's Disease
c.) Frontotemporal Dementia
d.) Lewy Body Dementia
Identify the different 400 What is a distinguishing feature of Delirium that helps
neurocognitive differentiate it from other neurocognitive disorders?
disorders based on
DSM-5
b.) Fluctuating course of symptoms
c.) Isolated memory impairment
d.) Absence of hallucinations
B. Psychological disorders and specific symptoms based on DSM-5:

Correct Answers
1 a.) The presence of persistent worry and fear
Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent and excessive worry and fear, which
is not a primary feature of mood disorders. Mood disorders, such as depression and
bipolar disorder, primarily involve disturbances in mood, like periods of elevated mood
(mania) or persistent low mood (depression).
2 b.) OCD features repetitive thoughts and behaviors, while GAD involves excessive worry
without specific compulsions.
OCD features repetitive thoughts and behaviors, while GAD involves excessive worry
without specific compulsions.
3 b.) Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while social anxiety
disorder centers around excessive fear of social situations.
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while social anxiety
disorder centers around excessive fear of social situations.
4 a.) Intrusive memories and flashbacks
PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and nightmares related to a

traumatic event, which are not typical symptoms of GAD. GAD primarily involves
excessive and uncontrollable worry about various life events and situations.
5 b.) Specific phobias are typically related to specific objects or situations, causing intense
fear and avoidance.
Specific phobias are characterized by intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or
situations, whereas other anxiety disorders involve more generalized and persistent
anxiety symptoms not tied to a specific trigger.
6 d.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of life events and
situations, while panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
GAD is characterized by chronic and generalized worry about various life events,
whereas panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
7 c.) Social anxiety disorder is marked by a fear of social situations and interactions, while
specific phobias are characterized by intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or
situations.
Social anxiety disorder is primarily centered around fear and avoidance of social
situations, while specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects
or situations.
8 d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and nightmares related to a

traumatic event, while OCD involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
traumatic experiences.
PTSD is characterized by symptoms related to a traumatic event, such as intrusive
memories and flashbacks, while OCD involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors that
are unrelated to traumatic experiences.
9 c.) Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear of open spaces and crowded places,
leading to avoidance, while panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks.
Agoraphobia is characterized by fear of open spaces and crowded places, leading to
avoidance, while panic disorder is primarily characterized by recurrent, unexpected
panic attacks.
10 b.) Separation anxiety disorder is marked by excessive fear and distress when separated
from attachment figures, typically in children, while other anxiety disorders do not
involve attachment-related fears.
Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear and distress when
separated from attachment figures, which is typically seen in children, while other
anxiety disorders do not revolve around attachment-related fears.
11 d.) Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while agoraphobia is
characterized by intense fear of open spaces and crowded places, leading to avoidance.
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while agoraphobia is
characterized by fear of open spaces and crowded places, leading to avoidance.
12 c.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of life events and
situations, while OCD is marked by repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
specific worries.
GAD is characterized by chronic, generalized worry about various life events and
situations, while OCD involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to specific
worries.
13 b.) Specific phobias involve excessive, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of life
events and situations, while mood disorders like depression are characterized by
persistent sadness and low mood.
Specific phobias involve intense fear of specific objects or situations, while mood
disorders like depression are primarily characterized by persistent low mood and
sadness, not specific phobic fears.
14 d.) Specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations,
while OCD involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to specific phobias.
Specific phobias are characterized by intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or
situations, whereas OCD involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are unrelated
to specific phobias.
15 d.) Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while social
anxiety disorder is primarily centered around intense fear of social situations and
interactions.
Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while social anxiety
disorder involves excessive fear and avoidance of social situations and interactions.
16 d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and nightmares related to a

traumatic event, while bipolar disorder primarily involves mood swings between mania
and depression.
PTSD is characterized by symptoms related to a traumatic event, such as intrusive
memories and flashbacks, while bipolar disorder primarily involves mood swings
between mania and depression.
17 d.) Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear of open spaces and crowded places,
leading to avoidance, while specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of
Agoraphobia is characterized by fear of open spaces and crowded places, leading to
avoidance, while specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects
or situations.
18 a.) OCD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of life events and
situations, while GAD is marked by repetitive thoughts and behaviors unrelated to
specific worries.
OCD is characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors, whereas GAD involves
excessive, uncontrollable worry about various life events and situations.
19 c.) Social anxiety disorder is characterized by intense fear of social situations and
interactions, while PTSD is marked by intrusive memories and flashbacks related to a
traumatic event.
Social anxiety disorder involves fear of social situations and interactions, while PTSD
is characterized by intrusive memories and flashbacks related to a traumatic event.
20 d.) Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while specific phobias
involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations.
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while specific phobias are
characterized by intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations.
21 d.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of life events and
situations, while bipolar disorder primarily involves mood swings between mania and
depression.
GAD is characterized by chronic, generalized worry about various life events, whereas
bipolar disorder primarily involves mood swings between mania and depression.
22 c.) PTSD involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while panic disorder is marked by
intrusive memories and flashbacks related to a traumatic event.
PTSD involves panic-like symptoms, such as recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, often
triggered by traumatic experiences. In contrast, panic disorder is primarily marked by
spontaneous, unexpected panic attacks unrelated to traumatic events.
23 a.) Specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations,
while separation anxiety disorder primarily involves excessive fear of being separated
from attachment figures.
Specific phobias involve intense fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations,
while separation anxiety disorder is primarily characterized by excessive fear of being
separated from attachment figures, often seen in children.
24 c.) Panic disorder is characterized by intense fear of open spaces and crowded places,
leading to avoidance, while agoraphobia is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic
attacks.
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, while agoraphobia is
characterized by intense fear of open spaces and crowded places, often leading to
avoidance.
25 b.) Onset of symptoms after a traumatic event
Explanation: Trauma and stressor-related disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD), are characterized by the development of symptoms in response to
exposure to a traumatic event. This event is a defining feature of these disorders. In
contrast, other psychological disorders like schizophrenia may involve hallucinations or
delusions (A) and mood disorders like bipolar disorder can include elevated mood and
increased energy (D), but these features do not necessarily link these disorders to
specific traumatic events. Chronic and enduring symptoms (C) may be seen in some
trauma-related disorders but are not unique to them.
26 d.) Acute Stress Disorder
Explanation: Acute Stress Disorder is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that

typically occurs shortly after exposure to a traumatic event. It is characterized by
symptoms such as intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal.
Major Depressive Disorder (A), Social Anxiety Disorder (B), and Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder (C) are not trauma-related disorders, and their symptoms are not
necessarily tied to specific traumatic events.
27 a.) Dissociative disorders involve memory loss, while trauma-related disorders do not.
Explanation: Dissociative disorders are characterized by disruptions in memory,

awareness, identity, or perception, often associated with psychological stress or
trauma. These disorders may involve memory loss or fragmentation, which is not a
characteristic feature of trauma and stressor-related disorders. The other options are
not accurate descriptions of the primary differences between these categories of
disorders.
28 b.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
Explanation: Paranoid Personality Disorder involves a chronic and pervasive pattern

of distrust and suspicion of others, which may lead to symptoms that overlap with
trauma and stressor-related disorders, such as hypervigilance and anxiety. However,
the distinguishing feature is the chronic and enduring nature of these symptoms.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (A), Panic Disorder (C), and Specific Phobia (D) are not
characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others.
29 c.) Re-experiencing
Explanation: Re-experiencing is the term used to describe the repeated reliving of a

traumatic event through intrusive memories, nightmares, or flashbacks. It is a common
symptom in trauma and stressor-related disorders, particularly in Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD). Depersonalization (A) and derealization (B) are forms of
dissociation and may also occur in trauma-related disorders, but they are distinct
phenomena. Dissociation (D) is a broader concept related to disruptions in
consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
30 d.) Symptoms triggered by exposure to a traumatic event
Explanation: Trauma and stressor-related disorders are characterized by the

development of symptoms in response to exposure to a traumatic event. This event is the
key trigger for the symptoms, setting them apart from other disorders. The other options
do not accurately capture the hallmark feature of these disorders.
31 b.) Anhedonia
Explanation: Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure or interest in previously

enjoyable activities, is a common symptom seen in both trauma and stressor-related
disorders (e.g., depression within PTSD) and mood disorders like major depressive
disorder. While hypervigilance (A) can occur in trauma-related disorders,
hallucinations (C) are more often associated with psychotic disorders, and compulsions
(D) are characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, not mood disorders.
32 c.) Substance Use Disorder
Explanation: Trauma and stressor-related disorders may co-occur with substance use
disorders because individuals exposed to traumatic events are at an increased risk of
using substances as a way to cope with their symptoms. While there may be shared risk
factors for other disorders, such as ADHD (A), ASD (B), and schizophrenia (D), these
disorders are not typically linked to trauma exposure in the same way substance use
disorders are.
33 a.) Repeatedly performing rituals or behaviors
Explanation: Repeatedly performing rituals or behaviors (compulsions) is a defining

feature of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but it is not a defining characteristic
of trauma and stressor-related disorders. Intrusive, unwanted thoughts (B) are a
common feature in both disorders, but the distinction lies in the compulsive behaviors.
Emotional numbing and avoidance (C) are more characteristic of trauma-related
disorders, and flashbacks of the traumatic event (D) are specifically seen in disorders
like PTSD.
34 b.) Specific Phobia
Explanation: Specific Phobia is characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific

object or situation, and it is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (A) involves excessive worry and is not specific to a
particular object or situation. Panic Disorder (C) is characterized by recurrent panic
attacks, and Borderline Personality Disorder (D) is a personality disorder
characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and mood.
35 c.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders result from exposure to a traumatic event.
Explanation: Trauma and stressor-related disorders are characterized by the

development of symptoms in response to exposure to a traumatic event. This is a crucial
distinguishing feature, as it's not related to eating disorders or generalized anxiety (D).
Abnormal eating behaviors (A) are associated with eating disorders, and while trauma
can be a contributing factor to some eating disorders, not all eating disorders are
triggered by specific traumatic events (B).
36 c.) Trauma-related disorders involve intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors.
Explanation: Trauma and stressor-related disorders typically involve intrusive thoughts
(e.g., flashbacks, nightmares) and avoidance behaviors in response to traumatic events,
whereas obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by obsessions
and compulsions. The other options do not accurately capture the primary difference
between these categories of disorders.
37 b.) Panic Disorder
Explanation: Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, which involve

sudden and intense fear or discomfort along with physical symptoms. While panic
attacks can be triggered by stressors, they are not inherently trauma-related.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (A) is characterized by excessive worry, Social Anxiety
Disorder (C) involves fear of social situations, and Depersonalization/Derealization
Disorder (D) is characterized by feeling detached from oneself or one's surroundings.
38 b.) Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
Explanation: Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks, involving the repeated re-experiencing

of a traumatic event, are common symptoms in trauma and stressor-related disorders,
particularly Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Dissociative disorders (A, D) may
involve memory loss or feelings of unreality, but intrusive thoughts and flashbacks are
not characteristic of dissociative disorders. Repeatedly performing rituals or behaviors
(C) is more associated with obsessive-compulsive disorders.
39 b.) Depersonalization
Explanation: Depersonalization refers to the feeling of being detached from one's own
body or experiencing the world as unreal or dreamlike. It is a common symptom in
trauma and stressor-related disorders, particularly in PTSD. Hyperarousal (A),
intrusion (C), and avoidance (D) are other symptom clusters seen in these disorders but
do not specifically describe this phenomenon.
40 b.) Trauma and stressor-related disorders result from exposure to a traumatic event.
Explanation: The key distinction between trauma and stressor-related disorders and
personality disorders is that trauma and stressor-related disorders are typically
triggered by exposure to a specific traumatic event, whereas personality disorders
involve enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience. The other options do not
accurately differentiate these categories of disorders.
41 c.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
Explanation: Paranoid Personality Disorder is characterized by marked and persistent

distrust and suspicion of others, often leading to interpersonal conflicts. This distrust
and suspicion are not defining features of bipolar disorder (A), Antisocial Personality
Disorder (B), or Schizoid Personality Disorder (D).
42 a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Explanation: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive,

intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions), such as counting,
checking, or handwashing. It is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-related
disorder. Acute Stress Disorder (B), Bipolar Disorder (C), and Major Depressive
Disorder (D) do not primarily involve these repetitive thoughts and behaviors.

Explanation: Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of intense fear or
dread, often accompanied by physical symptoms like trembling and heart palpitations.
It is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder, although panic attacks
can be triggered by stressors. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (A) is a trauma and
stressor-related disorder. Social Anxiety Disorder (C) is characterized by fear of social
situations, and Borderline Personality Disorder (D) involves instability in relationships
and self-identity.
44 b.) Dissociation
Explanation: Dissociation is a common symptom shared between trauma and stressor-

related disorders and dissociative disorders. Dissociation refers to a disconnection
between different aspects of an individual's identity, consciousness, or memory.
Compulsions (A) are typically associated with obsessive-compulsive disorders, intrusive
thoughts (C) are more characteristic of trauma-related disorders, and mood swings (D)
may be seen in various disorders, but they are not specific to dissociative disorders.
45 a.) Borderline Personality Disorder
Explanation: Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by an enduring pattern

of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, with impulsivity. It is not
categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder. PTSD (B), Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (C), and Major Depressive Disorder (D) do not primarily involve these
enduring patterns of instability.
46 c.) Avoidance
Explanation: Avoidance is the term for the common feature in trauma and stressor-
related disorders where individuals intentionally avoid reminders of a traumatic event
and experience emotional numbing. Hyperarousal (A) and intrusion (B) are other
symptom clusters seen in these disorders, and dissociation (D) involves a different set of
experiences related to disconnection from one's self or surroundings.
47 b.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Explanation: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent,

excessive worry and anxiety, often without a specific or clear threat. It is not
categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder. Panic Disorder (A) and PTSD
(C) involve specific symptoms related to panic attacks and traumatic events, while
Bipolar Disorder (D) is characterized by mood disturbances and episodes of mania and
depression.
48 c.) Symptoms triggered by exposure to a traumatic event
Explanation: The key distinguishing feature of trauma and stressor-related disorders, in

comparison to mood disorders like major depressive disorder, is that the symptoms are
typically triggered by exposure to a traumatic event. Mood disorders like major
depressive disorder are characterized by chronic sadness and anhedonia (D) but are
not directly linked to specific traumatic events.
49 c.) Hyperarousal
Explanation: Hyperarousal is the term that describes a common feature in trauma and
stressor-related disorders where individuals may experience heightened arousal,
irritability, and difficulty sleeping. This symptom cluster is part of the overall
presentation of these disorders. Intrusion (A) relates to intrusive thoughts or flashbacks,
depersonalization (B) is a dissociative experience, and avoidance (D) involves avoiding
reminders of the traumatic event.
50 b.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
Explanation: Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard
for and violation of the rights of others, often involving deceit, manipulation, and a lack
of remorse. It is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-related disorder. Borderline
Personality Disorder (A) involves unstable interpersonal relationships and self-image,
while PTSD (C) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (D) have different features related to
trauma exposure and excessive worry, respectively.
51 a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent,

intrusive, and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors aimed at
reducing the distress (compulsions). It is not categorized as a trauma and stressor-
related disorder. Acute Stress Disorder (B) and the mood disorders Bipolar Disorder
(C) and Major Depressive Disorder (D) involve different sets of symptoms and criteria.
52 b.) Emotional numbing and avoidance
Explanation: Emotional numbing and avoidance are common features shared by both
trauma and stressor-related disorders and anxiety disorders. These symptoms are often
seen in response to distressing situations. Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks (A) are
more specific to trauma-related disorders, while hallucinations and delusions (C) are
more associated with psychotic disorders. Manic episodes (D) are a characteristic
feature of bipolar disorder.
53 c.) Intrusion
Explanation: Intrusion is the term used to describe the re-experiencing of a traumatic

event through distressing and intrusive thoughts, nightmares, or flashbacks. It is a
common symptom in trauma and stressor-related disorders, particularly in Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Avoidance (A) involves intentionally avoiding
reminders of the traumatic event, dissociation (B) relates to disconnection from oneself
or surroundings, and depersonalization (D) refers to feeling detached from one's own
body.
54 c.) Trauma-related disorders are triggered by traumatic events, while dissociative
disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
Explanation: The key difference between trauma and stressor-related disorders and
dissociative disorders is that trauma-related disorders are triggered by traumatic
events, while dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory,
identity, or perception. The other options do not accurately differentiate these
categories of disorders.
55 a.) The presence of specific obsessions and compulsions
Explanation: The correct answer is A. OCD is characterized by the presence of specific

obsessions (intrusive, distressing thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or
mental acts performed to reduce distress). GAD, on the other hand, involves excessive,
uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life without the presence of specific
56 a.) Excessive preoccupation with physical appearance and imagined flaws
BDD is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's

physical appearance, which are often imagined or exaggerated. SAD, on the other
hand, is marked by a fear of negative judgment and embarrassment in social situations.
57 a.) Hoarding involves persistent difficulty discarding items, while OCD involves specific
Hoarding disorder is distinct from OCD in that it primarily involves persistent difficulty
discarding possessions, leading to cluttered living spaces, while OCD is characterized
by specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to hoarding behaviors.
58 a.) Recurrent hair-pulling leading to hair loss
Trichotillomania involves recurrent hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while PTSD is

characterized by intrusive and distressing memories of a traumatic event, often
resulting in symptoms like nightmares and flashbacks.
59 a.) Repetitive skin-picking resulting in skin damage
Excoriation disorder is characterized by repetitive skin-picking leading to skin damage,

while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions that are unrelated to skin-
picking behaviors.
60 b.) Specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to traumatic experiences
OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to traumatic events, while
PTSD is characterized by intrusive and distressing memories, nightmares, and
flashbacks related to a traumatic experience.
61 a.) BFRB involves repetitive behaviors like skin-picking and nail-biting, while
trichotillomania is specific to hair-pulling.
BFRB encompasses a range of repetitive behaviors such as skin-picking, nail-biting,
and hair-pulling, while trichotillomania specifically refers to hair-pulling disorder.
62 b.) BDD is marked by an excessive preoccupation with perceived physical flaws.
BDD is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with perceived physical flaws,

while OCD may involve various types of obsessions and compulsions, including but not
limited to cleanliness and contamination fears.
63 a.) SAD involves a fear of specific objects or situations, while specific phobia involves fear
of social judgment.
SAD involves a fear of social judgment and embarrassment in social situations, while
specific phobia entails fear of specific objects or situations, such as heights, spiders, or
flying.
64 a.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss.

Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while hoarding
disorder primarily involves persistent difficulty discarding possessions and cluttered
living spaces.
65 a.) Impulsivity and inattention in ADHD, whereas OCD involves obsessions and
compulsions.
ADHD is characterized by symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity,
while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to these symptoms.
66 a.) IED involves recurrent outbursts of aggression and anger, while OCD involves
repetitive rituals.
IED is characterized by recurrent outbursts of aggression and anger that are
disproportionate to the provocation, while OCD involves repetitive rituals and
obsessions unrelated to explosive anger.
67 a.) Compulsive stealing in kleptomania, while PTSD involves intrusive traumatic

memories.
Kleptomania involves compulsive stealing without an obvious motive or personal gain,
whereas PTSD is characterized by intrusive traumatic memories, nightmares, and
flashbacks related to a traumatic event.
68 a.) Avoidant personality disorder involves an excessive fear of social situations and
judgment, while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
Avoidant personality disorder is marked by an excessive fear of social situations and
judgment, while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to social
anxiety.
69 a.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while GAD is
characterized by excessive, generalized worry.
Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while GAD is
characterized by excessive, generalized worry and anxiety about various aspects of life.
70 a.) Depersonalization-derealization disorder involves feeling detached from oneself and the
surroundings, while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
Depersonalization-derealization disorder is characterized by episodes of feeling
detached from oneself and the surrounding environment, while OCD involves specific
obsessions and compulsions unrelated to these experiences.
71 a.) Excoriation disorder involves repetitive skin-picking leading to skin damage, while
GAD is characterized by excessive, generalized worry.
Excoriation disorder is characterized by repetitive skin-picking leading to skin damage,
while GAD is characterized by excessive, generalized worry and anxiety about various
aspects of life.
72 a.) BFRB encompasses repetitive behaviors like skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling,
while ADHD involves symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity.
BFRB includes a range of repetitive behaviors like skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-
pulling, while ADHD involves symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity.
73 a.) Eating disorders involve preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape, while OCD
involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to these concerns.
Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are characterized by a
preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape, while OCD involves specific
obsessions and compulsions unrelated to these concerns.
74 a.) Hypochondriasis involves excessive fear of having a serious illness, while OCD involves
specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to health concerns.
Hypochondriasis, or illness anxiety disorder, is characterized by excessive fear of
having a serious illness, while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions
unrelated to health concerns.
75 a.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while panic
disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks.
Trichotillomania is characterized by repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while
panic disorder involves recurrent panic attacks marked by intense fear and physical
symptoms.
76 a.) OCPD involves a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with order, control, and
perfectionism, while OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
OCPD is characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with order, control, and
perfectionism in various life areas, while OCD involves specific obsessions and
compulsions unrelated to these traits.
77 a.) Avoidant personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social inhibition and fear
of negative evaluation, while SAD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.
Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social
inhibition and fear of negative evaluation in various social situations, while SAD
involves specific fears related to social interactions and judgment.
78 a.) BDD involves a preoccupation with perceived physical flaws and defects, while MDD is
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.
BDD is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived physical flaws and defects,
while MDD involves persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness unrelated to body
image concerns.
79 a.) Hoarding disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding possessions and cluttered
living spaces, while BPD is characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships and
self-identity.
Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions and
cluttered living spaces, while BPD is characterized by unstable interpersonal
relationships, self-identity issues, and impulsivity.
80 a.) BDD involves a preoccupation with perceived physical flaws, while OCD involves
specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to body image concerns.
BDD is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived physical flaws, while OCD
involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to body image concerns.
81 a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while schizophrenia is

characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and reality.
OCD involves specific obsessions (intrusive, distressing thoughts) and compulsions
(repetitive behaviors or mental acts), while schizophrenia is characterized by
disturbances in thought, perception, and reality, often including hallucinations and
delusions.
82 a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to postpartum concerns,
while postpartum depression is characterized by mood disturbances after giving birth.
OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions unrelated to postpartum
experiences, while postpartum depression is characterized by mood disturbances
following childbirth.
83 a.) Trichotillomania involves repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while bipolar
disorder is characterized by mood swings and episodes of mania and depression.
Trichotillomania is characterized by repetitive hair-pulling leading to hair loss, while
bipolar disorder involves mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression.
84 a.) OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while ADHD is characterized by
OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions, while ADHD is characterized by
85 b.) Exaggerated physical symptoms

Somatic symptom and related disorders are characterized by excessive and
disproportionate concerns about physical symptoms, along with the high level of
distress related to those symptoms.
86 c.) Malingering
Malingering is not classified as a somatic symptom and related disorder. It refers to

intentionally faking or exaggerating physical or psychological symptoms for some
external incentive, such as avoiding work or legal consequences.
87 c.) Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder is characterized by the presence of neurological-like symptoms

(e.g., blindness, paralysis) without any medical cause. It is often related to
psychological stressors.
88 c.) It is characterized by excessive worry about having a serious medical condition.
Illness anxiety disorder, formerly known as hypochondriasis, is characterized by

persistent and excessive fear or worry about having a serious medical condition, despite
having little or no medical evidence to support the belief.
89 c.) Reducing distress and disability related to somatic symptoms
The primary goal of treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders is to reduce
the distress and disability caused by the excessive focus on physical symptoms, often
through psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral interventions.
90 c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self
Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, involves

intentionally producing or feigning symptoms to assume the "sick role" and gain
attention or sympathy from others.
91 b.) Major depressive disorder
Somatic symptom and related disorders often co-occur with mood disorders,
particularly major depressive disorder. Individuals with somatic symptom and related
disorders frequently experience symptoms of depression, such as sadness, low energy,
and hopelessness.
92 c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self involves faking symptoms in oneself, while factitious
disorder imposed on another involves faking symptoms in someone else.
The key distinction is the focus of the deception – factitious disorder imposed on self
involves the individual faking or inducing symptoms in themselves, whereas factitious
disorder imposed on another involves manipulating or inducing symptoms in another
person, often for the caregiver's need for attention or care.
93 a.) Presence of medically unexplained physical symptoms
The primary diagnostic criterion for conversion disorder is the presence of

neurological-like symptoms (e.g., blindness, paralysis, seizures) that cannot be
explained by any known medical condition or neurological disorder.
94 c.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a commonly used approach in the treatment of somatic

symptom and related disorders. It helps individuals identify and change their negative
thought patterns, behaviors, and emotional reactions related to their physical
symptoms.
95 d.) Expression of somatic complaints through school refusal
Children and adolescents with somatic symptom and related disorders may often
express their somatic complaints by avoiding school or other responsibilities.
96 a.) Somatic symptom disorder involves a focus on specific physical symptoms, while illness
anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious medical condition.
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by an intense focus on specific physical
symptoms, whereas illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry about
having a serious illness, even when little or no medical evidence supports the concern.
97 b.) Munchausen syndrome
Munchausen syndrome, a form of factitious disorder imposed on self, involves

individuals consciously seeking medical procedures, including surgeries, despite having
no medical need, in order to assume the "sick role" and gain attention.
98 c.) Past history of physical illness
A past history of physical illness or injury can be a risk factor for developing somatic
symptom and related disorders, especially if individuals become overly preoccupied
with health and physical symptoms.
99 c.) Conduct thorough medical evaluations to rule out physical causes, and if necessary,
refer to mental health professionals for assessment and treatment
Healthcare providers should first conduct thorough medical evaluations to rule out
physical causes for the symptoms. If no physical explanation is found, they should refer
the patient to mental health professionals for assessment and appropriate treatment.
100 d.) Health education and reassurance
Health education and reassurance is a common treatment approach for somatic

symptom and related disorders. It involves providing patients with information about
their symptoms, addressing their concerns, and helping them develop strategies to self-
manage their physical symptoms.
101 b.) The prognosis varies but tends to be chronic in some cases.
The prognosis for somatic symptom and related disorders can vary widely. While some
individuals may recover, others may experience chronic symptoms and difficulties.
102 c.) Reduce the distress and impairment associated with their symptoms
The primary goal of treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders is to reduce
the distress and impairment associated with excessive focus on physical symptoms,
rather than eliminating the physical symptoms themselves.
103 c.) Anxiety and fear
Individuals with somatic symptom and related disorders often experience heightened
levels of anxiety and fear due to their excessive concern about physical symptoms and
the distress associated with them.
104 b.) Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by excessive concern about perceived flaws

or defects in one's physical appearance, even when others do not see these flaws.
105 c.) Increased healthcare utilization and costs
Somatic symptom and related disorders can lead to increased healthcare utilization and
associated costs, as individuals often seek medical evaluations and treatments for their
physical symptoms that have no underlying medical cause.
106 c.) Challenging illness-related thoughts and beliefs

In cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatic symptom and related disorders, a common
technique is to challenge and modify illness-related thoughts and beliefs that contribute
to excessive concern about physical symptoms.
107 c.) Medical hypervigilance
Medical hypervigilance refers to a pattern of seeking medical care for multiple somatic
symptoms, often involving numerous doctor visits and medical tests, even when there is
no underlying medical condition. It is a characteristic feature of somatic symptom and
related disorders.
108 c.) Unconcerned about the possibility of having a medical condition
Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry about having a serious

illness, frequent somatic symptoms, and misinterpretation of bodily sensations.
Individuals with this disorder are very concerned about the possibility of having a
medical condition.
109 b.) Manipulating or inducing symptoms in someone else
Factitious disorder imposed on another involves an individual intentionally

manipulating or inducing symptoms in another person, often a child, to gain attention
or sympathy from healthcare providers and others.
110 b.) Medically unexplained symptoms
Medically unexplained symptoms refer to physical symptoms that are not intentionally
produced but are linked to psychological distress. These symptoms are commonly
associated with somatic symptom and related disorders.
111 d.) Seeking multiple medical opinions and visiting various healthcare providers for the
same or different symptoms
"Doctor-shopping" refers to the behavior of seeking multiple medical opinions and
visiting various healthcare providers for the same or different symptoms, often due to
the excessive concern about physical health.
112 a.) Malingering
Malingering refers to the intentional exaggeration or feigning of physical or

psychological symptoms for some external incentive, such as avoiding work, obtaining
disability benefits, or gaining attention, which distinguishes it from somatic symptom
and related disorders.
113 c.) Factitious disorder imposed on self

Factitious disorder imposed on self involves individuals intentionally producing or
feigning symptoms in themselves to assume the "sick role" and gain attention or care
from others.
114 b.) Memory gaps or identity fragmentation
Explanation: Dissociative disorders are characterized by disruptions in a person's

consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. This often includes
memory gaps and identity fragmentation, making option B the correct choice.
115 c.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Explanation: Both DID and PTSD can exhibit symptoms related to memory issues, but it
is common for individuals with DID to have fragmented identities and amnesia for
certain aspects of their life. PTSD, on the other hand, is characterized by intrusive
memories, flashbacks, and nightmares, but it does not involve the same level of identity
fragmentation seen in DID.
116 b.) Paranoid delusions
Explanation: Dissociative disorders are primarily characterized by disruptions in

consciousness and memory. Paranoid delusions, which involve false beliefs of
persecution or harm, are more commonly associated with psychotic disorders like
schizophrenia, not dissociative disorders.
117 b.) Dissociative Amnesia
Explanation: The symptoms described, such as zoning out, losing awareness, and
memory gaps, are more indicative of dissociative amnesia, which is a type of
dissociative disorder. It's important to consider this diagnosis when evaluating the
patient's condition.
118 c.) Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized by a sense of unreality or

detachment from oneself or the world.
Explanation: Depersonalization/derealization disorder is unique among dissociative
disorders as it primarily involves a persistent and distressing sense of unreality or
detachment from oneself or the external world. It does not necessarily involve identity
fragmentation, making option C the correct choice.
119 c.) Identity fragmentation and distinct personality states
Explanation: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is characterized by the presence of

distinct personality states, often referred to as "alters," and identity fragmentation. This
is not a feature of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), which is characterized by
unstable self-image and interpersonal relationships.
120 c.) Dissociative Amnesia

Explanation: Dissociative Amnesia often occurs in response to extreme stress or
trauma, and it involves memory loss or gaps related to traumatic events. The other
disorders listed do not typically involve this specific pattern of memory loss.
121 c.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Explanation: Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder is characterized by a persistent

sense of detachment from one's body (depersonalization) and a feeling of unreality or
detachment from the external world (derealization). This is not a feature of Bipolar
Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
122 a.) Schizophrenia
Explanation: Schizophrenia is often confused with Dissociative Identity Disorder

because both disorders can involve altered perceptions of reality, such as hallucinations
and delusions. However, in DID, these experiences are associated with distinct
personality states, while in schizophrenia, they typically occur within the same
individual's mind.
123 b.) Sudden, unexpected travel away from one's home or customary place
Explanation: Dissociative Fugue is characterized by unexpected travel away from one's

home or customary place, often accompanied by memory loss for the past. The other
options are more indicative of different psychological disorders.
124 a.) Eating disorders
Explanation: Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, are often comorbid with
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). Individuals with DID may exhibit various co-
occurring mental health issues, but eating disorders are notably prevalent.
125 b.) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID)
Explanation: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) is a widely
used diagnostic tool for assessing and diagnosing various mental disorders, including
dissociative disorders. It helps mental health professionals gather information to make
an accurate diagnosis.
126 d.) Childhood abuse and neglect
Explanation: Dissociative disorders, particularly Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID),

are often associated with severe childhood abuse and neglect, such as physical,
emotional, or sexual abuse. Traumatic experiences during childhood can contribute to
the development of these disorders.
127 c.) Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue

Explanation: Dissociative Fugue is a subtype of Dissociative Amnesia that involves
sudden, unexpected travel away from one's customary place with amnesia for the
previous life. This is a distinct feature of this disorder.
128 d.) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Explanation: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is often used to treat individuals

with dissociative disorders, particularly in helping them integrate their identities and
memories. It focuses on identifying and changing dysfunctional thought patterns and
behaviors.
129 c.) Presence of distinct personality states
Explanation: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is characterized by the presence of

distinct personality states, commonly referred to as "alters," that can manifest
separately and have their own identities, thoughts, and behaviors. Schizoaffective
Disorder, on the other hand, involves a combination of mood and psychotic symptoms
but does not typically involve distinct personality states.
130 c.) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Explanation: The described symptoms, particularly feeling disconnected from the

external world and everything seeming unreal, are indicative of
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.
131 a.) DID involves multiple personalities; Dissociative Amnesia involves a single personality.
Explanation: The main distinction between DID and Dissociative Amnesia is that DID
involves the presence of multiple distinct personality states (alters) within the same
individual, whereas Dissociative Amnesia involves memory loss or gaps within a single
personality.
132 b.) Trauma history can be helpful in identifying possible risk factors.
Explanation: Assessing a patient's history of trauma and adverse life experiences can be
valuable in understanding potential risk factors for the development of dissociative
disorders. While trauma history is often associated with these disorders, it is not the
sole diagnostic criterion, and not all individuals with trauma history will have
133 c.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Explanation: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intrusive,

recurring recollections of a traumatic event and heightened arousal symptoms. Some of
these symptoms may overlap with those seen in dissociative disorders, which can lead to
misdiagnosis.
134 b.) Intense fear of abandonment

Explanation: Both Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) and Borderline Personality
Disorder (BPD) can exhibit symptoms related to mood swings, but an intense fear of
abandonment is a common feature of BPD. DID is primarily characterized by the
presence of distinct personality states (alters) rather than fear of abandonment.
135 a.) Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue
Explanation: Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue is characterized by sudden,

unexpected travel to a new location with amnesia for the past, often involving a new
identity. This is a specific feature of this dissociative disorder.
136 b.) Integrating the distinct personality states
Explanation: The primary focus of treatment for individuals with Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID) is to work on integrating the distinct personality states (alters) into a
cohesive identity. This process is often achieved through psychotherapy rather than
medication.
137 a.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves intrusive, unwanted

thoughts and repetitive behaviors, which can sometimes be mistaken for symptoms of
DID. However, the underlying nature of these symptoms is quite different.
138 d.) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Explanation: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is often used to treat

individuals with Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder, helping them regain a sense
of reality and reduce their detachment from their surroundings and themselves.
139 b.) Excessive worry and fear
Excessive worry and fear. Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent feelings
of sadness, whereas anxiety disorders involve excessive worry and fear, often about
future events or situations. While individuals with depressive disorders can experience
anxiety as a symptom, the primary feature is sadness, not excessive worry.
140 c.) MDD includes manic episodes
MDD includes manic episodes. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by

recurrent episodes of extreme sadness or low mood, but it does not involve manic
episodes. In contrast, Bipolar Disorder features both depressive episodes and manic
episodes, which are periods of elevated or irritable mood.
141 b.) Sleep disturbances

Sleep disturbances. Both Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Depressive
Disorders often include symptoms of disrupted sleep, such as insomnia or oversleeping.
While individuals with GAD experience excessive worry, and those with Depressive
Disorders experience persistent sadness, sleep disturbances are a common feature in
both conditions.
142 a.) Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is

characterized by intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and nightmares related to a traumatic
event, while Depressive Disorders primarily involve persistent low mood. While
individuals with PTSD may also experience low mood, the hallmark feature of PTSD is
re-experiencing trauma.
143 c.) Mood disturbances
Mood disturbances. Depressive Disorders are primarily characterized by mood

disturbances, such as persistent sadness or irritability, while Schizophrenia is
characterized by symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
Although mood disturbances can be present in both, they are a more prominent feature
in Depressive Disorders.
144 b.) Recurrent, distressing obsessions and compulsions
Recurrent, distressing obsessions and compulsions. OCD is characterized by the

presence of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, which are not typical features
of Depressive Disorders. While individuals with Depressive Disorders experience
persistent sadness, OCD is primarily characterized by these repetitive and distressing
thoughts and behaviors.
145 c.) DDD involves a distorted sense of self and the surroundings, while Depressive
Disorders involve persistent sadness.
DDD involves a distorted sense of self and the surroundings, while Depressive
Disorders involve persistent sadness. Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder (DDD)
is characterized by feelings of unreality or detachment from oneself or the environment,
whereas Depressive Disorders primarily involve persistent sadness or low mood.
Hallucinations (as mentioned in option b) and impulsive behaviors (as in option d) are
not typical features of DDD or Depressive Disorders.
146 a.) Schizoaffective Disorder includes both mood disturbances and psychotic symptoms.
Schizoaffective Disorder includes both mood disturbances and psychotic symptoms.

Schizoaffective Disorder is characterized by a combination of mood disturbances (such
as depression or mania) and psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations or delusions). In
contrast, Depressive Disorders primarily involve mood disturbances without the
prominent presence of psychotic symptoms.
147 a.) Rapid mood swings and unstable relationships in BPD
Rapid mood swings and unstable relationships in BPD. Borderline Personality

Disorder (BPD) is characterized by unstable relationships, impulsivity, and rapid mood
swings, whereas Depressive Disorders involve persistent low mood. BPD may lead to
fluctuations in mood but is primarily defined by these interpersonal and emotional
instability features.
148 b.) Postpartum Depression occurs after childbirth, while MDD can happen at any time.
Postpartum Depression occurs after childbirth, while MDD can happen at any time.
Postpartum Depression is a type of Major Depressive Disorder that specifically occurs
after giving birth. While MDD can happen at any time, Postpartum Depression is tied to
the postnatal period, typically within the first few weeks or months after childbirth.
149 d.) Schizophrenia involves hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
Schizophrenia involves hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Schizophrenia is characterized by a range of symptoms, including hallucinations,
delusions, and disorganized thinking, which are not typical of Depressive Disorders.
Depressive Disorders are primarily defined by persistent low mood or sadness.
150 c.) Eating Disorders involve dysfunctional eating behaviors and body image concerns.
Eating Disorders involve dysfunctional eating behaviors and body image concerns.
Eating Disorders, like Anorexia and Bulimia, are characterized by preoccupation with
food, body weight, and shape, as well as disordered eating behaviors. Depressive
Disorders, on the other hand, primarily involve mood disturbances without the same
level of focus on body image and eating behaviors.
151 b.) SAD is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression related to specific seasons.
SAD is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression related to specific seasons.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that recurs at specific times
of the year, often during the fall and winter months when daylight hours are reduced. In
contrast, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can occur at any time and is not tied to a
particular season.
152 b.) Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by social detachment and emotional
coldness.
Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by social detachment and emotional
coldness. Schizoid Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of interest in social
relationships, emotional detachment, and a preference for solitary activities. Depressive
Disorders primarily involve mood disturbances, such as persistent sadness.
153 b.) Depressive Disorders involve intrusive thoughts and compulsions.
Depressive Disorders involve intrusive thoughts and compulsions. OCD is primarily

characterized by recurrent, distressing obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions
(repetitive behaviors), while Depressive Disorders involve persistent low mood or
sadness. Excessive worrying about future events, as mentioned in option a, is more
typical of anxiety disorders.
154 c.) ADHD primarily involves symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
ADHD primarily involves symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

ADHD is characterized by difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity,
whereas Depressive Disorders are primarily characterized by persistent low mood or
sadness.
155 b.) BPD is characterized by rapid mood swings, impulsivity, and unstable relationships.
BPD is characterized by rapid mood swings, impulsivity, and unstable relationships.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is known for emotional instability, impulsivity,
and turbulent relationships. While Depressive Disorders involve persistent low mood,
the defining features of BPD are different and include mood instability, impulsivity, and
interpersonal difficulties.
156 c.) PTSD primarily involves re-experiencing traumatic events and hyperarousal symptoms.
PTSD primarily involves re-experiencing traumatic events and hyperarousal symptoms.

PTSD is characterized by symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and
hyperarousal in response to traumatic events, while Depressive Disorders primarily
involve persistent low mood or sadness. It's important to note that individuals with
PTSD may also experience low mood, but the hallmark symptoms are related to trauma
re-experiencing.
157 a.) Bipolar Disorder is characterized by recurrent manic episodes.
Bipolar Disorder is characterized by recurrent manic episodes. Bipolar Disorder

involves cycles of both depressive episodes and manic episodes, with elevated or
irritable mood. Depressive Disorders are characterized primarily by persistent low
mood or sadness.
158 b.) Depressive Disorders are marked by recurrent panic attacks.
Depressive Disorders are marked by recurrent panic attacks. Panic Disorders are
characterized by recurrent panic attacks, which are sudden and intense periods of fear
and discomfort. Depressive Disorders involve persistent low mood or sadness, but panic
attacks are more typical of Panic Disorders rather than Depressive Disorders.
159 c.) Postpartum Psychosis is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and severe mood
disturbances.
Postpartum Psychosis is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and severe mood
disturbances. Postpartum Psychosis is a severe condition that includes features such as
hallucinations, delusions, and severe mood disturbances, whereas Postpartum
Depression primarily involves persistent low mood.
160 c.) Substance Use Disorders involve a pattern of substance misuse, leading to physical and
psychological dependence.
Substance Use Disorders involve a pattern of substance misuse, leading to physical and
psychological dependence. Substance Use Disorders are characterized by the misuse of
substances and the development of physical and psychological dependence on those
substances. Depressive Disorders, on the other hand, are primarily characterized by
persistent low mood or sadness.
161 b.) Schizotypal Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social and
interpersonal deficits.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social and
interpersonal deficits. Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by eccentric
behavior, social isolation, and interpersonal difficulties, whereas Depressive Disorders
are primarily defined by persistent low mood or sadness.
162 b.) Depressive Disorders involve excessive worrying about future events.
Depressive Disorders involve excessive worrying about future events. Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry and fear, often about
future events or situations, while Depressive Disorders are primarily characterized by
persistent low mood or sadness.
163 d.) Schizoaffective Disorder combines mood disturbances with psychotic symptoms.
Schizoaffective Disorder combines mood disturbances with psychotic symptoms.

Schizoaffective Disorder is characterized by a combination of mood disturbances (such
as depression or mania) and psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions). In
contrast, Depressive Disorders primarily involve persistent low mood or sadness
without the same level of prominent psychotic features.
164 b.) GAD involves persistent low mood.
GAD involves persistent low mood. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is primarily
characterized by excessive worry and fear, whereas Depressive Disorders are primarily
defined by persistent low mood or sadness.
165 b.) OCD is characterized by excessive sadness.
OCD is characterized by excessive sadness. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is

primarily characterized by recurrent, distressing obsessions and compulsions, which
are not the hallmark features of Depressive Disorders. While individuals with
Depressive Disorders experience persistent low mood, it is not excessive sadness as
seen in OCD.
166 a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of social detachment and
emotional coldness.
Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of social detachment and
emotional coldness. Schizoid Personality Disorder is marked by a lack of interest in
social relationships, emotional detachment, and a preference for solitary activities.
Depressive Disorders primarily involve persistent low mood or sadness, not the same
social detachment features.
167 b.) Depressive Disorders are characterized by grandiosity and a need for admiration.
Depressive Disorders are characterized by grandiosity and a need for admiration.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity,
a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, while Depressive Disorders primarily
involve persistent low mood or sadness. Depressive Disorders are not characterized by
grandiosity.
168 c.) Bipolar Disorder includes both depressive episodes and manic episodes.
Bipolar Disorder includes both depressive episodes and manic episodes. Bipolar
Disorder is characterized by cycles of both depressive episodes and manic episodes
with elevated or irritable mood. Depressive Disorders primarily involve persistent low
mood or sadness, not manic episodes.
169 c.) Severe restriction of food intake

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by severe food intake restriction, leading to
significant weight loss. Individuals with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of
gaining weight and often have a distorted body image, which drives them to restrict
their food intake.
170 c.) Night terrors
Night terrors are characterized by sudden awakenings from sleep with intense fear,
often accompanied by physical symptoms like a racing heart. These episodes are most
common in children and are distinct from other sleep disorders.
171 b.) Recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food
Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large

amounts of food in a short period, during which the person feels a lack of control. It is
not primarily associated with excessive exercise or an inability to fall asleep.
172 b.) Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing

during sleep. These interruptions, or apneas, can lead to poor sleep quality, daytime
fatigue, and other health problems.
173 b.) Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by

purging behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or laxative use. Extreme weight loss is
more characteristic of anorexia nervosa, and hallucinations are not a primary symptom
of either disorder.
174 c.) Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to fall asleep

suddenly during the day, often at inappropriate times. This condition can lead to
sudden, uncontrollable bouts of sleepiness.
175 b.) Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, which can result
in poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue. It is not primarily associated with frequent
nightmares, excessive appetite, or delusions.
176 c.) Cardiovascular problems and daytime fatigue

Untreated sleep apnea can lead to cardiovascular problems such as high blood
pressure and an increased risk of heart disease. Daytime fatigue is a common
consequence due to disrupted sleep, but weight loss, improved concentration, and
enhanced memory are not typical outcomes of untreated sleep apnea.
177 b.) Bulimia nervosa

purging behaviors, such as vomiting or laxative use. Anorexia nervosa is characterized
by food restriction, while orthorexia is an obsession with healthy eating, and pica
involves consuming non-food items.
178 c.) Incomplete and unusual activities during sleep
Sleepwalking involves incomplete and often unusual activities during sleep, such as
walking around, talking, or performing tasks. People who sleepwalk typically have no
awareness or memory of their episodes. A deep, restful sleep is not necessarily a
common feature of sleepwalking, and nocturnal panic attacks are associated with other
sleep disorders.
179 c.) An uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an urge to move them
Restless legs syndrome is characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often

described as a "creeping" or "tingling" feeling, and an urge to move the legs to
alleviate the discomfort. Excessive snoring, inability to fall asleep, and sleepwalking are
not primary symptoms of RLS.
180 c.) Orthorexia
Orthorexia is characterized by an obsession with healthy eating and a strong desire to

consume only "pure" or "clean" foods. It can lead to significant disruptions in daily life
and social functioning. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder
are different eating disorders with distinct characteristics.
181 c.) Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large

amounts of food, often in secret, without engaging in purging behaviors like vomiting or
laxative use. It is distinct from both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Orthorexia
is an obsession with healthy eating.
182 c.) A temporary inability to move or speak when falling asleep or waking up
Sleep paralysis is characterized by a temporary inability to move or speak when falling

asleep or waking up. It can be accompanied by vivid hallucinations and a feeling of
pressure on the chest. It is not associated with restful sleep, the ability to move freely
during sleep, or sleepwalking.
183 c.) Frequent nightmares

Frequent nightmares are not a common symptom of insomnia. The most typical
symptoms of insomnia are difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and
experiencing daytime fatigue due to poor sleep quality.
184 c.) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by a strong urge to move the legs, often
accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, especially at night. This urge can make it
challenging to fall asleep or stay asleep. Sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking are
different sleep disorders.
185 a.) Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is associated with a distorted body image and a relentless pursuit of
extreme thinness through severe food restriction. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent
episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors. Binge eating disorder is
characterized by consuming large amounts of food, and orthorexia is an obsession with
healthy eating.
186 c.) Sleep paralysis
Sleep paralysis is characterized by a sudden, temporary inability to move or speak

while falling asleep or waking up. It is often accompanied by vivid hallucinations and a
feeling of pressure on the chest. Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or
staying asleep, sleepwalking involves activities during sleep, and narcolepsy is
associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.
187 b.) Recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food with a lack of control
Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large

amounts of food with a sense of lack of control during these episodes. It is distinct from
anorexia nervosa, which involves severe food restriction, and bulimia nervosa, which
includes purging behaviors. Insomnia is a sleep disorder, unrelated to BED.
188 c.) Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and can include symptoms

like cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions. Sleep apnea
involves interruptions in breathing during sleep, while insomnia is characterized by
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is related to
uncomfortable sensations in the legs.
189 b.) Electrolyte imbalances, tooth decay, and digestive issues
Untreated bulimia nervosa can lead to various physical complications, including

electrolyte imbalances, tooth decay (due to frequent vomiting), and digestive issues. It is
unlikely to result in improved self-esteem, restful sleep, or weight gain.
190 b.) Bulimia nervosa

inappropriate compensatory behaviors like vomiting or laxative use in an attempt to
prevent weight gain. Anorexia nervosa involves food restriction, binge eating disorder
consists of recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors, and
orthorexia is an obsession with healthy eating.
191 c.) Recurrent episodes of eating during the night
Night eating syndrome is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating during the night,
often accompanied by insomnia and a reduced appetite in the morning. It is not
typically associated with frequent nightmares, excessive exercise during the night, or
sleepwalking.
192 c.) Hypnagogic jerks (or hypnic jerks)
Hypnagogic jerks, also known as hypnic jerks, are sudden, brief muscle twitches or
jerks that occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. They are not associated
with insomnia, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy.
193 c.) Limited food choices due to sensory issues or aversions
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is characterized by limited food

choices due to sensory issues or aversions, which can result in a significantly restricted
diet. Extreme weight loss is not necessarily a primary symptom, and it is distinct from a
fear of gaining weight or frequent binge eating.
194 c.) Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is characterized by excessive snoring, gasping, and temporary cessation of

breathing during sleep. It can lead to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue. Insomnia
is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, sleepwalking involves
activities during sleep, and narcolepsy is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.
I hope these additional questions and explanations contribute to your understanding of

eating and sleep disorders. If you have more specific questions or need further
information, please feel free to ask.
195 c.) Limited food choices due to sensory issues or aversions
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is characterized by limited food

choices due to sensory issues or aversions. It does not typically involve binge eating
episodes, extreme weight loss, or purging behaviors.
196 d.) Sudden and intense episodes of fear and confusion during sleep
Night terrors are characterized by sudden and intense episodes of fear and confusion
during sleep. They often involve screaming and a state of being difficult to awaken from.
Night terrors typically occur during non-REM (NREM) sleep and are not associated
with vivid dreams, talking, or REM sleep disturbances.
197 a.) Excessive daytime sleepiness

The primary symptom of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness, where individuals
experience uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. It is not
characterized by insomnia, sleepwalking, or sleep apnea.
198 c.) Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by a lack of control during eating

episodes, often involving the consumption of large amounts of food, but it does not
involve compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa
and bulimia nervosa both involve compensatory behaviors, while orthorexia is an
obsession with healthy eating.
199 c.) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by a strong urge to move the legs, often
accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. Moving the legs can temporarily relieve this
urge. Sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking are distinct sleep disorders.
200 b.) They both involve distress or impairment in functioning.
Both sexual dysfunctions and paraphilic disorders are characterized by distress or

impairment in an individual's functioning, relationships, or well-being. While sexual
dysfunctions involve issues related to sexual response and performance, paraphilic
disorders involve atypical sexual preferences or behaviors that cause distress or harm
to others.
201 c.) Premature Ejaculation
Explanation: Premature ejaculation is a common sexual dysfunction in men where

ejaculation occurs before or shortly after penetration, causing distress or
dissatisfaction. Voyeuristic Disorder, Gender Dysphoria, and Fetishistic Disorder are
not examples of sexual dysfunctions in men.
202 b.) A mismatch between one's gender identity and assigned sex at birth
Explanation: Gender dysphoria is characterized by a strong and persistent

incongruence between an individual's experienced or expressed gender identity and
their assigned sex at birth. It is not related to atypical sexual preferences, a lack of
sexual desire, or sexual fantasies.
203 b.) Voyeuristic Disorder
Explanation: Voyeuristic Disorder is a paraphilic disorder in which individuals derive

sexual pleasure from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or engaging in
sexual activities without their consent. It is distinct from other paraphilic disorders like
Exhibitionistic Disorder, Fetishistic Disorder, and Pedophilic Disorder.
204 a.) To eliminate the paraphilic behavior entirely

Explanation: The primary goal of treatment for paraphilic disorders is to reduce or
eliminate the paraphilic behavior or fantasies that cause distress, harm, or impairment
in functioning. Treatment approaches may include psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral
techniques, and medication to achieve this goal.
205 b.) Psychotherapy
Explanation: Psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, is a common

treatment approach for individuals with sexual dysfunctions like erectile dysfunction or
female orgasmic disorder. It helps address psychological and emotional factors
contributing to these issues.
206 b.) Distress or impairment caused by the paraphilic behavior
Explanation: The primary criterion for diagnosing a paraphilic disorder in the DSM-5
is the distress or impairment caused by the paraphilic behavior. It is not based on the
frequency, sexual orientation, or duration of the behavior alone.
207 c.) Hormone therapy (estrogen)
Explanation: For individuals transitioning from male to female (MTF), hormone

therapy with estrogen is a common treatment option to develop feminine secondary
sexual characteristics. Mastectomy and hysterectomy are typically procedures used in
the opposite direction (female to male). Voice therapy may also be part of the treatment
to modify vocal characteristics.
208 d.) Cisgender
Explanation: Cisgender is the term used to describe individuals whose gender identity
aligns with their assigned sex at birth. Gender dysphoria refers to the distress
experienced by individuals when their gender identity does not align with their assigned
sex at birth.
209 a.) Exhibitionistic Disorder
Explanation: Exhibitionistic Disorder involves the act of exposing one's genitals to

unsuspecting individuals without their consent, often in a public setting. It is distinct
from other paraphilic disorders like Voyeuristic Disorder, Fetishistic Disorder, and
Frotteuristic Disorder.
210 b.) Distress or impairment in sexual response or functioning
Explanation: Sexual dysfunctions are characterized by distress or impairment in sexual

response or functioning. While they may involve issues related to sexual desire, the core
feature is the difficulty or dysfunction in one or more phases of the sexual response
cycle.
211 c.) Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Explanation: Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder is a sexual dysfunction in women
characterized by a lack of interest or arousal during sexual activity. Gender Dysphoria,
Premature Ejaculation, and Pedophilic Disorder are not examples of sexual
dysfunctions in women.
212 c.) Pedophilic Disorder
Explanation: Pedophilic Disorder involves a sexual attraction to prepubescent children,

and it is considered a criminal offense in most jurisdictions due to the potential harm it
can cause to children. It is distinct from other paraphilic disorders.
213 c.) To provide social and medical support for an individual's affirmed gender identity
Explanation: The primary focus of treatment for individuals with gender dysphoria is to
provide social and medical support to help them align their physical appearance and
social role with their affirmed gender identity. It aims to improve the individual's well-
being and reduce distress.
214 c.) To reduce or manage paraphilic behaviors that cause harm or distress
Explanation: The primary goal of psychological treatment for paraphilic disorders is to

reduce or manage paraphilic behaviors that cause harm, distress, or impairment in
functioning while ensuring the individual's well-being. It is not about encouraging the
expression of these desires but rather addressing the distress they may cause.
215 b.) Erectile Dysfunction
Explanation: Erectile Dysfunction is a sexual dysfunction characterized by a persistent

inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity. It
can affect both men and women, although it's more commonly associated with men.
216 c.) Fetishistic Disorder
Explanation: Fetishistic Disorder involves a sexual attraction to nonliving objects or

specific body parts, and it is the most common paraphilic disorder in men. It is different
from other paraphilic disorders like Exhibitionistic Disorder or Voyeuristic Disorder.
217 d.) Genderqueer
Explanation: Genderqueer is the term used to describe individuals whose gender

identity is fluid and not fixed within the traditional binary concepts of male or female. It
is a part of the broader spectrum of gender identities.
218 a.) Hormone therapy (testosterone)

Explanation: For individuals transitioning from female to male (FTM), hormone
therapy with testosterone is a common treatment approach to develop masculine
secondary sexual characteristics. Mastectomy and voice therapy may also be part of the
treatment.
219 b.) To promote a healthy and satisfying sex life
Explanation: One of the primary goals of sex education and counseling for individuals
with sexual dysfunctions or paraphilic disorders is to promote a healthy and satisfying
sex life while addressing any issues or distress they may be experiencing. It is about
providing support and guidance rather than pathologizing or stigmatizing their
experiences.
220 b.) Consistency of gender identity over time
Explanation: In the DSM-5, the primary criterion for diagnosing gender dysphoria in
children and adolescents is the consistency of their gender identity over time, as they
may not have a well-established gender identity during childhood.
221 d.) Frotteuristic Disorder
Explanation: Frotteuristic Disorder involves a sexual focus on rubbing one's genitals

against a non-consenting person, often in crowded public places. It is distinct from
other paraphilic disorders.
222 d.) Gender dysphoria may be present without causing distress.
Explanation: Gender dysphoria is a condition where an individual's gender identity

does not align with their assigned sex at birth, and it can be present without causing
distress, especially in individuals who have socially transitioned and received support.
223 c.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy and relapse prevention
Explanation: A common approach in the treatment of paraphilic disorders like

Voyeuristic Disorder and Exhibitionistic Disorder is cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT) and relapse prevention strategies. These treatments aim to help individuals
manage their behaviors and reduce harm to themselves and others.
224 b.) Conducting a comprehensive clinical evaluation
Explanation: Assessment and diagnosis of sexual dysfunctions and paraphilic disorders

require a comprehensive clinical evaluation that includes information from multiple
sources, not solely relying on self-reported symptoms. This evaluation is essential to
understand the individual's experiences and needs.
225 d.) Intracavernosal injection therapy

Explanation: Intracavernosal injection therapy is a common treatment for erectile
dysfunction. It involves injecting medication into the base of the penis to induce an
erection. It is one of the methods used to address the physical aspects of the condition.
226 b.) To achieve a physical appearance consistent with their affirmed gender identity
Explanation: The main purpose of sex reassignment surgery, also known as gender-
affirming surgery, is to help individuals achieve a physical appearance that aligns with
their affirmed gender identity. It is not related to changing sexual orientation or
enforcing conformity to traditional gender roles.
227 c.) Sadistic Disorder
Explanation: Sadistic Disorder involves engaging in non-consensual sexual activity,

often involving the suffering or humiliation of others, and is considered a serious
criminal offense in most jurisdictions. It is distinct from other paraphilic disorders.
228 b.) To provide support, evaluation, and counseling for individuals exploring their gender
identity
Explanation: Mental health professionals play a crucial role in providing support,
evaluation, and counseling to individuals exploring their gender identity. Their role is
to help individuals navigate the complex process of self-discovery and, if desired, the
gender-affirming process.
229 c.) To reduce distress and improve overall well-being
Explanation: One of the primary goals of treatment for sexual dysfunctions and
paraphilic disorders is to reduce distress and improve the overall well-being of
individuals. This typically involves addressing the specific issues they are facing without
aiming to eliminate all sexual behaviors.
230 b.) Substance use and abuse
Explanation: Substance-related and addictive disorders are characterized by the use,

abuse, or dependence on drugs or alcohol. They revolve around the consumption and
consequences of substance use. Other psychological disorders may involve mood
disturbances or cognitive impairments, but they do not necessarily involve substance
use as a primary feature.
231 c.) Alcohol Use Disorder
Explanation: Alcohol Use Disorder is a specific substance-related disorder that

involves problematic alcohol use and dependence. The other options are different types
of psychological disorders, such as mood disorders (b and d) and an anxiety disorder
(a).
232 b.) Substance Use Disorder

Explanation: Withdrawal symptoms are a hallmark of Substance Use Disorder. They
are a set of physiological and psychological symptoms that occur when a person
reduces or stops using a substance to which they are addicted. The other options
represent different psychological disorders.
233 a.) Recreational substance use does not lead to addiction.
Explanation: Substance Use Disorder is characterized by the inability to control

substance use and the presence of physical and psychological dependence on the
substance. Recreational substance use, on the other hand, does not typically result in
addiction or the associated negative consequences.
234 d.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Explanation: Substance Use Disorder often co-occurs with other psychological

disorders, and one of the common comorbidities is PTSD. Individuals with PTSD may
use substances as a way to cope with their traumatic experiences.
235 b.) They are caused by a specific substance and resolve when substance use is
discontinued.
Explanation: Substance-Induced Disorders are characterized by the emergence of
psychological symptoms due to the use of a specific substance. These symptoms
typically resolve when the substance use is discontinued. Other psychological disorders
may not have a direct causal link to substance use.
236 d.) Substance Use Disorder
Explanation: Substance Use Disorder includes symptoms like intense cravings and loss
of control over substance use. In contrast, the other options represent different
psychological disorders.
237 d.) Illicit drugs and alcohol
Explanation: While Substance Use Disorders can involve a range of substances,

including prescription medications and OTC drugs, the most common association is
with illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin) and alcohol.
238 d.) There is no distinction between the two terms.
Explanation: The terms "substance abuser" and "Substance Use Disorder" are often
used interchangeably. Both refer to individuals who experience negative consequences
due to their substance use, whether they meet the criteria for a formal diagnosis or not.
239 c.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Explanation: OCD is a distinct psychological disorder characterized by intrusive
thoughts and compulsive behaviors. It does not involve substance use. The other options
represent different psychological disorders, and Antisocial Personality Disorder often
co-occurs with Substance Use Disorder.
240 c.) There is a high rate of comorbidity between substance-related disorders and mood
disorders.
Explanation: Substance-related disorders frequently co-occur with mood disorders,
such as depression and bipolar disorder. The presence of both conditions can
complicate diagnosis and treatment.
241 d.) Caffeine
Explanation: While caffeine can lead to dependence in some cases, it is not typically
associated with Substance Use Disorders as commonly as other substances like
stimulants, hallucinogens, or nicotine.
242 c.) Bipolar Disorder
Explanation: Bipolar Disorder is characterized by significant mood swings, with

episodes of mania and depression. Substance Use Disorder, on the other hand,
primarily involves substance use and abuse.
243 d.) They are reversible and linked to substance use.
Explanation: Substance-Induced Disorders are directly related to the use of a specific

substance and are generally reversible when substance use is discontinued. This
distinguishes them from other psychological disorders that may not have a substance-
related cause.
244 d.) Regularly using a substance for relaxation and stress relief.
Explanation: While using a substance for relaxation and stress relief can be a common
behavior in substance use, it is not a specific criterion for diagnosing Substance Use
Disorder. The other criteria are part of the formal diagnostic criteria outlined in the
DSM-5.
245 c.) Substance Use Disorder is linked to specific substances and their abuse.
Explanation: Substance Use Disorder is characterized by the problematic use of

specific substances like alcohol, drugs, or prescription medications. In contrast, OCD is
an anxiety disorder marked by obsessions and compulsions unrelated to substance use.
246 b.) Borderline Personality Disorder

Explanation: Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by unstable
relationships, impulsivity, and a fear of abandonment. Substance Use Disorder
primarily involves substance abuse and dependence, and it is not a personality disorder.
247 c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are reversible and related to substance use, while
primary mental health disorders are not caused by substance use.
Explanation: Substance-Induced Disorders are directly linked to substance use and are
typically reversible upon discontinuation of the substance. In contrast, primary mental
health disorders are not primarily caused by substance use.
248 d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: OCD is characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

aimed at reducing distress. It is distinct from Substance Use Disorder and other
psychological disorders.
249 d.) Autism Spectrum Disorder
Explanation: While individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder may develop various
comorbid conditions, it is not commonly associated with Substance Use Disorder. In
contrast, the other options are often comorbid with Substance Use Disorder.
250 d.) Problematic use of specific substances
Explanation: Substance Use Disorder is primarily characterized by the problematic use

of specific substances, such as alcohol or drugs, while schizophrenia is a psychotic
disorder marked by hallucinations and delusions.
Explanation: Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks and irrational

fears, which often lead to avoidance behavior. It is distinct from Substance Use
Disorder and other disorders.
252 d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: OCD is characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and

repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing distress. It is distinct from
Substance Use Disorder and other psychological disorders.
253 d.) Substance-Induced Disorders are directly related to substance use.

Explanation: Substance-Induced Disorders are caused by the use of a specific
substance and are reversible upon discontinuation. Primary mental health disorders are
not primarily linked to substance use.
254 b.) Bipolar Disorder
Explanation: Bipolar Disorder is primarily characterized by mood swings, including

episodes of mania and depression, and is not primarily associated with excessive
substance use. The other options involve problematic substance use to some extent.
255 c.) Use of substances for relaxation and stress relief
Explanation: While individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder experience persistent

excessive worry and anxiety, the distinguishing feature of Substance Use Disorder is the
use of substances for various reasons, including relaxation and stress relief.
256 c.) Schizophrenia
Explanation: Schizophrenia is characterized by a loss of contact with reality,

hallucinations, and delusions. These symptoms are not typical of Substance Use
Disorder or mood disorders like Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder.
257 c.) Substance-Induced Disorders are reversible and linked to substance use.
Explanation: Substance-Induced Disorders are directly related to the use of a specific

substance and are typically reversible upon discontinuation. In contrast, primary
mental health disorders are not primarily caused by substance use.
Explanation: Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by patterns of

manipulation, deceit, and disregard for the rights of others. It is distinct from Substance
Use Disorder and other personality disorders.
259 c.) Schizophrenia
Explanation: While individuals with Substance Use Disorder may experience

comorbidity with various other disorders, including mood disorders and anxiety
disorders, schizophrenia is not commonly associated with Substance Use Disorder.
260 a.) Impulse control disorders involve an inability to resist impulsive behaviors.
Impulse control disorders are defined by the inability to resist impulsive behaviors, such
as stealing, gambling, or setting fires, despite potential negative consequences. This is
the key feature that distinguishes them from other disorders.
261 c.) Kleptomania
Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder characterized by the recurrent inability to

resist the urge to steal items that are not needed for personal use or financial gain.
262 b.) Impulse control disorders involve impulsive behaviors, while substance use disorders
revolve around the abuse of drugs or alcohol.
Impulse control disorders are characterized by impulsive behaviors such as stealing,
gambling, or setting fires, whereas substance use disorders revolve around the abuse of
drugs or alcohol.
263 a.) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a common impulse control disorder in

children, characterized by persistent patterns of anger, defiance, and disobedience
toward authority figures.
264 c.) Recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger and aggression.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent, explosive outbursts

of anger and aggression that are out of proportion to the provocation or stressor.
265 a.) BPD is characterized by a pattern of unstable relationships and self-image.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by a pattern of unstable

relationships, self-image, and affects, as well as impulsivity. This impulsivity is a
feature of BPD, but the distinction lies in the broader range of emotional dysregulation
and identity disturbances in BPD.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common and effective treatment approach for

impulse control disorders. It helps individuals identify and manage their impulsive
behaviors and learn coping strategies.
267 d.) Kleptomania

Kleptomania is the impulse control disorder characterized by a persistent and recurrent
failure to resist stealing items that are not needed for personal use or financial gain.
268 a.) Substance use disorders involve compulsive drug or alcohol abuse, while impulse
control disorders involve impulsive behaviors unrelated to substance abuse.
The primary difference between substance use disorders and impulse control disorders
is that substance use disorders involve compulsive drug or alcohol abuse, whereas
impulse control disorders involve impulsive behaviors unrelated to substance abuse.
269 a.) A strong desire to avoid gambling activities.
A preoccupation with obtaining money to gamble is a hallmark feature of pathological

gambling. Individuals with this disorder often go to great lengths to secure funds for
gambling.
270 c.) IED is characterized by recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger and aggression.

of anger and aggression that are out of proportion to the provocation or stressor. This
is what distinguishes it from other impulse control disorders.
271 b.) Control impulsive behaviors and minimize their negative consequences.
The primary goal of treatment for impulse control disorders is to control impulsive
behaviors and minimize their negative consequences, helping individuals lead more
functional and responsible lives.
272 b.) Persistent patterns of anger, defiance, and disobedience.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by persistent patterns of anger,

defiance, and disobedience toward authority figures, such as parents, teachers, or other
adults.
273 d.) Impulse control disorders involve an inability to resist impulsive behaviors, while
personality disorders involve enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural
norms.
Impulse control disorders are defined by an inability to resist impulsive behaviors,
while personality disorders involve enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from
cultural norms and typically manifest in early adulthood.

individuals with impulse control disorders. It helps individuals identify and manage
their impulsive behaviors and develop coping strategies.
275 b.) Pyromania
Pyromania is characterized by a recurrent and intense urge to set fires and a

fascination with fire, often motivated by emotional relief.
276 a.) OCD involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors
(compulsions), while impulse control disorders involve impulsive behaviors.
OCD is characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive
behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety, while impulse control disorders
involve impulsive behaviors that individuals can't resist.
277 a.) Pyromania
Pyromania is the impulse control disorder characterized by recurrent, deliberate fire-

setting behaviors and a fascination with fire.
278 b.) An irresistible urge to steal items that are not needed for personal use or financial gain.
Kleptomania is characterized by an irresistible urge to steal items that are not needed
for personal use or financial gain.

individuals with impulse control disorders. It helps individuals identify and manage
their impulsive behaviors and develop coping strategies.
280 a.) IED is characterized by recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger and aggression that are
out of proportion to the situation.
of anger and aggression that are out of proportion to the situation. This is what
distinguishes it from other impulse control disorders.
281 c.) Behavioral therapies, such as anger management

Behavioral therapies, such as anger management and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are
common and effective treatment approaches for individuals with impulse control
disorders.
282 a.) ODD involves recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger, while IED primarily features
patterns of anger, defiance, and disobedience.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) primarily features patterns of anger, defiance,
and disobedience toward authority figures, while Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
involves recurrent, explosive outbursts of anger that are out of proportion to the
situation.
283 d.) Kleptomania
284 c.) Lack of empathy and an excessive need for admiration
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-

importance, a lack of empathy for others, and a constant need for admiration.
285 b.) Unstable relationships, self-image, and impulsivity
Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by unstable interpersonal

relationships, self-image, and impulsive behaviors, making it distinct from other
personality disorders.
286 b.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry and anxiety about various
aspects of life, which is different from personality disorders that involve enduring
patterns of behavior.
287 c.) Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder involves a disregard for the rights of others,

impulsivity, deceitfulness, and a lack of remorse for wrongdoing.
288 0 #VALUE!
Avoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by social inhibition and a fear of
rejection, leading individuals to avoid social situations.
289 b.) Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves a preoccupation with orderliness,

perfectionism, and control, which is different from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD).
290 c.) Detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression
Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a lack of interest in social

relationships, emotional detachment, and limited expression of emotions.
291 c.) Borderline Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder is marked by instability in relationships, self-image,

and impulsivity, often leading to intense and stormy interpersonal connections.
292 c.) Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior
Histrionic Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality

and a need for attention.
293 b.) Have a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
Paranoid Personality Disorder involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others,

often interpreting benign actions as malevolent.
294 b.) Exhibit a pervasive pattern of clinging and submissive behavior
Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by a strong need for others to take

care of them, leading to submissive and clinging behavior.
295 c.) Avoidant Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder involves social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and a
hypersensitivity to criticism, leading to avoidance of social situations.
Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others,

lack of remorse, and deceitful behavior.
297 b.) Odd beliefs, magical thinking, and eccentric behavior
Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by odd beliefs, magical thinking,

eccentric behavior, and difficulty forming close relationships.
298 c.) Avoidant Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings

of inadequacy, and a fear of being criticized or rejected.
299 d.) Borderline Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder is marked by instability in self-image, relationships,

and impulsive behaviors.
300 c.) Be preoccupied with order, perfectionism, and control
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves a preoccupation with orderliness,

perfectionism, and control, different from the intrusive thoughts and rituals seen in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
301 a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder

relationships, emotional detachment, and limited emotional expression.
302 b.) Avoidant Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings
of inadequacy, and a hypersensitivity to criticism, leading to avoidance of social
situations.
303 c.) Display a grandiose sense of self-importance and lack of empathy
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-

importance, a lack of empathy, and a constant need for admiration.
304 c.) Borderline Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder involves instability in interpersonal relationships, self-

image, and marked impulsivity.
305 a.) Social Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder involves intense and irrational fears of social situations and
negative evaluation, which can significantly impact daily functioning.
306 b.) Odd beliefs, magical thinking, and eccentric behavior
Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by odd beliefs, magical thinking,

eccentric behavior, and difficulties forming close relationships.
307 a.) Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of

others, often interpreting benign actions as malevolent.
308 a.) Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive need to be taken care

of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior, along with fears of separation.
309 a.) Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder involves extreme emotionality, unstable relationships,
and attention-seeking behavior.
310 a.) Schizoid Personality Disorder

relationships, limited emotional expression, and a preference for solitary activities.
311 d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves intrusive thoughts and repetitive

behaviors performed to reduce anxiety, while Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder is characterized by perfectionism and control.
312 b.) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves a preoccupation with order,

perfectionism, and control, distinguishing it from Avoidant Personality Disorder.
313 a.) Exhibit a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
Paranoid Personality Disorder involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others,

leading to a belief that others are trying to harm or deceive them.
314 a.) Distorted perception of reality
Schizophrenia is characterized by distorted thoughts, perceptions, and emotions. Unlike

mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, schizophrenia
primarily involves disruptions in thought processes and perception rather than extreme
mood swings.
315 b.) Hallucinations
Positive symptoms involve the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences not found
in healthy individuals. Hallucinations, such as hearing voices, are considered positive
symptoms in schizophrenia.
316 c.) Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought and perception; DID involves distinct
identities.
Schizophrenia is characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perception, and
emotional regulation, while DID involves the presence of two or more distinct identities
or personality states.
317 b.) Dopamine
Dopamine dysregulation is a key factor in the development of schizophrenia. Excess

dopamine activity is associated with positive symptoms, while decreased activity is
linked to negative symptoms.
318 c.) Disorganized thinking
While both schizophrenia and OCD can involve distressing thoughts, disorganized
thinking is a hallmark of schizophrenia, while OCD is characterized by recurrent,
unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
319 c.) Apathy
Negative symptoms involve a decrease or absence of normal behaviors. Apathy, or lack

of interest or motivation, is an example of a negative symptom in schizophrenia.
320 c.) Schizophrenia is a chronic condition; PTSD is often time-limited.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder, while PTSD is often triggered
by a specific traumatic event and may improve over time with appropriate treatment.
321 b.) Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions; SAD involves excessive fear of negative
evaluation.
Schizophrenia involves distorted thinking, including delusions, while social anxiety
disorder is characterized by an intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations.
322 b.) Presence of mood episodes and psychosis concurrently
Schizoaffective disorder involves both mood episodes (major depressive or manic) and
psychotic symptoms, occurring concurrently. This distinguishes it from major
depressive disorder with psychotic features, where psychosis is associated with mood
episodes.
323 b.) Motor abnormalities and extreme negativism

Catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia include motor abnormalities, such as stupor,
rigidity, or excessive negativism, where the individual resists all attempts to be moved.
324 c.) Schizophrenia involves impaired attention and psychosis; ADHD involves hyperactivity
and impulsivity.
Schizophrenia includes impaired attention and psychosis, while ADHD is characterized
by persistent patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.
325 c.) Disorganized thinking and psychosis
While both disorders may involve interpersonal difficulties, schizophrenia is

characterized by disorganized thinking and psychosis, whereas borderline personality
disorder is marked by instability in self-image, relationships, and mood.
326 c.) Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and psychosis; GAD is characterized by
excessive, uncontrollable worry.
Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and psychosis, while generalized anxiety
disorder is marked by persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life.
327 c.) Impaired memory and attention
Cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia include impaired memory, attention, and

executive function, which can contribute to difficulties in daily functioning.
328 b.) Age of onset
Schizophrenia typically has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood, while

major neurocognitive disorder is more common in older individuals and involves
significant cognitive decline.
329 c.) Decreased motivation and social withdrawal
Negative cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia include deficits in motivation, social

withdrawal, and other cognitive impairments that impact daily functioning.
330 c.) Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought and perception; substance use disorders
are characterized by cravings.
Schizophrenia is characterized by disruptions in thought processes and perception,
while substance use disorders involve the excessive use of substances with a focus on
cravings and dependence.
331 b.) Mood swings between depression and mania
Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings between episodes of depression and

mania, whereas schizophrenia primarily involves disruptions in thought processes,
perception, and emotion.
332 c.) Odd or eccentric behavior and appearance
Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior,

unconventional beliefs, and difficulties forming close relationships.
333 c.) Schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thinking and psychosis; ASD involves
social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors.
ASD involves social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors.
Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought processes and perception, while autism
spectrum disorder is characterized by challenges in social communication and
repetitive behaviors.
334 b.) Distorted thoughts and faulty interpretations of reality
Cognitive distortions in schizophrenia involve distorted thoughts, misinterpretations of

reality, and difficulties in processing information accurately.
335 c.) Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and psychosis; dissociative amnesia is
characterized by memory loss due to psychological stress.
Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought processes and perception, while
dissociative amnesia is characterized by memory loss often triggered by psychological
stress or trauma.
336 d.) Disruptions in thought processes and perception
Schizophrenia is characterized by disruptions in thought processes and perception,

while major depressive disorder primarily involves persistent feelings of sadness, loss
of interest or pleasure, and changes in sleep and appetite.
337 b.) Fixed, false beliefs with no basis in reality

Delusional disorder involves the presence of fixed, false beliefs (delusions) without
other significant disruptions in thought processes.
338 c.) Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and psychosis; panic disorder is
characterized by recurrent panic attacks.
Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought processes and perception, while panic
disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks accompanied by a fear of future
attacks.
339 c.) Distressing physical symptoms without apparent medical cause
Somatic symptom disorder involves excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related
to distressing physical symptoms that lack a clear medical explanation.
340 c.) Schizophrenia involves disorganized thinking and psychosis; postpartum depression is
characterized by mood disturbances following childbirth.
Schizophrenia involves disruptions in thought processes and perception, while
postpartum depression is a mood disorder characterized by mood disturbances
following childbirth.
341 a.) Impaired social communication and interaction
Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by persistent deficits in social

communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.
342 d.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are key features of Autism Spectrum
Disorder.
343 c.) Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-

impulsivity.
344 a.) Specific Learning Disorder

Specific Learning Disorder is characterized by difficulties in learning and using
academic skills that are significantly below what is expected for the individual's
chronological age.
345 c.) Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning
Intellectual Disability is characterized by deficits in both intellectual functioning (e.g.,

reasoning, learning) and adaptive functioning (e.g., self-care, communication).
346 c.) Difficulties in learning and using academic skills
Specific Learning Disorder involves persistent difficulties in learning and using

academic skills, significantly below what is expected for the individual's age.
347 b.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder involves motor coordination difficulties that

interfere with daily activities or academic achievement.
348 c.) Difficulties in language, speech sound production, and/or communication
Communication Disorders involve difficulties in language, speech sound production,

and/or communication skills.
349 b.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-

impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning or development.
350 c.) Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning

351 b.) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent difficulties in social
communication and interaction.
352 c.) Motor and vocal tics
Tourette's Disorder is characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics.
353 d.) Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and

impulsivity.
354 c.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder involves motor coordination difficulties without

a medical or neurological condition explaining the impairment.
355 c.) Deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning

356 c.) Difficulties in learning and using academic skills
Specific Learning Disorder is characterized by persistent difficulties in learning and

using academic skills.
357 b.) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves both social communication difficulties and
repetitive behaviors.
358 b.) Mood swings and irritability

DMDD is characterized by severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent irritability,
distinguishing it from other mood and neurodevelopmental disorders.
359 c.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder involves difficulties in motor coordination that

significantly impact daily activities.
360 b.) Symptoms must be present before the age of 12
According to DSM-5, symptoms of ADHD must be present before the age of 12.
361 a.) Inattentiveness only, hyperactivity-impulsivity only, or a combination of both
DSM-5 recognizes three subtypes of ADHD based on predominant symptoms:

inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both.
362 b.) Developmental Coordination Disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder is characterized by difficulties in motor

coordination.
363 c.) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and

hyperactivity.
364 c.) Loss of purposeful hand skills and development of repetitive hand movements
Rett Syndrome is characterized by a loss of purposeful hand skills and the development
of repetitive hand movements.
365 b.) Communication Disorder

Communication Disorder involves difficulties in understanding and using language, as
well as challenges in social interaction.
366 a.) Symptoms must be present in early childhood, but may not become fully apparent until
social demands exceed limited capacities
According to DSM-5, symptoms of ASD must be present in early childhood, but they
may not become fully apparent until social demands exceed limited capacities.
367 b.) Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)
Specific Learning Disorder in Mathematics involves persistent difficulties in

mathematics despite adequate intelligence and opportunities for learning.
368 c.) Deficits in adaptive functioning alongside intellectual deficits
Intellectual Disability is characterized by deficits in both intellectual functioning and

adaptive functioning.
369 a.) Language Disorder involves only difficulties in speech sound production, while
Communication Disorder involves broader language difficulties.
Language Disorder involves difficulties in understanding and using language, while
Communication Disorder encompasses a broader range of communication difficulties.
370 c.) Significantly below-average intellectual functioning
Intellectual Disability is diagnosed when there are deficits in both intellectual

functioning and adaptive functioning, with significantly below-average intellectual
functioning.
371 a.) Gradual onset and progressive decline in cognitive function
Major Neurocognitive Disorder is characterized by a gradual onset and progressive

decline in cognitive function, affecting memory, learning, and other cognitive domains.
372 b.) Frontotemporal Dementia

Explanation: Frontotemporal Dementia is known for behavioral variant symptoms,
including repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, along with changes in personality and
social conduct.
373 d.) Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease typically presents with memory impairment as a primary symptom,

especially in the early stages, with other cognitive functions being relatively preserved
initially.
374 c.) Sudden onset and fluctuating course of symptoms
Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms and a fluctuating course of

cognitive impairment, often related to an underlying medical condition or substance
intoxication.
375 b.) Dopaminergic
Lewy Body Dementia is associated with the dysfunction of the dopaminergic system,
leading to both motor symptoms (similar to Parkinson's disease) and cognitive
symptoms.
376 a.) Severity of cognitive impairment
The key distinction between Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and Major Neurocognitive
Disorder is the severity of cognitive impairment. Major Neurocognitive Disorder
involves more significant cognitive decline.
377 c.) Abrupt onset of cognitive impairment associated with cerebrovascular events
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder is characterized by cognitive impairment resulting

from cerebrovascular events, leading to abrupt onset symptoms.
378 c.) Primary Progressive Aphasia
Primary Progressive Aphasia is a subtype of Frontotemporal Dementia characterized

by a progressive decline in language function.
379 a.) Presence of Lewy bodies in the brain

Both Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Dementia may exhibit the presence
of Lewy bodies in the brain, though they manifest differently in terms of symptoms.
380 c.) Advanced age
Advanced age is a significant risk factor for the development of neurocognitive

disorders, although they can occur in younger individuals as well.
381 c.) Sudden onset and fluctuating course of symptoms
Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset and fluctuating course of symptoms,

differentiating it from the more gradual onset typically seen in neurocognitive
disorders.
382 c.) Motor deficits resembling Parkinson's disease
While Frontotemporal Dementia may involve motor symptoms, they typically do not
resemble those seen in Parkinson's disease.
383 c.) Functional impairment in daily activities
The key criterion for Mild Neurocognitive Disorder is the presence of cognitive decline
beyond what is expected for age and a noticeable impact on daily functioning.
384 a.) Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by memory loss, atrophy of the hippocampus (a

brain region important for memory), and elevated tau protein levels in cerebrospinal
fluid.
385 b.) Fluctuating cognitive symptoms and visual hallucinations
Lewy Body Dementia is characterized by fluctuating cognitive symptoms, visual

hallucinations, and motor symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.
386 b.) Language

Primary Progressive Aphasia is characterized by a progressive decline in language
function, including difficulty with word finding, grammar, and comprehension.
387 d.) Infections and medication side effects
Delirium in older adults is often caused by factors such as infections, medication side
effects, and metabolic imbalances.
388 c.) Cholinergic
Alzheimer's Disease is associated with a deficit in the cholinergic neurotransmitter

system, leading to cognitive impairment.
389 c.) Rapidly progressive course with myoclonus and ataxia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is characterized by a rapidly progressive course, along with

myoclonus (muscle twitching) and ataxia (loss of coordination).
390 c.) Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder involves cognitive impairment

that is directly related to substance use or exposure to certain medications or toxins.
391 b.) Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
This disorder occurs as a result of a traumatic brain injury and is associated with
cognitive impairment.
392 d.) Changes in social conduct and personality
Frontotemporal Dementia often presents with changes in social conduct, personality,

and behavioral disinhibition.
393 c.) History of HIV infection

Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection is specifically associated with cognitive
impairment in individuals with a history of HIV infection.
394 b.) Frontotemporal Dementia
Frontotemporal Dementia is associated with abnormal protein aggregates called Pick

bodies, contributing to its pathology.
395 a.) Huntington's Disease
Huntington's Disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by

motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline.
396 d.) Presence of cognitive decline but not meeting the criteria for functional impairment
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder is characterized by noticeable cognitive decline, but the

individual does not meet the criteria for significant functional impairment seen in Major
Neurocognitive Disorder.
397 a.) Hypertension
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a significant risk factor for the development of
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder.
398 b.) Lack of insight into one's own cognitive deficits
Anosognosia is a lack of awareness or insight into one's own cognitive deficits, often
seen in individuals with neurocognitive disorders.
399 a.) Parkinson's Disease Dementia
Parkinson's Disease Dementia is associated with the accumulation of abnormal tau

protein in the brain, contributing to both motor and cognitive symptoms.
400 b.) Fluctuating course of symptoms

Delirium is characterized by a fluctuating course of symptoms, which can vary in
severity and may be more pronounced at certain times of the day.
Reference Books:
"Abnormal Psychology" by Ronald J. Comer

This comprehensive textbook covers various psychological disorders and their treatment. It is
often used in undergraduate and graduate-level abnormal psychology courses.
"Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach" by David H. Barlow and V. Mark Durand

This book provides an integrative approach to understanding abnormal psychology, combining
biological, psychological, and social perspectives. It covers a wide range of disorders and
includes case studies.
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)"

Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-5 is a standard reference for mental
health professionals. It provides criteria for the classification and diagnosis of various mental
disorders.
"The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders" edited by W. Stewart Agras

This handbook is a comprehensive resource on eating disorders, covering topics such as
epidemiology, assessment, and treatment approaches. It's suitable for both clinicians and
researchers.
"Handbook of Psychopathology" edited by Michela Balsamo and Cinzia Ferrari

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of psychopathology, covering a wide range of
disorders. It is suitable for both students and professionals in the field of psychology.
"Psychopathology: A Competency-Based Assessment Model for Social Workers" by Susan W.

Gray
Geared towards social workers, this book provides a competency-based approach to
understanding and assessing psychopathology. It's practical and applicable for those working in
a clinical setting.
"The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology: A Contextual Approach" by Alan
Carr
Focusing on child and adolescent psychopathology, this handbook provides a contextual
approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders in young people.
"The Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders" edited by Martin M. Antony and
Murray B. Stein
This handbook covers a broad spectrum of anxiety-related disorders, providing in-depth
information on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.

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Psychometrician

Board Exam Practice Questions

AMRM 5.7 Version

(Base on the Latest Table of Specification

B. Psychological Disorders and Specific

1. Differentiate anxiety disorders from other psychological disorders.

B. Psychological disorders and specific symptoms based on DSM-5:

Differentiate anxiety 1 What is a distinguishing feature of anxiety disorders compared to

a.) The presence of persistent worry and fear

b.) Periods of elevated mood

c.) Excessive sleep disturbances

d.) Frequent emotional outbursts

Differentiate anxiety 2 How do obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) differ from

b.) OCD features repetitive thoughts and behaviors, while

d.) GAD is a subtype of OCD with milder symptoms.

a.) Panic disorder involves intense fear in social situations,

d.) Panic disorder is exclusively related to agoraphobia, while

Differentiate anxiety 4 Which symptom is a distinguishing feature of post-traumatic

a.) Intrusive memories and flashbacks

b.) Excessive worrying about the future

c.) Frequent panic attacks

d.) Fear of social interactions

a.) Specific phobias involve general fear, while other anxiety

c.) Specific phobias are characterized by a complete lack of

d.) Other anxiety disorders involve milder, easily manageable

Differentiate anxiety 6 What distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from

a.) Panic disorder is characterized by excessive worrying

c.) Panic disorder is primarily characterized by specific

a.) Social anxiety disorder involves intense fear of specific

c.) Social anxiety disorder is marked by a fear of social

Differentiate anxiety 8 What distinguishes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from

a.) OCD involves intrusive memories and flashbacks, while

d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and

a.) Agoraphobia is a subtype of panic disorder, while panic

b.) Agoraphobia involves specific phobias, while panic

c.) Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear of open

Differentiate anxiety 10 What is a key feature that distinguishes separation anxiety

a.) Separation anxiety disorder primarily occurs in adults,

b.) Separation anxiety disorder is marked by excessive fear

a.) Panic disorder involves specific phobias, while

b.) Both disorders have identical symptoms and are often

a.) GAD is primarily characterized by specific obsessions and

b.) GAD is related to specific traumatic experiences, while

c.) GAD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a

a.) Specific phobias involve persistent sadness and low mood,

d.) Mood disorders like depression primarily involve specific

a.) Specific phobias are characterized by repetitive thoughts

c.) Specific phobias are primarily related to specific traumatic

a.) Panic disorder involves intense fear of social situations,

c.) Panic disorder is primarily characterized by specific

a.) PTSD is characterized by mood swings between mania and

c.) PTSD is related to specific traumatic experiences, while

d.) PTSD is marked by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and

a.) Agoraphobia involves intense fear of specific objects or

c.) Agoraphobia is primarily characterized by specific

a.) OCD involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about a

c.) Both disorders have identical symptoms and are often

d.) GAD is a subtype of OCD with milder symptoms.

a.) Social anxiety disorder is related to specific traumatic