All Exam

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Mathematical Methods
IIT-JAM 2005
0 1
Q1. Which of the following is INCORRECT for the matrix M   
1 0
(a) It is its own inverse (b) It is its own transpose
(c) It is non-orthogonal (d) It has eigen values ± 1
Ans. : (c)
1  0 1 1  0 1 0 1 
Solution: The inverse of the given matrix is M 1    M
 
M  1 0   1  1 0  1 0 
Thus the given matrix is its own inverse.

0 1 
The transpose of M is, M T   M
1 0 
The given matrix is orthogonal as each row vector is a unit vector and the two rows are
orthogonal.
The eigenvalues of orthogonal matrix are 1 or 1 . For the given matrix
1  2  0  1  1 and 2  1
Thus option (c) is correct option.
Q2. A periodic function can be expressed in a Fourier series of the form,

f  x    a n cosnx   bn sin nx  . The functions f1  x   cos 2 x and f 2  x   sin 2 x are
n 0
expanded in their respective Fourier series. If the coefficients for the first series are a n1
and bn1 , and the coefficients for the second series are a n2  and bn2  , respectively, then
which of the following is correct?
1 1 1 1
(a) a 21  and b22   (b) b21  and a 22  
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(c) a 21  and a 22   (d) b21  and b22  
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
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1 1 1 1
Solution: f1  x    cos 2 x and f 2  x    cos 2 x
2 2 2 2
1 1
Hence, a21  and a2 2  
2 2
All the bn ’s of each of the series are zero. As there is no sine terms in any of the two
given functions.
Thus the correct option is (c).
IIT-JAM 2006
a
Q3. The symmertric part of P     a  2 b  is
b 
 2  a a  2 
(a)  a  2 ba2  1  (b) 
b 
 ba  1 b  2   b b 2 
 a  a  1 b  a  1   a  a  2  b  a  1 
(c)   (d)  
 b  a  1 b2   b  a  1 b2 
Ans. : (d)
a  a  a  2 a b 
Solution: The given matrix can be written as P     a  2 b    2 
b   b  a  2 b 
The transpose of P is,
 a  a  2 b  a  2 
PT   
 ab b2 
Hence the symmetric part of P is,
P  PT 1  2a  a  2  2ab  2b   a  a  2  b  a  1 
    
2 2  2ab  2b 2b 2   b  a  1 b2 
Hence the correct option is (d).
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IIT-JAM 2007
 5 7   x 
Q4.  x y      15
7 3   y
The matrix equation of above represents
(a) a circle of radius 15 (b) an ellipse of semi major axis 5
(c) an ellipse of semi major axis 5 (d) a hyperbola
Ans. : (b)
 5 7   x   5x  7 y 
Solution:  x y     15   x y   15
7 3  y   7x  3y 
x2 y2
 5 x  7 xy  7 xy  3 y  15  5 x  3 y  15  
2 2 2 2
1
3 5
Thus the given equation represents an ellipse with semi-major axis 5 .
Q5. f  x  is a periodic function of x with a period of 2 . In the interval   x   , f  x 
is given by
0,   x  0
f x   
sin x, 0  x  
In the expansion of f  x  as a Fourier series of sine and cosine functions, the coefficient
of cos  2x  is
2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 
3  3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The coefficients of cos 2x is a2 .

1 
0
Thus, a2   0  cos 2 xdx   sin x  cos 2 xdx 
   0 
 
1 1  cos 3 x 
 a2 
2 0  sin 3x  sin x  dx  2   3  cos x 
0
1  cos 3x   1  1 1 1  2

2   3  cos      3  1   2  3  1  3  1   3
     
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IIT-JAM 2008
Q6. The product PQ of any two real, symmetric matrices P and Q is
(a) symmetric for all P and Q (b) never symmetric
(c) symmetric, if PQ  QP (d) anti-symmetric for all P and Q
Ans. : (c)
Solution: A matrix is symmetric, if its transpose is equal to the matrix itself.
Hence for the matrix PQ ,  PQ   QT PT (since  AB   BT AT )

T T
Since, Q and P are symmetric matrices; QT  Q , PT  P

Hence,  PQ   QP
T
It is easily seen that  PQ  will be equal to PQ , only if QP  PQ . Hence (c) is correct

T
option.
Q7. The work done by a force in moving a particle of mass m from any point  x, y  to a
neighboring point  x  dx, y  dy  is given by dW  2 xydx  x 2 dy . The work done for a
complete cycle around a unit circle is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let us write the co-ordinates x and y as,
x  1 cos  , y  1 sin   x  cos  and y  sin  .  x, y 

r 1
Thus, dx   sin  d and dy  cos  d 
Thus, the given work dW can be written as,
dW  2  cos   sin    sin   d   cos   cos  d

2
unit circle
 2sin 2   cos  d  cos3  d

Thus the total work done along the complete circle is
2 2
W  2  sin   cos  d 
2
 cos  d
3
0 0
It can be easily checked that the value of each of these integrals is 0 . Hence, the correct
option is (a).
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IIT-JAM 2009
Q8. In the Fourier series of the periodic function (shown in the figure)
f  x   sin x

   n cos nx   n sin nx 
n 0
 2
Which of the following coefficients are non-zero?
(a)  n for odd n (b)  n for even n
(c)  n for odd n (d)  n for even n

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The given function is an even function (assuming the basic interval of definition to be
symmetric about the origin)
Hence, all the Bn s are 0 .
 
2 2
n 
  sin x cos nx dx 
0
  sin x  cos nx dx
0

1   cos  n  1 x cos  n  1 x 

2
   
2 0 
  sin n  1 x  sin n  1 x 
 dx    
   n  1  n  1  0
For odd n ,
1 1 1 1 1 
n         n  0 , for odd n .
   n  1  n  1  n  1  n  1 
For even n ,
1 1 1 1 1  2 1 1 
n       n    
   n  1  n  1  n  1  n  1     n  1  n  1 
2  n  1  n  1 4
   
   n  1 

2
   n 2  1
Thus for even n ,  n is nonzero. Hence the correct option is (b).
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IIT-JAM 2010
1  i 1
Q9. A matrix is given by M    . The eigenvalues of M are
2 1 i 
(a) real and positive (b) purely imaginary with modulus 1
(c) complex with modulus 1 (d) real and negative
Ans. : (c)
Solution: We know that if  is an eigenvalue of matrix A , then k  is the eigenvalue of matrix
kA . Hence Let as evaluate the eigenvalue of matrix
 i 1
M   
1 i 
For the calculation of eigenvalues
i 1
 0   i     1  0   i     1
2
1 i
   i  1, i  1
Thus the eigenvalues of the given matrix M are
1 1 1 1 1 1
1  1  i    i and 2   i  1   i
2 2 2 2 2 2
We see that 1  2  1 . Thus the correct option is (c).
3 2 3 2
Q10. The equation of a surface of revolution is z   x  y . The unit vector normal to
2 2
 2 
the surface at the point A ,0,1 is
 3 
3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ
(a) i k (b) i k (c) i k (d) i k
5 10 5 10 5 5 10 10
Ans. : (b)
3 2 3 2 3 3
Solution: z   x  y  z 2  x 2  y 2  3x 2  3 y 2  2 z 2  0
2 2 2 2

Let V  3x 2  3 y 2  2 z 2 , taking gradient  V  6 xxˆ  6 yyˆ  4 zzˆ .
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
 2  V
The unit normal to the surface at the point A  , 0,1 is nˆ   . Thus
 3  V
2 2
6 xˆ  6  0 yˆ  4 1zˆ 6 xˆ  4 zˆ
3 3 3 2
nˆ    xˆ  zˆ
2 40 5 10
36   16
3
IIT-JAM 2011
B
   y
The line integral  F  dl , where F 
x
Q11. xˆ  yˆ , along the semi-circular path as
A x y2 2
x  y2
2
shown in the figure below is y
x
A  1,0 B 1, 0
(a) -2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)

Solution: x 2  y 2  1  xdx   ydy and dl  dxxˆ  dyyˆ
  xdx ydy
B
 
 F .dl    0   F  dl  0  xdx   ydy 
x2  y2 x2  y2 A
Q12. Given two  n  n  matrices P̂ and Q̂ such that P̂ is Hermitian and Q̂ is skew (anti)-
Hermitian. Which one of the following combinations of P̂ and Q̂ is necessarily a

Hermitian matrix?
(a) Pˆ Qˆ (b) iPˆ Qˆ (c) Pˆ  iQˆ (d) Pˆ  Qˆ
Ans.: (c)
Solution: Any matrix is hermitian if its conjugate transpose is equal to the matrix itself.
     Pˆ    Qˆ   Pˆ   QP
* * *
ˆ ˆ  Qˆ
For, P̂Qˆ , we have PQ ˆˆ
Thus, P̂Qˆ is not hermitian.
ˆ ˆ   i  PQ  
ˆ ˆ   i  Qˆ Pˆ  iQP     
*
ˆ ˆ , we have iPQ
For matrix iPQ ˆˆ
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ˆ ˆ is not hermitian.
Thus, iPQ
For matrix P̂  iQˆ , we have
 Pˆ  iQˆ    Pˆ   iQˆ     
 Pˆ   i  Qˆ  Pˆ   i  Qˆ  Pˆ  iQˆ
* * * *
Thus P̂  iQˆ is hermitian.
       
* * *
For P̂  Qˆ , we have Pˆ  Qˆ  Pˆ  Qˆ  Pˆ  Qˆ
 
Thus, P̂  Qˆ is not hermitian.
Note: In this question “*” symbol has been used to denote the conjugate transpose of a
matrix.
IIT-JAM 2012
   
Q13.

If F is a constant vector and r is the position vector then  F  r would be  
        

(a)   r F  (b) F (c)   F r 
(d) r F 
Ans.: (b)
   
Solution: Let F  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  and r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ  F .r  F0  x  y  z  .
   
 
Thus  F  r  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ   F
IIT-JAM 2013
Q14. The inverse of the matrix
0 1 1
 
M   0 0 1  is
1 0 0
 
(a) M  I (b) M 2  I (c) I  M 2 (d) I  M
where I is the identity matrix.
Ans.: (b)
0 1 1 
Solution: Given M  0 0 1 
1 0 0 
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The characteristics equation is,

 1 1
0  1 0
1 0 
   2  0    1  1    0    3    1  0   3    1  0
Thus the cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

M3 M I 0
Multiply both sides by M 1 gives
M 2  I  M 1  0  M 1  M 2  I . Thus option (b) is correct option.
Q15. The value of i   i , where i   1, is
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 (d)  2
2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: i  i 
 i  i  i  i   i i 2  i 2  i 2
i  i i  i
i  i i i
  0
i  i i  i
Q16. The solution of the differential equation dz  x, y   xz  x, y dx  yz  x, y dy  0 is………
Ans.: Ce
 
 x2  y2 / 2
Given differential equation can be written as,

dz
dz  x, y   z  x, y   xdx  ydy   0    xdx  ydy
z
Integrating both sides gives
z x  y 
2 2
x2 y2
ln z     ln c  ln 
2 2 c 2
z  x 2  y 2  / 2  x 2  y 2  / 2
 e  z  ce .
c
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Q17. Given that f 1  1, f 1  1, and f " 1  1, the value of f 1 2  is …………..
Ans.: 0.606
Solution: Let f  x   ke x
1
In order to satisfy each of the three given conditions k  .
e
ex
Thus f  x 
e
e1/ 2 1
Hence, f 1/ 2     0.606 .
e e
IIT-JAM 2014
   
Q18.
 
For vectors a  ˆj  kˆ, b  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ and c  ˆj  kˆ , the vector product a  b  c is  
 
(a) in the same direction as c (b) in the direction opposite to c
 
(c) in the same direction as b (d) in the direction opposite to b
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
Ans.: (a) b  c  2 3 5  iˆ  3  5   ˆj  2  0   kˆ  2  0   2iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
0 1 1
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   
 
a  b  c  0 1 1  iˆ  2  2   ˆj  0  2   kˆ  0  2   2 ˆj  2kˆ  2c
2 2 2


Q19. The value of r n
sin n  for r = 0.5 and   is
n 0 3
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 3 2
Ans.: (a)

Solution: rn 0
n
sin  n   0  r sin   r 2 sin 2  r 3  sin 3  
Let, Z  rei  r  cos   i sin  
 Z 2  r 2 ei 2  r 2  cos 2  i sin 2  and so on.
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Thus, we can see,


  n

n 0
r n
sin  n   Img part of  z 
 n 0 

z rei ei / 3 / 2 1/ 2  cos 600  i sin 600 

n 0
z 
n

1  z 1  rei
 
ei / 3/ 2 1  1 cos 600  i sin 600 
1
2 2 
1 3
1/ 2   i
  
 1 3
i 1 i 3 3  i 3
 2 2 
 4 4  1 i 3 
1 1
1   i
3  3 i 3 3i 3
 4 4

3i 3 3i 3  
2 2 2 

 3  3  i 3  3i 3 i 4 3
z
n 0
n

12 12

12

1
Thus, r
n 0
n
sin  n  
3

Q20. If the surface integral of the field A x, y, z   2  x iˆ   y ˆj  3  z kˆ over the closed
surface of an arbitrary unit sphere is to be zero, then the relationship between  ,  and 
is
(a)    / 6    0 (b)  / 3   / 6   / 2  0
(c)  / 2     / 3  0 (d) 2 /   1 /   3 /   0
Ans.: (b)
   
Solution: It is given that  A .d a  0   
  A d  0 (From Divergence Theorem)
S V
    
  . Ad  0  2     3   0  3  6  2  0
V
  
Q21. The line integral A
1
 
  dl of a vector field A  x, y   r 2  yiˆ  xjˆ where r  x  y is
2 2 2
taken around a square (see figure) of side of unit length and centered at x 0 , y 0  with
1 1
x0  and y 0  . If the value of the integral is L, then
2 2
y
 x0 , y 0 
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(a) L depends on x 0 , y 0 
(b) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is -1
(c) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 0
(d) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 2

Ans.: (c)
 
 
 xˆ yˆ zˆ 
      
Solution:   A   
 x y z 
 y x 
  x2  y 2 x  y2
2
0
 
   x    y 
=xˆ  0  0   yˆ  0  0   zˆ   2 2 
  2 2 
 x  x  y  y  x  y  
    x2  y 2   x  2x  x2  y 2   y  2 y    y 2  x2   x2  y 2 
  A  zˆ     zˆ  0
  x 2  y 2 2  x  y     x  y  
2 2 2   2 2 2

 
Thus,  A  dl  0 .
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x y x y
Q22. Consider the coordinate transformation x   , y 
. The relation between the
2 2
area elements dx dy  and dxdy is given by dx dy   jdxdy . The value of j is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)  1 (d)  2
Ans.: (c)
x y x y
Solution: x  , y 
2 2
 x x   1 1 
 x y  
  2 2  1 1
  
dx dy  J dxdy  J      1
 y y   1 1  2 2

 x
 y   2 2

Q23. The trace of a 2 2 matrix is 4 and its determinant is 8 . If one of the eigenvalues is
21  i  , the other eigenvalue is
(a) 21  i  (b) 21  i  (c) 1  2i  (d) 1  2i 
Ans.: (a)
Solution: 1  2  2i, 2  2 1  i   1  2  4 and 1   2  8

Q24. Consider a vector field F  yiˆ  xz 3 ˆj  zykˆ . Let C be the circle x 2  y 2  4 on the
 
plane z  2 , oriented counter-clockwise. The value of the contour integral  F  d r is
C
(a) 28  (b) 4  (c)  4  (d)  28 

Ans.: (a) y
    
Solution:   
 F .d r     F .d a
C S 2
x
xˆ yˆ zˆ
 
  F   / x  / y  / z
y xz 3  zy
      yz    xz 3    y    zy      xz  y 
3
   F  xˆ     yˆ     zˆ   
 y z   z x   x y 
   
 
   F  xˆ   z  3xz 2   yˆ  0  0   zˆ  z 3  1
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 
 z  2    F    2  12 x  xˆ  7 zˆ
   
 
 d a  rdrd zˆ    F .d a     2  12 x  xˆ  7 zˆ  .rdrd zˆ  7 rdrd
   2
 
2
   F .d a  7  rdr  d  28
S 0 0
dy y 2
Q25. Consider the equation  with the boundary condition y 1  1 . Out of the following
dx x
the range of x in which y is real and finite is
(a)    x  3 (b)  3  x  0 (c) 0  x  3 (d) 3  x  
Ans.: (d)
dy y 2 dy dx 1
Solution:   2     ln x  C 
dx x y x y
y 1  1    ln1  C   C   1    ln x  1  y 
1 1 1
1 y 1  ln x
At x  0, y   and ln x is not defined for negative values of x .
Thus, correct option is (d).
Q26. The Fourier series for an arbitrary periodic function with period 2 L , is given by
a0 n x n x
f x    n 1 a n cos  n 1 bn sin
 
. For the particular periodic function
2 L L
f x 
shown in the figure the value of a0 is
1
1/ 2
x
2 1 0 1 2
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: The wavefunction of the given function can be written as
x 0  x 1
f  x  
 x 1  x  0
Coefficient a0 is defined as
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 1   1

 x2   x2 
1
 2 2
 1 1
a0  1  x dx  1 x dx          0 
0 1
  0     1
1 0
 2  1  2  0  2   2  2 2
 a0  1
Q27. The phase of the complex number 1  i  i in the polar representation is
  3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 4
Ans.: (c)
Solution: z  1  i  i  z   1  i  for z  x  iy
y 3
tan    1    tan 1 ( 1)   
x 4
IIT-JAM 2016
1
Q28. Which of the following points represent the complex number  ?
1 i
(a) y (b) y
1 1
0.5 0.5
x x
1 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5 0.5
1 1
y y
(c) 1 (d) 1
0.5 0.5
x x
1 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5 0.5
1 1
Ans.: (a)
1 1  1 i  1 i 1 1
Solution:      i
1 i 1 i  1 i  11 2 2
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Q29. The eigenvalues of the matrix representing the following pair of linear equations
x  iy  0
ix  y  0
are
(a) 1  i, 1  i (b) 1  i, 1  i (c) 1, i (d) 1  i, 1  i
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Characteristic equation is A   I  0
1  i
 0  1     i 2  1     1  0  1     i    1  i, 1  i
2 2

i 1 
Q30. For the given set of equations
x  y  1, y  z  1 , x  z  1 ,
which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Equations are inconsistent
(b) Equations are consistent and a single non-trivial solution exists
(c) Equations are consistent and many solutions exist
(d) Equations are consistent and only a trivial solution exists.
Ans.: (b)
1 1 0 1
Solution: The augmented matrix of the system can be written as M  0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1  1 1 0 1
Row reduction gives M   0 1 1 1    0 1 1 1
 0 1 1 0   0 0 2 1
Thus, x  y  1 , y  z  1 and 2 z  1
The last equation gives z  1/ 2 . Using first two equations we find x  y  1/ 2 . Thus the
system has a single non trivial solution. The correct option is (b)
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Q31. The tangent line to the curve x 2  xy  5  0 at 1,1 is represented by
(a) y  3x  2 (b) y  3 x  4
(c) x  3 y  2 (d) x  3 y  4
Ans.: (b)
dy dy   2x  y 
Solution: Given x 2  xy  5  0  2 x  y  x 0  
dx dx x
dy 3
At 1,1 ,    3
dx 1
Hence the equation of tangent line is y  1  3  x  1  y  3 x  4
Q32. Fourier series of a given function f  x  in the interval 0 to L is
a0  2 nx   2 nx 
f  x    n 1 an cos     n 1 bn sin 
 
.
2  L   L 
If f  x   x in the region  0,   ,b2  ………………
Ans.: 0  5
Solution: Here, 2l    l   / 2
  
2 2 x 2 2   x cos 4 x 1 
b2 
  x sin
0
 /2
dx   x sin 4 xdx  
 0  4
 sin 4 x 
16 0
2   cos  1   2    1
    sin 4  0         0  5 .
  4 16    4  2
Q33. Consider a function f  x, y   x 3  y 3 , where y represents a parabolic curve x 2  1 . The
total derivative of f with respect to x , at x  1 is………………….

Ans.: 27
Solution: f  x , y   x 3  y 3 . Also given that, y  x 2  1
Hence, f  x, y   f  x   x 3   x 2  1
3
df  x , y  df  x 
 3x 2  3  x 2  1 2 x
2
 
dx dx
Hence, the total derivative at x  1 is 3 1  3 12  1  2 1  3  6  4  27

2
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Q34. Consider a closed triangular contour traversed in counter-clockwise

y
direction, as shown in the figure.
  Q
The value of the integral,  F  dl evaluated along this contour, for a

vector field, F  yeˆx  xeˆy , is………….. ( eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors
 
in Cartesian-coordinate system). 4 4
x
O P  2,0 
Ans.: 2
      

Solution:  F  yeˆx  xeˆy    F  2 zˆ and d a  dxdyzˆ    F .d a  2dxdy 
    
 F  dl     1
  F .d a     2 dxdy   2  2  2 1  2
Q35. A hemispherical shell is placed on the x-y plane centered at the origin. For a vector
  
  

field E    yeˆx  xeˆy  / x 2  y 2 , the value of the integral    E  da over the
S

hemispherical surface is………………  .

( da is the elemental surface area, eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian-coordinate
system)
Ans.: 2
  
 
Solution: E    yeˆx  xeˆy  / x 2  y 2    E  0 except at origin.
    
     E .d a   E.dl
S line
We have to take line integral around circle x 2  y 2  r 2 in z  0 plane. Let us use

cylindrical coordinate and use x  r cos  , y  r sin   dx  r sin  d , dy  r cos  d .
   r sin    r sin   d  r cos   r cos   d
E.dl    ydx  xdy  /  x 2  y 2    d
r2
  2
  E.dl   d  2
0
line
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Q36. For the three matrices given below, which one of the choices is correct?
0 1 0 i 1 0 
1    2    3   
1 0  i 0   0 1 
(a)  1 2  i 3 (b)  1 2  i 3 (c)  1 2   2 1  I (d)  3 2  i 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: These are pauli spin matrix which will satisfied  1 2  i 3 and  1 2   2 1  0
 40
Q37. The integral of the vector A   ,  , z   cos  ˆ (standard notation for cylindrical

coordinates is used) over the volume of a cylinder of height L and radius R0 is:

(a) 20 R0 L iˆ  ˆj  (b) 0 (c) 40 R0 L ˆj (d) 40 R0 L iˆ
Ans. : (d)
Solution: By seeing the options lets calculate
 R0 2 L
 Ad 
40


   cos  cos iˆ  sin  ˆj  d  d dz   ˆ  cos  iˆ  sin  ˆj
V 0 0 0
 2
 
  Ad  40 R0 L  cos  cos  iˆ  sin  ˆj d  40 R0 L iˆ
V 0
df
Q38. Which one of the following graphs represents the derivative f   x   of the function
dx
1
f  x  most closely (graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale)?
1  x2
f  x f  x
(a) (b)
x x
f  x f  x
(c) (d)
x x
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Ans. : (a)
1 df 2 x
Solution: f  x   and f   x    anti-symmetric function but f   x  is positive
1 x 2
dx 1  x 2
f  x
and f  x  is positive
Q39. For the Fourier series of the following function of period 2

0   x  0
f  x  
1 0  x  
the ratio (to the nearest integer) of the Fourier coefficients of the first and the third
harmonic is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
Ans. : (c)

1 1 1
Solution: a0 
2  1 dx  2    2
0

1 1
1 cos nx dx  sin nx 


an  0
0
n 0

1 1  1  2
1 sin nx dx   cos nx    1  1 


bn   
0
n 0
 n  n
b1 2 3
Hence,   3
b3  2
Q40. The volume integral of the function f  r ,  ,    r 2 cos  over the region
 0  r  2, 0     / 3 and 0    2  is………….
(Specify your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 15.07
2  / 3 2  /3
25 1  cos 2 
Solution: I   fd      r cos  r sin  drd d    2
2 2
V 0 0 0
5 2  2  0
32 1 24
  cos 2 / 3  cos 00  2    15.07
 /3
I
5 4 5
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Q41. Consider two particles moving along the x - axis. In terms of their coordinates x1 and x2 ,
dx1 dx
their velocities are given as  x2  x1 and 2  x1  x2 , respectively. When they start
dt dt
moving from their initial locations of x1  0   1 and x2  0   1 , the time dependence of
both x1 and x2 contains a term of the form e a t , where a is a constant. The value of a
(an integer) is………………
Ans. : 2
Solution: From the given relations we can write
dx1 dx
 2
dt dt
Integrating both sides with respect to t gives, x1   x2  c1 , where c being a constant of
integration
At t  0, x1  1 and x2  1
Hence, c  0
Thus, x1   x2 (i)
Using equation (i) the first equation can be written as
dx1 dx
 2 x1  1  2dt
dt x1
x1
 ln x1  2t  ln k1  ln  2t  x1  t   k1e 2t
k1
Using x1  0   1 , we obtain k1  1 , thus x1  e 2t
Using equation (ii) the second equation can be written as

dx2 dx
 2 x2  2  2dt
dt x2
Integrating gives
x2
ln x2  2t  ln k2  ln  e 2t
k2
Thus, x2  k2 e 2t
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Using x2  0   1 , we obtain k2  1
Thus, x2  t   e 2t
Hence, the value of a is 2 .

Q42. Consider the differential equation y  2 y  y  0 . If y  0   0 and y   0   1 , then the
value of y  2  is……………….
(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)

Ans. : 0.27
Solution: The characteristic equation is m 2  2m  1  0   m  1  0

2
Thus m  1 is a repeated root

Thus the general solution is
y   c1  c2 x  e  x
since y  0   0  0  c1  c1  0

Thus we can write y  c2 xe  x  y  c2 e  x  xe  x 
since y  0   1
1  c2 1  0   c2  1
y  xe  x
2 2
y  2   2e 2    0.27
 2.72 
2 2
e
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IIT-JAM 2018
Q43. Let f  x, y   x 3  2 y 3 . The curve along which  2 f  0 is
(a) x  2 y (b) x  2 y
y
(c) x  6 y (d) x 
2
Ans.: (b)
2 3 2 3

Solution:  f  2 x  2 y  2 x  2 y 3  0
2
x
3
y
  
 2 f  6 x  12 y
  2 f  0  6 x  12 y  0  x  2 y

Q44. A curve is given by r  t   tiˆ  t 2 ˆj  t 3kˆ . The unit vector of the tangent to the curve at
t  1 is
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 3 14
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Let n̂ be a unit vector tangent to the curve at t.

dr / dt iˆ  2tjˆ  3tkˆ iˆ  2 j  3kˆ
nˆ     at t  1, nˆ 
dr / dt 1  4t 2  5t 2 14
 x,   x  0
Q45. The function f  x    is expanded as a Fourier series of the form
  x, 0  x  
a0   n 1 an cos  nx    n 1 bn sin  nx  . Which of the following is true?

 
(a) a0  0, bn  0 (b) a0  0, bn  0
(c) a0  0, bn  0 (d) a0  0, bn  0
Ans.: (b)
 x,   x  0
Solution:- f  x   
  x, 0  x  
a0 
1
2 

0 
xdx    xdx 
0  
2
 a0  0
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  
1 0 
bn  x sin nxdx    x sin nxdx
 0

1   x cos nx sin nx   x cos nx sin nx  
0
     
  n
 
n 2    n n 2  0 
2
1  2 cos n   n ; n  even
    bn  
 n   2 ; n  odd
 n
Thus, bn  0
Q46. Which one of the following curves correctly represents (schematically) the solution for
df
the equation  2 f  3 : f  0   0?
dx
f  x f  x
(a) (b) 3
1
2
2
x 0 x
0
f  x
f  x
(c) (d) 3
1 2
2
0 x 0 x
Ans.: (b)
df df 1
Solution:-  2 f  3; f  0   0   dx  ln 3  2 f  x  A
dx 3 2 f 2
1
Since, f  0   0  A  ln 3
2
 x
1
ln
3
2 3 2 f
3
 f  1  e 2 x
2
 
3
Now, we can see, at x  0, f  0, at x  , f 
2
Thus option (b) is correct one.
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Q47. Consider the transformation to a new set of coordinates  ,  from rectangular Cartesian
coordinates  x, y  , where   2 x  3 y and   3x  2 y . In the  ,  coordinate system,
the area element dxdy is

1 2 3
(a) d  d (b) d  d (c) 5d  d (d) d  d
13 13 5
Ans.: (a)
 
J  ,  x y 2 3
Solution:-    13
J  x, y    3 2
x y
J  x, y  1
 J
J  ,  13
1
Since, area element in    system is, dA  J d d  d  d
13
4 x
Q48. Let matrix M    . If det  M   0 , then
6 9
(a) M is symmetric (b) M is invertible
(c) one eigenvalue is 13 (d) Its eigenvectors are orthogonal
Ans.: (a), (c), (d)
4 x
Solution:- Since, M   ,
6 9
If M  0  36  6 x  0  x  6
4 x
Hence, M   
6 9
(a) Here, M  M  , so it is symmetric matrix
(b) Determinant  M   0 , so noninvertible matrix
(c) For eigenvalue-

4 6
M  I  0  0
6 9
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 (4   )(9   )  36  0    0,   13
(d) Eigen vectors for distinct eigen values for a symmetric matrix are orthogonal.
Q49. Let f  x   3 x 6  2 x 2  8 . Which of the following statements is (are) true?
(a) The sum of all its roots is zero

8
(b) The product of its roots is 
3
2
(c) The sum of all its roots is
3
(d) Complex roots are conjugates of each other.
Ans.: (a), (b), (d)
Solution:- f  x   3 x 6  2 x 2  8
Now, 3x 6  2 x 2  8  0
2 8
 x6  x 2   0
3 3
 Ax  Bx  Cx 4  Dx3  Ex 2  Fx  G  0
6 5
2 8
x 6  0.x 5  0.x 4  0.x 3  x 2  0.x   0
3 3
 B
Here, sum of roots      0
 A
G  8 
And product of roots    
A  3 
Since all coefficient are real, then complex roots are conjugate to each other.
Hence, options (a), (b) and (d) are correct.
Q50. The coefficient of x 3 in the Taylor expansion of sin  sin x  around x  0 is ______.
Ans.: 0.33
Solution:- Let f  x   sin  sin x 
f   x   cos  sin x  .cos x
f   x    sin  sin x  .cos x.cos x  sin x.cos  sin x 
  cos 2 x.sin  sin x   sin x.cos  sin x 
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f   x       2 cos x sin x  sin  sin x   cos3 x cos  sin x   cos x cos  sin x   sin x   sin  sin x  cos x  
 1 
 sin 2 x.sin  sin x   cos3 x.cos  sin x   cos x.cos  sin x   sin 2 x.sin  sin x  
 2 
at x  0,
f   0   1  1  2
Hence,
 x  x1  f   x0    x  x1  f   x0   x  x0 
2 3
f  x   f  x0    f   x1   .....
1 2 3
Hence, coefficient of x 3 is _____

1 2  1
  2        0.33
3 3  2 1  3 
IIT-JAM 2019
8x
Q51. The function f  x   is continuous everywhere except at
x 9
2
(a) x  0 (b) x  9 (c) x  9i (d) x  3i

Ans. : (d)
Solution: We know that a rational function is discontinuous at a point where the denominator is
0 . Therefore,
x 2  9  0  x  3i
Q52. If   x, y, z  is a scalar function which satisfies the Laplace equation, then the gradient of
 is
(a) Solenoidall and irrigational (b) Solenoidall but not irrotational
(c) Irrotational but not solenoid (d) Neither Solenoidall nor irrotational
Ans. : (a)
     
Solution:    0    0  E    0,   E  0,   E  0
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 
Q53. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing A  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and B  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ is
(a)
1
26

iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ  (b)
1
19

iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ 
(c)
1
35

iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ  (d)
1
35

iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ 
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: A  nˆ  0 and B  nˆ  0
 1
Verify option  d  : A  nˆ   1  5  6   0
35
 1
B  nˆ   2  5  3  0
35
 3 i 0
 
Q54. The eigenvalues of  i 3 0  are
 0 0 6
 
(a) 2, 4 and 6 (b) 2i, 4i and 6 (c) 2i, 4 and 8 (d) 0, 4 and 8
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For calculation of eigenvalues
3 i 0
i 3 0 0
0 0 6
  3     3    6      i  i  6      0
  3    3    6      6     0
or  6       3  1  0
2
 
or  6      2  6  8    0
or  6      2    4   0 . Therefore,   6 or 2 or 4 .
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Q55. The gradient of scalar field S  x, y, z  has the following characteristic(s)
(a) Line integral of a gradient is path-independent

(b) Closed line integral of a gradient is zero
(c) Gradient of S is a measure of the maximum rate of change in the field S
(d) Gradient of S is a scalar quantity
Ans.: (a), (b), (c)

Q56.    
The flux of the function F  y 2 xˆ  3 xy  z 2 yˆ   4 yz  zˆ passing through the surface
z
ABCD along n̂ is_________
1 C
(Round off to 2 decimal places)
D
n̂
 0, 0, 0  1 y
B
1
A
x
Ans. : 1.17
Solution: y  1 plane
  
      dxdzyˆ     3xy  z  dxdz
2
F da F
S
1
1 1
 z3  1 1
    3x  z  dxdz   3xz   dx   3z   dx
1
2
0 0
0
 3  z 0 0
 3
1
 x2 x  3 1 92 7
 3        1.17
 2 3 0 2 3 6 6
3 i 2
 z  dz , along the line 3 y  x , where z  x  iy is______

2
Q57. The value of
0

Ans. : 111.1
3 i 2
 z 
2
Solution: dz 3y  x
0
z  x  iy
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z  3 y  iy
z  x  iy  3y  iy   3  i  y
dz  3dy  idy   3  i  dy
1 2
  3  i  3  i  3  i  y
2
dy
0
1 2
1000
1000  y dy 
2
 1  111.11
0
9
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Mathematical Physics
JEST-2012
 ln x
Q1. The value of the integral  x
0 2
1  2
dx is
  
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2
Ans. : (b)
 
ln x ln z
Solution:  dx   dz
x  1 z  1
2 2 2 2
0 0
2  2
 ln z   ln z 
Let us consider new function f  z    2  , then I    2  dz
 z 1  0
z 1 
Pole at z  i is simple pole of second order.

Residue at z  i is
 ln z  d  ln z 
2 2
d
  z  i 
2
 z  i   z  i  dz  z  i 
2 2 2
dz
1 1
 z  i  2  ln z  .   ln z  .2  z  i   z  i  2 ln  z    ln z  .2
2 2 2
 z  z
 z  i  z  i
4 3
i  i 
2
1 2 R
 2i  2  ln i   ln i   2 4 2   2   2 2 i 
2
 i   2 
 2i  8 i 8 i
3
A r
  2
 Res z i   i
4 16 B
  2 
Similarly, at z  i ; Res z i   i
4 16

   2   2 
2
 ln z 
I    2  dz  2 i   i   i    2i
0
z 1  4 16 4 16 
     
 2i        f  z  dz      f  z  dz ;   vanish 
R AB r  AB   AB 
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Along path A; z   x  i and along path B; z   x  i
  0 
ln   x  i   
ln   x  i  
Thus  2i      f  z  dz     dx  0    x  i 2  1dx

     
2
AB   
 x i 1 
  
2 2
 ln   x  i  
 
ln   x  i  
  2i     dx  0    x  i 2  1 dx

     
2
0 
 x i 1 
  
 ln  x   i   ln  x   i 
  2 2
  i   
2
 dx     dx;  0
0 
1 x  2
0 
1  x2 
 ln  x   i    ln  x   i  dx  4 i
2 2
  
ln x ln x i 2 
  i  
2
   
1  x  2 2
x  1 x  1 4 i
2 2
0 0
2
0
2 4
 xe

x
Q2. If [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x, then dx
0
1 e 1 e
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
e 1 e e 12
Ans.: (a)
Solution: x 
0  x  1  x   0 , 1  x  2  x   1 , 2  x  3  x   2
 1 2 3 4
 xe dx   x e dx   x e dx   x e dx   x e  x dx
x x x x
Now,
0 0 1 2 3
2 3 4
 0   1.e dx   2.e dx   3.e  x dx   e  x   2  e  x   3  e  x   ....
x x 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2 3
 e 1  e2  2e2  2e 3  3e3  3e 4  4e4  4e5 

 e 1  e 2  e 3  e 4  .....
e 1 1  e 2 
 1
  r  1
 e 21  e 1 
1 e e 1  e 
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1 1 1
Q3. As x  1 , the infinite series x  x 3  x 5  x 7  .......
3 5 7
(a) diverges (b) converges to unity

(c) converges to (d) none of the above
4
Ans.: (c)
x3 x5 x7 
Solution: tan 1 x  x     .......  tan 1 1 
3 5 7 4
Q4. What is the value of the following series?
2 2
 1 1   1 1 
1    ....  1    .....
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
(a) 0 (b) e (c) e2 (d) 1
Ans.: (d)
12 13 12 13
Solution: e1  1  1     , e 1  1  1   .....
2! 3! 2! 3!
1
e e
1
1 1
cosh 1   1    ....
2 2! 4!
sinh 1 
e 1
 e 1  1 1
 1    ...
2 3! 5!
i.e., cosh 2 1  sinh 2 1  1
Q5. An unbiased die is cast twice. The probability that the positive difference (bigger -
smaller) between the two numbers is 2 is
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 6 3
Ans.: (b)
n E 
Solution: p2  
n S 
The number of ways to come positive difference
 3, 1 ,  4, 2  ,  5, 3 ,  6, 4  , 1,3 2, 4  ,  3,5  4, 6  
8 2
p  2  
36 9
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Q6. For an N  N matrix consisting of all ones,

(a) all eigenvalues  1 (b) all eigenvalues  0
(c) the eigenvalues are 1, 2,....N (d) one eigenvalue  N , the others  0
Ans.: (d)
1 1
Solution:    0, 2
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1  0, 0, 3
 
1 1 1
So, far N  N matrix one eigen value is N and all other eigen values are zero.
JEST-2013
Q7. A box contains 100 coins out of which 99 are fair coins and 1 is a double-headed coin.
Suppose you choose a coin at random and toss it 3 times. It turns out that the results of all
3 tosses are heads. What is the probability that the coin you have drawn is the double-
headed one?
(a) 0.99 (b) 0.925 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.01
Ans.: (c)
Rez 2   Imz 2 
Q8. Compute lim
z 0 z2
(a) The limit does not exist (b) 1
(c) i (d) 1
Ans.: (a)
Solution: lim
     lim x
Re z 2  Im z 2 2
 y 2  2 xy
 lim 2
x 2  y 2  2 xy
1
z 0 z2 z 0 x 2  y 2  2ixy xy  0 x  y 2  2ixy
0
x 2  y 2  2 xy x 2  y 2  2 xy
lim  1 and lim  i
x 0
y 0
x 2  y 2  2ixy y  x x 2  y 2  2ixy
x 0
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Q9. The vector field xziˆ  yˆj in cylindrical polar coordinates is
(a)  z cos 2   sin 2  eˆ    sin  cos  1  z eˆ
(b)  z cos 2   sin 2  eˆ    sin  cos  1  z eˆ
(c)  z sin 2   cos 2  eˆ    sin  cos  1  z eˆ
(d)  z sin 2   cos 2  eˆ    sin  cos  1  z eˆ
Ans.: (a)

Solution: A  xziˆ  yˆj  Ax  xz , Ay  y, Az  0

A  A  eˆ  Ax  xˆ  eˆ   Ay  yˆ  eˆ   Az  zˆ  eˆ 

 A   cos  z  cos     sin   sin    0  A   cos  2 z   sin 2  eˆ 

A  A  eˆ  Ax  xˆ  eˆ   Ay  yˆ  eˆ   Az  zˆ  eˆ 
 A   cos    sin   z   sin   cos   A   cos   sin  1  z  eˆ


 
A  A eˆ  A eˆ  Az eˆz   z cos 2   sin 2  eˆ   cos  sin  1  z  eˆ
Q10. There are on average 20 buses per hour at a point, but at random times. The probability
that there are no buses in five minutes is closest to
(a) 0.07 (b) 0.60 (c) 0.36 (d) 0.19
Ans.: (d)
Solution: From Poision’s distribution function,
e   n
P  n 
n
here,   20 buses per hour
5
  buses in five minutes
3
Therefore, the probability that there are no buses in five minutes,
0
5
5

e   3
P  n  0   3   e5/ 3  0.1886  0.19

0
Thus, option (d) is correct option.
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Q11. Two drunks start out together at the origin, each having equal probability of making a
step simultaneously to the left or right along the x axis. The probability that they meet
after n steps is
1 2n! 1 2n! 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 2n! (d) n!
4 n n!2 2 n n!2 2n 4n
Ans.: (a)
r N r
1 1
Solution: The probability of taking ' r ' steps out of N steps  Cr     N
2 2
Total steps  N  n  n  2n
For taking probability of n steps out of N
n N n n N n 2n
1 1 N! 1 1 2n !  1  2n !
P  N Cn         
2 2  N  n  !n !  2   2  n !n !  2   n ! 4n
2
Q12. What is the value of the following series?

2 2
 1 1   1 1 
1    ....  1    ... 
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
(a) 0 (b) e (c) e 2 (d) 1
Ans.: (d)
2 4 3 5
Solution: cos   1   ..... , sin      .....
2! 4! 3! 5!
2 2
 1 1   1 1
  1   ...   1     cos 2 1  sin 2 1  1  sin 2   cos 2   1
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
Q13. If the distribution function of x is f  x   xe  x /  over the interval 0  x   , the mean
value of x is

(a)  (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Since, it is distribution function so,
x x
   
 xf  x dx  x.xe  dx  x 2 e  dx
x  

 0
 0
x
 2
f  x  dx
x
 

0

xe dx 


0
xe dx 
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JEST-2014
Q14. What are the solutions of f   x   2 f   x   f  x   0 ?
(a) c1e x / x (b) c1 x  c 2 / x (c) c1 xe x  c 2 (d) c1e x  c 2 xe x

Ans.: (d)
Solution: Auxiliary equation is, D 2  2 D  1  0   D  1  0  D  1, 1
2
 Roots are equal, then f  x    c1  c2 x  e x  f  x   c1e x  c2 xe x

2.2
Q15. The value of 0.2
xe x dx by using the one-segment trapezoidal rule is closed to
(a) 11.672 (b) 11.807 (c) 20.099 (d) 24.119
Ans.: (c)
h
Solution: h  2.2  0.2  2  I   y  2.2   y  0.2    20.099  y  xe x 
2
Q16. Given the fundamental constants  (Planck’s constant), G (universal gravitation
constant) and c (speed of light), which of the following has dimension of length?
G G G c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
c3 c5 c3 8G
Ans.: (a)
1
  ML2T 1   M 1 L3T 2   2
Solution:       L2 2  L  
1
 L3T 3 
   ML T  , G 
2 1 gr 2
m
 M 1 L3T  2  
Q17. The Laplace transformation of e 2t sin 4t is
4 4
(a) (b)
s  4s  25
2
s  4s  20
2
4s 4s
(c) (d)
s  4s  20
2
2s  4 s  20
2
Ans.: (b)
b
Solution:  L e  at sin bt  
s  a
2
 b2
4 4
 L e2t sin 4t   
 s  2 s  4s  20
2
4 2 2
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Q18. Let us write down the Lagrangian of a system as L x, x, x  mxx  kx 2  cxx . What is the
dimension of c ?
(a) MLT 3 (b) MT 2 (c) MT (d) ML2T 1
Ans.: (c)
Solution: According to dimension rule same dimension will be added or subtracted then
dimension of Mxx  dimension of Cxx

 ML2T 2   C   L   LT 3 
 ML2T 2 
C   2 3   MT 
 L T 

Q19. The Dirac delta function   x  satisfies the relation  f  x   x dx  f 0  for a well

behaved function f x  . If x has the dimension of momentum then

(a)   x  has the dimension of momentum
(b)   x  has the dimension of (momentum) 2

(c)   x  is dimensionless
(d)   x  has the dimension of (momentum) 1

Ans.: (d)

Solution:  f  x   x  dx  f 0 

 
f  x    x  dx  f 0   f  x  x   P   f 0    x   P 1
Since,  f  x    f 0 
If F x   x   is force M L T 2  
F 0    is also  M LT 2 
Q20. The value of limit

z 10  1
lim
z i z6 1
is equal to
10 5
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
3 3
Ans.: (d)
z 10  1 10 z 9 10 z 4 10 5
Solution: lim  lim  lim  
z i z 6  1 z i 6 z 5 z i 6 6 3
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Q21. The value of integral

sin z
I  dz
c 2z  
with c a circle z  2 , is
(a) 0 (b) 2 i (c)  i (d)   i

Ans.: (c)
sin z 
Solution: I   , for pole 2 z    0  z 
C 2z   2

Residue at z   z  2 , so pole will lie within the contour
2
eiz
I     R  2 i
C  
2 z  
 2
   iz
z  e ei / 2 i

2 1
Res   (taking imaginary part); Residue =
  2 2 2
2 z  
z

2
2
1
Now, I   2 i   i
2
JEST-2015
Q22. Given an analytic function f  z     x, y   i  x, y  , where   x, y   x 2  4 x  y 2  2 y .
If C is a constant, which of the following relations is true?

(a)   x, y   x 2 y  4 y  C (b)   x, y   2 xy  2 x  C
(c)   x, y   2 xy  4 y  2 x  C (d)   x, y   x 2 y  2 x  C
Ans. : (c)
Solution: u    x, y   x 2  4 x  y 2  2 y , v  
u v   u v  
From C.R. equation,  ,  ,   
x  y x y y x y x
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 
Now,  2x  4 
x y
   2 xy  4 y  f  x  (i)
 
and  2 y  2   2 y  2
y x
  2 xy  2 x  f  y  (ii)
From (i) and (ii), 2 xy  4 y  f  x   2 xy  2 x  f  y 
f  x   2 x, f  y  4y
  2 xy  4 y  2 x  c
Q23. If two ideal dice are rolled once, what is the probability of getting atleast one ‘6’?
11 1 10 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 36 36 36
Ans: (a)
Solution: Number of point in sample space n  S   11
1, 6  ,  2, 6  ,  3, 6  ,  4, 6  ,  5, 6  ,  6,1 ,  6, 2  ,  6,3 ,  6, 4  ,  6,5  ,  6, 6  
Number of point in population n  P   62  36

nS  11
Probability of getting atleast one ‘6’ on face of dice  
n  P 36
 x4 x2 
  
What is the maximum number of extrema of the function f  x   Pk x e
 4 2 
 
Q24. , where
x   ,   and Pk  x  is an arbitrary polynomial of degree k ?
(a) k  2 (b) k  6 (c) k  3 (d) k

Ans.: (c)
 x4 x2 
  
Solution: f  x   Px  x  e  4 2
 x4 x2 
  

f   x    Px  x   Px  x  1 x  x  e
3
  4 2 
For maximum number of extrema,
 
 f   x   0   Px  x  x3  x  P  x    0 is polynomial of order k  3
From the sign scheme maximum number of extrema  k  3
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xe xs xn
Q25. The Bernoulli polynominals Bn s  are defined by,  B s 
 n n! . Which one of the
ex 1
following relations is true?
xe x 1 s  xe  
x 1 s
xn xn
  B n s    n    
n
(a) x (b) B s 1
e 1 n  1! ex 1  n  1!
xe x 1 s  n
xe x 1 s  n
(c)   n
B  s  1 n x
(d)   n
B s  1 n x
ex 1 n! ex 1 n!
Ans.: (d)
xe xS xn
Solution:
ex 1
  n n
B  s 
xe x s 1 xn
Put s   s  1 ,
ex 1
  n
B  s  1
n
Since, Bn  s  1   1 B  s 
n
xe x s 1 n x
n

ex 1
  n
B  s   1
n
Q26. Consider the differential equation G x   kG  x     x  ; where k is a constant. Which of

the following statements is true?
(a) Both G  x  and Gx  are continuous at x  0 .
(b) G x  is continuous at x  0 but Gx  is not.
(c) G  x  is discontinuous at x  0 .
(d) The continuity properties of G  x  and Gx  at x  0 depends on the value of k .
Ans.: (c)
99
1
Q27. The sum 
m 1 m 1  m
is equal to
1
99  1
(a) 9 (b) (c)
 99  1  (d) 11
Ans.: (a)
99
1 99
m  1  m 99
Solution: 
m 1

m  1  m m 1  m  1  m
  m 1  m
m 1
 2  1  3  2......  100  99  100  1  10  1  9
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JEST-2016
 
Q28. Given the condition  2  0 , the solution of the equation  2  k  . is given by
k 2 k ln  k ln 
(a)   (b)   k 2 (c)   (d) 
2 2 2
Ans.: (a)
    
   
Solution:  2  0  .   0  .   0     xˆ   yˆ   zˆ     x   y   z
 
k  .  k  2   2   2 
k 2 k
If     x   y   z 
2
2 2
 2  2  2  
  2   
x 2 y 2 z 2
 k   2
  2
  2
   2
  k   .
Q29. The mean value of random variable x with probability density
p  x 
1
.exp  

 x2   x   is:
 2  2 2   
 
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 
2 2
Ans. : (a)
1   x2    x 
Solution: x   x exp   2 dx  exp   2  dx  0 (due to odd function)
 2   2    2 
2 1 M 
Q30. Given a matrix M    , which of the following represents cos  
1 2  6 
1 1 2 3  1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
2 2 1 4  1 1  4 1 1 2  3 1 
Ans. : (b)
2 1
Solution: Given, M   
1 2
2 1
For eigen value,  0    1,3
1 2
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Now, for   1 ,
 2 1   x1   x1 
1 2  x   1  x 
  2  2
 2x1  x2  x1  x1   x2
Therefore, eigen vector associated with eigen value,
1 1
  1 is 1   
2  1
Similarly, for   3 , we get associated eigen vector as,
1 1
2   
2 1
1  1 1 1 0  1 1
Thus, M 
2  1 1 0 3 1 1 
  
 cos 0 
 1  1 1 6 1 1
cos M    
2  1 1   1 1 
cos  
6
0
 2 
 3 3
 3    
1  1 1  0  1 1  4 4 
  
2  1 1   1 1   3
2
0   3 
 0  
 4 4 
 3 3
  
M   4
 4   3  1 1
Therefore, cos    
 6   3 3  4  1 1 
 
 4 4 
Thus, option (b) is correct option.
1 1 1
Q31. The sum of the infinite series 1     ... is
3 5 7
 
(a) 2 (b)  (c) (d)
2 4
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: The series expansion of tan 1 x in interval 1  x  1 is,

1 1 1
tan 1 x  x  x 3  x5  x 7  
3 5 7
Putting x  1 , we get,
1 1 1 1 1 1 
tan 1 1  1      1     
3 5 7 3 5 7 4
Thus, option (d) is correct.
Q32. A semicircular piece of paper is folded to make a cone with the centre of the semicircle
as the apex. The half-angle of the resulting cone would be:
(a) 90o (b) 60o (c) 45o (d) 30o
Ans. : (d)
Solution: When the semicircular piece of paper is folded to make a cone, the circumference of
base is equal to the circumference of the original semicircle. Let r be the radius of the
base of the cone and R be the radius of the semicircle.
R
Hence, 2 r   R  r  .  R
2
The stay height of the come will also be R .
r
R/2 1
Hence, sin    R
R 2
Thus,   300
JEST 2017
 x  1   x 2  3 x  2  dx  ?

2
Q33.

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 7

Ans. : (d)
Solution:   x 2  3x  2    x 2  x  2 x  2   x  x  1  2  x  1   x  1 x  2 
 
  x  1   x  3 x  2  dx   x  1   x  1 x  2   dx
2 2 2
 
1
  f 1  f  2     2  5  7
2 1 
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Q34. Which one is the image of the complex domain  z xy  1, x  y  0 under the mapping
f  z   z 2 , if z  x  iy ?
(a)  z xy  1, x  y  0 (b)  z x  2, x  y  0
(c)  z y  2x (d)  z y  1x
1 0   10 3i 
Q35. Let     and M    . Similarity, transformation of M to  can be
 0 11  3i 2 
performed by
1  1 3i  1  1 3i 
(a)   (b)  
10  3i 1  9  3i 11 
1  1 3i  1  1 3i 
(c)   (d)  
10  3i 11 9  3i 1 
Ans. : (a)
 10 3i 
Solution: M   
 3i 2 
The eigen value of matrix M is 1,11 and corresponding eigen vector are:
1 1  1  3i 
1    , 2    respectively.
10  3i  10  1 
Now, P   1 2 
1  1 3i 
P  
10  3i 1 
Q36. Suppose that we toss two fair coins hundred times each. The probability that the same
number of heads occur for both coins at the end of the experiment is
2
 100  100 
100 100 100 100
1 1
(a)  
4
 
n 0  n 
 (b) 2  
4
 
n 0  n 

2 2
100   100 
100 100 100 100
11 1
(c)  
24
 
n 0  n 
 (d)  
4
 
n 0  n 

Ans. : (d)
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Solution: If we toss one fair coins hundred times, then probability of n number of head occurs at
the end of 100 times is
n 100  n
100 1 1
Cn    
2 2
Hence, the probability that same number of heads occur for both coins at the end of
experiment is
 100  1 100   100  1 100  100 100 2  1  200  1 100 100 100 2
 Cn    .  Cn       Cn         Cn 
100

n 0  2    2   n 1 2  4  n 1
Q37. What is the equation of the plane which is tangent to the surface xyz  4 at the point
1, 2, 2  ?
(a) x  2 y  4 z  12 (b) 4 x  2 y  z  12
(c) x  4 y  z  0 (d) 2 x  y  z  6
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The surface equation is given by
  xyz  4
The normal vector to the surface is
 
n    yzxˆ  xzyˆ  xyzˆ
At point 1, 2, 2  ,

 n  4 xˆ  2 yˆ  2 zˆ   2 xˆ  yˆ  zˆ 
n   4 xˆ  2 yˆ  2 zˆ  , nˆ    
n 16  4  4 6
The equation of plane at point 1, 2, 2  is
 x  1 xˆ   y  2  yˆ   z  2  zˆ  nˆ  0
 2  x  1  1 y  2   1 z  2   0  2 x  y  z  6
 x 1
Q38. The integral I   dx is
1  x 
1 2
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
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
x 1
Solution: I   dx
1  x 
2
1
Put, x  1  z 2  , dx  2 zdz

2 z 2 dz
Hence, I  
0 2  z  2 2
Here poles,  2  z 2   0  z  i 2   z  i 2   0

Only z  i 2 poles is allowed 

  
2
2 z 2
z  i 2
 
Then R i 2  lim
1 d 
2  1 dz  z  i 2 z  i 2

2 
  
z i 2 2
 
 lim 
 
 z  i 2 2  4z  2z2  2 z  i 2 
  
z i 2  
 
4
 z i 2 
 2i 2   4 i 2   2 i 2   2  2i 2    32
2 2
2 i  16 2 i 16 2 i i
  
 2i 2 
4
64 64 2 2

2z2  i  
Hence,  dz  2 i   
 2  z  2 2
 2 2 2
 
2z2  x 1 
 dz   dx 
2  z  2 2
1  x 
2
0 2 2 1 2 2
1
Q39. The Fourier transform of the function up to proportionality constant is
x  3x 2  2
4
(a) 2 exp   k 2   exp  2k 2  (b) 

2 exp   k   exp  2 k 
(c) 
2 exp  k  exp  2 k    (d)  
2 exp  2k 2  exp  2k 2 
Ans. : (b)
1 1 1
Solution: f  x    2 
 x  3x  2   x  1  x 2  2 2 
4
2
 
 
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Now, Fourier transform of f  x  is,


F  p   A  f  x  e 1kx dx

     
e  ikx
 A  2  e  ikx dx  A  dx 
1 1 1
   x 2  1
  e dx  
 ikx
  x  1 2  
   
2

 x2  2     x 
2
2 
 a k
1  e
  x 2  a 2  e dx  2 a
 ikx

  e k  e 2 k  A  
F k   A 
 2 1

2 2 

2 
2 exp   k   exp  2 k 
  
 
 I  3  x   y   z  
1
Q40. If     , where  ’s are the Pauli matrices and I is the identity

2
matrix, then the trace of  2017 is
1
(a) 22017 (b) 22017 (c) 1 (d)
2
Ans. : (c)
 
 I  3  x   y   z  
1
Solution: Given,    
2
1  
Now,  2  
4
I
1
  x   y   z   I 
1
  x   y   z 
3  3 
1 2
 
4
I
2
  x   y   z    x   y   z  
1
3 3 
1 
 
4
I
2
  x   y   z    3I  
1
3 3 
1  1 
 
4
2I 
2
  x   y   z    I 
1
  x   y   z 
3  2 3 
 2     n   ., where n can be any positive integer
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Therefore,  2017  
1  1/ 3 1 i 
 
2

2 3 
 2017
 1 i 1  1/ 3 
 
 2 3 2 
since, Trace of a matrix is equal to sum of their diagonal element, so
1 1
1 1
Trace of  2017  3 3 1
2 2
Q41. The function f  x   cosh x which exists in the range   x   is periodically repeated
between x   2m  1  and  2m  1  , where m   to  . Using Fourier series,
indicate the correct relation at x  0
 1  1
n n

1   

(a)     1 (b)  1 n 2
n  1  n
2
2  cosh   n 
2
cosh 
 1  1
n n

 
1  
(c) 
n  1 n 2
2
sinh 
(d)  1 n
n 1
2
 
2  sinh 
 1

Ans. : (d)
Solution: f  x   cosh x,    x  

1 1 sinh 
 cosh xdx  2 sinh x   

Here, a0 
2 


bn  0 , due to even function


 1 x x 
and an 
1
2   e
x
 e  x  cos nxdx  cosh x 
2
 e  e 


1  ex e x 
an    cos nx  n sin nx     cos nx  n sin nx  
2  1  n 2  1  n2 
 
1  e  1n e   1n e   1n e  1n  2  1n  2sinh  2  1n sinh 

      
2  1  n 
2
1  n2  1  n2  1  n2   2 1  n2   1  n 2 
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2  1 sinh 
n

sinh  
Hence, f  x   a0    an cos nx  bn sin nx   cosh x   cos nx
n 1  n 1  1  n 2 
At x  0 ,
2  1 sinh   1  1    1

n n

 sinh   

n 1  1  n 2 
 1 
     
n 1 1  n 
2
2  sinh  
JEST-2018
1
Q42. For which of the following conditions does the integral  P  x  P  x  dx
0
m n vanish for
m  n , where Pm  x  and Pn  x  are the Legendre polynomials of order m and n
respectively?
(a) all m, m  n (b) m  n is an odd integer
(c) m  n is a nonzero even integer (d) n  m  1
Ans. : (c)
1
2
Solution:  P  x  P  x  dx  2 x  1 
1
m n nm
1
2
2 Pm  x  Pn  x  dx   nm
0
2x  1
Only Pm  x  Pn  x   even
m
0 even
1 odd
2 even
3 odd
4 even
m  n  non zero even integer then only
Pm  x  Pn  x   even
m  n   nm  0
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Q43. The Laplace transform of

 sin  at   at cos  at   is
 2a 3 
2as s2  a2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s  s  s  a s 
2
2 2 2 2
2
a 2
 a2 2
 a2
Ans. : (d)
 sin at  at cos at  1
Solution: L   2
   s  a2 
3 2
2a
Q44. Two of the eigenvalues of the matrix

 a 3 0
 
A   3 2 0
 0 0 1
 
are 1 and 1 . What is the third eigenvalue?
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 5
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The sum of eigenvalues  Trace
Therefore 1  2  3  a  2  1  a  3
 1  1  3  a  3
 3  a  3 (i)
The product of eignevalues  Determinant
 1  2 3  2a  9
 1 1 3  2a  9
 3  9  2a (ii)
Eliminating a from equation (i) and putting it in (ii) gives

3  9  2  3  3  3  9  23  6
 33  15    5
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  exp   x    sin  x   dx , where  ... is Dirac distribution, is


Q45.

e 1 e 1 e
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
e 1 e 1 e 1
Ans. : (b)
  x  xi 
Solution: We know that   f  x     ,
i f   xi 
where xi ’s are the roots of the equation f  x   0 .
Therefore, sin  x  0   x  n  xi  n where n is an integer
f   x    cos  x  f   xi     1  
n

Hence,   exp   x   sin  x  dx


  exp   x    0     x  1    x  1    x  1    x  2     x  2   

0 1  1 2  2
e e e e e    1  e 1  e 1  e 2  e 2  
 1  2  e 1  e 2  e 3  
The terms in bracket form geometric series with first term e 1 and common ratio e 1 .

e 1
  exp    x   sin  x   dx  1  2 
1/ e
1
 1 2 

1 e 1  1/ e
1/ e 1 e 1  2 e 1
 1 2  1 2   
 e  1 / e e 1 e 1 e 1
Q46. The integral


cos x
 x 2  1
dx is

(a) (b)  e 2 (c)  (d) zero
e
Ans. : (a)
eiz eiz
Solution: f  z   
z 2  1  z  i  z  i 

cos x eii 
 x2  1

dx  Re 2 i 
zi e

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Q47. An electronic circuit with 10000 components performs its intended function success fully
with a probability 0.99 if there are no faulty components in the circuit. The probability
that there are faulty components is 0.05 . if there are faulty components, the circuit
perform successfully with a probability 0.3 . The probability that the circuit performs
x
successfully is . What is x ?
10000
Ans. : 9555
Q48. If an abelian group is constructed with two distinct elements a and b such that
a 2  b 2  I , where I is the group identity. What is the order order of the smallest abelian
group containing a, b and I ?
Ans. : 4
Solution: According to the question a, b and I are elements of group. The Cayley table for the
group is I a b
I I a b
a a I ab
b b ba I
For the commutative group ab  ba . If the order of the group is 3 , then from the table we
see that ab should be equal to b and ba should be equal to a .
ab  b and ba  a
Using the commutative property we can write
ab
But from the question a and b are distinct elements. Therefore the group will contain
more than 3 elements.
The new Cayley-table is
o I a b ab
I I a b ab
a a I ab b
b b ba I a
ab ab b a I
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Here we have used the fact that for commutative group ab  ba .

From the table we see that this group is commutative and all group axioms are satisfied
by the elements of group. So,
G  a, b, I , ab
The order of the group is 4 .

Q49. If F  x, y   x 2  y 2  xy , its Legendre transformed function G  u , v  , upto a
multiplicative constant, is
(d)  u  v 
2
(a) u 2  v 2  uv (b) u 2  v 2  uv (c) u 2  v 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: G  F  xu  yv
dG  dF  xdu  udv  ydv  vdy
F  x 2  y 2  xy
F F
dF  dx  dy
x y
dF  udx  vdy
dG  udx  vdy  xdu  udx  ydv  vdy
dG   xdu  ydv
F F
u ,v 
x x
u  2 x  y, 2u  4 x  2 y
2v  4 y  2 x , v  2 y  x
1
y  2v  u 
3
2u  v  3 x
1
x  2u  v 
3
1 1
dG    2u  v  du   2v  u  dx
3 3
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1 1 G G
dG  u, v     2u  v  du   2v  u  dv  du  dv
3 3 u v
G 1 G 1
   2u  v  ,    2v  u  (i)
u 3 v 3
G  u, v   
3
 u  uv   h  v 
1 2
(ii)
1 dh  v  u dh  v 
G  u, v     u    
3 d v 3 dv
2v u u dh  v 
  
3 3 3 dx
v 2
h v  (iii)
3
v2
     u 2  v 2  4v 
1 2 1
G  u, v    u  uv 
3 3 3
JEST-2019

Q50. Let r be the position vector of a point on a closed contour C . What is the value of the
 
line integral  r  dr ?
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 
2
Ans. : (a)
    
Solution: r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ    r  0   r  dr  0
Q51. Consider the function f  x, y   x  i y . In which domain of the complex plane is this
function analytic?
(a) First and second quadrants (b) Second and third quadrants
(c) Second and fourth quadrants (d) Nowhere
Ans. : (c)
Solution: f  x, y   x  i y
f  x, y   x  iy  z
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f  x, y    x  iy   z
f  x, y    x  iy   z
f  x, y   x  iy  z
We know z is not analytic and z and  z are analytic. So answer is (c).

 
Q52. Suppose  A is a conservative vector, A is a non-conservative vector and  is non-zero
scalar everywhere. Which one of the following is true?
   
 
(a)   A  A  0 (b) A    0
   
(c) A    0  
(d)   A  A  0
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Divergence of a curl is always zero.
Q53. Consider two n  n matrices, A and B such that A  B is invertible. Define two
matrices, C  A  A  B  B and D  B  A  B  A . Which of the following relations

1 1
always hold true?

(a) C  D (b) C 1  D (c) BCA  ADB (d) C  D
Ans. : (a)
1
Solution: C 1   A  A  B  B 
1
 B 1  A  B  A1
 
 B 1 AA1  B 1BA1  B 1  A1
 C 1  B 1  A1
1
D 1   B  A  B 
1
A  A1  A  B  B 1
 
 A1 AB 1  A1 B 1  B 1  A1

or D 1  B 1  A1
From equation (i) and (ii)
C 1  D 1
or CC 1 D  CD 1 D or D  C
Therefore, option (a) is correct.
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Q54. Which one of the following vectors lie along the line of intersection of the two planes
x  3 y  z  5 and 2 x  2 y  4 z  3 ?
(a) 10 iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ (b) 10 iˆ  6 ˆj  8kˆ
(c) 10 iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ (d) 10 iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ

Ans. : (b)

 iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ
Solution: Unit vector normal to x  3 y  z  5 is nˆ1    
 1 9 1 11

 2iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ 2iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ
Unit vector normal to 2 x  2 y  4 z  3 is nˆ2    
 4  4  16 24
Check for option (b) nˆ  10 iˆ  6 ˆj  8kˆ

10  18  8 20  12  32
nˆ1.nˆ  0 and nˆ2 .nˆ  0
11 24
 

Q55. What is the value of the integral 

dx x 2   2 cos x ?
1 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 0
2 
Ans. : (c)

Solution:  x 2   2   1
  x       x    
     
1
   x       x    
2 
 
Therefore,   
dx  x 2   2 cos x 
1
2  dx   x       x    cos x
 
1 1 1
 cos   cos       1  1  
2 2 
Q56. Let A be a hermitian matrix, and C and D be the unitary matrices. Which one of the
following matrices is unitary?
(a) C 1 AC (b) C 1 DC (c) C 1 AD (d) A1CD
Ans. : (b)
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    
† †
Solution: C 1DC C 1DC  C 1DCC † D† C 1
 I , therefore  C DC  C   
1 1 † †
Since C is unitary CC 1 DC  C 1DD† C 1
    
† †
Since D is unitary DD†  I , therefore, C 1DC C 1DC  C 1 C 1
Since for any invertible matrix  C    C  we have 1 †  1
C DC C DC   C C  † 1
1 1 † 1
Since C is unitary C †  C 1 , therefore,
C    
1 † 1
DC C 1DC  C 1 C 1  C 1C  I
Therefore, C 1DC is a unitary matrix.
 1 13 
Q57. Consider a 2  2 matrix A   27
 what is A ?
 0 1 
 1 13   1 1327   1 27   1 351
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 
Ans. : (d)
 1 13 
Solution: Given A    , it can be easily proved (by mathematical induction) that
0 1 
 1 13n 
An   
0 1 
 1 13.27   1 351
For n  27 , A27    
0 1  0 1 
Q58. A person plans to go from town A to town B by taking either the route  R1  R 2  with
1 1
probability or the route  R1  R3 with probability (see
2 2 R2
1
figure). Further, there is a probability that R1 is blocked, a
3 R1
A B
1 1
probability that R 2 is blocked, and a probability that R3 is
3 3
R3
blocked. What is the probability that he/she would reach town B ?
8 1 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 3
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Given that probability of R1 blocked =1/3
1 2
Probability of R1 not blocked  1  
3 3
1
Probability from A to B without restriction 
2
1 2
Route R 2 probability   not blocked
2 3
1 2
Route R3  
2 3
2 1 2 1 2 4
Total probability  A  B      
3  2 3 2 3  9
 
Consider a function f  x   Pk  x  e in the domain x   ,   , where Pk is any
 x4  2 x2
Q59.
polynomial of degree k . What is the maximum possible number of extrema of the

function?
(a) k  3 (b) k  3 (c) k  2 (d) k  1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: f  x   pk  x  e

 x4  2 x2 
Let k  0 , f  x    0  x  e

 x4  2 x2 
Number of extrema
P0  x   1, k  0
Number of extrema  1
k 1  0 1  1
Q60. The Euler polynomials are defined by

2e xs xn
  En  s 
e x  1 n 0 n!
What is the value of E5  2   E5  3 ?
Ans. : 64
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
2e xs xn
Solution:   n n!
e x  1 n 0
E  s 
En  x  1  En  x   2 x n
E5  x  1  E5  x   2 x5
x  2  2  25  64
Q61. What is the angle (in degrees) between the surfaces y 2  z 2  2 and y 2  x 2  0 at the
point 1, 1,1
Ans. : 60
Solution: The equations of two surfaces are
f  x, y, z   2 and g  x, y, z   0
where f  x. y, z   y 2  z 2 and g  x, y, z   y 2  x 2
The normal to the first surfaces is

 f f ˆ f ˆ 
f  iˆ  j  k  f  2 yjˆ  2 zkˆ
x y z
 g g ˆ g ˆ 
g  iˆ   j k  g  2 xiˆ  2 yjˆ
x y z
 
At point 1, 1,1 , f  2 ˆj  2kˆ and g  2iˆ  ˆj
Hence the angle between the two surfaces is
  cos 1
 
f g
   cos 1
 
2 ˆj  2kˆ  2iˆ  2 ˆj 
f g 8 8
4
or   cos 1  cos 1/ 2  600
8
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MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS SOLUTIONS

GATE-2010
Q1. Consider an anti-symmetric tensor Pij with indices i and j running from 1 to 5. The
number of independent components of the tensor is

(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 6
Ans: (b)
Solution: The number of independent components of the tensor
= N  N   1 25  5  10
1 2
 N  5 
2 2
e z sin  z 
Q2. The value of the integral  dz , where the contour C is the unit circle: z  2  1 ,
C
z 2
is
(a) 2 i (b) 4 i (c)  i (d) 0
Ans: (d)
Solution:  z  2  1  1  z  3 i.e. the pole z  0 does not lie inside the contour.
e z sin z
 C z 2 dz  2 i  0  0 .
2 3 0
 
Q3. The eigenvalues of the matrix  3 2 0  are
0 1 
 0
(a) 5, 2, -2 (b) -5, -1, -1 (c) 5, 1, -1 (d) -5, 1, 1

Ans: (c)
Solution: The characteristic equation of the matrix A , A  I  0
2 3 0
 A  I  2  0  1     2     9   0    1, 2    3
2
3 0
 
0 0 1 
   5,1,  1
0 for x  3,
Q4. If f  x    then the Laplace transform of f(x) is
x  3 for x  3
(a) s 2 e3s (b) s 2 e3s (c) s 2 (d) s 2 e 3s
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Ans: (d)
 3  
Solution: L f  x    e  sx
f  x  dx   e s x
f  x  dx   e  sx
f  x  dx    x  3 e  sx dx
0 0 3 3
   
e  sx  e sx  1  e sx 
L  f  x    x  3
1  sx
  1   dx  0   e dx     s 2 e3 s
s 3 3  s  s3 s  s 3
d2y
Q5. The solution of the differential equation for y t  :  y  2 cosh(t ) , subject to the
dt 2
dy
initial conditions y 0   0 and  0 , is
dt t  0
cosh t   t sinh t  (b)  sinh t   t cosh t 

1
(a)
2
(c) t cosh t  (d) t sinh t 
Ans: (d)
Solution: For C.F D 2  1y  0  m  1  C.F .  C1e t  C 2 e t
 e t  e t 
P.I .  2
1
2 cosh t   2 2
1
  2
1
et  2
1
 
t t
e t  e t   e t    
D 1 D 1  2  D 1 D 1 2 2
t t t t
 y  C1e t  C 2 e t  e  e
2 2
As, y  0   0  C1  C2  0............ 1
dy t 1 t 1
 C1e t  C 2 e t  e t  e t  e t  e t
dt 2 2 2 2
dy 1 1
Also,  0  C1  C2  0   0   0  C1  C2  0...........  2 
dt t 0 2 2
From equation (1) and (2),
C1  0, C2  0 .
t t
Thus y  et  e  t  y  t sinh t
2 2
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GATE-2011
Q6. Two matrices A and B are said to be similar if B = P-1AP for some invertible matrix P.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
(a) Det A = Det B (b) Trace of A = Trace of B
(c) A and B have the same eigenvectors (d) A and B have the same eigenvalues
Ans: (c)
Solution: If A and B be square matrices of the same type and if P be invertible matrix, then
matrices A and B = P-1AP have the same characteristic roots.
Then, B  I  P 1 AP  P 1IP  P 1  A  I P where I is identity matrix.
B  I  P 1  A  I P  P 1 A  I P  A  I P 1 P  A  I PP 1  A  I
Thus, the matrices A and B (= P-1AP) have the same characteristic equation and hence
same characteristic roots or eigen values. Since, the sum of the eigen values of a matrix
and product of eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of matrix, hence third
alternative is incorrect.
Q7. If a force F is derivable from a potential function V(r), where r is the distance from the
origin of the coordinate system, it follows that
(a)   F  0 (b)   F  0 (c)  V  0 (d)  2 V  0

Ans: (a)
 
Solution: Since, F is derivative of potential V(r) and F  V r 
 
   F    V  0 .
Q8. A 33 matrix has elements such that its trace is 11 and its determinant is 36. The
eigenvalues of the matrix are all known to be positive integers. The largest eigenvalues of
the matrix is
(a) 18 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 6
Ans: (d)
Solution: We know that for any matrix
1. The product of eigenvalues is equals to the determinant of that matrix.
2. 1   2  3  .......  Trace of matrix
1   2  3  11 and 12 3  36 . Hence, the largest eigen value of the matrix is 6.
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Q9. The unit vector normal to the surface x2 + y2 – z = 1 at the point P(1, 1, 1) is
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 6 3
Ans: (d)
Solution: The equation of the system is f x, y, z   x 2  y 2  z  1  0
   ˆ  ˆ 2
f   iˆ  j  k x  y 2  z  1  2 xiˆ  2 yjˆ  kˆ
 x y z 

f 2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ
Hence, unit normal vector at (1, 1, 1)    .
f 3
Q10. Consider a cylinder of height h and radius a, closed at both ends, centered at the origin.
Let r  iˆx  ˆjy  kˆz be the position vector and n̂ be a unit vector normal to the surface.
The surface integral  r  nˆ ds over the closed surface of the cylinder is

S
z
O y
x
2 2
(a) 2πa (a + h) (b) 3πa h (c) 2 πa2h (d) zero
Ans: (b)
 
Solution:  r.nˆ ds   .r d  3 d  3a 2 h
S V V
dy x
Q11. The solutions to the differential equation  are a family of
dx y 1
(a) circles with different radii

(b) circles with different centres
(c) straight lines with different slopes
(d) straight lines with different intercepts on the y-axis
Ans: (a)
dy x x2 y2
Solution:   xdx  ydy  dy  0    y  C1  x 2  y 2  2 y  2C1
dx y 1 2 2
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  x  0    y  1  2C1  1  C
2 2
which is a family of circles with different radii.

z sin z
Q12. Which of the following statements is TRUE for the function f  z   ?
 z   2
(a) f  z  is analytic everywhere in the complex plane
(b) f  z  has a zero at z  
(c) f  z  has a pole of order 2 at z  
(d) f  z  has a simple pole at z  
Ans: (c)
z sin z
Solution: f  z   has a pole of order 2 at z  
z  
2
z sin z
Q13. Consider a counterclockwise circular contour z  1 about the origin. Let f  z   ,
 z   2
then the integral  f z dz over this contour is
(a) –iπ (b) zero (c) iπ (d) 2iπ
Ans: (b)
Solution: Since, pole z   does not lie inside the contour, hence
 f  z  dz  0
GATE-2012
 
Q14. Identify the correct statement for the following vectors a  3iˆ  2 ˆj and b  iˆ  2 ˆj
 
(a) The vectors a and b are linearly independent
 
(b) The vectors a and b are linearly dependent
 
(c) The vectors a and b are orthogonal
 
(d) The vectors a and b are normalized
Ans: (a)
 
Solution: If a  3iˆ  2 ˆj, b  iˆ  2 ˆj are linearly dependent, then
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 
a  mb  0, for some values of m but here,
3 + m = 0 and 2 + 2m = 0 , do not have any solution. So, they are linearly independent.
   
a  b  0 (Not orthogonal); a  b  0 (Not normalized)
Q15. The number of independent components of the symmetric tensor Aij with indices
i, j  1, 2,3 is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9
Ans: (c)
 A11 A12 A13 
Solution: For symmetric tensor, Aij   A21 A22 A23 

 A31 A32 A33 
 A12  A21 , A23  A32 , A13  A31 , hence there are six independent components.
0 1 0
Q16. The eigenvalues of the matrix 1 0 1  are
0 0 
 1
(a) 0, 1, 1 (b) 0, 2 , 2

1 1
(c) , ,0 (d) 2 , 2 ,0
2 2
Ans: (b)
 1 0
Solution: A  I  0  1   
1  0   2  1    0    0,  2 ,  2
0 1 
GATE-2013
    
Q17. If A and B are constant vectors, then  A  B  r is  
    
(a) A  B (b) A  B (c) r (d) zero
Ans: (d)

Solution: Let A  A0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  , B  B0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  and r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ .
  
 
 
B  r  xˆ  z  y B0  yˆ  z  x B0  zˆ  y  x B0   A  B  r  0 . 
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16 z
Q18. For the function f  z   , the residue at the pole z  1 is (your answer
z  3z  12
should be an integer) ____________.
Ans: 3
1 d 21   z  1 16 z 
2
Solution: At z  1 , pole is of order 2. So, residue is   =3.

2  1 dz 21   z  3 z  12 
  z 1
 4  1  1
Q19. The degenerate eigenvalue of the matrix  1 4  1 is (your answer should be an
 1  1 4 
integer) ____________
Ans: 2,5,5
4   1 1   1 1 1 
 1 4  
1   0  (2   )  0 5   0  = (2   )(5   )2  0    2,5,5 .

 1 1 4     0 0 5   
Q20. The number of distinct ways of placing four indistinguishable balls into five
distinguishable boxes is ___________.
Ans: 120
Solution: 4  C 45 =120 ways
GATE-2014
Q21. The unit vector perpendicular to the surface x 2  y 2  z 2  3 at the point (1, 1, 1) is
xˆ  yˆ  zˆ xˆ  yˆ  zˆ xˆ  yˆ  zˆ xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
Ans: (d)

Solution: Let, f  x 2  y 2  z 2  3  0   f  2 xxˆ  2 yyˆ  2 zzˆ

f 2 xˆ  2 yˆ  2 zˆ xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
 nˆ   at 1,1,1  
f 12 3
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Q22. The matrix

1  1 1  i
A   is
3 1  i  1 
(a) orthogonal (b) symmetric (c) anti-symmetric (d) Unitary
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Unitary A† A  I
Q23. The value of the integral
z2
 z dz
C e 1
where C is the circle z  4 , is
(a) 2 i (b) 2 2 i (c) 4 3i (d) 4 2 i

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Pole e z  1  e z  ei 2 m 1 where m  0,1, 2,3.....
  z 2
For z  i , Res  lim   i   2
z i    z  e
Similarly, for z  i , Res   2
I  2 i  2   2   4 3i
d2y
Q24. The solution of the differential equation  y  0 , subject to the boundary conditions
d t2
y 0   1 and y    0 is
(a) cos t  sin t (b) cosh t  sinh t
(c) cos t  sin t (d) cosh t  sinh t
Ans: (d)
Soluiton:
D 2  1  0  D  1  y  t   c1et  c2 e  t
Applying boundary condition,

y 0   1  1  c1  c2 and y     0  0  c1e  c2 e   c1  0, c2  1
 y  t   e t  y  t   cosh t  sinh t
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GATE-2015
1
Q25. Consider a complex function f  z   . Which one of the following
 1
z  z   cos  z 
 2
statements is correct?
(a) f  z  has simple poles at z  0 and z  
1
2
(b) f  z  has second order pole at z  
1
2
(c) f  z  has infinite number of second order poles
(d) f  z  has all simple poles
Ans.: (a)
1
Solution: f  z  
 1
z  z   cos  z 
 2
For nth order pole, Res.  lim  z  a  f  z   finite

n
z a
At z  0 , lim zf  z   finite  z  0 is a simple pole.

z 0
2
 1  1
z  z 
1
At z   , lim  2
 lim 
2
 lim
1
2 z  1  1 z  z cos z z  1.cos z  z.   sin z 
1 1
2 z z   cos z 2 2
 2
1 1 2
 lim1     finite
z  cos z  z sin z  
2 
2
1
 f  z  has second order pole at z  
2
3
Q26. The value of  t 2 3t  6 dt is_______________ (upto one decimal place)
0
Ans.: 1.33
3 3 3
1 4
Solution:  t   3t  6  dt   t  3  t  2   dt   t 2  t  2  dt 
2 2
0 0
30 3
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If f  x   e  x and g  x   x e  x , then
2 2
Q27.
(a) f and g are differentiable everywhere

(b) f is differentiable everywhere but g is not
(c) g is differentiable everywhere but f is not
(d) g is discontinuous at x  0
Ans. (b)
Solution: f ( x)  e  x is differentiable but g ( x)  x e  x is not differentiable.

2 2
 xe  x ; x  0
2
g ( x)  
 x2
 xe ; x  0
2
 x h
Left hand Limit lim g  x  h     x  h  e
h 0
2
 xh
Right hand Limit lim g  x  h    x  h  e
h 0
 lim g  x  h   lim g  x  h 
h 0 h 0
Q28. Consider w  f  z   u  x, y   iv x, y  to be an analytic function in a domain D . Which

one of the following options is NOT correct?
(a) u  x, y  satisfies Laplace equation in D
(b) v x, y  satisfies Laplace equation in D
z2
(c)  f z dz is dependent on the choice of the contour between z and z

z1
1 2 in D
(d) f  z  can be Taylor expended in D

Ans.: (c)
z2
Solution: w  f ( z )  u  x, y   iv  x, y  to be an analytic function in a domain D ,  f  z  dz

z1
is
independent of the choice of the contour between z1 and z2 in D .
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1, for t  0
Q29. The Heaviside function is defined as H  t    and its Fourier transform
1, for t  0
is given by  2i /  . The Fourier transform of

1
H t  1 / 2  H t  1 / 2 is
2
   
sin   cos 
2 2  
(a) (b) (c) sin   (d) 0
  2
2 2
Ans.: (a)

2i
Solution: H  f    H t  e
 i 2 ft
dt , for a function H  t  , H  f   


For H  t  t0  , Fourier Transform is e  i 2 ft0
Hf
Shifting Theorem
 
1  1  1  1  i 2  i  2i 1  i 2 
 i  2i
For  H  t    H  t     e  e  2
 e  e 2  i
2   2  2  2    2i   
 
sin  
1
The Fourier transform of  H  t  1/ 2   H  t  1/ 2    2 .
2 
2
m2
A function y  z  satisfies the ordinary differential equation y 
1
Q30. y  2 y  0, where
z z
m  0, 1, 2, 3, ..... Consider the four statements P, Q, R, S as given below.
P: z m and z  m are linearly independent solutions for all values of m

Q: z m and z  m are linearly independent solutions for all values of m  0
R: ln z and 1 are linearly independent solutions for m  0
S: z m and ln z are linearly independent solutions for all values of m
The correct option for the combination of valid statements is
(a) P, R and S only (b) P and R only (c) Q and R only (d) R and S only
Ans.: (c)
1 m2 d
Solution: y   y   2 y  0  z 2 y  zy  m 2 y  0 , m  0,1, 2,3,..., z  ex , D 
z z dx
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If m  0 ; z 2 y  zy  0 ,  D  D  1  D  y  0   D 2  D  D  y  0
D 2 y  0  y  c1  c2 x  y  c1  c2 ln z ( R is correct)
And if m  0, m  0 , then m  0 , then D 2  m 2 y  0  D   m 

y  c1e mx  c2 e  mx  c1e m log z  c2 e  m log z  c1 z m  c2 z  m
or if m  0, m  0 , then
y  c1 cosh  m log  z    ic2 sinh  m log  x   , m  0
GATE-2016
dy
Q31. Consider the linear differential equation  xy . If y  2 at x  0 , then the value of y at
dx
x  2 is given by
(a) e 2 (b) 2e 2 (c) e 2 (d) 2e 2
Ans.: (d)
dy 1 x2
 xy  dy  xdx  ln y   ln c  y  ce x / 2
2
Solution:
dx y 2
If y  2 at x  0  c  2  y  2e x
2
/2
.
The value of y at x  2 is given by y  2e 2

Q32. Which of the following is an analytic function of z everywhere in the complex plane?
(a) z 2  
(b) z *
2
(c) z
2
(d) z
Ans.: (a)
Solution: z 2   x  iy   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy   u  x 2  y 2 and v  2 xy
2
u v v u
Cauchy Riemann equations   2 x,   2 y satisfies.
x y x y

The direction of f for a scalar field f  x, y, z   x 2  xy  z 2 at the point P1,1,2  is
1 1
Q33.
2 2
(a)
 ˆj  2kˆ (b)
 ˆj  2kˆ (c)
 ˆj  2kˆ (d)
 ˆj  2kˆ
5 5 5 5
Ans.: (b)
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  
 f  ˆj  2kˆ
Solution: f   x  y  iˆ  xjˆ  zkˆ  nˆ     
 f  5
 1,1,2
Q34. A periodic function f  x  of period 2 is defined in the interval    x   
 1,    x  0
f x   
 1, 0 x 
The appropriate Fourier series expansion for f  x  is
4
(a) f  x    sin x  sin 3x  / 3  sin 5 x  / 5  ...
 
4
(b) f  x    sin x  sin 3x  / 3  sin 5 x  / 5  ..
 
4
(c) f  x    cos x  cos 3x  / 3  cos 5 x  / 5  ...
 
4
(d) f  x    cos x  cos 3x  / 3  cos 5 x  / 5  ...
 
Ans.: (a)
 1,    x  0
Solution: f  x   
 1, 0 x 

Let f  x   a0    an cos nx  bn sin nx 
n 1
1 
 a0 
2   f  x dx

 1  0 
1 dx  
1 1 
f  x dx       x    x 0   0

 a0      
0
1 dx
2  
2    0 
 2  
This can also be seen without integration, since the area under the curve of f  x  between
 to  is zero.
1 
f  x  cos nxdx
 
 an 


1   sin nx   sin nx  
0
1 0 
  
 an 
  
1 cos nxdx  0  
1 cos nxdx  
    
    n   n 0 
 0
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1 
 bn 
   f  x  sin nxdx

1 0 
 bn    1 sin nxdx   1 sin nxdx 
   0 
 cos nx   1  1  1  1 1  1  2 2  1n 


1   cos nx 
0 n n
 bn               
   n   n 0    n n n n    n n 
0; n  even

 bn   4
 n ; n  odd
4 1 1 
Thus, Fourier series is f  x    sin x  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  ...
 3 5 
GATE-2017
dz
Q35. The contour integral  1  z 2
evaluated along a contour going from  to  along the
real axis and closed in the lower half-plane circle is equal to………….. (up to two
decimal places).
Ans. : 

1 1 1
Solution: C 1  z 2 dz   1  x 2 dx  C 1  z 2 dz
Poles, 1  z 2  0  z  i , z  i is inside C
1 1 1
 Res  z  i   lim  z  i   
z  i  z  i  z  i  i  i 2i

1 1
 dx    2 i  

1 x 2
2i
(Since, here we use lower half plane i.e., we traversed in clockwise direction, hence we
have to take 2 i )
Q36. The coefficient of eikx in the Fourier expansion of u  x   A sin 2  x  for k  2 is
A A A A
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 2
Ans.: (b)
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ei x  e  i x ei 2 x  2  e 2i x
Solution: Since, sin  x    sin 2  x  
2i  4 
e  ikx  2  eikx
Since, 2   k , hence sin 2  x  
 4 
   
A A   ikx ikx 
 sin  x  dx     
 ikx  ikx ikx
Hence, ck  2
e e dx  2 e dx  e e dx 
2 
8     
  
A  2ikx 
  e dx  2  e dx   dx 
 ikx

8     
The first two integrals are zero and the third integral has the value 2 .
Thus,
A A
ck    2   
8 4
Q37. The imaginary part of an analytic complex function is v  x, y   2 xy  3 y . The real part of
the function is zero at the origin. The value of the real part of the function at 1  i
is ……………... (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 3
Solution: The imaginary part of the given analytic function is v  x , y   2 xy  3 y . From the
Cauchy – Riemann condition

v u
  2x  3
y x
Integrating partially gives
u  x , y   x 2  3x  g  y 
From the second Cauchy – Riemann condition

u v u
 , we obtain  2 y,   x, y    y 2  g  x 
y x y
dg  y 
 2 y  g  y    y 2  c
dy
Hence, u  x , y   x 2  3 x  y 2  c
Since, the real part of the analytic function is zero at the origin.
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Hence, 0  0  0  0  c  c  0
Thus, u  x , y   x 2  3 x  y 2
 f  z    x 2  3 x  y 2   i  2 xy  3 y 
Thus, the value of real part when
z  1  i ,i.e. x  1 and y  1 is u  x, y   1  3 1  1  3 .

2
Q38. Let X be a column vector of dimension n  1 with at least one non-zero entry. The
number of non-zero eigenvalues of the matrix M  XX T is
(a) 0 (b) n (c) 1 (d) n  1
Ans. : (c)
0
0
 
a 
Solution: Let X    , then X T   0 0 a... 0
0
0
 
 0 
Here, X is an n  1 column vector with the entry in the i th row equal to a. X T is a row
vector having entry in the i th column equal to a. Then, XX T is an n  1 matrix having
the entry in the i th row and i th column equal to a 2 .

Hence,
0 0 0...0...0 0 
0 0 0...0...0 0 
 ith row
XX  0 0 0...0...0 0 
T
.....................
..................... 
0 0 0...0...0 0 

ith row
Since this matrix is diagonal, its eigenvalues are a 2 , 0, 0.....0 . Hence, the number of non
zero eigenvalues of the matrix XX T is 1 .
dy  
Q39. Consider the differential equation  y tan  x   cos  x  . If y  0   0, y  
dx 3
is …………... (up to two decimal places)
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Ans.: 0.52
Solution: The given differential equation is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
 p  x  y  cos x
dx
Integrating factor  e 
p  x  dx
Thus integrating factor  e 

tan x dx
 I  F  eln sec x  sec x

Thus the general solution of the given differential equation is
y  sec x   sec x  cos xdx  c
 y sec x  x  c -(i)
It is given that y  0   0  0  sec 0  0  c  c  0
Thus the solution satisfying the given condition is

x
y sec x  x  y 
sec x
 
Thus the value of y   is
3
 /3  /3 
y    0  52
sec  / 3 2 6
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GATE-2018
Q40. The eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are all
(a) real (b) imaginary (c) of modulus one (d) real and positive
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Eigenvalue of Hermitian matrix must be real.
Q41. In spherical polar coordinates  r ,  ,   , the unit vector ˆ at 10,  / 4,  / 2  is
(a) k̂ (b)
2

1 ˆ ˆ
jk  (c)
1
2

 ˆj  kˆ  (d)
2

1 ˆ ˆ
jk 
Ans. : (d)
z
Solution: ˆ  cos 45 ˆj  sin 45 kˆ
0 0
r̂
 /4
 ˆ 
1 ˆ ˆ
2
jk   ˆ
y
Q42. The scale factors corresponding to the covariant metric tensor gi j in spherical polar
coordinates are
(a) 1, r 2 , r 2 sin 2  (b) 1, r 2 ,sin 2  (c) 1,1,1 (d) 1, r , r sin 
Ans. : (d)
     
Q43. Given V1  iˆ  ˆj and V2  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ , which one of the following V3 makes V1 ,V2 , V3  
a complete set for a three dimensional real linear vector space?
 
(a) V3  iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ (b) V3  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
 
(c) V3  iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ (d) V3  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
Ans. : (d)
  
Solution: Let A be the matrix formed by taking V1 , V2 and V3 as column matrix i.e.,
 1 2 2 
A  V1 V2 V3    1 3 1   A  2 . Here V3  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  
 0 2 4 
  
Since, A  0 , hence, V1 , V2 and V3 form a three dimensional real vector space.
Hence, option (d) is correct.
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Q44. Given
d 2 f  x df  x 
2  f  x  0 ,
dx 2 dx
and boundary conditions f  0   1 and f 1  0 , the value of f  0.5  is __________ (up
to two decimal places) .

Ans. : 0.81
d 2 f  x df  x 
Solution: 2  f  x  0
dx 2
dx
Auxiliary equation is,
m 2

 2m  1  0   m  1  0  m  1,1
2
Hence, the solution is

f  x    c1  c2 x  e x
using boundary condition,

f  0   c1e0  c1  1 (i)
f 1   c1  c2  e  0 (ii)
From (i) and (ii), c2  1
Hence, f  x   1  x  e x  f  0.5   1  0.5  e0.5  0.81
Q45. The absolute value of the integral

5 z 3  3z 2
 z 2  4 dz ,
over the circle z  1.5  1 in complex plane, is __________ (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 81.64
5 z 3  3z 2
 z  2  z  2 
Pole, z  2, 2
z  2 is outside the center
2  1.5  1 So, will not be considered
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Now, Re s  2   lim  z  2 
 5z  3z   52 3 2 3
 322 40  12
  13
z 2 z  2  z  2  4 4
I  2 i  residue  2 i  13  26  3.14  I  81.64
GATE-2019
d2y y
Q46. For the differential equation  n  n  1 2  0 , where n is a constant, the product of
dx 2
x
its two independent solutions is
1 1
(a) (b) x (c) x n (d)
x x n 1
Ans. : (b)
Q47. During a rotation, vectors along the axis of rotation remain unchanged. For the rotation
0 1 0
 
matrix  0 0 1 , the vector along the axis of rotation is
 1 0 0 
 
(a)
3

1 ˆ ˆ
2i  j  2kˆ  (b)
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
3

i  jk 
(c)
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
3

i  jk  (d)
1 ˆ
3

2i  2 ˆj  kˆ 
Ans. : (b)
Q48. The pole of the function f  z   cot z at z  0 is
(a) a removable pole (b) an essential singularity

(c) a simple pole (d) a second order pole
Ans. : (c)
Solution: f  z   cot z at z  0
1 1 1 2 
f  z  z  0 is a simple pole f  z   1  z  ....
tan z z 3 

cos  kx 
Q49. The value of the integral 

x2  a2
dx , where k  0 and a  0 , is
 2  ka  3  ka
(a) e  ka (b) e (c) e  ka (d) e
a a 2a 2a
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Ans. : (a)

cos kx
Solution: x

2
 a2
dx
eikx eikz
f  z  
z 2  a 2  z  ia  z  ia 
eik  ia   e  ka
I  Re.2 i  
2ia a
Q50. Let  be a variable in the range      . Now consider a function
  
1 for  
     2 2
0 otherwise
if its Fourier-series is written as      m  Cm e  im , then the value of C3

 2
(rounded off to three decimal places) is__________
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MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS SOLUTIONS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. The value of the integral  dz z 2 e z , where C is an open contour in the complex z -plane as
C
lm z
shown in the figure below, is:
5 5
(a) e (b) e  0,1
e e
5 5 C
(c) e (d)  e
e e
Re z
Ans. : (c)  1,0  1,0
Solution: If we complete the contour, then by Cauchy integral theorem
1 1
e   dzz e  0   dzz e    dzz 2 e z   z 2 e z  2 ze z  2e z  1 
1 5
 dzz e
2 z 2 z 2 z
1 C C 1
e
Q2. Which of the following matrices is an element of the group SU 2  ?
1 i 1 
 
 1 1
(a)   (b)  3 3
 0 1  1 1 i 
 
 3 3
 1 3
 
2  i i 
(c)   (d)  2 2 
 3 1 i  3 1 
 
 2 2 
Ans. : (b)
   
Solution: SU 2  is a group defined as following: SU 2   
2 2
 :  ,   C ;     1
    
1 i 1 1 i 1
clearly (b) hold the property of SU 2  .   ,  and   ,  .
3 3 3 3
Note: SU 2  has wide applications in electroweak interaction covered in standard model
of particle physics.
  
Q3. Let a and b be two distinct three dimensional vectors. Then the component of b that is

perpendicular to a is given by
  
(a)
a ba  
(b)
  
b  a b 
(c)
 
a b b  (d)
 
b a a    
a2 b2 b2 a2
Ans. : (a)
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 
Solution: a  b  ab sin  nˆ where n̂ is perpendicular to plane containing
 
a and b and pointing upwards. b b sin  kˆ
   
  
a  a  b  ab sin  a  nˆ    a 2 b sin  kˆ
     
b sin  kˆ 
 a  a  b  
 b sin  kˆ 
a  ba
.
  a
a 2
a2
Q4. Let p n  x  (where n  0,1, 2, ...... ) be a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients,
4
defined in the interval 2  n  4 . If  pn  x  pm  x dx   nm , then
2
1 3 1
(a) p 0 x   and p1  x    3  x  (b) p0  x   and p1  x   3 3  x 
2 2 2
1 3 1 3
(c) p0  x   and p1  x   3  x  (d) p 0  x   and p1  x   3  x 
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For n not equal to m kroneker delta become zero. One positive and one negative term
1
can make integral zero. So answer may be (c) or (d). Now take n  m  0 so p0  x  
2
and then integrate. (d) is correct option because it satisfies the equation Check by
integration and by orthogonal property of Legendre polynomial also.
Q5. Which of the following is an analytic function of the complex variable z  x  iy in the
domain z  2 ?
(a) 3  x  iy  (b) 1  x  iy  7  x  iy 
7 4 3
(c) 1  x  iy   7  x  iy  (d) x  iy  1
4 3 1/ 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Put z  x  iy . If z  x  iy appears in any of the expressions then that expression is
1
non-analytic. For option (d) we have a branch point singularity as the power is which
2
is fractional. Hence only option (b) is analytic.
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 1 1 1
Q6. Consider the matrix M  1 1 1
 1 1 1
 
A. The eigenvalues of M are
(a) 0, 1, 2 (b) 0, 0, 3 (c) 1, 1, 1 (d) – 1, 1, 3
Ans. : (b)
1   1 1 
Solution: For eigen values  1 1  1   0
 1 1 1   
1   1   2  1  1    1  11  1     0
1   1  2  2  1      0  2  2  3  22  2  0
3  32  0  2   3  0    0, 0, 3
For any n  n matrix having all elements unity eigenvalues are 0, 0, 0,..., n .
B. The exponential of M simplifies to (I is the 3  3 identity matrix)
 e3  1  M2
(a) e  I  
M
 M (b) e  I  M 
M
 3  2!
(c) e M  I  33 M (d) e M  e  1M

Ans. : (a)
Solution: For e M , let us try to diagonalize matrix M using similarity transformation.
 2 1 1   x1  0

For   3 ,  1  2 1   x 2   0
 1 1  2  x3  0
  2 x1  x2  x 3  0 , x1  2 x 2  x3  0 , x1  x 2  2 x3  0
 3x 2  3x3  0 or x2  x3  x1  x 2  x3  k .
1
1 
Eigen vector is 1 , where k  1 .
3 
1
For   0 ,
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1 1 1  x1  0
1 1 1  x  0  x  x  x  0
  2   1 2 3
1 1 1  x3  0
 k1  1
  1  
Let x1  k1 , x2  k2 and x3   k1  k2  . Eigen vector is  k2    1 where k1  k 2  1 .
 k 1  k 2   2
   1 
1
1  
Let x1  k1 , x 2  k 2 and x3  k1  k 2  . Other Eigen vector 0 where k1  1, k 2  1 .
2 
 1
 0 1 1 1  2 1 
S   1 0 1  S  2  1  1  D  S 1 MS , M  SDS 1 .
  1
 1  1 1 1  1 1 
1 0 0 
eM  Se D S 1  e D  0 1 0   e M  1 
e3  1 M  
3
0 0 e 3 
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7. An unbiased dice is thrown three times successively. The probability that the numbers of
dots on the uppermost surface add up to 16 is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 36 108 216
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We can get sum of dice as 16 in total six ways i.e. three ways (6, 5, 5) and three ways
(6, 6, 4).
Total number of ways for 3 dice having six faces  6  6  6
6 1
 
6  6  6 36

Q8. The generating function F x, t    Pn  x t n for the Legendre polynomials Pn  x 
n 0

is F x, t   1  2 xt  t 2 
1
2
. The value of P3  1 is
(a) 5 / 2 (b) 3 / 2 (c)  1 (d)  1
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: P3 
1
2
  1
2
 1

5 x 3  3x  P3  1  5 1  3 1   5  3  1
3
2
Q9. The equation of the plane that is tangent to the surface xyz  8 at the point 1, 2, 4  is
(a) x  2 y  4 z  12 (b) 4 x  2 y  z  12
(c) x  4 y  2  0 (d) x  y  z  7
Ans. : (b)
Solution: To get a normal at the surface, lets take the gradient
 xyx   yziˆ  zxˆj  kˆxy  8iˆ  4 ˆj  2kˆ
We want a plane perpendicular to this so: r  r0    8iˆ64 4 16ˆj 2k4ˆ  0 .

x 1iˆ   y  2 ˆj  z  4kˆ 8iˆ  4 ˆj  2kˆ  0  4 x  2 y  z  12 .
Q10.    
A 3  3 matrix M has Tr M   6, Tr M 2  26 and Tr M 3  90 . Which of the following
can be a possible set of eigenvalues of M ?
(a) 1,1, 4 (b)  1, 0, 7 (c)  1, 3, 4 (d) 2, 2, 2
Ans. : (c)
  2 2
 
Solution: Tr M 2   1  3  4 also Tr M 3   1  3  4  90 .
2 3 3 3
Q11. Let x1 t  and x2 t  be two linearly independent solutions of the differential equation
d 2x dx t  dx t 
 2  f t x  0 and let wt   x1 t  2  x2 t  1 . If w0   1, then w1 is
dx
2
dt dt dt dt
given by
(a) 1 (b) e 2 (c) 1 / e (d) 1 / e 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: W t  is Wronskian of D.E.
W  e   e 2t  W 1  e 2 since P  2 .

 Pdt
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1 for 2n  x  2n  1
Q12. The graph of the function f  x   
0 for 2n  1  x  2n  2
~
where n  0,1, 2,...... is shown below. Its Laplace transform f s  is
f x 
1  es 1  es
(a) (b)
s s 1
1 1
(c) (d) x
s 1  e  s  s 1  e  s  0 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. : (c)
 1 2 3
Solution: L f  x    e  sx
f  x  dx   e  sx
 1dx   e  sx
 0dx   e  sx  1dx  ......
0 0 1 2
1 3
 e  sx   e  sx 
   0     ...... 
1 s
e 1 
1 3 s

e  e  2 s  ......   
  s 0   s 2 s s

1
s
 1
 
 1  e  s  e 2 s  e 3 s  ........  1  e  s  e  2 s  e 3s  ....
s

a 1 1 
Since S   where r  e  s and a  1  S    .
1 r s  1  e  s 
Q13. The first few terms in the Taylor series expansion of the function f  x   sin x around

x are:
4
1     1   1   
2 3
(a)  
1  x     x     x   .....
2   4  2!  4  3!  4 
1   
2 3
 1  1 
(b) 1
  x     x     x   .....
2   4  2!  4  3!  4 
   1   
3
(c)  x     x   .....
 4  3!  4 
1  x 2 x3 
(d) 1  x   .....
2  2! 3! 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: f  x   sin x
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  1    1    1
f   , f     cos  , f      sin  
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2
1   
2 3
 1  1 
So Taylor’s series is given by 1   x     x     x   .....
2   4  2!  4  3!  4 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q14. A vector perpendicular to any vector that lies on the plane defined by x  y  z  5 , is
(a) iˆ  ˆj (b) ˆj  kˆ (c) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (d) 2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ

Ans. : (c)
   
Solution: Let   x  y  z  5     iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  x  y  z  5  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .
 x y z 
1 2 3 
 
Q15. The eigen values of the matrix A   2 4 6  are
3 6 9 
 
(a) 1, 4, 9  (b) 0, 7, 7  (c) 0,1,13 (d) 0, 0,14 
Ans. : (d)
1   2 3 
Solution: For eigenvalues A  I  0   2 4 6   0
 3 6 9   
1   4   9     36  229     18  312  34     0

1   4   9     361     49     36  9  0
3  142  0  2   14  0    0, 0, 14 .
1
Q16. The first few terms in the Laurent series for in the region 1  z  2 and
z  1z  2
around z  1 is
1  z  z 2  ....1  z  z  z  ....
2 3
1 1
 z  1  z   1  z   ....
2 3
(a) (b)
2  2 4 8  1 z
1  1 1  2 4 
(d) 2 z  1  5 z  1  7z  1  ....
2 3
(c)
z2 1  z  z 2  .... 1  z  z 2  ....
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Ans. : (b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1  1  z 
1
Solution:     
z  1z  2 z  2 z  1 1  z  z  1  1 1  z
1 
 1  1  z  
 1 2  1  z 2   1 2  3 1  z 3 ...
     
1 z  2! 3! 

1
1 z

 z  1  z   1  z   ....
2 3

1 2
Q17. Let u  x, y   x  x  y 2  be the real part of analytic function f z  of the complex
2
variable z  x  i y . The imaginary part of f  z  is
(a) y  xy (b) xy (c) y (d) y 2  x 2

Ans. : (a)
Solution: u  x, y   x 
1 2
2
 
x  y 2 , v  x, y   ?
u v u v
Check  and  .
x y y x
u v v
  ,  1 x , v  y  xy  f  x 
x y y
u v v
   y, v  yx  f  y 
y x x
y  xy  f  x   yx  f  y 
If f  x   0, f  y  y
v  xy  y
Q18. Let y  x  be a continuous real function in the range 0 and 2 , satisfying the
d2y dy  
inhomogeneous differential equation: sin x 2
 cos x  x  
dx dx  2
The value of dyldx at the point x   / 2
(a) is continuous (b) has a discontinuity of 3
(c) has a discontinuity of 1/3 (d) has a discontinuity of 1
Ans. : (d)
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d2y dy  
Solution: After dividing by sin x , 2
 cot x  cosec x    x  
dx dx  2
dy  dy   
Integrating both sides,   cot x dx   cosec x  x  dx
dx  dx   2
dy
 cot x  y   cosec 2 x  ydx  1
dx
Using Dirac delta property:  f x  x  x   f x  (it lies with the limit).

0 0
dy cos x
 y   y cosec 2 xdx  1 , at x   ; sin x  0 . So this is point of discontinuity.
dx sin x
Q19. A ball is picked at random from one of two boxes that contain 2 black and 3 white and 3
black and 4white balls respectively. What is the probability that it is white?
(a) 34 / 70 (b) 41 / 70 (c) 36 / 70 (d) 29 / 70
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Probability of picking white ball
2 B 3W 3B 4W
3 4
From box I  and from box II 
5 7  
1  3 4  41
Probability of picking a white ball from either of the two boxes is   
2  5 7  70
Q20. The eigenvalues of the antisymmetric matrix,
 0  n3 n2 
 
A   n3 0  n1 
  n2 0 
 n1
where n1 , n 2 and n3 are the components of a unit vector, are

(a) 0, i,  i (b) 0,1,  1 (c) 0,1  i,  1,  i (d) 0, 0, 0
Ans. : (a)
 0 n3 n2   0  n3 n2 
Solution: A   n3 0 n1    A   n3
 T
0  n1 
 n2 n1 0    n2 n1 0 
0    n3 n2 
 A   I   0,  n3 0  n1   0
  n2 n1 0   
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 1  0  2    n12  n22  n32  3   n12  n22  n32
but n12  n22  n32  1
so, 1  0 , 2  i , 3  i
A   AT (Antisymmetric). Eigenvalues are either zero or purely imaginary.

Q21. Which of the following limits exists?
 N 1   N 1 
(a) lim    ln N  (b) lim    ln N 
N 
 m 1 m  N 
 m 1 m 
 N
1  N
1
(c) lim    ln N  (d) lim 
N 
 m 1 m  N 
m 1 m
Ans. : (b)
Q22. A bag contains many balls, each with a number painted on it. There are exactly n balls
which have the number n (namely one ball with 1, two balls with 2, and so on until N on
them). An experiment consists of choosing a ball at random, noting the number on it and
returning it to the bag. If the experiment is repeated a large number of times, the average
value the number will tend to
2N  1 N N 1 N  N  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 2
Ans. : (a)
N  N  1
Solution: Total number of balls 1  2  3  4  .....  N 
2
k
The probability for choosing a k th ball at random 
N  N  1
2
2 k 2 2 N  N  12 N  1
Average of it is given by k  k  P   
N  N  1 N N  1 6
2N 1 N  N  12 N  1
 where k 2  .
3 6
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Q23. Consider a sinusoidal waveform of amplitude 1V and frequency f 0 . Starting from an

1
arbitrary initial time, the waveform is sampled at intervals of . If the corresponding
2 f0
Fourier spectrum peaks at a frequency f and an amplitude A , them
(a) f  2 f 0 and A  1V (b) f  2 f 0 and 0  A  1 V

f0 1
(c) f  0 and A  1V (d) f  and A  V
2 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: y  1sin 2 f 0t  . y
The Fourier transform is:
1 IV
F y    f  f 0     f  f 0 
2
t
1 0 T
In Fourier domain f  f 0 , A  .
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
 a b c 
Q24. The unit normal vector of the point  , ,  on the surface of the ellipsoid
 3 3 3
x2 y 2 z 2
   1 is
a2 b2 c2
bciˆ  caˆj  abkˆ aiˆ  bˆj  ckˆ
(a) (b)
a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2
biˆ  cˆj  akˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ

(c) (d)
a2  b2  c2 3
Ans. : All the options given are incorrect.
x2 y 2 z 2
Solution: Here     1.
a 2 b2 c2

Unit normal vector is .

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      x2 y 2 z 2  2 xiˆ 2 yˆj 2 zkˆ

So,    i  ˆj  kˆ    2  2  2  1  2  2  2
 x y z   a b c  a b c
2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ
  a b c 
 i j k
 , ,
 3 3 3
 a 3 b 3 c 3
4 4 4 2 b 2c 2  a 2c 2  a 2c 2
    
3a 2 3b 2 3c 2 3 a 2b 2 c 2
2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ
i j k
 a 3 b 3 c 3 bciˆ  caˆj  abkˆ
 
  a b c 
2 b 2c 2  c 2 a 2  a 2b 2 b 2c 2  c 2 a 2  a 2b 2
 , , 
 3 3 3 3 abc
Q25. Given a 2  2 unitary matrix U satisfying U †U  UU †  1 with det U  e i , one can

construct a unitary matrix V V †V  VV †  1 with det V  1 from it by
(a) multiplying U by e i / 2

(b) multiplying any single element of U by e  i
(c) multiplying any row or column of U by e i / 2
(d) multiplying U by e  i
Ans. : (a)
Q26. The graph of the function f x  shown below is best described by
1.00
(a) The Bessel function J 0  x 
0.25
0.50
(b) cos x
0.25
f (x)
0.00
(c) e  x cos x
 0.25
 0.50
1
(d) cos x  0.75
x  1.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. : (a) x
Q27. In a series of five Cricket matches, one of the captains calls “Heads” every time when the
toss is taken. The probability that he will win 3 times and lose 2 times is
(a) 1 / 8 (b) 5 / 8 (c) 3 / 16 (d) 5 / 16
Ans. : (d)
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3 53 2
1  1 5! 1 1 5!
Solution: P    1      .
2  2 3!5  3! 8  2  3!5  3!
1 5  4  3! 20 5 5
    
32 3! 2! 32  2 8  2 16
The probability of getting exactly k successes in n trials is given by probability mass

n!
p k  1  p  , k  successes, n  trials.
nk
function 
k !n  k !
Q28. The Taylor expansion of the function ln cosh x  , where x is real, about the point x  0
starts with the following terms:
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
(a)  x  x  .... (b) x  x  ....
2 12 2 12
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
(c)  x  x  .... (d) x  x  ....
2 6 2 6
Ans. : (b)
e x  ex
Solution: cosh x  .Tailor’s series expansion of f  x  about x  a
2
f  a  f ''  a  f '''
f  x  f a   x  a   x  a  x  a   ... . Here a  0 .
2 3

1 ! 2 ! 3 !
e x  ex  1 e x  e x e x  e x
f  x   log    0 , f   x  x 0  x  x   x  tanh x  0
 2  x 0 e e 2 e  e x
2
f ' ' x  
e x
  
 ex e x  ex  e x  ex e x  ex    e x
 ex   e
2 x
 ex 
2
 1 tanh 2 x
e x
e x 2
 e x
e 
x 2
At x  0, f ''  x   1, f '''  x   0, f   x   2,...
1 2 1 4
 f x   x  x  .......
2 12
z 3 dz
Q29. The value of the integral  , where C is a closed contour defined by the
C z 2
 5z  6 
equation 2 z  5  0, traversed in the anti-clockwise direction, is
(a)  16 i (b) 16 i (c) 8 i (d) 2 i

Ans. : (a)
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Solution: z 2  5 z  6  0  z 2  2 z  3z  6  0  z  z  2   3 z  2  0  z  3, 2
2 z  5  z  2.5 , only 2 will be inside.
z3 8 z 3 dz
Residue   z  2    8   2  2 i  8  16 i
z  3z  2 z  2 2  3 c z  5z  6
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)

tn
 H n x 
2
Q30. Given that  e t  2tx
n 0 n!
the value of H 4 0  is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 24 (d) – 6
Ans. : (a)
 
tn tn t4 t6
 H n x   e t  2tx   H n 0   e t  1  t 2  
2 2
Solution:
n 0 n! n 0 n! 2! 3!
H 4 0  4 t 4 4!
 t   H 4 0   12 .
4! 2! 2!
Q31. A unit vector n̂ on the xy -plane is at an angle of 120 o with respect to iˆ . The angle
 
between the vectors u  a iˆ  b nˆ and v  anˆ  b iˆ will be 60 o if
(a) b  3a / 2 (b) b  2a / 3 (c) b  a / 2 (d) b  a

Ans. : (c)
Solution: u  aiˆ  bnˆ , v  anˆ  biˆ
  
 u  v  aiˆ  bnˆ  anˆ  biˆ  u v cos 60  a 2 iˆ  nˆ  ab  ba  b 2 nˆ.iˆ
a 2
 b 2  2ab cos120   cos 60  a
2
2
cos120  2ab  b 2 cos120
 2 2 1
2
1 2
2
2 1
 1
 a  b  2ab    cos 60   a  b  2ab   a 2  b 2      a 2  b 2   2ab
ab
 2 2 2
5ab a
 a2  b2  b .
2 2
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Q32. With z  x  iy, which of the following functions f  x, y  is NOT a (complex) analytic
function of z ?
(a) f  x, y    x  iy  8 4  x 2  y 2  2ixy 
3 7
(b) f  x, y    x  iy  1  x  iy 
7 3
(c) f  x, y   x 2  y 2  2ixy  3
5
(d) f  x, y   1  x  iy  2  x  iy 
4 6
Ans. : (d)
Solution: f  x, y   1  x  iy  2  x  iy   1   x  iy  2  x  iy 
4 6 4 6
Due to present of z   x  iy 
Q33. The solution of the partial differential equation
2 2
u  x , t   u  x, t   0
t 2 x 2
satisfying the boundary conditions u 0, t   0  u L, t  and initial conditions

u  x,0   sin x / L  and u x, t  t 0  sin 2x / L  is
t
(a) sin  x / L  cos t / L   sin 2x / L  cos2 t / L 

L
2
(b) 2 sin x / L  cos t / L   sin x / L  cos2 t / L 
(c) sin x / L  cos2 t / L   sin 2x / L sin  t / L 

L

(d) sin x / L  cos t / L   sin 2x / L sin 2 t / L 

L
2
Ans. : (d)
 2u  2u x u 2 x
Solution:  2  0 , u  x,0   sin and  sin
t 2
x L t t 0 L
This is a wave equation
 an t an  t   n x 
So solution is given by u  x, t     An cos  Bn sin  sin  
n  L L   L 
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n x n x
L L
2 2
with An   f  x  sin dx, Bn   g  x  sin dx
L0 L an 0 L
 2u  2u x 2 x
Comparing a 2  2 , We have a  1 and f  x   sin , g  x   sin ,
t 2
x L L
 2 x 
 1  cos
x n x x L  dx  2  L  1 (let n  1 )
L L L
2 2 2
An   sin sin dx   sin 2 dx    
L0 L L L0 L L 0 2  L 2
 
2 x n x
L
2
Putting n  2 , Bn  
an 0
sin
L
 sin
L
dx
 4 x 
 1  cos
2 2 x L  dx  2  L  L
L L
2 2
2 0 2 0 
 sin dx   
L 2  2 2 2
 
Q34. The solution of the differential equation
dx
 x2
dt
with the initial condition x0   1 will blow up as t tends to
1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 
2
Ans. : (a)
dx dx x 21 1
Solution:  x 2   2   dt  t C  t C
dt x  2 1 x
1 1 1
 x0  1   0  C  C  1   t 1  x  as t  1 , x blows up
1 x 1 t
1
Q35. The inverse Laplace transforms of is
s s  1
2
1 2 t 1 2
(a) t e (b) t  1  e t
2 2
t 1  e t 
1 2
(c) t 1  e  t (d)
2
Ans. : (c)
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 1  t t
  e dt   e t 0   e t  1
1
Solution: f s    f t   e t  L1 
t

s 1  ss  1  0
 1  t
 
   e  1 dt  e  t  
t
 L1  2 t t
 et  t  1 .
 s  s  1  0 0
Q36. The approximation cos   1 is valid up to 3 decimal places as long as  is less than:
(take 180 o /   57.29 o )

(a) 1.280 (b) 1.810 (c) 3.280 (d) 4.010
Ans. : (b)
2 4 2
Solution: cos  1    .......  1 
2! 4! 2!

cos   1 when   1.81o   0.0314
100
NET/JRF -(DEC-2013)
Q37. If A  iˆyz  ˆjxz  kˆxy , then the integral  A  dl (where C is along the perimeter of a
C
rectangular area bounded by x  0, x  a and y  0, y  b ) is
(a) 
1 3
2
a  b3  (b)  ab 2  a 2 b  (c)  a 3  b 3  (d) 0
Ans. : (d)
 A  d l     A.d a  0 since   A  0 .
C S
Q38. If A, B and C are non-zero Hermitian operators, which of the following relations must
be false?
(a) A, B   C (b) AB  BA  C (c) ABA  C (d) A  B  C
Ans. : (a)
Solution:  A, B   C  AB  BA  C  ( AB  BA)†  C †
(( AB)†  ( BA)† )  C †  ( B † A† )  ( A† B † )  C †
Hence A,B and C are hermitian then
BA  AB  C  A, B   C
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Q39. Which of the following functions cannot be the real part of a complex analytic function
of z  x  iy ?
(a) x 2 y (b) x 2  y 2 (c) x 3  3 xy 2 (d) 3x 2 y  y  y 3

Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let x 2 y be real part of a complex function. Use Milne Thomson’s method to write
analytic complex function. The real part of that function should be (1) but that is not the
case. So this cannot be real part of an analytic function. Also,
z 2  x  iy   x 2  y 2  2ixy , Real part option (2)
2
z 3   x  iy   x 3  iy 3  3ixy  x  iy 
3
 x 3  iy 3  3ix 2 y  3xy 2 , Real part option (3)

Q40. The expression
 2 2 2 2  1
 2  2  2  2  2
 x
 1 x 2 x3 x 4  1 
 x  x2  x2  x2
2 3 4 
is proportional to
(a)   x1  x 2  x3  x 4  (b)   x1  x 2  x3   x 4 
(c) x12  x 22  x32  x 42  (d) x12  x 22  x32  x 42 

3 / 2 2
Ans. : (b)
   1   2 x1
Solution:   2  
2 
 x1  x1  x 2  x3  x 4  x1  x2  x3  x4 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2
    
2
2 2 2
 2 x
 1  x2  x3  x4 1  2  2 x1  x1 x12  x22  x32  x42
 2  
x12
 
4
 x12  x22  x32  x42 
 
 2 3 4 1  1 2 3
 x 2  x 2  x 2  x 2 2  4 x 2  8x 2  2 x 2  x 2  x 2  x 2
 2  1  1 4 
 
x1  x 2  x3  x 4
2 2 2 2 3
  
x1  x 2  x3  x 4
2 2 2 2 3

Now similarly solving all and add up then we get
 2 2 2  2  1 1 1 1 
 2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2 
 x1 x 2 x3 x 4  x1 x 2 x3 x 4 
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8  x12  x22  x32  x42   8  x12  x22  x32  x42 

 0
 x12  x22  x32  x42 
3
also if all x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 becomes zero it should be infinity.

 2 2 2 2  1
 x  x 2  x 2  x 2    x1     x 2     x3     x 4 

So  2  2  2  2  2
 x1 x 2 x3 x 4  1  2 3 4 
 
dx  dx
Q41. Given that the integral  2
0 y  x
2

2y
, the value of  y
0
2
 x2 
2
is
   
(a) (b) 3
(c) (d)
y 3
4y 8y 3
2 y3
Ans. : (b)
 
1
Solution:  y
dx
 
dx
, pole is of 2nd order at x  iy , residue  1/ 4iy 3  
 x2   
2 2
0
2 2  y  x
2 2
1 1 
Integral     2 i  3 
2 4iy 4 y3  
Q42. The Fourier transform of the derivative of the Dirac  - function, namely   x  , is
proportional to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin k (d) ik
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Fourier transform of   x 

H K     x e ikx dx  ike k 0   ik

Q43. Consider an n  nn  1 matrix A , in which Aij is the product of the indices i and j
(namely Aij  ij ). The matrix A
(a) has one degenerate eigevalue with degeneracy n  1

(b) has two degenerate eigenvalues with degeneracies 2 and n  2 
(c) has one degenerate eigenvalue with degeneracy n
(d) does not have any degenerate eigenvalue
Ans. : (a)
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1 2
Solution: If matrix is 2  2 let   then eigen value is given by
 2 4
1   2 
   0  (1   )(4   )  4  0    0,5
 2 4
 1 2 3
 
If If matrix is 3  3 let  2 4 6  then eigen value is given by
 3 6 9
 
1   2 3 
 
 2 4 6 0
 3 6 9   

1     4    9     36  2 18  2  9     3 12  3  4     0

1     2  13  36  36  2 18  18  2   312  12  3   0
 2  13   3  13 2  13  0   3  14 2  0    0, 0,   14
i.e. has one degenerate eigenvalue with degeneracy 2.
Thus one can generalized that for n dimensional matrix has one degenerate eigevalue
with degeneracy n  1 .
Q44. Three sets of data A, B and C from an experiment, represented by  , and  , are
plotted on a log-log scale. Each of these are fitted with straight lines as shown in the
figure. 1000
100
C
B
10
1 

 A

0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.1
The functional dependence y  x  for the sets A, B and C are respectively

x 1 1
(a) x , x and x 2 (b)  , x and 2 x (c) , x and x 2 (d) , x and x 2
2 x2 x
Ans. : (d)
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NET/JRF -(JUNE-2014)
Q45. Consider the differential equation
d 2x dx
2
2 x0
dt dt
with the initial conditions x0   0 and x 0   1 . The solution xt  attains its maximum
value when t is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 
Ans. : (b)
d 2x dx
 2  x  0  m 2  2m  1  0   m  1  0  m  1,  1
2
Solution: 2
dt dt
 x   c1  c2 t  e  t , since x  0   0  0  c1  x  c2te t
 x  c2  te t  e  t 
Since x  0   1  1  c2  x  te t
For maxima or minima x  0  x  te t  e t  0  x  e t 1  t 
 e  t  0, 1  t  0  t  , t  1
x  e  t  1  1  t  e  t  1  e  t   t  1 e  t  
 x 1  e 1  0e  t  0
Q46. Consider the matrix
 0 2i 3i 
 
M    2i 0 6i 
  3i  6i 0 
 
The eigenvalues of M are
(a)  5,  2, 7 (b)  7, 0, 7 (c)  4i, 2i, 2i (d) 2, 3, 6
Ans. : (b)
 0 2i 3i   0 2i 3i 
    
Solution: M   2i 0 6i  , M   2i 0 6i 
 3i 6i 0   3i 6i 0 
   
M  M
Matrix is Hermitian so roots are real and trace = 0.
1  2  3  0, 1  2  3  0    7, 0, 7
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1
Q47. If C is the contour defined by z  , the value of the integral
2
dz
 C sin 2 z
is
(a)  (b) 2 i (c) 0 (d)  i
Ans. : (c)
1  1
Solution: f  z   2 z  
sin z  2
3 5
z z 1 1
sin z  z   ....  2
 2
3 5 sin z  z3 z5 
 z   .... 
 3 5 
2
1 1  z2 z4  dz
  2 
1   ....   0
2
sin z z  3 5  C sin 2 z
Q48. Given 

n 0

Pn  x t n  1  2 xt  t 2 1 / 2
, for t  1 , the value of P5  1 is
(a) 0.26 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 1

Ans. : (d)
Solution: Pn  1  1 if n is odd  P5  1  1
Q49. The graph of a real periodic function f  x  for the range  ,   is f x 

shown in the figure.
Which of the following graphs represents the real part of its Fourier x
transform?
Re f k  Re f k 
(a) (b)
k k
(c) Re f k  (d) Re f k 
k k
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: This is cosine function
A
f  x   A cos x  F  k     k  k0     k  k0  
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
 
Q50. Let r denote the position vector of any point in three-dimensional space, and r  r .
Then
      
(a)   r  0 and   r  r / r (b)   r  0 and  2 r  0
       
(c)   r  3 and  2 r  r / r 2 (d)   r  3 and   r  0
Ans. : (d)

Solution: r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ
  x y z
  r      111  3
x y z
xˆ yˆ zˆ
   z y   x z   y x 
  r   / x  / y  / z  xˆ     yˆ     zˆ     0
x y z  y z   z x   x y 
a 0 0 1
   
Q51. The column vector  b  is a simultaneous eigenvector of A   0 1 0  and
a 1 0 0
   
0 1 1
 
B   1 0 1  if
1 1 0
 
(a) b  0 or a  0 (b) b  a or b  2a
(c) b  2a or b  a (d) b  a / 2 or b  a / 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let b  a
 0 0 1  a   a   0 1 1  a  a
         
 0 1 0  a    a  and  1 0 1  a   2  a 
 1 0 0  a   a   1 1 0  a  a
         
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Let b  2a
0 0 1 a   a   0 1 1   a   a   a 
           
 0 1 0   2a    2a  and  1 0 1   2a    2a   1 2a 
1 0 0 a   a   1 1 0   a   a   a 
           
For other combination above relation is not possible.
sin 2 x 

Q52. The principal value of the integral  x3
dx is
(a)  2 (b)   (c)  (d) 2

Ans. : (a)
ei 2 z
Solution: Let f  z  
z3
ei 2 z
lim  z  0  f  z   lim  z  0  3  1 finite and  0   z  0 is pole of order 3.
3 3
z 0 z 0 z
1 d2  3 e
i2z

Residue R  lim 2   z  0  3 
 2
2! z  0 dz  z 
 
 f  x  dx   iR   i  2   2 i  Im. Part  2   f  x  dx   2
 
Q53. The Laurent series expansion of the function f  z   e z  e1 / z about z  0 is given by
zn  n 1 1
n n! for all z   
 
(a) (b) n 0
z  n  only if 0  z  1
 z  n!
 1 1 zn
n0  z n  z n n n! only if z  1
 
(c)  for all 0  z   (d)
 n!
Ans. : (c)
 z2   zn 1 1 1 
1
Solution: e  1  z   ....   
z
and e  1  
1/ z
2
 ....   n
 2!  n 0 n ! z 2! z n 0 z n !

 11
 f  z    e z  e1/ z     z n
  , for all 0  z  
n 0 z n  n!
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Q54. Two independent random variables m and n , which can take the integer values
0, 1, 2, ...,  , follow the Poisson distribution, with distinct mean values  and 
respectively. Then
(a) the probability distribution of the random variable l  m  n is a binomial distribution.
(b) the probability distribution of the random variable r  m  n is also a Poisson
distribution.
(c) the variance of the random variable l  m  n is equal to   
(d) the mean value of the random variable r  m  n is equal to 0.
Ans. : (c)
Solution:  l2   m2   n2   
1
Q55. Consider the function f z  
ln1  z  of a complex variable
z
z  re i r  0,       . The singularities of f  z  are as follows:
(a) branch points at z  1 and z   ; and a pole at z  0 only for 0    2
(b) branch points at z  1 and z   ; and a pole at z  0 for all  other than 0    2
(c) branch points at z  1 and z   ; and a pole at z  0 for all 
(d) branch points at z  0, z  1 and z   .
Ans. : None of the above is correct
1 1 z 2 z3  z z2
Solution: For f  z   ln 1  z     z    .....   1    .....
z z 2 3  2 3
There is no principal part and when z  0 , f  z   1 . So there is removable singularity
at z  0 . Also z  1 and z   is Branch point.
 1 2 n 1
n

x
Q56. The function f  x      , satisfies the differential equation
n 0 n ! n  1 ! 2 
(a) x
d2 f
2
dx 2
x
df
dx

 x2 1 f  0  (b) x
d2 f
dx
2
2
 2x
df
dx

 x2 1 f  0 
(c) x
d2 f
2
dx 2
x
df
dx

 x2 1 f  0  (d) x
d2 f
dx
2
2
x
df
dx

 x2 1 f  0 
Ans. : (c)
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 1  x 
2 n 1
n

Solution: f  x     is generating function (Bessel Function of first kind)
n  0 n ! n  1 !  2 
d2 f df
 x  x 2  n 2 f  0 , put n  1 .
which satisfies the differential equation x 2
dx 2
dx
 
Q57. Let  and  be complex numbers. Which of the following sets of matrices forms a
group under matrix multiplication?
   1 
(a)   (b)   , where   1
0 0   
  *     2 2
(c)  *
 , where  * is real (d)   , where   
*
1
      
*
Ans. : (d)
  2 2
Solution:      1
 
* *
  
 x , p , Lk  (where i j k is the Levi-Civita symbol, x , p, L are
3
Q58. The expression i jk i j
i , j , k 1
the position, momentum and angular momentum respectively, and A, B represents the
Poisson Bracket of A and B ) simplifies to
  
(a) 0 (b) 6 
(c) x , p  L   
(d) x  p
Ans. : (b)
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
 dx
Q59. The value of integral  1  x 4
 
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
2 2
Ans. (a)
 dz
Solution:  1 z4
z R

 2 n 1
Now, pole z  e 4
i
1 1 1 1
n  0,  z0  e 4  i , n  2  z2  i
2 2 2 2
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i 3
1 1 1 1
n  1  z1  e 4
 i , n  3  z3   i
2 2 2 2
only z0 and z1 lies in contour
i
  1 1 1 
i.e., residue at  z  e 4    i 
  4 2 2
i 3
  1 1 1 
residue at  z  e 4   i 
  4 2 2
 dx 
now  x 1
4
 2 i Re S 
2
d 2x dx
Q60. Consider the differential equation 2
 3  2 x  0 . If x  0 at t  0 and x  1 at t  1 ,
dt dt
the value of x at t  2 is
(a) e 2  1 (b) e 2  e (c) e  2 (d) 2e
Ans. (b)
Solution: D 2  3D  2  0
 D  1 D  2   0  D  1, 2  x  c1e2t  c2et
using boundary condition x  0, t  0  c1  c2
again using boundary condition x  1, t  1
1 1 e2t 1 t
c2  , c1   x   e
ee 2
e e
2
e  e e  e2
2
again using t  2 then x  e 2  e

Q61. The Laplace transform of 6t 3  3sin 4t is
36 12 36 12
(a)  2 (b)  2
s 4
s  16 s 4
s  16
18 12 36 12
(c)  2 (d)  2
s 4
s  16 s 3
s  16
Ans. (a)
n 1
Solution: L 6t 3  3sin 4t   L t n  
s n 1
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a
 L sin at  
 s  a2 
2
6  4 3 4 36 12
L 6t 3  3sin 4t    2  4  2
s 4
s  16 s s  16
2 f 2  f
2
Q62. Let f  x, t  be a solution of the wave equation v in 1 -dimension. If at
t 2 x 2
f
t  0, f  x, 0   e  x and  x, 0   0 for all x , then f  x, t  for all future times t  0 is
2
t
described by

 x 2 v 2t 2 
(b) e  x vt 
2
(a) e
1  x vt 2 3  x  vt 2 1   x vt 2  x  vt  
2
(c) e  e (d) e  e
4 4 2  
Ans. (d)
2 f 2  f
2
Solution: For  v
t 2 x 2
f
 x, 0   0 and f  x, 0   e x
2
t
1 1
 
2
 f  x  vt   f  x  vt   . Therefore, solution is f  e  x vt   e  x  vt 
2
f 
2 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q63. In the scattering of some elementary particles, the scattering cross-section  is found to
depend on the total energy E and the fundamental constants h (Planck’s constant) and c
(the speed of light in vacuum). Using dimensional analysis, the dependence of  on
these quantities is given by
2
hc hc  hc  hc
(a) (b) 3 / 2 (c)   (d)
E E E E
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The dimension of  is dimension of “Area”
h  Joul  sec
c  m / sec
E  Joul
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2
 hc 
   m dimension of area
2
E
1
Q64. If y  , then x is
tanh  x 
 y 1   y 1  y 1 y 1
(a) ln   (b) ln   (c) ln (d) ln
 y 1   y 1  y 1 y 1
Ans. : (d)
1
Solution: y 
tanh x
e x  e x e2 x  1
y 
e x  e x e2 x  1
ye 2 x  y  e 2 x  1  ye 2 x  e 2 x  1  y  e 2 x  y  1  1  y 
1
 y 1  1  y 1  y  1 2
2 x  ln    x  ln    ln  
 y 1  2  y 1  y 1
z
Q65. The function of a complex variable z has
sin  z 2
(a) a simple pole at 0 and poles of order 2 at  n for n  1, 2,3...
(b) a simple pole at 0 and poles of order 2 at  n and i n for n  1, 2,3...
(c) poles of order 2 at  n , n  0,1, 2,3...

(d) poles of order 2 at  n , n  0,1, 2,3...
Ans. : (b)
z z
Solution: f  z   
sin  z 2
sin  z 2
 z2
 z2
sin  z 2
at z  0 , it is a simple pole since, lim 1
z 0  z2
Also, sin  z 2  sin n   z 2   n , z   n ,  i n
 
2 z
lim z  n . , exists. So its pole of order 2 .
z n sin  z 2
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
Q66. The Fourier transform of f  x  is f  k    dxeikx f  x  .

If f  x     x      x      x  , where   x  is the Dirac delta-function (and prime
denotes derivative), what is f  k  ?
(a)   i  k  i k 2 (b)    k   k 2
(c)   i  k   k 2 (d) i   k  i k 2
Ans. : (c)

Solution: f  k    dx e   x      x      x  
ikx

   x  e dx  
ikx


 


    x  eikx dx   eikx  x     ike   x  dx   i  k
ikx
  
    x  e dx   k 2
ikx

dx
Q67. The solution of the differential equation  2 1  x 2 , with initial condition x  0 at
dt
t  0 is
   
 sin 2t , 0  t  4 sin 2t , 0  t  2
(a) x   (b) x  
sinh 2t ,   1, 
t t
 4  2
 
sin 2t , 0  t  4
(c) x   (d) x  1  cos 2t , t  0
 1, 
t
 4
Ans. : (c)
dx dx
Solution:  2 1  x2 ,  2dt , sin 1 x  2t  c , x  0, t  0 so, c  0  x  sin 2t
dt 1 x 2
x should not be greater than 1 at x  1
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 
1  sin 2t , sin  sin 2t , t  .
2 4
 
sin 2t , 0t 
So, x 4
1 
, t
 4
Q68. The Hermite polynomial H n  x  , satisfies the differential equation
d 2Hn dH n
2
 2x  2nH n  x   0
dx dx
The corresponding generating function

1
G t, x    H n  x  t n , satisfies the equation
n 0 n !
 2G G G  2G G G
(a)  2x  2t 0 (b)  2x  2t 2 0
x 2
x t x 2
x t
 2G G G  2G G  2G
(c)  2x 2 0 (d)  2 x  2 0
x 2
x t x 2 x xt
Ans. : (a)
1 1 1
Solution: G  H n  x  t n , G   H n  x  t n , G   H n  x  t n
n! n! n!
G 1
 H n  x  n t n 1
t n!
Let’s check the options one by one
G G G
 2x  2t 0
x 2
x t
1 1 1
H n  x  t n  2 x H n  x  t n  2t H n  x  nt n 1
n! n! n!
H n  x   2 xH n  x   2 xH n  x   0 , which is Hermite Differential Equation.

8 1 1
Q69. The value of the integral  0 x 5
2
dx , valuated using Simpson’s rule with h  2 is
3
(a) 0.565 (b) 0.620 (c) 0.698 (d) 0.736
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Ans. : (a)
2 1
 y0  4  y1  y2   2 y3  y4 
x
Solution: I  y
3 x 5
2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
   4    2   0
3 5 9 4 21 69  5
2 1
2 1 
   0.5734  0.09523  0.0145 9
3 5  4 1
2 21
  0.2  0.5734  0.09523  0.0145 1
3 6
31
2 8 1
  0.8831  0.5887
3 69
Q70. Consider a random walker on a square lattice. At each step the walker moves to a nearest
neighbour site with equal probability for each of the four sites. The walker starts at the
origin and takes 3 steps. The probability that during this walk no site is visited more than
one is
(a) 12 / 27 (b) 27 / 64 (c) 3 / 8 (d) 9 /16
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Total number of ways  4  4  4
Number of preferred outcome  4  3  3
( Any four option in step-1 and only 3 option in step 2 &3 because he can not go to
previous position)
4  3 3 9
probability  
4  4  4 16
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
1
Q71. The radius of convergence of the Taylor series expansion of the function
cosh  x 
around x  0 , is

(a)  (b)  (c) (d) 1
2
Ans. : (c)
1 e4 z  1
Q72. The value of the contour integral  cosh  z   2sinh  z  dz around the unit circle C
2 i 
C
traversed in the anti-clockwise direction, is

8 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d)  tanh  
3 2
Ans. : (c)
e4 z  1 e4 z  1 e4 z  1
Solution: f  z    z z 
cosh z  2sinh z e  e ez 3
2
 e z  e z   e z
2 2
 
 f z 

2e z e 4 z  1   2 e  e 
5z z
3  e 2z
 3  e  2z
ln 3
For pole at z  z0 ,3  e 2 z0  0  e 2 z0  3  z0 
2
It has simple pole at z0
Re  z0   lim  z  z0  f  z   lim  z  z0 

2 e5 z  e z 
z  z0 z  z0 3e 2z
 z  z0   2  5e5 z  e z   2  e5 z  e z  1  e5 z0  e z0 
 lim   
z  z0 2e 2 z  e
2 z0


 3  3 
5
9 3 3 8
         
 3   3  3
 
1 1 8
f  z  dz   2 i  Residue  
2 i  2 i 3
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Q73. The Gauss hypergeometric function F  a, b, c, z  , defined by the Taylor series expansion
around z  0 as F  a, b, c, z  
 a  a  1 ...  a  n  1 b  b  1 ...  b  n  1

n 0 c  c  1 ...  c  n  1 n !
zn ,
satisfies the recursion relation

d c
(a) F  a, b, c; z   F  a  1, b  1, c  1; z 
dz ab
d c
(b) F  a, b, c; z   F  a  1, b  1, c  1; z 
dz ab
d ab
(c) F  a, b, c; z   F  a  1, b  1, c  1; z 
dz c
d ab
(d) F  a, b, c; z   F  a  1, b  1, c  1; z 
dz c
Ans. : (d)
dF  a  a  1 ...  a  n  1 b  b  1 ...  b  n  1 n 1
Solution:  nz
dz n 0 c  c  1 ...  c  n  1 n !
 a  a  1 ...  a  n  1 b  b  1 ...  b  n  1 z n 1

n 0 c  c  1 ...  c  n  1 n 1
ab  a  1 ...  a  n  1 b  1 ...  b  n  1 z n 1


c
  c  1 ...  c  n  1 n 1
ab   a  1 ...  a   n  1  1  b  1 ... b   n  1  1 z n 1

 
c n 0  c  1 ... c   n  1  1 n 1
dF ab
 F  a  1, b  1, c  1, z 
dz c
Q74. Let X and Y be two independent random variables, each of which follow a normal
distribution with the same standard deviation  , but with means   and   ,
respectively. Then the sum X  Y follows a
(a) distribution with two peaks at   and mean 0 and standard deviation  2
(b) normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 2
(c) distribution with two peaks at   and mean 0 and standard deviation 2
(d) normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation  2
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Ans. : (d)
Solution:     x   y      0
 12   x2   y2   2   2
   2
Q75. Using dimensional analysis, Planck defined a characteristic temperature TP from powers
of the gravitational constant G , Planck’s constant h , Boltzmann constant k B and the
speed of light c in vacuum. The expression for TP is proportional to
hc 5 hc3 G hk B2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
k B2G kBG hc 4 k B2 Gc 3
Ans. : (a)
E ML2T 2
Solution: E  h  h    ML2T 1
 T 1
E ML2T 2
E  k BT  k B    ML2T 2TP1
T TP
m1m2 MLT 2  L2
F G 2 G  2
 G  M 1 L3T 2
r M
 
5
hc 5 ML2T 1  LT 1 ML7T 6
   TP2  TP
k B2G M 2 L4T 4TP2  M 1 L3T 2 7 6 2
ML T TP
Q76. What is the Fourier transform  dxeikx f  x  of


dn
f  x    x   n
  x
n 1 dx
where   x  is the Dirac delta-function?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 i k 1 i k k i k i
Ans. : (b)
  
dn dn
Solution: f  x     x    n   x    n   x      n   x 
n 1 dx n  0 dx n 0
 F   x    1  F   n   x     ik  F   x     ik 

n n
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
 f  x      n  x 
n 0

1 1
 F  f  x      ik   1  ik   ik    ik   .... 
n 2 3

n 0 1   ik  1  ik
Q77. In finding the roots of the polynomial f  x   3 x 3  4 x  5 using the iterative Newton-
Raphson method, the initial guess is taken to be x  2 . In the next iteration its value is
nearest to
(a) 1.671 (b) 1.656 (c) 1.559 (d) 1.551
Ans. : (b)
Solution: f  x   3 x 3  4 x  5 ; f   x   9 x 2  4
3xn3  4 xn  5 3 x03  4 x0  5
xn 1  xn   x1  x 0 
9 xn2  4 9 x02  4
3 8  4  2  5 11
Let x0  2  x1  2   2  x1  1.656
9 4  4 32
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
1 3 2
 
Q78. The matrix M   3 1 0  satisfies the equation
0 0 1
 
(a) M 3  M 2  10M  12 I  0 (b) M 3  M 2  12 M  10 I  0
(c) M 3  M 2  10M  10 I  0 (d) M 3  M 2  10 M  10 I  0
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The characteristic equation is
1    3 2
3  1    0 0
0 0 1   
 1    1   1      3  3 1     0
    2  1    1  9 1     0   3  10   2  10  0
Thus the matrix M satisfies the equation

M 3  M 2  10 M  10 I  0 then the correct option is (c)
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Q79. The Laplace transform of

t
 , 0t T
f t   T
 1 t T
is
 1  e  sT  1  e   sT
1  e   sT
1  e  sT
(a) (b) (c) (d)

s 2T s 2T s 2T s 2T
Ans. : (b)
Solution: we can write
t t t t
f  t   u0  t   uT  t    uT  t   1  uT  t    uT  t    uT  t   uT  t 
T T T T
Hence the transform of f  t  is
t     t  T   T  
L  f  t   L    L uT  t      L uT  t 
T    T  
1 e  sT  1 T  e
 sT
1  e  sT
     
s 2T T  s2 s  s s 2T
 1
Q80. The Fourier transform  dxf  x eikx of the function f  x   is
 x 2
2
 2k    2k
(a) 2 e (b) 2 e  2k
(c) e 2k
(d) e
2 2
Ans. : (d)
1 1  a k
Solution: Fourier transform of f  x   , a  0 is x eikx dx  e
x  a2
2 2
a 2
a
1  
x
2k
Hence eikx dx  e
2
a 2
2
Q81. Given the values sin 450  0.7071, sin 500  0.7660, sin 550  0.8192 and sin 600  0.8660 ,
the approximate value of sin 520 , computed by Newton’s forward difference method, is
(a) 0.804 (b) 0.776 (c) 0.788 (d) 0.798
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: Given -
x y  f  x f  x  2 f  x  3 f  x 
450 0  7071
500 0  7660 0  0589 0  0057 0  0007
550 0  8192 0  0532 0  0064
600 0  8660 0  0468
h  5 , 520  x0  uh  450  uh
52  45 52  45 7
u  
h 5 5
From table we have
y0  0  7071, y0  0  0589 ,  2 y0  0  0057
 3 y0  0  0007 ,  4 y0  0,.....
y0  2 y0  3 y0
 sin  520   y0  u u  u  1  u  u  1 u  2   
1 2 3
7  0  0057  7  7   0  0007  7  7   7 
 0  7071   0  0589     1      1   2   0
5 2 55   6  5  5  5 
0  0399 0  0049
 0  7071  0  0825  
25 125
 0  7071  0  0825  0  0016  0  0000  0  7880
f 2 f
Q82. Let f  x, t  be a solution of the heat equation  D 2 in one dimension. The initial
t x
condition at t  0 is f  x, 0   e  x for   x   . Then for all t  0, f  x, t  is given by
2
 

2
[Useful integral: dx e  x  ]
 
2 2
1 
x
1 
x
(a) e 1 Dt (b) e 1 2 Dt
1  Dt 1  2 Dt
2
x2
1 
x

(c) e 1 4 Dt (d) e 1 Dt
1  4 Dt
Ans. : (c)
f 2 f
Solution: D 2 , t 0
t x
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f 2 f
Let D  c 2 ,  c2 2
t x
Initial condition f  x , 0   e  x  g  x  ,    x  
2
   
2
 x  2 cz t
Now, g x  2cz t  e
The solution f  x , t  is given as

 
1   1  e  z dz
2
 x 2  4 c 2 z 2t  4 cxz t
f  x,t 
 x  2 cz t
e e
 z2 2
e dz 
   
  x 2 
 
2
e x   4 c 2 z 2t  4 cxz t  z 2  dz  e  
 1 4 c 2t z 2  4 cxz t

 e
  e

dz
e x 2   2  2cx t   2cx t  

2 2
 exp   1  4c t   z  2  z  1  4c 2t    1  4c 2t    1  4c 2t   dz
cx t
 2 2
       

 2 cx t 
2
4 c 2 x 2t  2 cx t 
2
e x
2   
 1 4 c 2t  z  2 1 4c t  dz  e 2  x2 4 c 2 x 2t 
 
 1 4 c 2t  z  2

 e

 1 4 tc 
e

e 1 4 c 2t
e

 1 4 tc 
dz
 x2
e 1 4 c 2t
1 
  2 
 2 1  4c 2t
2
x
1
f  x, t  
1  4 Dt
e1 4 Dt c 2
 D
3
Q83. A stable asymptotic solution of the equation xn 1  1  is x  2 . If we take
1  xn
n 1
xn  2 n and xn 1  2 n 1 , where n and n1 are both small, the ratio is
n
approximately
1 1 1 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2 4 3 3
Ans. : (c)
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Q84. The 2  2 identity matrix I and the Pauli matrices  x ,  y ,  z do not form a group under matrix multiplication. The minimum number of 2  2
matrices, which includes these four matrices, and form a group (under matrix multiplication) is
(a) 20 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
Ans. (d)
 I I i I i  I x  x i x i x y  y i y i y z  z i z i z
I I I i I i  I x  x i x i x y  y i y i y z  z i z i z
I I I i  I i I  x x i x i x  y y i y i y  z z i z i z
i I i I i  I I I i x i x  x x i y i y  y y i z i z  z z

i  I i  I i I I I i x i x x  x i y i y y  y i z i z z  z
x x  x i x i x I I i I i  I i z i z  z z i y i y y  y
 x  x x i x i x I I i  I i I i z i z z  z i y i y  y y
i x i x i x  x x i I i  I I I  z z i z i z y  y i y i y
i x i x i x x  x i  I i I I I z  z i z i z  y y i y i y
y y  y i y i y i z i z z  z I I i I i  I i x i x  x x
 y  y y i y i y i z i z  z z I I i  I i I i x i x x  x
i y i y i y  y y z  z i z i z i I i  I I I  x x i x i x
i y i y i y y  y  z z i z i z i  I i I I I x  x i x i x
z z  z i z i z i y i y  y y i x i x x  x I I i I i  I
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 z  z z i z i z i y i y y  y i x i x  x x I I i  I i I
i z i z i z  z z  y y i y i y x x i x i x i I i  I I I
i z i z i z z  z y  y i y i y x x i x i x i  I i I I I
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q85. Which of the following can not be the eigen values of a real 3  3 matrix
(a) 2i, 0,  2i (b) 1,1,1 (c) ei , e  i ,1 (d) i, 1, 0
Ans. : (d)
Solution: If the matrix is real then the complex eigen values always occurs with its complex
conjugate. In option (d) if i is an eigen value then i must also be an eigen value. But
i is not given in option, hence option (d) is incorrect.
Q86. Let u  x, y   e ax cos  by  be the real part of a function f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  of the
complex variable z  x  iy , where a, b are real constants and a  0 . The function f  z 
is complex analytic everywhere in the complex plane if and only if

(a) b  0 (b) b   a (c) b  2 a (d) b  a  2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The function f  z  will be analytic everywhere in the complex plane if and only if it
satisfies the Cauchy Riemann equation in that region.

u v u v
  and 
x y y x
v
Hence ae ax cos  by   (i)
y
v
and be ax sin  by   (ii)
x
From equation (i)
ae ax sin  by 
v  x, y    c y (iii)
b
Differentiating partially with x gives
v a e sin  by 
2 ax
 (iv)
x b
From equation (iii) and (iv)
a 2 e ax sin  by 
be sin  by  
ax
b
 b2  a 2  b   a
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zei z / 2
Q87. The integral   z 2  1 dz along the closed contour  shown in the figure is
y
1 1 x
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 4 i

Ans. : (c)
zeiz / 2
 z  1 z  1
For z  1 anti-clockwise
zei z / 2 2 i i / 2
I  2 i lim  e   iei / 2
z 1  z  1 2
For z  1
I  2 i lim
zei z / 2
 2 i 
 1 e  i / 2
  ie  i / 2
z 1  z  1  2 
Integral   i
e i / 2
 e  i / 2 
 2i  2 i 2 sin

 2
2i 2
dy cos  x
Q88. The function y  x  satisfies the differential equation x  2y  . If y 1  1 , the
dx x
value of y  2  is
(a)  (b) 1 (c) 1/ 2 (d) 1/ 4

Ans. : (d)
Solution: The given differential equation can be written as
dy 2 cos  x
 y
dx x x2
2
This is a linear differential equation with Integrating factor  e  x  x 2
dx
cos  x sin  x c
Hence y.x 2   x 2 . dx  c  y   2
x 2
 x2 x
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sin  x 1
when x  1, y  1 hence c  1  y   2
 x2 x
1
hence, when x  2, y 
4
Q89. The random variable x    x    is distributed according to the normal distribution
x2
1 
P  x  e 2 2
. The probability density of the random variable y  x 2 is
2 2
1 2 1 2
(a) e  y / 2 , 0  y   (b) e  y / 2 , 0  y  
2 y 2
2 2 y 2
1 2 1 2
(c) e  y / 2 , 0  y   (d) e y /  , 0  y  
2 2
2 y 2
Ans. : (a)
x2
1 
Solution: p  x   e 2 2
,   x  
2 2
  x2
1 
 p  x  dx  1  
  2 2
e 2 2
dx  1
 x2  x2
1  2 1 
2 e 2 2
dx  1  e 2 2
dx  1
0 2 2 2 2 0
1
put x 2  y dy  2 xdx , dx 
2 y
 y  y
1 1 1 1 2 2
2
2 2
e
0
2 2
2 y
dy 
2 2

0 y
e dy 
y
1 
f  y  e 2 2
, 0  y  
2 y 2
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Q90. The Green’s function satisfying

d2
g  x, x0     x  x0 
dx 2
with the boundary conditions g   L, x0   0  g  L, x0  , is
 1  1
 2 L  x0  L  x  L  ,  L  x  x0  2 L  x0  L  x  L  ,  L  x  x0
(a)  (b) 
 1  x  L  x  L  , x0  x  L  1  x  L  x  L  , x0  x  L
 2 L 0  2 L 0
 1
 2 L  L  x0  x  L  ,  L  x  x0
1
(c)  (d)  x  L  x  L  , L  x  L
 1  x  L  L  x  , x0  x  L
2L
 2 L 0
Ans. : (a)
d2
Solution: 2 g  x, x0     x  x0 
dx
boundary conditions:
g   L, x0   0  g  L, x0 
The homogeneous equation for Green’s function is

d2
g  x, x0   0
dx 2
Solution of above equation is
 Ax  B, x  x0
g  x, x0   
Cx  D, x  x0
Applying boundary condition

g   L, x0   0   AL  B  0  AL  B
g  L, x0   0  CL  D  0  CL  D
 A  x  L  , x  x0
Hence, g  x, x0   
C  x  L  , x  x0
From continuity of Green’s function at x  x0 we have
A  x0  L   C  x0  L 
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 x L
AC 0 
 x0  L 
g
From discontinuity of derivative of Green’s function at x  x0
x
We have
g g
 1
x x  x0 x x  x0
g g
 C, A
x x  x0 x x  x0
 C  A  1  C  A 1
Thus, the required solution of Green’s function is given by
  x0  L  x  L 
 , x  x0
g  x, x0    2 L
  x0  L  x  L  , x  x0
 2L
 i z 
Q91. Let  x , y , z be the Pauli matrices and x x  y y  z  z  exp  
 2 
 i z 
 x x  y y  z z  exp   2 .
 
Then the coordinates are related as follows
 x   cos   sin  0  x   x   cos  sin  0  x 
         
(a)  y    sin  cos  0  y  (b)  y     sin  cos  0  y 
 z   0 0 1   z   z   0 0 1   z 
     
       
 cos 2 sin 0  cos 2  sin 0
 x   2  x   2
 x  x
           
(c)  y     sin cos 0  y  (d)  y    sin cos 0  y 
 2 2   2 2 
 z    z   z    z 
  0 0 1     0 0 1  
   
   
Ans. : (b)
0 1  0 i  1 0 
Solution:  x    , y    and  z   
1 0 i 0   0 1 
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 z x  iy 
Hence, x x  y y  z z   
 x  iy z 
 z' x1  iy ' 
x ' x  y ' y  z ' z   
 x ' iy ' z ' 
i / 2  i / 2
 i z  e 0   i z  e 0 
exp  
   i / 2 
and exp  
  
 z   0 e   2   0 ei / 2 
 z x  iy   ei / 2 0  z x  iy   e i / 2 0 

Hence,     
 x  iy  z   0 e i / 2   x  iy z   0 ei / 2 
 z x  iy   z ei  x  iy  
 
  
 x  iy  z    e  i  x  iy  z 
Hence, z   z and x  iy  ei  x  iy 
Thus x  iy   cos   x   sin   y   i  cos   y   sin   x 
Thus x   cos   x   sin   y
And y '    sin   x   cos   y
 x   cos  sin  0  x 
    
Thus,  y     sin  cos  0  y 
 z   0 0 1   z 
  
Q92. Which of the following sets of 3  3 matrices (in which a and b are real numbers) forms
a group under matrix multiplication?
 1 0 a    1 a 0  
     
(a)  0 1 0  ; a, b    (b)  0 1 b  ; a, b   
 b 0 1     
    0 0 1  
 1 0 a    1 a 0  
     
(c)  0 1 b  ; a, b    (d)  b 1 0  ; a, b   
 0 0 1     
    0 0 1  
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: In order to form the group the required matrix must satisfy the following conditions.
(a) For any three matrices A, B, C  G A  BC    AB  C
(b) There must exist an identity element I such that AI  IA  A

(c) There must exist an inverse element for each element belonging to G.
(d) For any two matrices A, B  G , the matrix A B  G (closer property).
All the given matrices satisfy property (a), if we put a  0 and b  0, we see that
property (b) also holds for all the given matrices.
If we put a  1 and b  1, in option (a) , two rows becomes identical and matrix in option
(a) is non-invertible. If we put a  1 and b  1, in option (d), two rows becomes identical
and the matrix is non-invertible.
Now only option (b) and (c) remains. For option (b) take two matrices and multiply
 1 a1 0   1 a2 0   1 a1  a2 a1b2 
    
 0 1 b1   0 1 b2    0 1 b1  b2 
0 0 1 0 0 
1  0  0 1 
 
we see that the resulting matrix does not satisfy closure property. For option (3) take two
matrices and multiply
 1 0 a1   1 0 a2   1 0 a2  a1 
    
 0 1 b1   0 1 b2    0 1 b2  b1 
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 
   
we see that the resulting matrix satisfy the closure property. Hence the correct option is (c)
Q93. A random variable n obeys Poisson statistics. The probability of finding n  0 is 106 .
The expectation value of n is nearest to
(a) 14 (b) 106 (c) e (d) 102
Ans. : (a)
n
Solution: In Poisson’s statistics the probability of finding the value n is given by P  n   e 
n!
The mean of Poisson’s statistics is  . From the question
0
P  0   10  10 
6 6
e    e    106
0!
Talking Log of both sides,    6 ln10    6 ln10
Hence the expectation value of n is   6  2.30  13.8  14
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NET/JRF (DEC - 2017)

Q94. Let A be a non-singular 3  3 matrix, the columns of which are denoted by the vectors
     
a , b and c , respectively. Similarly, u , v and w denote the vectors that form the
 
1
corresponding columns of AT . Which of the following is true?
           
(a) u  a  0, u  b  0, u  c  1 (b) u  a  0, u  b  1, u  c  0
           
(c) u  a  1, u  b  0, u  c  0 (d) u  a  0, u  b  0, u  c  0
Ans. : (c)
Solution: We can take any 3  3 non singular matrix in order to avoid long calculation.
1 0 0 1 0 0 
0 2 0   0 1/ 2 0 
  
 
1
Take A   0 0 3   AT   0 0 1/ 3
   
 

    
 a 
c   u v 
w 
 b
We see that

u .a  1.1  0.0  0.0  1

u .b  1.0  0.2  0.0  0

u .c  1.0  0.0  0.3  0
Q95.  
Consider the real function f  x   1/ x 2  4 . The Taylor expansion of f  x  about x  0
converges
(a) for all values of x (b) for all values of x except x  2
(c) in the region 2  x  2 (d) for x  2 and x  2
Ans. : (c)
1 1
Solution: f  x   
x 4
2
 x2 
4 1  
 4 
1
1  x2 
Thus the Taylor’s series of f  x  is times the binomial series of 1  
4  4
x2
 1  x  4   x  2  x  2   0
2
Now, the binomial series converges if
4
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Since x  2 is always greater than 0 ,
Hence x  2  0   2  x  2
Q96. Consider the matrix equation

1 1 1  x  0
    
1 2 3  y   0
 2 b 2c   z   0 
    
The condition for existence of a non-trivial solution and the corresponding normalised
solution (upto a sign) is
1
(a) b  2c and  x, y, z   1, 2, 1
6
1
(b) c  2b and  x, y, z   1, 1, 2 
6
1
(c) c  b  1 and  x, y, z    2, 1, 1
6
1
(d) b  c  1 and  x, y, z   1, 2, 1
6
Ans. : (d)
Solution: We know that the matrix equation, AX  0 , where A is the given matrix and X is a
column vector has a non-zero solution if and only if A  0
1 1 1
1 2 3  0  4c  3b  2c  6  b  4  0
2 b 2c
 2c  2b  2  0  b  c  1
we do not need to perform further calculation.
dy
Q97. Consider the differential equation  ay  e  bt with the initial condition y  0   0 .
dt
Then the Laplace transform Y  s  of the solution y  t  is
1 1 1 e a  eb
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 s  a  s  b  b s  a a  s  b ba
Ans. : (a)
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dy
Solution: Given  ay  e  bt
dt
Taking Laplace transform of both sides
We obtain
 dy  1
 dt 
 
L    aL  y  t   L e  bt  sY  s   y  0   aY  s  
sb
Since, y  0   0 , we obtain
1 1
 s  a Y  s    Y s 
sb  s  a  s  b 
Q98. The number of linearly independent power series solutions, around x  0 , of the second
d 2 y dy
order linear differential equation x 2   xy  0 , is
dx dx
(a) 0 (this equation does not have a power series solution)
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Ans. : (b)
Q99. Consider an element U   of the group SU  2  , where  is any one of the parameters
of the group. Under an infinitesimal change      , it changes as
U    U     U    1  X    U  gj  . To order  , the matrix X   should
always be
(a) positive definite (b) real symmetric (c) hermitian (d) anti-hermitian
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Since, U    e im
U   d   e  im .e  im d 
 U     U    1  X  d   U  
 1  X  d   e  im d  or, 1  X  d   1  im  d   ...
or, Xd    im  d 
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here, m is one of the Pauli spin matrices, since Pauli matrices are hermitian,
taken complex conjugate, so matrix should anti-hermitian.
Hence correct option is (d)
dy  x 
Q100. The differential equation   x 2 , with the initial condition y  0   0 , is solved
dx
using Euler’s method. If yE  x  is the exact solution and y N  x  the numerical solution
obtained using n steps of equal length, then the relative error

 y  x   y  x 
N E
is
yE  x 
proportional to
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
n n3 n4 n
Ans. : (d)
dy
Solution:   x2 , y  0  0
dx
 x3
yE  , but x  n 
3
 n3 h3
Exact solution, yE 
3
Numerically, f  x, y    x 2
Euler’s method, yi  yi 1  hf  xi 1 , yi 1 
y1  0 , y2   h3 y3  5 h3
yn 
 n  1 n  2n  1  h3
6
Since, 0,5,14,30,...different from square terms
At, x0  0 x1  x0  h  h x2  x0  2h  2h x3  x0  3h  3h
xn 1  x0   n  1 h   n  1 h . Now, xn  nh
f  x0 , y0   0 , f  x1 , y1    h 2 , f  x2 , y2   4 h 2
f  xn 1 , yn 1     n  1 h 2
2
 n  1 n  2n  1  h3   n3h3
 y N  yE   6 3
yE  n3 h3
3
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yN  yE 1
By solving, 
yE n
Q101. The interval  0,1 is divided into n parts of equal length to calculate the integral
1
e
i 2 x
dx using the trapezoidal rule. The minimum value of n for which the result is
0
exact, is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 
Ans. : (a)
1
Solution:  ei 2 nx dx  0 , exact value
0
1
Now, nh  1  0, h 
n
1
y  f  x   ei 2 n x , Let n  2 , then x0  0, y0  1 , x1  , y1  1 and x2  1, y2  1
2
h 1
I  y0  2  y1  ....  yn 1   yn   1  2  1  1
2 4
I  0. So, n  2
Q102. The generating function G  t , x  for the Legendre polynomials Pn  t  is

1
G t, x     x n Pn  t , for x  1
1  2 xt  x 2 n 0
x
If the function f  x  is defined by the integral equation  f  x dx  xG 1, x  , it can be
0
expressed as
 
1
(a) 
n ,m 0
x nm
Pn 1 Pm  
2
(b) 
n ,m 0
x n  m Pn 1 Pm 1
 
(c) 
n ,m 0
x n  m Pn 1 Pm 1 (d) 
n ,m 0
x n  m Pn  0  Pm 1
Ans. : (b)

1
Solution: G  t , x     x n Pn  t  for x  1
1  2 xt  x 2 n0
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
1
G 1, x     x n Pn 1
1  2 x  x2 n0

1 1
   x n Pn 1  Since x  1
1  x 
2
n 0 1 x
x
1
 f  x   dx 
1  x 0
Now, x 
Differentiating both sides,

d x 1
f  x  
dx 1  x 1  x 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q103. Consider the following ordinary differential equation
2
d 2 x 1  dx  dx
    0
dt 2 x  dt  dt
with the boundary conditions x  t  0   0 and x  t  1  1 . The value of x  t  at t  2 is
(a) e 1 (b) e2  1 (c) e 1 (d) e2  1

Ans. : (c)
Solution: The given equation can be written as
1 d  dx  dx d  dx  dx
x   0  x  x 0
x dt  dt  dt dt  dt  dt
dx
putting y  x gives
dt
dy
 y  0  lny  t  lnc1  y  c1 et
dt
dx
Since x  c1 et hence by integrating
dt
x2
 c1 et  c2 (i)
2
Using boundary conditions we obtain
1
c1  c2  0 and c1 e  c2 
2
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1 1
Solving these equations we obtain c1  and c2  
2  e  1 2  e  1
x2 1 1
Thus,  et 
2 2  e  1 2  e  1
When t  2, we obtain, x 2 
e2

1

 e2  1  e  1
 e  1  e  1  e  1
Therefore, x  2   e  1
Q104. What is the value of a for which f  x, y   2 x  3  x 2  y 2   2i  3 xy  ay  is an analytic
function of complex variable z  x  iy

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: f  x, y   2 x  3  x 2  y 2   2i  3 xy   y 
u  2 x  3  x 2  y 2  , v  2  3 xy   y 
C-R conditions: u x  v y , u y  vx ,
2  3  2 x   2  3 x       1   6 y  6 y
  
Q105. Consider the three vectors v1  2iˆ  3kˆ, v2  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ and v3  5iˆ  ˆj  akˆ where iˆ, ˆj
and k̂ are the standard unit vectors in a three-dimensional Euclidean space. These vectors
will be linearly dependent if the value of a is
31 23 27
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
4 4 4
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given vector will be linearly dependent if the determinant of the matrix formed by
taking these vectors as column is zero.
2 1 5
0 2 1  0  2  2 a  2     3   5  6   0
3 2 a
31
 4a  4  3  30  0  4a  31  0  a 
4
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
 dxf  x  eikx of the function f  x   e
x
Q106. The Fourier transform

2 1 2 2
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
1 k 2 2 1  k 2  1 k 2 2  k 2 
Ans. : (c)
 
  dx e
x x
Solution: dxe eikx  cos kxdx odd function sin kx vanishes
 

e x
2 
 cos kx  k sin kx 0

 2 e  x cos kx dx  2
0
1 k
e ax
 e ax cos bxdx   a cos bx  b sin bx 
a 2  b2

e0 2
 2 e cos kxdx  2
x

0
1 k 2
1 k 2
Q107. The value of the integral

 /2 1
 dx  dy.  sin 2 x    x  y  is
 /2 1
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2
Ans. : (b)
 /2 1  /2 1
Solution: I   dx  dy  sin 2 x    x  y    dx   sin 2 x     y  x  dy
 / 2 1  / 2 1
If we assume that x lies between 1 and 1 then the second integral is 1 and the given
integral becomes
 /2
I
 /2
   sin 2 x dx
 n 

 x 
 2 
now   sin 2 x   
n  n
2 cos 2
2
 /2
1 1 1
Therefore, I     x  dx  .1 
2  / 2 2 2
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Q108. Which of the following statements is true for a 3  3 real orthogonal matrix with
determinant 1 ?
(a) the modulus of each of its eigenvalues need not be 1 , but their product must be 1
(b) at least one of its eigenvalues is 1
(c) all of its eigenvalues must be real
(d) none of its eigenvalues must be real
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The characteristic equation of any 3  3 matrix is of thee form  3  a 2  b  c  0
which implies that at least one of the eigenvalues must be real. It is a proven fact that
modulus of each eigenvalues of an orthogonal matrix is 1.
If all eigenvalues of 3  3 orthogonal matrix are real then only possibilities for
eigenvalues are
1  1, 2  1 and 3  1 or 1  1, 2  1, 3  1 or 1  1, 2  1, 3  1
Thus we see that at least one eigenvalue is 1 . Suppose one eigenvalues is real and other
two eigenvalues are complex conjugates. Now
12 3  1
 1  a  ib  a  ib   1  1  a 2  b 2   1
Since a 2  b 2 is always positive hence 1  1 .

In this case also we see that at least one eigenvalue must be 1
Q109. In the function Pn  x  e  x of a real variable x , Pn  x  is polynomial of degree n . The

2
maximum number of extrema that this function can have is

(a) n  2 (b) n  1 (c) n  1 (d) n
Ans. : (c)
Solution: y  Pn  x  e  x  Pn  x  e  x  Pn  x  e x  2 x   0  Pn  x   2 xPn  x   0

2 2 2
P0  x   1, P1  x   2  P0  x   2 xP0  x   0  0  2 x.1  0
x  0, 1 extrema
P1 x   2 xP1  x   0
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1
1  2 x.x  0  x   i.e., 2 extrema.
2
Thus in general there are  n  1 extrema.
d 2 y  x
Q110. The Green’s function G  x, x  for the equation  y  x   f  x  , with the
dx 2
 
boundary values y  0   y    0 , is
2
   
 x  x  2  , 0  x  x 
2
  
(a) G  x, x    
 x    x , 0  x  x 


 
2 2
 
  cos x  sin x, 0  x  x   2
(b) G  x, x    
  sin x  cos x, 0  x   x  
 2
 
cos x  sin x, 0  x  x 
2
(c) G  x, x    
sin x  cos x, 
0  x  x 
 2
   
 x  2  x  , 0  x  x 
2
  
(d) G  x, x    
 x    x  , 0  x  x 

  2 
 2
Ans. : (b)
d2y
Solution: 2
 y  0  m2  1  0  m  0  i
dx
y1  x   sin x  at  , y1  x   cos x
  
y2  x   cos x  at  , y2  x    sin x
 2
 
A  P  x   y2  x  y1  x1   y1  x   y2  x 
 A   sin x sin x  cos cos x  P  x   1  A  1
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 
 sin cos , 0  x  x 
 Ay  x  y2  x  , x  x  x x
Thus G  x, x    1  2
 Ay2  x  y1  x  , x  x  cos x sin x, 0  x  x  
 2
1 1
Q111. The fractional error in estimating the integral 0
xdx using Simpson’s
3
rule, using a step
size 0.1 , is nearest to

(a) 104 (b) 0 (c) 102 (d) 3 104
Ans. : (b)
h
Solution: I   y0  2  y2  y4  ....  4  y1  y3  y6  ...  yn 
3
0.1
 0  2  0.2  0.4  0.6  0.8   4  0.1  0.3  0.5  0.7  0.9  1 
3 
1 15
  4  10  1   0.5
30 30
I 0.5  0.5
fractional error   0
I true 0.5
y0 0
y1 0.1
y2 0.2
y3 0.3
y4 0.4
y5 0.5
y6 0.6
y7 0.7
y8 0.8
y9 0.9
y10 1.0
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NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
a 0 0
Q112. One of the eigenvalues of the matrix e is e , where A   0 0 a  . The product of the
A a
0 a 0
 
other two eigenvalues of e A is
(a) e 2 a (b) e  a (c) e 2 a (d) 1
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Eigenvalues of matrix A are a, a and  a . The product of two other eigenvalues of A
are ea a  a  1
Alternativety
eTraceA  e1  2  3  det e A
 e1 .e2  3  det e A  e a .e2 .e3  e a
 e2 .e3  1
Q113. The polynomial f  x   1  5 x  3 x 2 is written as linear combination of the Legendre
polynomials
 1 
 2
2
 

 P0  x   1, P1  x  , P2  x   3 x  1  as f  x    n cn Pn  x  . The value of c0 is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
4 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: f  x   1  5 x  3 x 2
1  P0  x  x  P1  x 
1
x2 
3
 2P2  x   1
f  x   P0  x   5 P1  x   2 P2  x   P0  x 
 2 P0  x   5 P1  x   2 P2  x 
 c0 P0  x   c1 P1  x   c2 P2  x  c0  2
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dz tanh 2 z 
Q114. The value of the integral  C z sin  z
, where C is a circle of radius , traversed
2
counter-clockwise, with centre at z  0 , is
(a) 4 (b) 4i (c) 2i (d) 0
Ans. : (b)
dz tanh 2 z
Solution: C z sin  z
dz i / 2
 i  i i / 4
z  0,1, 1, ,
4 4
 /2 1 0 1  /2
1 2
2 z   2 z    2 z  ....
3 5
 i / 4
f z  3 15
  z
3 3

z  z   ....   i / 2
 3! 
  z 
2 2
2  1 2
 1  z  ...  1   ... 
z 2  2! 
2
b1 

tanh 2 tanh 2
As Re z  1 , and Re z  1 ,
 
i 1 2 
Re z     2cosec h 
4  4 
i 1 2 
Re z     2cosec h 
4  4 
I  2 iR  4i only when 0 lies inside, otherwise wrong question.

Q115. The integral I   e z dz is evaluated from the point  1, 0  to Im z
C
1, 0  along the contour C , which is an arc of the parabola  1, 0  1, 0 
Re z
y  x 2  1 , as shown in the figure. C
The value of I is
(a) 0 (b) 2sinh1 (c) e2i sinh1 (d) e  e1
Ans. : (b)
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Solution:  f  z  dz  2 iR
C
1
 f  z  dz   e dx  0
x
C
1
1 1
 e  e   2  2sinh1
1 1
 f  z  dz    e dx   e dx 
x x
C
1 1
2
Q116. In terms of arbitrary constants A and B , the general solution to the differential equation
d2y dy
x2 2
 5 x  3 y  0 is
dx dx
A B
(a) y   Bx 3 (b) y  Ax 
x x3
A B
(c) y  Ax  Bx 3 (d) y  
x x3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The given equation is Euler-Cauchy differential equation. The characteristic equation
of
d2y dy
x2 2
 5x  6 y  0
dx dx
is, m 2  4m  6  0  m  3 or m  1
1 1
Thus, y1  x 1  and y2  x 2  3
x x
Therefore the general solution is
A B
y 
x x3
d 2 y  x
Q117. The Green’s function G  x, x  for the equation  f  x  , with the boundary values
dx 2
y  0   0 and y 1  0 , is
1
 x 1  x  , 0  x  x  1  x  x  1 , 0  x  x  1
(a) G  x, x    2 (b) G  x, x   
1
 x 1  x  0  x  x  1  x 1  x  0  x  x  1
2
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 1
  x 1  x  , 0  x  x  1  x  x  1 , 0  x  x  1
(c) G  x, x    2 (d) G  x, x   
1
 x 1  x  0  x  x  1  x  x  1 0  x  x  1
 2
Ans. : (d)
d2y
Solution:  f  x
dx 2
p  x   1
x1  1, y2  x
x 1 x
y1  x, y2  1  x w  1
1 1
A  1
 A y1 y2  x
G  x, x    
 x  1 0  x  x  1
 A y1 y2  x  x  1 0  x  x  1
Q118. A 4  4 complex matrix A satisfies the relation A† A  4 I , where I is the 4  4 identity

matrix. The number of independent real parameters of A is
(a) 32 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 16
Ans. : (d)
1 †
Solution: Given that A† A  4 I 
4

A A I 
Let A  2 B then
A†  2 B †
Therefore, B † B  I
This shows that B is a unitary matrix. The number of independent real parameters
needed to specify an n  n unitary matrix is n 2 . Thus, the number of independent
parameter needed to specify matrix B is 42  16 .
Now, the number of independent parameters needed to specify matrix A is same as that
of matrix B .
Thus the number of independent parameters needed to specify A is 16
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Q119. The contour C of the following integral
 z  1 z  3
 dz
z 
3
C
2
 25
in the complex z plane is shown in the figure below.
C
1 3
This integral is equivalent to an integral along the contours
(a) (b)
5 1 3 5 5 1 3 5
(c) (d)
5 1 3 5 5 1 3 5
Ans. : (c)
Solution: z  1,3 are branch points  is not a branch point 1 branch cut 3
1
Q120. The value of the integral 0
x 2 dx , evaluated using the trapezoidal rule with a step size of
0.2 , is
(a) 0.30 (b) 0.39 (c) 0.34 (d) 0.27
Ans. : (c)
0.2
Solution: I  0  2  0.04  0.16  0.36  0.64   1 x f  x
2 
x0 0 0
 0.1 2.4  1  0.34 x1 0.2 0.04
x2 0.4 0.16
x3 0.6 0.36
x4 0.8 0.64
x5 1.0 1.00
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Classical Mechanics
JEST-2012
Q1. For small angular displacement (i.e., sin    ), a simple pendulum oscillates
harmonically. For larger displacements, the motion
(a) becomes a periodic
(b) remains periodic with the same period
(c) remains periodic with a higher period
(d) remains periodic with a lower period
Ans.: (c)
Q2. A planet orbits a massive star in a highly elliptical orbit, i.e., the total orbital energy E is
close to zero. The initial distance of closest approach is R0 . Energy is dissipated through
tidal motions until the orbit is circularized with a final radius of R f . Assume that orbital
angular momentum is conserved during the circularization process. then

R0
(a) R f  (b) R f  R0 (c) R f  2R0 (d) R f  2 R0
2
Ans. : (d)
1 2 J2 GMm
Solution: For elliptically motion E  mr  2

2 2mr r
E  0 and closest approach is R0 , at R0  r  0
J2 GMm J2 GMm
0 0 2
  2
  J 2  2GMm 2 R0
2mR0 R0 2 MR0 R0
From condition of circular orbit
J2 V J2 2GMm 2 R0 GMm
 f r     
GMm
   R f  2 R0
mR 3f r mR 3f R 2f mR 3f R 2f
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Q3. A binary system consists of two stars of equal mass m orbiting each other in a circular
orbit under the influence of gravitational forces. The period of the orbit is T . At t  0 ,
the motion is stopped and the stars are allowed to fall towards each other. After what time
t , expressed in terms of T , do they collide?
x 2 dx x   x 
   x2

2
  x 2  sin 1 
2  

  
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 4 2
Ans. : (d)
d 2x GMm d 2x GM A
Solution: m 2   2  2   2   2
dt x dt x x
dv  A dx d  v2  d  A  v2 A
v  2         C
dt x dt dt  2  dt  x  2 x
A
when x  R , v  0 , then c  
R
v2 A A 1 1 dx 2A R  x
   v  2A   
2 x R x R dt R x
0 t
x 2A

R Rx
dx  
0
R
dt
Put x  u 2  dx  2udu and x  0, u  0 and also, x  R, u  R

0
u u 
0 t
2u 2 2A R 2A
 R  u2
du  
0
R
dt  2 
2
R  u 2  sin 1
2 
R R

R
t
R
 R R 1 R  2A R 2A
 2  RR  sin  t  2  sin 1 1  t
 2 2 R R 2 R
2A R  R R
t  2   t  
R 2 2 2 2A
1 R 3 2
t (1)
2 2 GM
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mv 2 GMm GM 2 R 4 2 R 2 GM 4 2 R 3
and   v 2
  v      2
R R2 R  2 R GM
R 3 2 R 3 2 
 2   (2)
GM GM 2
1  
From (1) and (2), t  
2 22 4 2
Q4. In a certain inertial frame two light pulses are emitted at point 5 km apart and separated
in time by 5  s . An observer moving at a speed V along the line joining these points
notes that the pulses are simultaneous. Therefore V is
(a) 0.7 c (b) 0.8c (c) 0.3c (d) 0.9 c
Ans. : (c)
Solution: t  0 , t 2  t1  5s , x 2  x1  5km , v  V
 V   V 
t 2   2  x 2 t1   2  x1
t 2  t1  C   C 
2
V V2
1 2 1 2
C C
 
t 2  t1   C 2  x 2  x1 
V
V
  0  5  10 6  2  5  10 3  0
V2 C
1 2
C
6
V 5  10
 2   10 9  V  3 108  C 109  0.3c
C 5  10 3
Q5. A jet of gas consists of molecules of mass m , speed v and number density n all moving
co-linearly. This jet hits a wall at an angle  to the normal. The pressure exerted on the
wall by the jet assuming elastic collision will be
(a) p  2mnv 2 cos 2  (b) p  2mnv 2 cos 
(c) p  3 / 2mnv cos 2  (d) p  mnv 2

Ans.: (a)
Solution: Change in momentum along y - direction will be cancelled out
 Change in momentum along x  direction, p  2mv cos 
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p
Force t p p pv cos 
Pressure     
Area A A. t L A. L
A
v cos 
2mv cos   v cos  N  N
Pressure p  ,   n   , V  Area  L  A  L  ,
V  V 
p   2mnv 2 cos 2 
Q6. If the coordinate q and the momentum p form a canonical pair  q, p  , which one of the
sets given below also forms a canonical?

(a)  q,  p  
(b) q 2 , p 2  (c)  p,  q  
(d) q 2 ,  p 2 
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For canonical pair  p,  q 
p   q    p   q 
     0   1  1
q p p q
Q7. A girl measures the period of a simple pendulum inside a stationary lift and finds it to be
g
T seconds. If the lift accelerates upward with an acceleration , then the time period
4
will be
T 2T
(a) T (b) (c) (d) 2T 5
4 5
Ans.: (c)
l
Solution: T  2
g
Since, lift accelerated upward, then
l l l l 2 2T
T   2  2  2  4  2  
g  g g
g 5g g 5 5
4
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JEST-2013
Q8. In an observer’s rest frame, a particle is moving towards the observer with an energy E
and momentum P . If c denotes the velocity of light in vacuum, the energy of the
particle in another frame moving in the same direction as particle with a constant velocity
v is
(a)
 E  vP  (b)
 E  vP  (c)
 E  vP  (d)
 E  vP 
1 v / c 1 v / c
2 2
2 2
1   v / c 2  1   v / c 2 
   
Ans.: (a)
vx x v v
t   2x x x
Solution: t   c  x  c c  x 
2
c  x  ct , x  ct 
v 2 c v 2
v2
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
E
v E
Now x  E , x  E  E   c  E  mc 2 , E  Pc  P  E  E   E  Pv
v2 c v2
1 2 1 2
c c
Q9. The free fall time of a test mass on an object of mass M from a height 2 R to R is
R3 R3 R3 2R 3
(a)  / 2  1 (b) (c)  / 2 (d) 
GM GM GM GM
Ans.: (a)
md 2 r GMm d 2r GM d 2r A
Solution: Equation of motion 2
  2
 2
  2
 2
 2  GM  A
dt r dt r dt r
dv A dr d  v2  d  A v2 A
v  2         C
dt r dt dt  2  dt  r  2 r
when r  2 R, v  0
0 A A v2 A A 2A 2A dr 2A 2R  r
 C  C      v   
2 2R 2R 2 r 2R r 2R dt 2R r
R r A t
2R
2R  r
dr  
R 0
dt
put r  u 2 , dr  2udu when r  2 R, u  2 R , r  R, u  R
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R u A t A R u2
 2R
2R  u 2
 2udu   
R 0
dt  
R
t  2
2R
2R  u 2
du
R
A  u 2 R 1 u 
 t  2  2R  u 2  sin 
R  2 2 2R  2R
A  R 2 R 1 R 2R 2R 
 t  2 2R  R  sin  2 R  2 R  R sin 1 
R  2 2 2R 2 2R 
  R R R  R R     R
3
A
 t  2   t    1  t    1  A  GM
R  2 4 2  A 2   2  GM
Q10. Under a Galilean transformation, the coordinates and momenta of any particle or system
      
transform as: t '  t , r '  r  vt and p '  p  mv where v is the velocity of the boosted
frame with respect to the original frame. A unitary operator carrying out these

transformations for a system having total mass M , total momentum P and centre of

mass coordinate X is
       
t / 2 
e i t v .P /  e i M v
2
v.X / 
(a) e i M v . X /  e i t v .P /  (b) e i M
     
t / 2   t / 2  
(d) e i t v . P /  e i M v
2 2
v.X / 
(c) e i M e i t v .P /  e i M v
Ans.: (b)
Q11. A spherical planet of radius R has a uniform density  and does not rotate. If the planet
is made up of some liquid, the pressure at point r from the center is
4 2 G 2 4G 2
(a)
3
R  r 2  (b)
3
R  r 2 
2 2 G 2 G
(c)
3
R  r 2  (d)
2
R 2
 r2 
Ans.: (c)
r
dm  g dm  g
  4 r 2 drGM
Solution: Pressure dp    R3
A 4 r 2 4 r 2
dr
r dm (mass of elementary part )

R
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4 3 r
  4r 2 drG    R 3
 dp  3 R  dp  4  2 Grdr
4r 2
3
R
R 4 2 4 2  r 2  4 2  R 2 r 2 
 dp   r 3
 Grdr  p 
3
 G
 2
  p 
r 3
 G
 2

2


4  2 G 2 2 2
 p
3 2
R  r2  p 
3
 G R 2  r 2 
Q12. A particle of mass m is thrown upward with velocity v and there is retarding air
resistance proportional to the square of the velocity with proportionality constant k . If
the particle attains a maximum height after time t , and g is the gravitational acceleration,
what is the velocity?
 g   g 
(a)
k
tan t  (b) gk tan t 
 k 
g  k 
(c)
g
k
tan  gk t  (d) gk tan  gk t 
Ans.: (c)
mdv dv k dv
Solution: Equation of motion  mg  kv 2   g  v2   dt
dt dt m k 2
g v
m
dv dv m 1 v
   dt     dt   tan 1 t
k k  gm  k gm gm
g  v2   v2 
m m k  k k
mg  kg 
v tan   t 
k  m 
Q13. Consider a uniform distribution of particles with volume density n in a box. The
particles have an isotropic velocity distribution with constant magnitude v . The rate at
which the particles will be emitted from a hole of area A on one side of this box is
A A
(a) nvA (b) nv (c) nv (d) none of the above
2 4
Ans.: (c)
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Q14. If, in a Kepler potential, the pericentre distance of particle in a parabolic orbit is rp while
the radius of the circular orbit with the same angular momentum is rc , then
(a) rc  2rp (b) rc  rp (c) 2rc  rp (d) rc  2rp
Ans.: (a)
l
Solution: Conic equation  1  e cos  for parabola e  1 for circle, e  0 ,   0
r
l l
 1  1,  1  l  2rp , l  rC  2rp  rC
rp rC
Q15. A K meson (with a rest mass of 494 MeV ) at rest decays into a muon (with a rest mass
of 106 MeV ) and a neutrino. The energy of the neutrino, which can be massless, is
approximately
(a) 120 MeV (b) 236 MeV (c) 300 MeV (d) 388 MeV
Ans.: (b)
 494 494 106 106  2
 
mk2  m2 c 2  2  2  2  2 c

c c c c 
Solution: k     , E 
2mk 494
2 2
c
244036  11236
  235.6275  236 MeV
988
Q16. A light beam is propagating through a block of glass with index of refraction n . If the
glass is moving at constant velocity v in the same direction as the beam, the velocity of
the light in the glass block as measured by an observer in the laboratory is approximately
c  1  c  1 
(a) u   v 1  2  (b) u   v 1  2 
n  n  n  n 
c  1  c
(c) u   v1  2  (d) u 
n  n  n
Ans. : (a)
c
v 1
n  v  c  v   c  v v2 
Solution: now u   1     v    1   2 2 
vc  n  cn   n   cn c n 
1 2
c n
v2 v3 c v cv 2 c  1 
v  2 2   2  3  u   v 1  2 
cn c n n cn cn n  n 
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Q17. The period of a simple pendulum inside a stationary lift is T . If the lift accelerates
g
downwards with an acceleration , the period of the pendulum will be
4
T 2T 2T
(a) T (b) (c) (d)
4 3 5
Ans.: (c)
l
Solution: T  2  lift accelerates down wards then
g
l l 4l l 2T
T   2  2  2  2  2  T 
g  g g
g 3g 3g 3
4
Q18. The velocity of a particle at which the kinetic energy is equal to its rest energy is (in
terms of c , the speed of light in vacuum)
(a) 3c / 2 (b) 3c / 4 (c) 3 / 5c (d) c / 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: K .E  mc 2  m0 c 2 , rest mass energy  m0 c 2
K .E.  rest mass energy

mc 2  m0 c 2  m0 c 2  mc 2  2m0 c 2
m0 1  v2  v2 3
c 2  2m0 c 2   2  41  2   1  4 2  3  v  c
v2 v2  c  c 2
1 1
c2 c2
Q19. 
If the Poisson bracket  x, p  1 , then the Poisson bracket x 2  p, p is ? 
(a) 2 x (b) 2 x (c) 1 (d) 1
Ans.: (a)
   
Solution: x 2  p, p  x 2 , p  p, p  xx, p  x, px  0  x  1   1 x  2 x
Q20. The coordinate transformation x  0.8 x  0.6 y, y  0.6 x  0.8 y represents

(a) a translation (b) a proper rotation
(c) a reflection (d) none of the above
Ans.: (b)
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Q21. A small mass M hangs from a thin string and can swing like a pendulum. It is attached
above the window of a car. When the car is at rest, the string hangs vertically. The angle
made by the string with the vertical when the car has a constant acceleration a  1.2 m / s 2
is approximately
(a) 10 (b) 70 (c) 150 (d) 900
Ans.: (b)
a a  1.2 
Solution: T sin   ma , T cos   mg , tan      tan 1  tan 1    6.98  7
0 0
g g  9.8 
JEST-2014
Q22. A dynamical system with two generalized coordinates q1 and q2 has Lagrangian
L  q12  q 22 . If p1 and p2 are the corresponding generalized momenta, the Hamiltonian

is given by
(a)  p12  p 22  / 4 (b) q12  q 22  / 4 (c)  p12  p 22  / 2 (d)  p1 q1  p 2 q 2  / 4
Ans.: (a)
Solution: H   qi pi  L  q1 p1  q 2 p2  L
L p L p
 p1  2q1  q1  1 and  p 2  2q 2  q 2  2
q1 2 q 2 2
H
p1
 p1 
p2
 p2 
p12 p 22
 H 
p12  p22  
2 2 4 4 4
Q23. In a certain inertial frame two light pulses are emitted, a distance 5 km apart and
separated by 5 s . An observer who is traveling, parallel to the line joining the points
where the pulses are emitted, at a velocity v with respect to this frame notes that the
pulses are simultaneous. Therefore v is
(a) 0.7 c (b) 0.8 c (c) 0.3 c (d) 0.9 c
Ans.: (c)
Solution:  x2  x1   5  103 m, t2  t1  5  106 sec
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 v   v   v 
t2   2 x2  t1   2 x1   t2  t1   2  x2  x1  
 t2  t1    c 2    c 2    c
2

v v v
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
v
t2  t1  5 106  2
5 103  0  v  0.3c
c
Q24. A double pendulum consists of two equal masses m suspended by two strings of length l .
What is the Lagrangian of this system for oscillations in a plane? Assume the angles
1 ,  2 made by the two strings are small (you can use cos   1   2 / 2 ).
Note:  0  g / l .
 1 1 
(a) L  ml 2 12  22   0212   02 22 
 2 2 
 1 1 
(b) L  ml 2 12  22  12   0212   02 22 
 2 2 
 1 1 
(c) L  ml 2 12  22  12   0212   02 22 
 2 2 
1 1 
(d) L  ml 2  12  22  12   0212   02 22 
2 2 
Ans.: (b)
Solution: x1  l sin 1 , y1  l cos 1
1 l
x2  x1  l sin  2 y2  y1  l cos  2
x2  l sin 1  l sin  2 , y2  l cos 1  l cos  2
x2  l cos 11  l cos  22 , y 2  l sin 11  l sin  22 2 l
x 22  y 22  l 2 cos 2 112  l 2 cos 2  222  2l 2 cos 11 cos  22  l 2 sin 1212 m
 l 2 sin  2222  2l 2 sin 1 sin  212
 x22  y 22  l 212  l 222  2l 2 cos 1   2  12 also x12  y12  l 212
L  T V 
1
2
 
m x12  y12  x 22  y 22  mgy1  mgy 2
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L
1
2
 
m l 212  l 212  l 222  2l 2 cos 1   2  12  2mgl cos 1  mgl cos  2
 1 2 g  12  1 g   22  
 L  ml 2 12  22  12  1    1    cos 1   2   1
 2 2l  2  2 l 2 
 1 g g 12 g g  22 
 L  ml 2 12  22  12     
 2 l l 2 2l 2l 2 
comparing given options, option (b) is correct i.e.

 1  2 2 1 
L  ml 2  12  22  12  0 1  022 
 2 2 4 
Q25. A monochromatic wave propagates in a direction making an angle 60 o with the x -axis
4c
in the reference frame of source. The source moves at speed v  towards the observer.
5
The direction of the (cosine of angle) wave as seen by the observer is
13 3 13 1
(a) cos    (b) cos    (c) cos    (d) cos   
14 14 6 2
Ans.: (a)
4c c 3
Solution: v  , u x  c cos 60o  , u y  c sin 60o  c
5 2 2
c 4
 c
2 5 13c 13
Now u x    cos  
c 4c 14 14
1  2
2 5c
Q26. The acceleration experienced by the bob of a simple pendulum is
(a) maximum at the extreme positions
(b) maximum at the lowest (central) positions
(c) maximum at a point between the above two positions
(d) same at all positions
Ans.: (a)
Solution: T sin   ma , T cos   mg 
l
T cos
T
a  g tan  at   90 o
T sin 
a is maximum at extreme position. mg
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Q27. Consider a Hamiltonian system with a potential energy function is given

by V  x   x 2  x 4 . Which of the following is correct?
(a) The system has one stable point (b) The system has two stable points
(c) The system has three stable points (d) The system has four stable points
Ans.: (a)
Solution: V  x   x 2  x 4 ,
V
x

 2x  4x3  0  2x 1  2x 2  0  x  
1
, 0 
2
 2V  2V 1
 2  12 x 2
  2  12   4  0
dx 2 dx 2 x 
1 2
2
V  2V  2V
For stable point  0 and 0 2 20
x x x x 0
Q28. Two point objects A and B have masses 1000 kg and 3000 kg respectively. They are
initially at rest with a separation equal to 1 m . Their mutual gravitational attraction then
draws them together. How far from A ’s original position will they collide?
1 1 2 3
(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m
3 2 3 4
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Since gravitational force is conservative, therefore they collide at their centre of mass
m1 x  1  x m2
m1 x 1 x m2
A B
x  31  x   x 
3
1m
4
JEST-2015
Q29. The distance of a star from the Earth is 4.25 light years, as measured from the Earth. A
space ship travels from Earth to the star at a constant velocity in 4.25 years, according to
the clock on the ship. The speed of the space ship in units of the speed of light is,
1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 3
Ans.: (b)
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4.25 4.25
Solution: Proper life-time t0  , t 
c v
t0 4.25 4.25 / c  v2   v2  1
t      2   1  2   v  c
1  v2 / c2 v 1 v / c
2 2
c   c  2
Q30. A classical particle with total energy E moves under the influence of a potential
V  x, y   3x 3  2 x 2 y  2 xy 2  y 3 . The average potential energy, calculated over a long
time is equal to,
2E E E 2E
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 5 5
Ans.: (d)
n
Solution: If one will use virial theorem, then T  V . If V  r n according to problem n  3
2
3 2
So, E  T  V  E  V  V  V  E
2 5
But virial theorem is used only for conservative forces.
   
Force conservative   F  0 , where F  V

   
V  x, y   3 x3  2 x 2 y  2 y 2 x  y 3  V  9 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2 iˆ  2 x 2  4 yx  3 y 2 ˆj
 
   F  0 i.e., force is conservative in nature.
Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Q31. A chain of mass M and length L is suspended vertically with its lower end touching a
weighing scale. The chain is released and falls freely onto the scale. Neglecting the size
of the individual links, what is the reading of the scale when a length x of the chain has
fallen?
Mgx 2Mgx 3Mgx 4Mgx
(a) (b) (c) (d)
L L L L
Ans.: (c)
dp Mgx d  mv  Mgx
Solution: Reading of scale = impulse + actual weight    
dt L dt L
M  dx  Mgx Mv 2 Mgx 2 Mgx Mgx 3Mgx M
   v        v 2  2 gx and m  dx
L  dt  L L L L L L L
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Q32. A bike stuntman rides inside a well of frictionless surface given by z  ax 2  y 2  , under

the action of gravity acting in the negative z direction. g   gzˆ . What speed should be
maintain to be able to ride at a constant height z 0 without falling down?
(a) gz 0
(b) 3gz 0
(c) 2 gz 0
(d) The biker will not be able to maintain a constant height, irrespective of speed.
Ans.: (c)

Solution: z  a x 2  y 2 
Using equation of constrain, we must solve the given system in cylindrical co-ordinate.
z  ar 2 , z  2arr  L 
1
2
 
m r 2  r 2   z 2  mgz
1
  1
 
 L  m r 2  r 2   4a 2 r 2 r 2  mgar 2  m  r 2 1  4a 2 r 2  r 2  2   mgar 2
2 2
Equation of motion
d  L  L
  0
dt  r  r
 mr1  4a 2 r 2   mr 2 4a 2 r  mr 2  2mgar  0
At z  z0 , r  0, r  r0 , so, mr0 2  2mgar0
v
 2  2 ga    2 ga ,  2 ga , v  2 ga  r0
r0
1/ 2
z 
v  2 ga   0   2 gz0
a

 z0  ar02 
Q33. The Lagrangian of a particle is given by L  q 2  qq . Which of the following statements
is true?
(a) This is a free particle
(b) The particle is experiencing velocity dependent damping
(c) The particle is executing simple harmonic motion
(d) The particle is under constant acceleration.
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Ans.: (a)
L d  L 
Solution:  L  q 2  qq   2q  q     2q  q
q dt  q 
d  L  L
   0
dt  q  q
d 2q dq
 2q  q  q  0  2q  0  2
0   C  q  Ct  
dt dt
Q34. How is your weight affected if the Earth suddenly doubles in radius, mass remaining the
same?
(a) Increases by a factor of 4 (b) Increases by a factor of 2
(c) Decreases by a factor of 4 (d) Decreases by a factor of 2
Ans.: (c)
GM GM W
Solution: W  m  and W   m  W 
 2R 
2 2
R 4
Q35. A spring of force constant k is stretched by x . It takes twice as much work to stretch a
x
second spring by . The force constant of the second spring is,
2
(a) k (b) 2k (c) 4k (d) 8k
Ans.: (d)
1
Solution: The relation between energy and maximum displacement is E  k1 A2
2
2
1 2 x 1  x 1
For A  x ; E1  k1 x and for A  ; E1  k2    k2 x 2
2 2 2  2 8
1 1
 E2  2 E1  k2 x 2  2  k1 x 2  k2  8k1  k2  8k
8 2
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JEST-2016
Q36. A hoop of radius a rotates with constant angular velocity  about the
vertical axis as shown in the figure. A bead of mass m can slide on the
hoop without friction. If g   2 a at what angle  apart from 0 and 
a
d d 2
is the bead stationary (i.e.,  2  0 )?
dt dt

g g
(a) tan   (b) sin  
 2a  2a
g g
(c) cos   (d) tan  
 a2
 2 a
Ans.: (c)
Solution: The Lagrangian of the system is
L
1 2 2
2
 
ma   sin 2 2  mga cos 
The equation of motion is,

d  L   L 
  
2  2 
  0  ma   ma sin  cos   mga sin   0
dt      
2

When bead is stationary, then
d d 2
dt
 
 2  0  ma 2 sin  cos 2  mga sin   0 ,
dt
g
    and g   2 a , then cos   2
 a
Q37. The central force which results in the orbit r  a 1  cos   for a particle is proportional
to:
(a) r (b) r 2 (c) r 2 (d) None o the above
Ans.: (c)
1 1 du sin 
Solution: r  a 1  cos    u    
r a 1  cos   d a 1  cos  2
d 2u sin 2  cos 
and  2 
d a 1  cos   a 1  cos  
2 3 2
If J is angular momentum and m is mass of particle
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J 2  d 2u  1
  2 u  f  
m  d  u
J 2  d 2u  J 2  2sin 2  cos  1  1
   2 u       f  
m  d  m  a 1  cos   a 1  cos  
3 2
a 1  cos    u
 
J 2  1  cos 2  cos  1  1
  2    f  
m  a 1  cos   a 1  cos  
3 2
a 1  cos    u
 
1 1  au
Put u  , cos   and solving we get
a 1  cos   au
1
f    u 2 so f  r   r 2
u
Q38. Light takes approximately 8 minutes to travel from the Sun to the Earth. Suppose in the
frame of the Sun an event occurs at t  0 at the Sun and another event occurs on Earth at
t  1 minute. The velocity of the inertial frame in which both these events are
simultaneous is:
c
(a) with the velocity vector pointing from Earth to Sun
8
c
(b) with the velocity vector pointing from Sun to Earth
8
(c) The events can never be simultaneous - no such frame exists
2
1
(d) c 1    with velocity vector Pointing from to Earth
8
Ans.: (a)
Solution: x2  x1  c  8  60 , t2  t1  60
vx vx
t2  22 t1  21
t2  t1  0  c  c  0  t   t   v  x  x    0
2 1 2 1
v 2
v2 c2
1 2 1 2
c c
v v c
t2  t1  2  x2  x1   0  60  2 c  8  60  0  v  
c c 8
c
Negative sign indicate frame is moving with the velocity vector pointing from Earth to
8
Sun.
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Q39. For the coupled system shown in the figure, the normal coordinates are x1  x2 and
x1  x2 corresponding to the normal frequencies 0 and 30 respectively.

x1 x2
k k k
m m
At t  0 , the displacements are x1  A , x2  0 , and the velocities are v1  v2  0 . The
displacement of the second particle at time t is given by:
(a) x2  t  
A
2

cos 0t   cos  30t  (b) x2  t  
A
2

cos 0t   cos  30t 
(c) x2  t  
A
2

sin 0t   sin  30t  (d) x2  t  
A

2
sin 0t  
1
3
sin  
30t 


Ans.: (b)
Solution: Using boundary condition at t  0 , x2  0 and v2  0
Only x2  t  
A
2
 
cos 0t   cos 30t will satisfied 
Q40. A cylindrical shell of mass m has an outer radius b and an inner radius a . The moment
of inertia of the shell about the axis of the cylinder is:
(a)
1
2

m b2  a 2  (b)
1
2

m b2  a 2  
(c) m b 2  a 2  
(d) m b 2  a 2 
Ans.: (b)
 
b m b m 2
Solution:  x 2 dm   x 2 xdx  b  a2
2
a 
 b a 2 2
 a 2
JEST 2017
Q41. A bead of mass M slides along a parabolic wire described by z  2  x 2  y 2  . The wire
rotates with angular velocity  about the z - axis. At what value of  does the bead
maintain a constant nonzero height under the action of gravity along  ẑ ?
(a) 3g (b) g (c) 2g (d) 4g
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: L 
1
2
  1
   
m r 2  r 2 2  16r 2 r 2  2mgr 2  L  m r 2 1  16r 2  r 2 2  2mgr 2
2
The equation of motion is given by
d  L  L
  
dt  r  r
 
 0  mr 1  16r 2  16mr 2 r  mr 2  4mgr  0
At equilibrium, r  r0 , r  0, 
r 0
So,  mr0 2  4mgr0  0      4 g
Q42.  Q1 , Q2 , P1 , P2  and  q1 , q2 , p1 , p2  are two sets of canonical coordinates, where Qi and qi
are the coordinates and Pi and pi are the corresponding conjugate momenta. If P1  q2
and P2  p1 , then which of the following relations is true?
(a) Q1  q1 , Q2  p2 (b) Q1  p2 , Q2  q1
(c) Q1   p2 , Q2  q1 (d) Q1  q1 , Q2   p2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From the symmetry Q1   p2 , Q2  q1
Q43. 0  x  and 1  x  are respectively are orthonormal wavefunctions of the ground and first
excited states of a one dimensional simple harmonic oscillator. Consider the normalised
wave function   x   c00  x   c11  x  , where c0 and c1 are real. For what values of c0
and c1 will   x  x   x  be maximized?
(a) c0  c1  1/ 2 (b) c0  c1  1/ 2
(c) c0   3 / 2, c1  1/ 2 (d) c0   3 / 2, c1  1/ 2

Ans. : (a)

Solution:   x  x   x   2c0 c1 0 x 1   c0  c1   1 0 x 1
2
  c02  c12  1
 
So, for   x  x   x  to be maximized, c0  c1  1/ 2
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Q44. A possible Lagrangian for a free particle is

1
(a) L  q 2  q 2 (b) L  q 2  qq (c) L  q 2  q (d) L  q 2 
q
Ans. : (b)
d  L   L 
Solution:       0  2q  q  q  0  q  0
dt  q   q 
Q45. A rod of mass m and length l is suspended from two massless vertical springs with a
spring constants k1 and k2 . What is the Lagrangian for the system, if x1 and x2 be the
displacements from equilibrium position of the two ends of the rod?
(a)
8

m 2
x1  2 x1 x 2  x 22   k1 x12  k2 x22
1
2
1
2
(b)
2

m 2
x1  x1 x2  x22    k1  k2   x12  x22 
1
4
(c)
6

m 2
x1  x1 x2  x22   k1 x12  k2 x22
1
2
1
2
(d)
2

m 2
x1  2 x1 x2  x22    k1  k2   x12  x22 
1
4
Ans. : (c)
2
1 1 1  x  x  1 ml 2  2
Solution: T  MVc2.m  I c.m 2  m  1 2   
2 2 2  2  2 12
1 2 1 2
Potential energy is, V  kx1  kx2
2 2
x2  x1 x x x  x
sin   for small oscillation   2 1    2 1
l l l
2 2
1  x1  x2  1 ml 2  x1  x2  1 2 1 2
L m      kx1  kx2
2  2  2 12  l  2 2

6

m 2
x1  x1 x2  x22   k1 x12  k2 x22
1
2
1
2
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px2  p y2
Q46. If the Hamiltonian of a classical particles is H   xy , then x 2  xy  y 2 at
2m
temperature T is equal to
1 3
(a) k BT (b) k BT (c) 2k B T (d) kBT
2 2
Ans. : (a)
Q47. A simple pendulum has a bob of mass 1 kg and charge 1 Coulomb. It is suspended by a
massless string of length 13 m . The time period of small oscillations of this pendulum is

T0 . If an electric field E  100 xV
ˆ / m is applied, the time period becomes T . What is the
x
value of T0 / T  ?
4
y l  13 m

E  100 Volt m 1  iˆ
g  10 m sec 2
m  1kg
q  1 Coulomb
Solution: In equilibrium condition, pendulum is tilted at angle  and is at rest
 mg sin   qE cos 
 qE    mg 
2 2
qE
tan   qE 
mg

qE mg
 sin  
qE cos 
 2 E    mg 
2 2
qE
mg qE cos  mg sin 
cos   mg sin  mg
 2 E    mg 
2 2
When pendulum is displaced by small angle  the restoring force is

F    mg sin      qE cos     
   mg  sin  cos   cos  sin    qE  cos  cos   sin  sin   
   mg sin  cos   mg cos  sin   qE cos  cos   qE sin  sin  
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x
for small angular difference, cos   1 and sin  
l
 x x
F   mg sin   qE cos    mg cos  .  qE sin . 
 l l
 
   x .  mg    qE 
2 2
x mg qE
F    mg .  qE 
l  qE    mg 
2 2
 qE    mg 
2 2  l  2 E 2   mg 2
 
 mg    qE 
2 2
d 2x
 2  1 0
dl ml
 mg 
2
l 169
   T  2  T 4   2 
2 4
 
ml q 
2 10100
g2   E 
m  l
qE cos    
l 4 169
x
As, T0  2  T04   2  qE
g 100
qE sin    
mg mg sin    
4
 
T
  0   101 mg cos    
T 
Q49. Consider a point particle A of mass mA colliding elastically with another point particle
mB
B of mass mB at rest, where   . After collision, the ratio of the kinetic energy of
mA
particle B to the initial kinetic energy of particle A is given by
4 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 2
1

1
 2
1 
  
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Before Collision After Collision
mA mB mA mB
u vA vB
u2  0
  
Since, P1  P2 Fext 0 
 mA u  0  mB vB  mA u A
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 u  v A   vB
Also, KE1  KE2
1 1 1
 mAu 2  0  mAv A2  mB vB2
2 2 2
2 u v 2
On solving, we get vB   B 
  2
u  1
1
m v2 2
KEB 2 B B  2  4 4
     2 
KE A 1
mA u 2   1   2  1   2  1
2 
Thus, option (a) is correct.
Q50. A toy car is made from a rectangular block of mass M and four disk wheels of mass m
and radii r . The car is attached to a vertical wall by a massless horizontal spring with
spring constant k and constrained to move perpendicular to the wall. The coefficient of
static friction between the wheel of the car and the floor is  . The maximum amplitude
of oscillations of the car above which the wheels start slipping is
 g  M  2m  M  4m   g  M 2  m2 
(a) (b)
mk Mk
 g  M  m  g  M  4m  M  6m 
2
(c) (d)
2mk 2mk
Ans. : (d)
Solution: If F is force on each wheel then kx
kx  4 F  Ma (i)
For each wheel
2F 2F
 M 
Ff    mg  g
 4 
F
 M 
F    mg  g   ma
 4 
When Torque is balanced about bottom most point
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3  a  3
FR   mR 2     ma
2  R  2
 M 
2  mg  g
a  4 
m
Putting in equation (i)
kx  6ma  Ma
  M  6m  4m  M  g
kx   M  6m  a 
2m
  M  6m  4m  M  g
x
2mk
Q51. Water is poured at a rate of R m3 / hour from the top into a cylindrical vessel of diameter
D . The vessel has a small opening of area a  

a  D at the bottom. What should be
the minimum height of the vessel so that water does not overflow?
R2 R2 8R 2
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 ga 2 2 gaD 2  D2 g 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The rate at which liquid coming out of the hole of area ‘ a ’ when vessel of height H is
filled Q1  R
Q2  aV2 , when V2  2 gh
H
The rate at which liquid poured in vessel is Q1  R
R2 Q2  aV2
 Q1  Q2  a 2 gH  R  H 
2 ga 2
Thus, correct option is (b)
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JEST-2018
Q52. A ball of mass m starting front rest, fails a vertical distance h before striking a vertical
spring, which it compresses by a length  . What is the spring constant of the spring?
(Hint: Measure all the vertical distances from the point where the ball first touches the
uncompressed spring, i.e., set this point as the origin of the vertical axis.)
2mg 2mg 2mg 2mg
(a) h    (b) h    (c) h    (d) h
 2
 3
 2
2
Ans. : (a)
1 2mg  h   
Solution: mg  h     k 2  k 
2 2
Q53. If  q, p  is a canonically conjugate pair, which of the following is not a canonically
conjugate pair?
 2 pq 1   2 qp 1 
(a)  q ,  (b)  p ,  
 2   2 

(c) pq 1 ,  q 2 
 q 
(d)  f  p    where f   p  is the derivative of f  p  with respect to p .
 f   p 
 
Ans. : (c)

  pq 1   q 2    
 pq 1   q 2      2  1 so
Solution: 
 q
.
p

p
.
q 
 pq 1

, q 2 is not canonical .
 
So option (c) is correct
Q54. Consider a particle of mass m moving under the effect of an attractive central potential
given as V  kr 3 where k 0 . For a given angular momentum
L, r0  3km / L2 corresponds to the radius of the possible circular orbit and the
L2
corresponding energy is E0  . The particle is released from r  r0 with an inward
 6mr02 
velocity, energy E  E0 and angular momentum L . How long will be particle take to
reach r0
(a) zero (b) 2mr02 L1 (c) 2 mr02 L1 (d) Infinite
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Ans. : (d)
L2 k
Solution: Veffective  2
 3
2mr r
Veffective L2 3k L2
0   0  r 
r
0
mr 3 r 4 3mk
 2Veffective 3L2 12k

  4  5  0 at r  r0
r 2 mr r
For the given value of energy the particle will reach at unstable equilibrium point which
is not possible. So time is infinity.
Q55. A particle of mass 1kg is undergoing small oscillation about the equilibrium point in the
1 1
potential V  x   12
 6 for x  0 meters. The time period (in seconds) of the
2x x
oscillation is
 
(a) (b) (c) 1.0 (d) 
2 3
Ans. : (c)
1 1
Solution: V  x   12
 6
2x x
V 1 12 6 1 1 
  13  7  0   7  6  1  0
x 2x x x x 
x6  1
 2V
 2V 6  13 6.7 x 2
  8  78  42  34   x 1
 34  5.8
x 2 x 1
x14 x m
2 2 2  3.14
  34  T    1.08
T 34 5.8
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Q56. A block of mass M is moving on a frictionless inclined surface of a

wedge of mass m under the influence of gravity. The wedge is lying on
a rigid frictionless horizontal surface. The configuration can be 
  r1 
described using the radius vectors r1 and r2 shown in the figure. How r2
many constraints are present and what are the types?

(a) One constraint; holonomic and scleronomous
(b) Two constraints; Both are holonomic; one is scleronomous and rheonomous
(c) Two constraints; Both are scleronomous; one is holonomic and other is non-
holonomic.
(d) Two constraints; Both are holonomic and scleronomous
Ans. : (d)
Q57. A person on Earth observes two rockets A and B directly approaching each other with
speeds 0.8c and 0.6 c respectively. At a time when the distance between the rockets is
observed to be 4.2 108 m , the clocks of the rockets and the Earth are synchronized to
t  0 s . The time of collision (in seconds) of the two rockets as measured in rocket A ' s
x
frame is . What is x ?
10
Ans. : 5.3
Solution: v  0.8c, ux  0.6
u x  v 1.4
ux   c
u x v 1.48
1 2
c
v2
l  l0 1  2
 4.2  108 1  0.64  4.2  108  0.36
c
l 4.2 108  0.36 x

t   0.53   x  5.3
ux 0.94  3  108
10
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Q58. Consider a simple pendulum in three dimensional space. It consists of a string length
l  20 cm and bob mass m  15 kg attached to it as shown in the figure below. The
acceleration due to gravity is downwards as shown in the figure with a magnitude
g  10 ms 2 . x
y
l  20cm
z
m  15kg
g  10ms 2
The pendulum is pulled in the x  z plane to a position where the string makes an angle

 with the z -axis. It is then released an angular velocity  radians per second
3
about the z-axis. What should be the value of  in radians per second so that the angle
lie siring makes with the z -axis does not change with time?
Ans. : 31.6 m / s
Solution: The object of mass m execute a horizontal circular orbit of
radius r with angular velocity  . Let h be the vertical distance 
h l
between the pivotal and the plane of the circular orbit and let  be T
the angle subtended by eh string with the downward vertical. r
The object is subject to two forces 

mg
(i) The gravitational force mg which acts vertically downward and
(ii) The tension force T which acts upward along the string
The vertical component of the tension force ( T cos  ) balances the weight of the object
( mg )
i.e. T cos   mg ….(i)
Since the object is executing a circular orbit, radius r , with angular velocity  , it
experiences a centripetal force m  2 r
 T sin   m  2 r ….(ii)
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From (i) and (ii)

2 r
tan   ….(iii)
h
r
since, tan   ….(iv)
h
r 2 r g
  
h h h
Now, h  l cos 
g
 
l cos 
Given g  10 ms 2 , l  20 cm  20  102 m

  600
3
10 10
   1000
2  10  cos  60 
2 0
2
2 10 
1
2
   31.6 m / s
Q59. Consider two coupled harmonic oscillators of mass m in each. The Hamiltonian
describing the oscillators is
pˆ 2 pˆ 2 1

Hˆ  1  2  m 2 xˆ12  xˆ22   xˆ1  xˆ2 
2m 2m 2
2

The eigenvalues of Ĥ are given by (with n1 and n2 being non-negative integers)
(a) En1 ,n2    n1  n2  1
 1 1  1
(b) En1 ,n2    n1      n2  
 2 3  2
 1  1
(c) En1 ,n2    n1    3   n2  
 2  2
1
(d) En1 ,n2    n1  n2  1
3
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: V 
1
2
 1
 
m 2 xˆ12  xˆ22   xˆ1  xˆ2   m 2 2 xˆ12  2 xˆ22  2 xˆ1 xˆ2
2
2

V
1
2

k 2 xˆ12  2 xˆ22  2 xˆ1 xˆ2 
 2k k  m 0 
V   T  
 k 2k   0 m
Secular equation is given by V  02T  0
 2k  02 m k 
V  0
 k 2k  02 m 
 2k   m  k 3k
2
2
0  k 2  0  0  , ,  0   , 3
m m
Quantum mechanical energy is
 1  1
En1 ,n2    n1    3   n2  
 2  2
Q60. A ball comes in from the left with speed 1 (in arbitrary units) and causes a series of
collisions. The other four balls shown in the figure are initially at rest. The initial motion
is shown below (the number in the circle indicate the object’s relative mass). This initial
velocities of the balls shown in the figure are represented as 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 .
1 1 1 1 2
A negative sign means that the velocity is directed to the left. All collisions are elastic.
Which of the following indicates the velocities of the balls after all the collisions are
completed?
 1 1 1  1 2
(a)   ,  , 0, 0,  (b)   , 0, 0, 0, 
 2 2 2  3 3
 1 3  1 1
(c)   , 0, 0, 0,  (d)   , 0, 0, 0, 
 2 4  2 2
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: ds  2 balls of same mass have elastic collision, after collision. First ball stops and
second moves with velocity of 1st
1m / s 1m / s
Second collision
u0 v0
1m / s 1m / s
Third collision
u0 v0
1m / s
v2
Fourth collision
1 kg 2 kg u  0 v1
v2  v1
1 1  2  v1  2v2  v1  2v2  1 and 1   v2  v1  1
1 0
2 2
so v2  m / s, v1   m / s
3 3
1m / s
First collision 1
1 kg m/s
3
1
1 u0 m/s
m/s 3
3
Second collision
u0 1
m/s
3
1 v0
m/s
3
Third collision
Final velocity
 1 2
  3 , 0, 0, 0, 3  . So the correct option is (b).
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Q61. Consider the Lagrangian

q2
L  1  1  q 2 
2
of a particle executing oscillations whose amplitude is A . If p denotes the momentum of
the particle, then 4 p 2 is
 
(a) A2  q 2 4  A2  q 2   
(b) A2  q 2 4  A2  q 2 
 
(c) A2  q 2 4  A2  q 2   
(d) A2  q 2 4  A2  q 2 
Ans. : (a)
Q62. A block of mass M rests on a plane inclined at an angle  with respect to the horizontal.
A horizontal force F  Mg is applied to the block If  is the static friction between the
block and the plane, the range of  so that the block remains stationary is
(a)    tan    (b) 1    cot   1  
1  1  1  1 
(c)  tan   (d)  cot  
1  1  1  1 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The free body diagram of the block is shown below:
The normal force on the block can be calculated using Newton’s second law in the
direction perpendicular to the incline.
N
N  Mg cos   Mg sin   0
 Mg
 N  Mg  sin   cos  

Maximum value of static frictional force  Mg
f s   Mg  sin   cos  
The coefficient  tells us that Ff   N . Using Eq this inequality becomes
Mg sin   cos    Mg  cos   sin   ……(1).
The absolute value here signifies that we must consider two cases:
If tan   1 , then Eq.(1) becomes
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1 
sin   cos     cos   sin    tan   .
1 
We divided by 1   , so this inequality is valid if   1 , we see from the first inequality
here that any value of  (subject to our assumption, tan   1 ) works.
If tan   1 , then Eq. (1) becomes
1 
 sin   cos     cos   sin    tan   .
1 
Putting these two ranges for  together, we have
1  1 
 tan   .
1  1 
Q63. The coordinate q and the momentum p of a particle satisfy
dq dp
 p,  3q  4 p
dt dt
If A  t  is the area of any region of points moving in the  q, p  -space, then the ratio
A t 
is
A 0
(a) 1 (b) exp  3t  (c) exp  4t  (d) exp  3t / 4 
Ans. : (c)
JEST-2019
Q64. Consider the following transformation of the phase space coordinates  q, p    Q, P 
Q  q a cos bp P  q a sin bp
For what values of a and b will the transformation be canonical?
1 1 1 1
(a) 1,1 (b) , (c) 2, (d) ,2
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Q P P Q
Solution: For canonical transformation .  .
q p q p

 1  abq 2 a 1 cos 2 bp  sin 2 bp  1 
1
a  ,b  2
2
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Q65. Two objects of unit mass are thrown up vertically with a velocity of 1ms 1 at latitudes
450 N and 450 S , respectively. The angular velocity of the rotation of Earth is given to be
7.29 105 s 1 . In which direction will the objects deflect when they reach their highest
point (due to Coriolis force)? Assume zero air resistance.
(a) to the east in Northern hemisphere and west in Southern Hemisphere
(b) to the west in Northern hemisphere and east in Southern Hemisphere
(c) to the east in both hemispheres
(d) to the west in both hemispheres
Ans. : (d)
Q66. Two joggers A and B are running at a steady pace around a circular track. A takes TA
minutes whereas B takes TB   TA  minutes to complete one round. Assuming that they
have started together, what will be time taken by A to overtake B for the first time?
1
2 1 1 1  1 1 
(a) (b)  (c) (d)   
TA  TB TA TB TA  TB  TA TB 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: vrelative  v A  vB  T  v A  vB   2 R
1
 2 2   1 1 
TR  A  B   2 R  TR     2 R  T    
 TA TB   TA TB 
Q67. A bullet with initial speed v0 is fired at a log of wood. The resistive force by wood on the
bullet is given by  v , where   1 . What is the time taken to stop the bullet inside the
wood log?
m v0 1 m v0 1 m v01  v10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 1   1  1 m 1
Ans. : (c)
dv t m 0 dv m v10
Solution: m   v   dt     
dt 0  v0 v  1
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Q68. What is the change in the kinetic energy of rotation of the earth if its radius shrinks by
1% ? Assume that the mass remains the same and the density is uniform.
(a) increases by 1% (b) increases by 2% (c) decreases by 1% (d) decreases by 2%
Ans. : (b)
Q69. A hoop of diameter D is pivoted at the topmost point on the
circumference as shown in the figure. The acceleration due to
D g
gravity g is acting downwards. What is the time period of small
oscillations in the plane of the hoop?
D 5D
(a) 2 (b) 2
2g 6g
D 2D
(c) 2 (d) 2
2g g
Ans. : (c)
Q70. In a fixed target elastic scattering experiment, a projectile of mass m , having initial
velocity v0 , and impact parameter b , approaches the scatterer. It experiences a central
k
repulsive force f  r    k  0  . What is the distance of the closest approach d ?
r2
1 1
 k 2  k 2
(a) d   b 2  2  (b) d   b 2  2 
 mv0   mv0 
k
(c) d  b (d) d 
mv02
Ans. : (a)
k k
Solution: f  r   2 
k  0  so potential is V  r  
r r
vb
Conservation of angular momentum mv0b  md 2    02
d
2 2
mv0 md 
2
k  v0b
Conservation of energy is given by    2
2 2 d d
1
 k 2
d   b2  2 
 mv0 
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Q71. A thin uniform steel chain is 10 m long with a linear mass density of 2 kg m 1 . The chain
hangs vertically with one end attached to a horizontal axle, having a negligibly small
radius compared to its length. What is the work done (in N  m ) to slowly wind up the
chain on to the axle? The acceleration due to gravity is g  9.81 ms 1 .
Ans. : 981
Solution: l  10 m
Mass to be pulled
m dy
Mass of small elementary  dy
l
y
m
PE of mass    dy  y  g
l
So work required in pulling reference
m
W    dU     y dy  g
l
0
l
m l2 mgl 2 10  9.8110

  g    981 J
l 2 2 2
Q72. Consider the motion of a particle in two dimensions given by the Lagrangian

L
2

m 2

x  y 2   x  y 
4
2
where   0 . The initial conditions are given as y  0   0, x  0   42 meters,
x  0   y  0   0 . What is the value of x  t   y  t  at t  25 seconds in meters?
Ans. : 42

Solution: L 
m 2
2
 4

x  y 2   x  y 
2
The equation of motion is

d  L   L   
       0  mx  x  y  0 ….(1)
dt  x   x  2 2
d  L   L   
       0  my  y  x  0 ….(2)
dt  y   y  2 2
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Subtracting equation  2  from 1 gives m   y   0  

x   x  
y0
Integrating both sides with t gives

x  y  c1
From the equation x  0   y  0   0 , there c1  0
Hence, x  y  0 ….(3)
Integrating both sides of this equation with t gives
x  y  c2
Putting x  0   42, y  0   0 gives
42  0  c2  42
Therefore, x  y  42
The value of x  y is independent of t .
Therefore, at t  25s
x  t   y  t   42
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CLASSICAL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

GATE- 2010
Q1. For the set of all Lorentz transformations with velocities along the x -axis consider the
two statements given below:
P: If L is a Lorentz transformation, then, L1 is also a Lorentz transformation.
Q: If L1 and L2 are Lorentz transformations, then L1 L2 is necessarily a Lorentz
transformation.
Choose the correct option
(a) P is true and Q is false (b) Both P and Q are true
(c) Both P and Q are false (d) P is false and Q is true
Ans: (b)
1 2  3
Q2. A particle is placed in a region with the potential V x   kx  x , where k ,   0 .
2 3
Then,
k
(a) x  0 and x  are points of stable equilibrium

k
(b) x  0 is a point of stable equilibrium and x  is a point of unstable equilibrium

k
(c) x  0 and x  are points of unstable equilibrium

(d) There are no points of stable or unstable equilibrium
Ans: (b)
1 2 x 3 V k
Solution: V  kx    kx  x 2  0  x  0, x  .
2 3 x 
 2V
  k  2x
x 2
 2V k  2V
 At x  0,   ve (Stable) and at x  ,  ve (unstable)
x 2  x 2
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Q3. A  0 meson at rest decays into two photons, which moves along the x -axis. They are
both detected simultaneously after a time, t  10 s . In an inertial frame moving with a
velocity v  0.6 c in the direction of one of the photons, the time interval between the two
detections is
(a) 15c (b) 0 s (c) 10 s (d) 20 s
Ans: (a)
Solution:
v v
1 1
t1  t 0 c  10 1  0.6  10  2  20sec t  t c  10 1  0.6  10  1  5sec
,
1  0.6 1  0.6
2 0
v v 2
1 1
c c
 t1  t 2  15sec
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4 and 5:

ml   mgl 1  cos  
1 2 2
The Lagrangian for a simple pendulum is given by L 
2
Q4. Hamilton’s equations are then given by
p p
(a) p   mgl sin  ;   2 (b) p   mgl sin  ;   2
ml ml
p g p
(c) p   m;    (d) p     ;  
m l ml
Ans: (a)
P2 H H P
Solution: H   mgl 1  cos      P  P  mgl sin  ;       2 .
2ml 2
 P ml
Q5. The Poisson bracket between  and  is
 
(a)  ,  1   1
(b)  ,  2
ml
 
(c)  , 
1
m
 
(d)  , 
g
l
Ans: (b)
   P  P 1   
Solution:  ,   ,  2  where    2  2  
 P  1 1
  1  2  0  2 .
 ml  ml ml   P P   ml ml
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GATE- 2011
1  q
Q6. A particle is moving under the action of a generalized potential V q, q   . The
q2
magnitude of the generalized force is

21  q  21  q  2 q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
q3 q3 q3 q3
Ans: (c)
d  V  V 2
Solution:    Fq  Fq  3
dt  q  q q
Q7. Two bodies of mass m and 2m are connected by a spring constant k . The frequency of
the normal mode is
(a) 3k / 2m (b) k/m (c) 2k / 3m (d) k / 2m
Ans: (a)
Solution: m 2m
k
k k 3k 2mm 2m
   where reduce mass    .
 2m 2m 2m  m 3
3
Q8. Let  p, q  and  P, Q  be two pairs of canonical variables. The transformation
Q  q  cosp  , P  q  sinp 
is canonical for
1 1
(a)   2,   (b)   2,   2 (c)   1,   1 (d)   ,   2
2 2
Ans: (d)
Q P Q P
Solution:    1
q p p q
 q  1 cosp   q   cosp   q    sin p   q  1 sin p   1
q 2 1  cos 2 p  sin 2 p   1  q 2 1  1    ,   2 .

1
2
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Q9. Two particles each of rest mass m collide head-on and stick together. Before collision, the
speed of each mass was 0.6 times the speed of light in free space. The mass of the final
entity is
(a) 5m / 4 (b) 2m (c) 5m / 2 (d) 25m / 8
Ans: (c)
Solution: From conservation of energy
mc 2 mc 2 2mc 2
  m1c 2   m1c 2
2 2 2
v v v
1 1 1
c2 c2 c2
Since v  0.6c  m1  5m / 2
GATE- 2012
Q10. In a central force field, the trajectory of a particle of mass m and angular momentum L in
plane polar coordinates is given by,
1 m
 1   cos  
r l2
where,  is the eccentricity of the particle’s motion. Which one of the following choice
for  gives rise to a parabolic trajectory?
(a)   0 (b)   1 (c) 0    1 (d)   1
Ans: (b)
1 m
Solution:  1   cos  
r l2
For parabolic trajectory   1 .
Q11. A particle of unit mass moves along the x-axis under the influence of a potential,
V  x   x x  2 . The particle is found to be in stable equilibrium at the point x  2 . The
2
time period of oscillation of the particle is

 3
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 2
2 2
Ans: (b)
V 2
Solution: V  x   x  x  2     x  2   2 x  x  2   0  x  2, x 
2 2
x 3
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 2V  2V
 2  x  2  
 2 x  2   2 x   2 2  4
x 2 x 2 x2
 2V 2
     2 T 
x 2 x 2
T
Q12. A rod of proper length l0 oriented parallel to the x-axis moves with speed 2c / 3 along the
x -axis in the S -frame, where c is the speed of light in free space. The observer is also
moving along the x -axis with speed c / 2 with respect to the S -frame. The length of the
rod as measured by the observer is
(a) 0.35l0 (b) 0.48l0 (c) 0.87 l0 (d) 0.97 l0
Ans: (d)
u2x
Solution: l  l0 1   0.97 l0
c2
Q13. A particle of mass m is attached to a fixed point O by a weightless z
inextensible string of length a . It is rotating under the gravity as
 O
shown in the figure. The Lagrangian of the particle is
a
 
L ,    ma 2  2  sin 2  2  mga cos  where  and  are the polar
1
2 m
angles. The Hamiltonian of the particles is g
1  2 p2  1  2 p2 
(a) H   p    mga cos  (b) H   p    mga cos
2ma 2  sin 2
  2ma 2  sin 2
 
   
(c) H 
1
2 ma 2
 
p2  p2  mga cos  (d) H 
1
2ma 2
 
p2  p2  mga cos 
Ans: (b)
1
 
Solution: H  P  P  L  P   P   ma 2  2  sin 2  2  mga cos 
2
L P L P
 P  ma 2  P     2 and P    ma 2 sin 2    
 ma  ma sin 2 
2
Put the value of  and 
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1 2   P   
2

2
P P P
H  P  2  P  2 2  ma   2   sin   2 2    mga cos 
2
ma ma sin  2   ma   ma sin   

P2 P2 P2 P2

H     mga cos
ma 2 2ma 2 ma 2 sin 2  2ma 2 sin 2 
1  2 P2 
H  P  2   mga cos 
2ma 2  sin  

Q14. A particle of mass m slides under the gravity without friction along the parabolic path
y  ax 2 , as shown in the figure. Here a is a constant.
y
x
The Lagrangian for this particle is given by
(a) L 
1
2
mx 2  mgax 2 (b) L 
1
2
 
m 1  4a 2 x 2 x 2  mgax 2
(c) L 
1
2
mx 2  mgax 2 (d) L 
1
2
 
m 1  4a 2 x 2 x 2  mgax 2
Ans: (b)
m  x 2  y 2 
1
Solution: Equation of constrain is given by y  ax 2 , K .E., T 
2
m  x 2  4a 2 x 2 x 2   mx 2 1  4ax 2 
1 1
y  2axx  T 
2 2
V  mgy  mgax 2 .
m 1  4a 2 x 2  x 2  mgax 2
1
 L  T V  L 
2
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Q15. The Lagrange’s equation of motion of the particle for above question is given by
(a) x  2 gax (b) m 1  4a 2 x 2  
x  2mgax  4ma 2 xx 2
 
(c) m 1  4a 2 x 2 x  2mgax  4ma 2 xx 2 (d) x  2 gax
Ans: (b)
d  dL  dL
Solution:    mx 1  4a 2 x 2   4ma 2 xx 2  2mgax
dt  dx  dx
GATE- 2013
Q16. In the most general case, which one of the following quantities is NOT a second order
tensor?
(a) Stress (b) Strain
(c) Moment of inertia (d) Pressure
Ans: (b)
Solution: Strain is not a tensor.
Q17. An electron is moving with a velocity of 0.85c in the same direction as that of a moving
photon. The relative velocity of the electron with respect to photon is
(a) c (b)  c (c) 0.15c (d)  0.15c
Ans: (b)
Q18. The Lagrangian of a system with one degree of freedom q is given by L  q 2  q 2 ,
where  and  are non-zero constants. If p q denotes the canonical momentum
conjugate to q then which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

(a) p q  2  q and it is a conserved quantity.
(b) p q  2  q and it is not a conserved quantity.
(c) p q  2 q and it is a conserved quantity.
(d) p q  2q and it is not a conserved quantity.
Ans: (d)
L L
Solution: As,  pq but  0 . Thus, it is not a conserved quantity.
q q
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Q19. The relativistic form of Newton’s second law of motion is
mc dv m c 2  v 2 dv
(a) F  (b) F 
c 2  v 2 dt c dt
mc 2 dv c 2  v 2 dv
(c) F  (d) F  m
c 2  v 2 dt c2 dt
Ans: (c)
mv dP dv 1  1 1 2v dv
Solution: P  F m   mv      2
 2   v2 
3/ 2
v2 dt dt v2 c dt
1 1 2  1  2 
c2 c  c 
   
 v 2 
2  v2 2 
1 
F m
dv 1  1
1 c   m dv  2c 
 
v  2 1  v   dt   v 2  3 2
2
dt 2

1  2   
2 
c   c   1  c 2  
  
  1  v2 / c2  
1/ 2
2
dv    mc dv
m
dt  1  v 2 / c 2 1  v 2 / c 2    c  v  dt
1/ 2 2 2
 
Q20. Consider two small blocks, each of mass M, attached to two identical springs. One of the
springs is attached to the wall, as shown in the figure. The spring constant of each spring
is k . The masses slide along the surface and the friction is negligible. The frequency of
one of the normal modes of the system is,
3 2 k
(a)
2 M
3 3 k
(b)
2 M
k k
3 5 k M M
(c)
2 M
3 6 k
(d)
2 M
Ans: (c)
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1 2 1 2
Solution: T  mx1  mx 2 ,
2 2
V 
2 2
2
2 2
  1
2

kx1  k  x 2  x1   kx12  k x 22  x12  2 x 2 x1  k 2 x12  x22  2 x2 x1
1 2 1 1 1

m 0   2k k 
T  ; V   
 0 m  k k 
2k   2 m k 3 5
 0   2 k   2 m  k   2 m   k 2  0   
k
k k  m2
2 m
GATE- 2014
Q21. If the half-life of an elementary particle moving with speed 0.9c in the laboratory frame is

5  10 8 s, then the proper half-life is _______________ 10 8 s. c  3  10 8 m / s 
Ans: 2.18
t0 v2
Solution: t  , t0  t  1  2
 5 108  0.19  2.18 108 s
v2 c
1
c2
Q22. Two masses m and 3m are attached to the two ends of a massless spring with force
constant K . If m  100 g and K  0.3 N / m , then the natural angular frequency of
oscillation is ________ Hz .
Ans: 0.318
1 k m .m 3m.m 3m 4k
Solution: f  ,  1 2   ,   2  f  0.318 Hz
2  m1  m2 4m 4 3m
Q23. The Hamilton’s canonical equation of motion in terms of Poisson Brackets are
(a) q  q, H ; p  p, H  (b) q  H , q; p  H , p
(c) q  H , p; p  H , p (d) q  p, H ; p  q, H 

Ans: (a)
df f q f p f
Solution:  .  . 
dt q t p t t
df f H f H f df f
 .  .     f , H 
dt q p p q t dt t
dq dp
 q, H  and   p, H 
dt dt
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Q24. A bead of mass m can slide without friction along a massless rod kept at 45 o with the
vertical as shown in the figure. The rod is rotating about the vertical axis with a constant
angular speed  . At any instant r is the distance of the bead from the origin. The
ẑ
momentum conjugate to r is

(a) mr
1
(b) mr
2
1 m
(c) mr
2
45 o
(d) 2mr r
Ans: (a) x̂
1
Solution: L  m(r 2  r 2 2  r 2 sin 2  2 )  mgr cos 
2

Equation of constrain is   and it is given   
4
1 1 1
L m(r 2  r 2 2 )  mgr
2 2 2
L
Thus the momentum conjugate to r is p r   pr  mr
r
Q25. A particle of mass m is in a potential given by
a ar 2
V  r     03
r 3r
where a and r0 are positive constants. When disturbed slightly from its stable
equilibrium position it undergoes a simple harmonic oscillation. The time period of
oscillation is
3 3
mr03 m r0 2m r0 mr03
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 4
2a a a a
Ans: (a)
a ar 2
Solution: V  r     03 ,
r 3r
V a 3ar02
For equilibrium    0 , r   r0
r r 2 3r 4
 2V 2a 4ar02 2a 4ar02 2a
      5  3
r 2 r3 r5 r r03 r0 r0
0
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 2V
r 2 mr03
  T  2
r0
m 2a
Q26. A planet of mass m moves in a circular orbit of radius r0 in the gravitational potential
V r    , where k is a positive constant. The orbit angular momentum of the planet is

k
r
(a) 2r0 km (b) 2r0 km (c) r0 km (d) r0 km
Ans: (d)
J2 k dVeffect J2 k
Solution: Veffctive  2
    3
 2  0 at r  r0
2mr r dr mr r
so J  r0 km
Q27. Given that the linear transformation of a generalized coordinate q and the corresponding
momentum p , Q  q  4ap, P  q  2 p is canonical, the value of the constant a is ____
Ans: 0.25
Q P Q P
Solution: .  .  1  1 2  4a  1  1  a  0.25
q p p q
p2  q2
Q28. The Hamiltonian of particle of mass m is given by H   . Which one of the
2m 2
following figure describes the motion of the particle in phase space?
(a) p (b) p
q q
(c) p (d) p
q q
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Ans: (d)
GATE- 2015
Q29. A satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the Earth. If T ,V and E are its average
kinetic, average potential and total energies, respectively, then which one of the
following options is correct?
(a) V  2T ; E  T (b) V  T ; E  0
T T  3T T
(c) V   ;E  (d) V  ;E 
2 2 2 2
Ans.: (a)
n 1
Solution: From Virial theorem T  V where V  r n 1
2
k 1
V   V   n  2  V  2 T
r r

Q30. In an inertial frame S , two events A and B take place at ct A  0, rA  0  and
ct B  0, rB  2 yˆ  , respectively. The times at which these events take place in a frame
S  moving with a velocity 0.6c yˆ with respect to S are given by
3
(a) ct A  0; ct B   (b) ct A  0; ct B  0
2
3 1
(c) ct A  0; ct B  (d) ct A  0; ct B 
2 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Velocity of S ' with respect to S is v  0.6c
v
tA  y
t A'  c2
v2
1 2
c
For event A, t A  0, y  0 . So ct A'  0
v
tB  y
t B'  c2
v2
1 2
c
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3
For event B, t B  0, y  2 . So ct B'  
2
 
Q31. The Lagrangian for a particle of mass m at a position r moving with a velocity v is given
m  
by L  v 2  Cr .v  V r  , where V r  is a potential and C is a constant. If pc is the
2
canonical momentum, then its Hamiltonian is given by
1 
(a)  pc  Cr 2  V r  (b)
1 
 pc  Cr 2  V r 
2m 2m
pc2
 V r  pc  C 2 r 2  V r 
1 2
(c) (d)
2m 2m
Ans.: (b)
m 2 
Solution: L  v  Cr.v  V  r  where v  r
2
H   r pc  L  rp
 c L
L p  Cr
  pc   mr  Cr   r  c
r m
 p  Cr  m  pc  Cr   pc  Cr 
2
 H  c  pc     cr   V r 
 m  2 m   m 
 p  Cr  m  pc  Cr 
2
 H  c   pc  Cr     V r 
 m  2 m 
 p  Cr   p  Cr 
2 2
1
H  c  c V r  H   pc  Cr   V  r 
2
m 2m 2m
 
Q32. The Hamiltonian for a system of two particles of masses m1 and m2 at r1 and r2 having
  1 1 C  
velocities v1 and v2 is given by H  m1v12  m2 v22    2 zˆ   r1  r2  , where C is
2 2  r1  r2 
constant. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The total energy and total momentum are conserved
(b) Only the total energy is conserved
(c) The total energy and the z - component of the total angular momentum are conserved
(d) The total energy and total angular momentum are conserved
Ans.: (c)
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 
Solution: Lagrangian is not a function of time, so energy is conserved and component of  r1  r2 
is only in ẑ direction means potential is symmetric under  , so Lz is conserved.
Q33. A particle of mass 0.01 kg falls freely in the earth’s gravitational field with an initial
velocity 0  10ms 1 . If the air exerts a frictional force of the form, f   kv , then for
k  0.05 Nm 1 s , the velocity (in ms 1 ) at time t  0.2 s is _________ (upto two decimal
places). (use g  10 ms 2 and e  2.72 )

Ans.: 4.94
u 0.2
dv dv k dv dv
Solution: m  mg  kv  g v   dt     dt
dt dt m k k
g v 10 g v 0
m m
m   10k  
u
m  k  k  
   ln  g  v    t 0    ln  g  u    ln  g 
0.2
   0.2
k   m  10 k   m   m 
m  0.05   .05  
 ln 10  u   ln 10  10     0.2
k  0.01   .01  

m
k
ln 10  5u   ln  40   0.2
 8  0.2k  8  0.2k 8
ln    ln    e
u2 m u2 m u2
8
 u   2  4.94 m / s
e
Q34. Consider the motion of the Sun with respect to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. If
 
Fc and FCo denote the centrifugal and the Coriolis forces, respectively, acting on the Sun,
then
     
(a) Fc is radially outward and FCo  Fc (b) Fc is radially inward and FCo  2 Fc
     
(c) Fc is radially outward and FCo  2 Fc (d) Fc is radially outward and FCo  2 Fc
Ans.: (b)
Q35. A particle with rest mass M is at rest and decays into two particles of equal rest masses
3
M which move along the z axis. Their velocities are given by
10
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   
(a) v1  v 2  0.8c zˆ (b) v1  v 2  0.8c zˆ
   
(c) v1  v 2  0.6c zˆ (d) v1  0.6c zˆ; v 2   0.8c zˆ
Ans.: (b)
3 3
Solution: M M M
10 10
From momentum conservation
   
0  P1  P 2  P1   P 2  P1  P2
From energy conservation
E  E1  E2
3 Mc 2 3 Mc 2 3 Mc 2
 Mc 2    Mc 2 
10 v 2 10 v2 5 v2
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
 v2  9 v 2 16
 1  2 
    v  0.8c
 c  25 c 2 25
GATE-2016
Q36. The kinetic energy of a particle of rest mass m0 is equal to its rest mass energy. Its
momentum in units of m0 c , where c is the speed of light in vacuum, is _______.

(Give your answer upto two decimal places)
Ans. : 1.73
Solution: m0c 2  E  m0c 2  E  2m0 c 2
m0 c 2 3
  2m0c 2  v  c
v2 2
1
c2
 E 2  p 2 c 2  m02 c 4  4m02 c 4  m02 c 4  p 2 c 2  p  3m0 c  1.732m0 c
Q37. In an inertial frame of reference S , an observer finds two events occurring at the same
time at coordinates x1  0 and x 2  d . A different inertial frame S  moves with velocity
v with respect to S along the positive x -axis. An observer in S  also notices these two
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events and finds them to occur at times t1 and t 2 and at positions x1 and x2 respectively.
1
If t   t 2  t1 , x   x 2  x1 and   , which of the following statements is true?
v2
1 2
c
d
(a) t   0, x   d (b) t   0, x  

 vd  vd d
(c) t   , x   d (d) t   , x  
c2 c 2

Ans.: (c)
 vx   vx 
 t2  22   t1  21 
Solution: t2  t1   c  c   t   t   vx
 v2   v2  c2
 1  2   1  2 
 c   c 
It is given, t  0, x  d
 vx  vd
 t    2

c c2
   
   
x  vt2    x1  vt1
x2  x1   2
    x    x  vt 
 v2   v2 
 1  2   1  2 
 c   c 
 x   d .
Q38. The Lagrangian of a system is given by
L
1 2 2
2
 
ml   sin 2  2  mgl cos  , where m, l and g are constants.
Which of the following is conserved?

 
(a)  sin 2  (b)  sin  (c) (d)
sin  sin 2 
Ans.: (a)
L
Solution: As  is cyclic coordinate, so  p  ml 2 sin 2  , is a constant since m, l and g are

constants. Thus  sin 2  is conserved.
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Q39. A particle of rest mass M is moving along the positive x -direction. It decays into two
photons  1 and  2 as shown in the figure. The energy of  1 is 1 GeV and the energy of
GeV
 2 is 0.82 GeV . The value of M (in units of ) is ________. (Give your answer
c2
1
upto two decimal places)
M 450
600
2
Ans.: 1.44
Solution: p 2 c 2  M 2 c 4  E1  E2  1.82GeV
E1 E 1GeV 1 0.82GeV 1 1.11GeV

p cos 1  2 cos  2   
c c c 2 c 2 c
 p 2 c 2  m 2c 4  3.312  m 2 c 4  3.312  1.23  2.08
 m  2.076  1.44
GATE- 2017
2
1  dq  1  dq 
Q40. If the Lagrangian L0  m    m 2 q 2 is modified to L  L0   q   , which one
2  dt  2  dt 
of the following is TRUE?
(a) Both the canonical momentum and equation of motion do not change
(b) Canonical momentum changes, equation of motion does not change
(c) Canonical momentum does not change, equation of motion changes
(d) Both the canonical momentum and equation of motion change
Ans. : (b)
2
1  dq  1
Solution: For Lagrangian L0  m    m 2 q 2 canonical momentum is p  mq and
2  dt  2
d  L   L 
       0  mq  m q  0
2
equation of motion is given by
dt  q   q 
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2
 dq  1  dq  1
For Lagrangian L  L0   q    L  m    m 2 q 2   qq
 dt  2  dt  2
Canonical momentum is p  mq   q
Equation of motion is,
d  L   L 
      0  mq  m q  0
2
dt  q   q 
Q41. Two identical masses of 10 gm each are connected by a massless spring of spring
constant 1 N / m . The non-zero angular eigenfrequency of the system is…………rad/s.
(up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 14.14
k m 10 1
Solution:   , where     and k  1N / m ,   14.14
 2 2 1000 200
Q42. The phase space trajectory of an otherwise free particle bouncing between two hard walls
elastically in one dimension is a
(a) straight line (b) parabola (c) rectangle (d) circle
Ans. : (c)
p2
Solution: E  , p   2mE
2m
Q43. The Poisson bracket  x, xp y  ypx  is equal to
(a)  x (b) y (c) 2 px (d) p y
Ans. : (b)
Solution:  x, xp y  ypx    x, xp y    x, ypx   0  y  x, px   y
c
Q44. An object travels along the x -direction with velocity
in a frame O . An observer in a
2
c
frame O sees the same object travelling with velocity . The relative velocity of O
4
with respect to O in units of c is…………….. (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 0.28
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c c
u '
 v 
c c 2c
Solution: u x'  , v  , u x  x '  2 4   0.28c
2 4 uxv 1  c . c . 1 7
1 2
c 2 4 c2
Q45. A uniform solid cylinder is released on a horizontal surface with speed 5 m / s without
any rotation (slipping without rolling). The cylinder eventually starts rolling without
slipping. If the mass and radius of the cylinder are 10 gm and 1cm respectively, the final
linear velocity of the cylinder is…………… m / s . (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 3.33
1 v 3 2 10
Solution: mvr  mvcm r  I cm  mvcm r  mr 2 cm  v  vcm  vcm  v   3.33m / sec
2 r 2 3 3
Q46. A person weighs wp at Earth’s north pole and we at the equator. Treating the Earth as a
perfect sphere of radius 6400 km , the value 100 

w p  we 
is………….. (up to two
wp
decimal places). (Take g  10 ms 2 ).
Ans. : 0.33
w  we  2 R
Solution: g p  g , ge  g   2 R  100  p 
wp g
Now, g  10 m / sec2 and R  6400 103 m
2 2
  
T 24  3600
wp  we
Then 100   0.33
wp
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GATE - 2018
Q47. In the context of small oscillations, which one of the following does NOT apply to the
normal coordinates?
(a) Each normal coordinate has an eigen-frequency associated with it
(b) The normal coordinates are orthogonal to one another
(c) The normal coordinates are all independent
(d) The potential energy of the system is a sum of squares of the normal coordinates with
constant coefficients
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Normal co-ordinate must be independent. It is not necessary that it should orthogonal.
Q48. A spaceship is travelling with a velocity of 0.7 c away from a space station. The
spaceship ejects a probe with a velocity 0.59 c opposite to its own velocity. A person in
the space station would see the probe moving at a speed Xc , where the value of X is
___________ (up to three decimal places).
Ans.: 0.187 c
Spacestation
Spaceship
Solution:   0  7c , ux  0  59 c , Prob
  0  7c
ux  u x  0.59 c
ux 
u
1 x
c2
0  59c  0  7c 0.11c 0.11c
ux     0.187 c
1  0  7  0  59 1  0.413 0.587
Q49. An interstellar object has speed v at the point of its shortest distance R from a star of
much larger mass M . Given v 2  2GM / R , the trajectory of the object is
(a) circle (b) ellipse (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
Ans. : (c)
J2 GMm
Solution: At shortest distance E  2

2mR R
Since, mvR  J  J 2  m 2 v 2 R 2
2GM
Now, J 2  m2 2GMR  2GMm2 R (Given that v 2  )
R
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2GMm 2 R GMm GMm GMm

E    0
2mR 2 R R R
For Kepler’s potential, if energy is zero, then the shape is parabola.
Q50. A particle moves in one dimension under a potential V  x    x with some non-zero
total energy. Which one of the following best describes the particle trajectory in the phase
space?
p p
(a) (b)
x x
p p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans.: (a)
p2 V  x
Solution: E   x
2m
p2 x
For x  0 , E   x
2m
 p 2  2m  E   x 
px
p2
For x  0 , E   x x
2m
 p 2  2m  E   x 
Q51. If H is the Hamiltonian for a free particle with mass m , the commutator  x,  x, H  is
(a)  2 / m (b)   2 / m (c)   2 /  2m  (d)  2 /  2m 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For free particle, potential is zero.
Px2
H 
2m
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 P 2  2i
Now,  x, H    x, x   Px
 2 m  2 m
2i i 2
 x,  x, H    x  
x , P  i   
2m m m
Q52. For the transformation
Q  2q e 1 2 cos p, P  2q e  1 sin p
(where  is a constant) to be canonical, the value of  is _________.

Ans. : 2
Solution: Q  2qe 1 2 cos p, P  2qe  1.sin p
Since, Q, P   1
Q P Q P
  1
q p p q
1 
 
1
 2  12  .1
 2q 2 .e 1 2 cos p  2qe  1 cos p  2qe 1 2   sin p  . q e sin p  1
2  2
 e  2 . cos 2 p  sin 2 p   1  e0
  2
Q53. A uniform circular disc of mass m and radius R is rotating with angular 
speed  about an axis passing through its centre and making an angle

  300 with the axis of the disc. If the kinetic energy of the disc is
 m 2 R 2 , the value of  is__________ (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 0.21
Solution: The kinetic energy of the disc is,
1 
T L 
2

Where L is angular momentum and  is angular velocity
1   1 3 1  mR 2  2 3
T  L  cos 30  I   
0
   
2 2 2 2 2  2
3
T m 2 R 2  0.21 m 2 R 2   m 2 R 2  0.21 m 2 R 2
8
Hence,   0.21
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GATE-2019
Q54. Consider a transformation from one set of generalized coordinate and momentum ( q, p )
to another set ( Q, P ) denoted by,
Q  pq s ; P  qr
where s and r are constants. The transformation is canonical if
(a) s  0 and r  1 (b) s  2 and r  1
(c) s  0 and r  1 (d) s  2 and r  1
Ans. : (b)
Q P Q P
Solution: .  .  1  0  q s rq r 1  1
q p p q
rq r  s 1  1  s  2 and r  1
p2
Q55. The Hamiltonian for a particle of mass m is H   kqt where q and p are the
2m
generalized coordinate and momentum, respectively, t is time and k is a constant. For
the initial condition, q  0 and p  0 at t  0, q  t   t  . The value of  is ________
Ans. : 3
H p
Solution:  q  ....(1)
p m
H kt 2
  p  kt  p   ….(2)
q 2
dq kt 2 kt 3
 q q  t3 so   3
dt 2 6
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Q56. A ball bouncing of a rigid floor is described by the potential energy function
mgx for x  0
V  x  
 for x  0
Which of the following schematic diagrams best represents the phase space plot of the
ball?
(a) (b)
 2mE  2mE
E E
mg mg
x x
 2mE  2mE
(c)
 2mE
(d)  2mE
E E E

mg mg mg
x x
 2mE
 2mE
Ans. : (b)
p2
Solution: E   mgx  p 2  2m  E  mgx  which is equation of parabola
2m
ap 2 q 4 
Q57. Consider the Hamiltonian H  q, p    2 , where  and  are parameters with
2 q
appropriate dimensions, and q and p are the generalized coordinate and momentum,
respectively. The corresponding Lagrangian L  q, q  is
1 q 2  1 q 2  1 q 2  1 q 2 
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d)  
2 q 4 q 2 2 q 4 q 2  q4 q2 2 q 4 q 2
Ans. : (a)
ap 2 q 4 
Solution: L  pq  H  pq   2 from Hamiltonian equation of motion
2 q
H q
 q  p  4
p aq
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1 q 2 
L 
2 q 4 q 2
Q58. A projectile of mass 1kg is launched at an angle of 300 from the horizontal direction at
t  0 and takes time T before hitting the ground. If its initial speed is 10 ms 1 , the value
of the action integral for the entire flight in the units of kgm 2 s 1 (round off to one
decimal place) is___________. [Take g  10 ms 2 ]

Ans. : 33.3
2v sin 
Solution: T   1sec
g
L
1
2

m x 2  y 2  mgy
x  v cos   5 3ms 1 y  v sin   gt  5  10t
1 1 1 1
y  ut  gt 2  v sin  t  gt 2  10. t  10t 2  5t  5t 2
2 2 2 2
L  1 5 3
1
  
  5  10t    1 10  5t  5t 2 
2 2
2  
L  100t 2  100t  50
 
T 1
A   Ldt   100t 2  100t  50 dt  33.3
0 0
Q59. Two spaceships A and B , each of the same rest length L , are moving in the same
4c 3c
direction with speeds and , respectively, where c is the speed of light. As
5 5
measured by B , the time taken by A to completely overtake B [see figure below] in
units of L / c (to the nearest integer) is _____________
(i) (ii)
A 4c / 5 A 4c / 5
B 3c / 5 B 3c / 5
Ans. : 5
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4 3 c
c c
5
Solution: u A, B  5 5  5  c
4 3 1 13 13
1  c. c. 2
5 5 c 25
Kinematic equation is given by
5 25 5L
c  t  L 1 Lt    5
13 169 c
Q60. Two events, one on the earth and the other one on the Sun, occur simultaneously in the
earth’s frame. The time difference between the two events as seen by an observer in a
spaceship moving with velocity 0.5 c in the earth’s frame along the line joining the earth
to the Sun is  t , where c is the speed of light. Given that light travels from the Sun to
the earth in 8.3 minutes in the earth’s frame, the value of  t in minutes (rounded off to
two decimal places) is____________

(Take the earth’s frame to be inertial and neglect the relative motion between the earth
and the sun)
Ans. : 4.77
Solution: t2'  t1'  0 x2'  x1'  8.3  3 108  60 v  0.5c
 vx '   vx '   
 t2'  22
t  t2  t1   c
  t1'  21
 c
  ' '
   t2  t1

 
x'  x'
  v 2 1  4.77 min
 v2   v2   v2  c2 v2
 1  2   1  2   1  2  1 2
 c   c   c  c
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CLASSICAL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
b
Q1. A particle of unit mass moves in a potential V  x   ax 2 , where a and b are positive
x2
constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations about the minimum of the potential
is
(a) 8b (b) 8a (c) 8a / b (d) 8b / a
Ans. : (b)
1
b V 2b  b 4
Solution: V  x   ax 2  2   0  2ax  3  0  ax 4  b  0  x0    .
x x x a
k  2V
Since   , m  1 and k  2 where x0 is stable equilibrium point.
m x x  x0
1
 2V 6b 6b  b 4
Hence k  2  2a  4  2a   8a at x  x0    .
x x0 b a
a
Thus,   8a .
Q2. The acceleration due to gravity  g  on the surface of Earth is approximately 2.6 times
that on the surface of Mars. Given that the radius of Mars is about one half the radius of
Earth, the ratio of the escape velocity on Earth to that on Mars is approximately
(a) 1.1 (b) 1.3 (c) 2.3 (d) 5.2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Escape velocity = 2 gR
Escape velocity of Earth ge R e R g
  2.3 where e  2 and e  2.6.
Escape velocity of Mass gm R m Rm gm
Q3. The Hamiltonian of a system with n degrees of freedom is given by H q1 ,.....q n ; p1 ,....... p n ; t  ,
with an explicit dependence on the time t . Which of the following is correct?

(a) Different phase trajectories cannot intersect each other.
(b) H always represents the total energy of the system and is a constant of the motion.
(c) The equations q i  H / pi , p i  H / qi are not valid since H has explicit time
dependence.
(d) Any initial volume element in phase space remains unchanged in magnitude under
time evolution.
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Ans. : (a)
Q4. The Lagrangian of a particle of charge e and mass m in applied electric and magnetic
1 2   
fields is given by L  mv  eA  v  e , where A and  are the vector and scalar
2
potentials corresponding to the magnetic and electric fields, respectively. Which of the
following statements is correct?
 
(a) The canonically conjugate momentum of the particle is given by p  mv

p2 e  
(b) The Hamiltonian of the particle is given by H   A  p  e
2m m
(c) L remains unchanged under a gauge transformation of the potentials
(d) Under a gauge transformation of the potentials, L changes by the total time derivative
Ans. : (d)
L 
Solution: 2 V  
t 0
Q5. Consider the decay process         in the rest frame of the   . The masses of the
  ,   and   are M  , M  and zero respectively.
A. The energy of   is
(a)
M 2
 
 M 2 c 2
(b)
M 2
 
 M 2 c 2
(c)  M   M   c 2 (d) M M  c2
2M  2M
Ans. : (b)
Solution:        
From conservation of energy M  c2  E   E  .
E2  p 2 c 2  M 2 c 4 and E2  p 2 c 2 since momentum of   and   is same.
M 2 c 4
M c 2  E  E , M  2 c 4  E2  E2  E  E 
M c 2
E  E 
M 2 c 2
and E  E  M c  E 
2
M2  M 2 c 2
.
 
M 2M
B. The velocity of   is
(a)
M  M 2 c
2

(b)
M  M 2 c
2

(c)
M c
(d)
M c
M 2  M 2 M 2  M 2 M M
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: Velocity of  
E 
M 2
  M 2  c 2

M c 2  v2 
 1  2  
4 M 2 M 2
2M   c   M 2  M 2 
2
v2
1
c2
v2 4M 2 M 2 v 2 M 4  M 4  2 M 2 M 2  4 M 2 M 2  M 2  M 2 
  1     v   2 2 
c.
c2  M 2  M 2  c M 2  M 2   M  M 
2 2 2
 
Q6. The Hamiltonian of a particle of unit mass moving in the xy -plane is given to be:
1 2 1 2
H  xp x  yp y  x  y in suitable units. The initial values are given to be
2 2
x0, y0  1,1 and  p x 0, p y 0   1 , 1  . During the motion, the curves traced out
2 2
by the particles in the xy-plane and the p x p y – plane are
(a) both straight lines

(b) a straight line and a hyperbola respectively
(c) a hyperbola and an ellipse, respectively
(d) both hyperbolas
Ans. : (d)
1 2 1 2
Solution: H  xpx  yp y  x  y
2 2
Solving Hamiltonion equation of motion
H H
  p x  px  x   p x and   p y   p y  y   p y .
x y
H H
 x  x  x and  y   y  y .
px p y
After solving these four differential equation and eliminating time t and using boundary
1 1 1
condition one will get  x  and px 
y 2 py
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NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7. A double pendulum consists of two point masses m attached by strings of length l as
shown in the figure: The kinetic energy of the pendulum is
(a)
2

1 2 2 2
ml  1   2 
l
(b)
2

ml 21   2  212 cos1   2 
1 2 2 2
 1
(c)
1 2 2
2

ml 1  222  212 cos1   2   m
l
(d) 
ml 2 1   2  212 cos 1   2 
1 2 2 2
2
 2
Ans. : (b) m
Solution: Let co-ordinate  x1 , y1  and  x 2 , y 2  . K .E. 

1
2
 1
 
m x12  y 12  m x 22  y 22
2

x1  l sin  1 , y1  l cos 1  x1  l cos 11 , y1  l sin 11
x 2  l sin  1  l sin  2 , y 2  l cos 1  l cos  2
 
 x 2  l cos 11  l cos  2 2 , y 2  l  sin 11  l  sin  2 2
Put the value of x1 , y1 , x 2 , y 2 in K.E equation, one will get
1 2 2 2
T ml  21   2  212 cos 1   2   .
2
Q8. A constant force F is applied to a relativistic particle of rest mass m. If the particle starts
from rest at t = 0, its speed after a time t is
(a) Ft / m
 Ft 
(b) c tanh  
(c) c 1  e  Ft / mc  (d)
Fct
 mc  F 2t 2  m 2c 2
Ans. : (d)
dp
Solution:  F  p  Ft  c . At t  0, p  0 so, c  0
dt
F
mu  t Fct
 p  Ft   Ft  u  m  .
u2  Ft 
2
F 2 t 2  m2 c 2
1 2 1  
c  mc 
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Q9. The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
a b
given by V r     12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
r 6
r
the atoms is:
(a)  4 a 2 / b (b)  2 a 2 / b (c)  a 2 / 2b (d)  a 2 / 4b
Ans. : (d)
a b V 1  12b 
Solution: V r   
a 12b
 , for equilibrium  0     6    0  6 a  0
r 6 r 12 r r 7
r 13
r 
7
r 6 
1 1
12b  12b  6  2b  6
 6a  6  0  r    r  
r  6a   a 
 1

 2b  a b a2 a2 a2
V r      
6
      .
  a    2b   2b 2 2b 4b 4b
     
 a   a 
Q10. Two particles of identical mass move in circular orbits under a central potential
V r  
1 2
kr . Let l1 and l2 be the angular momenta and r1 , r2 be the radii of the orbits
2
l1 r
respectively. If  2 , the value of 1 is:
l2 r2
(a) 2 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 / 2

Ans. : (a)
l2 1
Solution: Veff   kr 2 , where l is angular momentum.
2mr 2
2
Veff l2
Condition for circular orbit  0   3  kr  0  l 2  r 4  l  r 2 .
r mr
2
l r  r l r l
Thus 1   1   1  1  1  2 since 1  2 .
l2  r2  r2 l2 r2 l2
Q11. A particle of mass m moves inside a bowl. If the surface of the bowl is given by the
equation z 
1
2
 
a x 2  y 2 , where a is a constant, the Lagrangian of the particle is
(a)
1
2

m r 2  r 2 2  gar 2  (b)
1
2
 
m 1  a 2 r 2 r 2  r 2 2 
(c)
1
2

m r 2  r 2 2  r 2 sin 2  2  gar 2  (d)
1
2
 
m 1  a 2 r 2 r 2  r 2 2  gar 2 
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: L 
1
2
  1

m x 2  y 2  z 2  mgz , where z  a x 2  y 2 .
2

a r2  .
1
It has cylindrical symmetry. Thus x  r cos  , y  r sin  , z 
2
x  r cos   r sin  , y  r sin   r cos  and z  a  rr  .
m 1  a 2 r 2  r 2  r 22  gar 2  .

1
So, L 
2
Q12. A planet of mass m moves in the inverse square central force field of the Sun of mass
M . If the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b , respectively, the
total energy of the planet is:
GMm 1 1
(a)  (b)  GMm  
ab a b
GMm  1 1   ab 
(c)     (d)  GMm 

a b a  a  b 
2

Ans. : (a)
Solution: Assume Sun is at the centre of elliptical orbit.
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
Conservation of energy mv1   mv2 
2 a 2 b v2
Conservation of momentum L  mv1a  mv2b b

v1
s a
 a
v2  v1  
 b
1 2 1 2 GMm GMm 1  2 2 a 
2
ba
mv1  mv2    m  v1  v1 2   GMm  
2 2 a b 2  b   ab 
1 2  b2  a 2   b  a 1 b 1
mv1    GMm    mv12  GMm   
 b   ab   a  b  a 
2
2 2
1 2 GMm b 1 GMm
E mv1   GMm 
2 a a b  a  a
GMm  b  GMm  b  b  a  GMm

   1     
a  b  a    a  b  a   b  a 
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Q13. An annulus of mass M made of a material of uniform density has inner and outer radii a
and b respectively. Its principle moment of inertia along the axis of symmetry
perpendicular to the plane of the annulus is:
1 b 4  a 4 
(a) M 2
2 b  a 2 
(b)
1
2

M b 2  a 2 
(c) M b 2  a 2   
1 1
(d) M b 2  a 2
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Q14. The trajectory on the zpz - plane (phase-space trajectory) of a ball bouncing perfectly
elastically off a hard surface at z = 0 is given by approximately by (neglect friction):
PZ PZ
(a) (b)
z z
PZ PZ
(c) (d)
z z
Ans. : (a)
Pz2 P2
Solution: H   mgz and E  z  mgz .
2m 2m
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q15. The bob of a simple pendulum, which undergoes small oscillations, is immersed in water.
Which of the following figures best represents the phase space diagram for the pendulum?
p p
(a) (b)
x x
p p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans. : (d)
Solution: When simple pendulum oscillates in water it is damped oscillation so amplitude
continuously decrease and finally it stops.
Q16. Two events separated by a (spatial) distance 9  109 m , are simultaneous in one inertial
frame. The time interval between these two events in a frame moving with a constant
speed 0.8 c (where the speed of light c  3  108 m / s ) is
(a) 60 s (b) 40 s (c) 20 s (d) 0 s
Ans. : (b)
Solution: x2'  x1'  9  10 9 m and t 2'  t1'  0 . Then
   
 t '  v x'   t1  v x' 
 2 c2 2
t 2  t1  
 

1 1 ' '
 '

c 2   t  t  t 2  t1  v x 2  x1  v x 2  x1 .
' ' '
 
  2 
2 1
v2 c c2
2
 1 v
2
  1 v  v2 v2
    1  1  1 
 c2   c2  c2 c2 c2
Put v  0.8c  t 2  t1  40 sec
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x 2
Q17. If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one dimensions is given by L   V  x  the
2x
Hamiltonian is
x 2 p2
xp  V  x   V x  x  V  x   V x 
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2x 2 2x
Ans. : (a)
L x
Solution: Since H  p x x  L and  p x   p x  x  p x x .
x x
 px x 
2
x 2 p x2 x
H  p x x   V  x   H  px  px x   Vx  H   V x  .
2x 2x 2
Q18. A horizontal circular platform mutes with a constant angular velocity  directed
vertically upwards. A person seated at the centre shoots a bullet of mass m horizontally
with speed v. The acceleration of the bullet, in the reference frame of the shooter, is
(a) 2v  to his right (b) 2v  to his left
(c) v  to his right (d) v  to his left
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Velocity of bullet = vˆj , Angular velocity= k̂ . There will be coriolis
 
force F  2m v   .
F  2mviˆ  a  2viˆ .
 
Q19. The Poisson bracket  r , p  has the value
 
(a) r p (b) rˆ  pˆ (c) 3 (d) 1
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ , r   x 2  y 2  z 2  , p  p xiˆ  p y ˆj  p z kˆ ,
1/ 2

p   px2  p y2  pz2 
1/ 2
           
   r  p  r  p   r  p  r  p   r  p  r  p 
 r , p  =  x  p  p  x    y  p  p  y    z  p  p  y 
 x x   y y   z z 
 
x px y p y z pz rp
              rˆ  pˆ 
r p r p r p r p
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Q20. Consider the motion of a classical particle in a one dimensional double-well
potential V  x   
1 2
4
2

x  2 . If the particle is displaced infinitesimally from the minimum
on the x-axis (and friction is neglected), then

(a) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency   2
(b) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency   2
(c) the particle will switch between the right and left wells
(d) the particle will approach the bottom of the right well and settle there
Ans. : (b)
Solution: V  x   x  2 2  V  2 x 2  2  2 x  0  x  0 , x   2 .
1 2
 
4 x 4
 2V  2V
 3 x 2
 2 . At x  0 ,  0 so V is maximum. Thus it is unstable point
x 2 x 2
 2V
 2V x 2 x  x0
 4 and it is stable equilibrium point with   2    1.
x 2 x 2

Q21. What is proper time interval between the occurrence of two events if in one inertial frame
events are separated by 7.5 108 m and occur 6.5 s apart?
(a) 6.50 s (b) 6.00 s (c) 5.75 s (d) 5.00 s
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Proper time interval
2
 6.5     6 sec.
r2 7.5
t   t    2 
2 2
c  3 
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NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q22. A solid cylinder of height H, radius R and density ρ, floats vertically on the surface of a
liquid of density  0 . The cylinder will be set into oscillatory motion when a small
instantaneous downward force is applied. The frequency of oscillation is
g  g g 0 g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 H 0 H 0H H
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From Newton’s law of motion ma  mg  0 Agh where A is area of cross section,
m   AH .
0 gh 0 g
  AHa   AHg  0 Agh  a  1  
H H
Q23. Three particles of equal mass (m) are connected by two identical massless springs of
stiffness constant (K) as shown in the figure
K K
m m m
If x1, x2 and x3 denote the horizontal displacement of the masses from their respective
equilibrium positions the potential energy of the system is
(a)
1
2

K x12  x 22  x32  (b)
1
2

K x12  x 22  x32  x 2  x1  x3  
(c)
1
2

K x12  2 x 22  x32  2 x 2  x1  x3  (d)
1
2
 
K x12  2 x 22  2 x 2  x1  x3 
Ans. : (c)
1 1
K  x2  x1   K  x3  x2  ,
2 2
Solution: V 
2 2
K  x22  x12  2 x2 x1   K  x32  x22  2 x3 x2   V  K  x12  2 x22  x32  2 x2  x1  x3  

1 1 1
V
2 2 2
Q24. A planet of mass m moves in the gravitational field of the Sun (mass M ). If the semi-
major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b respectively, the angular momentum
of the planet is
2GMm 2 ab 2GMm 2 ab
(a) 2GMm 2 a  b  (b) 2GMm 2 a  b  (c) (d)
ab ab
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Assume Sun is at the centre of elliptical orbit.
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
Conservation of energy mv1   mv2  v2
2 a 2 b
Conservation of momentum L  mv1a  mv2b b
v1
s a
 a
v2  v1  
 b
1 2 1 2 GMm GMm 1  2 2 a 
2
 b  a
mv1  mv2    m  v1  v1 2   GMm 
2 2 a b 2  b   ab 
1 2  b2  a 2   b  a 1  b 1
mv1    GMm    mv12  GMm   
2  b 2
  ab  2  a  b  a
 b 1
v1  2GM   
 a  b  a
 b  1  2GMab 2GMm 2 ab
L  mv1 a  m 2GM      a  m L
 a  b  a b  a ab
Q25. The Hamiltonian of a simple pendulum consisting of a mass m attached to a massless

p2
string of length l is H   mgl 1  cos   . If L denotes the Lagrangian, the value of
2ml 2
dL
is:
dt
2g g
(a)  p sin  (b)  p sin 2
l l
g
(c) p cos  (d) lp2 cos 
l
Ans. : (a)
dL L p2
Solution:  L, H   where H   mgl 1  cos   .
dt t 2ml 2
H p ml 2 2
L   pi qi  H  p   H ,  
    , L  mgl 1  cos   .
i P ml 2 2
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Hence we have to calculate L, H  which is only defined into phase space i.e. p and  .
p2
Then  L   mgl 1  cos  
2ml 2
L, H   L  H 
L H
 
2g
p sin  and
L
0
dL

2g
p sin 
 p p  l t dt l
Q26. Two bodies of equal mass m are connected by a massless rigid rod of length l lying in the
xy-plane with the centre of the rod at the origin. If this system is rotating about the z-axis
with a frequency ω, its angular momentum is
(a) ml 2 / 4 (b) ml 2 / 2 (c) ml 2 (d) 2ml 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Since rod is massless i.e. M  0 .
l
Moment of inertia of the system I  m1r12  m2 r22 , m1  m2  m and r1  r2 
2
ml 2 ml 2 ml 2 ml 2
I  I . Angular momentum, J  I and J  .
4 4 2 2
Q27. Which of the following set of phase-space trajectories is not possible for a particle
obeying Hamilton’s equations of motion?
(a) (b)
P P
x x
(c) (d)
P P
x x
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Phase curve does not cut each other
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Q28. The muon has mass 105 MeV / c 2 and mean life time 2.2  s in its rest frame. The mean
distance traversed by a muon of energy 315 MeV before decaying is approximately,
(a) 3  105 km (b) 2.2 cm (c) 6.6  m (d) 1.98 km

Ans. : (d)
MeV
Solution: Since E  315MeV and m0  105 .
c2
m0 c 2 m0 c 2 105
E  mc 2  E   315   315   v  0.94c .
v2 v2 v2
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
t0 2.2  10 6
Now, t  , t 0  2.2 s  t   t  6.6  s
v2 8
1 2 1
c 9
Now the distance traversed by muon is vt  0.94c  6.6  10 6  1.86 km .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q29. The area of a disc in its rest frame S is equal to 1 (in some units). The disc will appear
distorted to an observer O moving with a speed u with respect to S along the plane of the
disc. The area of the disc measured in the rest frame of the observer O is ( c is the speed
of light in vacuum)
1/ 2 1 / 2 1
 u2   u2   u2   u2 
(a) 1  2  (b) 1  2  (c) 1  2  (d) 1  2 
 c   c   c   c 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Area of disc from S frame is 1 i.e.  a 2  1 or  a  a  1
u2 u2 u2
Area of disc from S  frame is  a  b   a  a 1   1  1   1 
c2 c2 c2
u2
where b  a 1  .
c2
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Q30. A planet of mass m and an angular momentum L moves in a circular orbit in a potential,
V r   k / r , where k is a constant. If it is slightly perturbed radially, the angular
frequency of radial oscillations is
(a) mk 2 / 2 L3 (b) mk 2 / L3 (c) 2mk 2 / L3 (d) 3mk 2 / L3

Ans. : (b)
Veff
L2 k Veff L2 k
Solution: Veff   . For circular orbit    2 0
2mr 2
r r mr 3
r
L2 k L2 k
  2 . Thus r  r0    ,
mr 3
r mk m
r
d 2Veff 3L2
2k 3L 2
2k 3m k 3
2m k
4
m k43 4 3
k   3      6
dr 2
mr 4
r r  r0  L2 
4
 L2 
3
L6 L6 L
r  r0
m   
 mk   mk 
d 2V
dr 2 r  r0 mk 2
   .
m L3
Q31. The number of degrees of freedom of a rigid body in d space-dimensions is
(a) 2d (b) 6 (c) d d  1 / 2 (d) d!
Ans. : (c)
Q32. A system is governed by the Hamiltonian
1
 p x  ay 2  1  p x  bx 2
H 
2 2
where a and b are constants and p x , p y are momenta conjugate to x and y respectively.
For what values of a and b will the quantities  p x  3 y  and  p y  2 x  be conserved?
(a) a  3, b  2 (b) a  3, b  2

(c) a  2, b  3 (d) a  2, b  3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Poisson bracket  px  3 y, H   0 and
 p y  2 y , H   0
p y (b  3)  x(3b  b 2 )  0 and p x ( a  2)  y (2 a  a 2 )  0
 a  2, b  3
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Q33. The Lagrangian of a particle of mass m moving in one dimension is given by

1 2
L mx  bx
2
where b is a positive constant. The coordinate of the particle xt  at time t is given by: (in
following c1 and c 2 are constants)
b 2
(a)  t  c1t  c 2 (b) c1t  c 2
2m
 bt   bt   bt   bt 
(c) c1 cos   c 2 sin   (d) c1 cosh   c 2 sinh  
m m m m
Ans. : (a)
d  L  L d
Solution: Equation of motion    0  mx   b  0  mx  b  0  mx  b
dt  x  x dt
d 2x b dx b b t2
     t  c1  x    c1t  c2
dt 2 m dt m m 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q34. Let A, B and C be functions of phase space variables (coordinates and momenta of a
mechanical system). If ,  represents the Poisson bracket, the value of
A, B, C  A, B, C is given by
(a) 0 (b) B, C , A (c) A, C , B (d) C , A, B
Ans. : (d)
Solution: We know that Jacobi identity equation
A, B, C  B, C , A  C , A, B  0
Now A, B, C   A, B, C   B, C , A  C , A, B
z2
Q35. A particle moves in a potential V  x 2  y 2  . Which component(s) of the angular
2
momentum is/are constant(s) of motion?
(a) None (b) Lx , L y and L z (c) only L x and Ly (d) only L z
Ans. : (d)
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z2
Solution: A particle moves in a potential V  x 2  y 2 
2
r2
V r ,  ,    r 2 sin 2  cos 2   r 2 sin 2  sin 2   cos 2 
2
r2
V r ,  ,    r sin   cos 2 
2 2
2
Now  is cyclic-co-ordinate  p  i.e Lz is constant of motion.
Q36. The Hamiltonian of a relativistic particle of rest mass m and momentum p is given
by H  p 2  m 2  V x  , in units in which the speed of light c  1 . The corresponding

Lagrangian is
(a) L  m 1  x 2  V  x  (b) L  m 1  x 2  V  x 
(c) L  1  mx 2  V  x  mx  V  x 

1 2
(d) L 
2
Ans. : (b)
H
Solution: H  p 2  m 2  V x  
p
 x 
1 2p
1

 x p 2  m 2 
1/ 2
p
2
p 2
m 
2 2

xm
 p
1  x 2
Now L   xp  H  xp  H  xp

  p 2  m2  V  x 

xm
Put value p   L  m 1  x 2  V  x 
1  x 2
Q37. A pendulum consists of a ring of mass M and radius R suspended by a massless rigid
rod of length l attached to its rim. When the pendulum oscillates in the plane of the ring,
the time period of oscillation is
lR 2
(a) 2
g
(b) l 2
 R2 1/ 4
2 R 2  2 Rl  l 2 2
(c) 2
g R  l 
(d) 2R 2
 2 Rl  l 2  1/ 4
g
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The moment of inertia about pivotal point is given by
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I  I c.m  Md 2  MR 2  M (l  R) 2
If ring is displaced by angle  then potential energy is  Mg (l  R ) cos 

The Lagrangian is given by
1 2 1
L I  V ( ) = ( MR 2  M (l  R) 2 ) 2  Mg (l  R) cos 
2 2
d  L   L  2 
   0  ( MR  M (l  R) )  Mg (l  R ) sin   0
2

dt      
For small oscillation sin     ( MR 2  M (l  R) 2 )  Mg (l  R)  0
2 R 2  2 Rl  l 2
Time period is given by 2 .
g R  l 
Q38. Consider a particle of mass m attached to two identical springs y
each of length l and spring constant k (see the figure). The
equilibrium configuration is the one where the springs are
o
unstretched. There are no other external forces on the system. If the
particle is given a small displacement along the x -axis, which of
the following describes the equation of motion for small x
o
oscillations?
kx 3 kx 2
(a) mx  0 (b) mx  kx  0 (c) mx  2kx  0 (d) mx  0
l2 l
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The lagrangian of system is given by y
1 2
L mx  V ( x)
2 x
o
The potential energy is given by
2 2
k 1
 k 1

2

V ( x)   x 2  l 2  2

 l    x2  l 2  2  l
 2  o x
2
 1


V ( x)  k  x 2  l 2  2  l
 
For small oscillation one can approximate potential by Taylor expansion
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2
 1
 2
2 
 x 
2 2
  1 x 2 1 x 4  
V ( x)  kl  1  2   1  V ( x)  kl 1  2  4   1
2
 
 l   2 l 8 l  
 
2
kl 2  x   x 4
2
V ( x)     V ( x )  k  2 .
4  l2   4l 
1 2  x 4
So Lagrangian of system is given by L  mx  k  2 
2  4l 
d  L   L  kx 3
The Lagranges equation of motion      0  m
x   0.
dt  x   x  l2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q39. The time period of a simple pendulum under the influence of the acceleration due to
gravity g is T . The bob is subjected to an additional acceleration of magnitude 3 g in
the horizontal direction. Assuming small oscillations, the mean position and time period
of oscillation, respectively, of the bob will be
(a) 0 o to the vertical and 3T (b) 30 o to the vertical and T / 2
(c) 60 o to the vertical and T / 2 (d) 0 o to the vertical and T / 3

Ans. : (c)
l
Solution: T  2
g  T
g   3g 2  g 2  4g 2  2 g
3g
l l 1 T 
T   2  T   2   T  g
2g g 2 2 g
T cos  mg , T sin   3 mg  tan   3    60o
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1 
Q40. A particle of mass m and coordinate q has the Lagrangian L  mq 2  qq 2 , where 
2 2
is a constant. The Hamiltonian for the system is given by
p 2 qp 2 p2
(a)  (b)
2m 2 m 2 2m  q 
p2 qp 2 pq
(c)  (d)
2m 2m  q 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1 2  2
Solution: H   qp
  L where L  mq  qq
2 2
L p
 p  mq   qq  p  q  m   q   q 
q m  q
 H  qp
 L 
p2 1
 m
p2


q 
 
p2
 m   q  2  m   q 2 2  m   q 2
p2 p2
 H  qp
 L    m  q 
 m   q  2  m   q 2
p2 p2 p2
 H  qp
 L   H 
 m  q  2  m  q  2 m  q 
Q41. The coordinates and momenta xi , pi i  1, 2, 3 of a particle satisfy the canonical Poisson
bracket relations xi , p j    ij . If C1  x2 p3  x3 p2 and C2  x1 p2  x2 p1 are constants of
motion, and if C3  C1 , C 2   x1 p3  x3 p1 , then
(a) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2 (b) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2
(c) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1   C2 (d) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: C1  x2 p3  x3 p2 , C2  x1 p2  x2 p1 , C3  x1 p3  x3 p1
 C2 C3 C2 C3   C2 C3 C2 C3   C2 C3 C2 C3 
C2 , C3         
 x1 p1 p1 x1   x2 p2 p2 x2   x3 p3 p3 x3 
C2 , C3    p2 x3    x2  p3    0  x1  0    0  x1  0  p1    p2 x3  x2 p3   C1
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 C3 C1 C3 C1   C3 C1 C3 C1   C3 C1 C3 C1 
C3 , C1        

 1x p1 p1 x1   x2 p2 p 2 x2   x3 p3 p3 x3 
C3 , C1   p3  0  x3  0    0  x3  0  p3    p1 x2  x1 p2     x1 p2  x2 p1   C2

Q42. The recently-discovered Higgs boson at the LHC experiment has a decay mode into a
photon and a Z boson. If the rest masses of the Higgs and Z boson are 125 GeV/c2 and
90 GeV/c2 respectively, and the decaying Higgs particle is at rest, the energy of the
photon will approximately be
(a) 35 3 GeV (b) 35GeV (c) 30GeV (d) 15GeV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: H B  PH  Z B
   
From conservation of momentum 0  P1  P2  P1   P2  P1  P2
Now EH B  EPH  EZ B  EPH  EZ B  M H B c 2
E P2H  P12 c 2  0 and EZ2B  P22 c 2  M Z2B c 4

 EZ B  EPH  E ZB 
 EPH  M Z2B c 4  P1  P2
M Z2B c 4 M Z2B c 2
 EZ B  EPH    EZ B  EPH  M H B c 2
M HB c 2
M HB
 2 EPH  M H B c  2
M z2B c 2
 EPH 
M 2
HB 
 M z2B c 2
M HB M HB
 125 125  90  90  c
4
 EPH    4  30.1GeV

 2 125  c
Q43. A canonical transformation relates the old coordinates q, p  to the new ones Q, P  by
the relations Q  q 2 and P  p / 2q . The corresponding time independent generating

function is
(a) P / q 2 (b) q 2 P (c) q 2 / P (d) qP 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Q  q 2 ; P  p / 2q
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F2 F
 p  2  P  2q  F2  q 2 P  f ( P)
q q
F2
 Q  q 2  F2  q 2 P  f (q)
P
comparing both side f (q )  f ( P)  0  F2  q 2 P
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q44. The equation of motion of a system described by the time-dependent Lagrangian
1 
L  e t  mx 2  V  x   is
2 
dV dV
(a) mx  mx  0 (b) mx  mx  0
dx dx
dV dV
(c) mx  mx  0 (d) mx  0
dx dx
Ans. : (a)
1  L L V  t
Solution:  L  e t  mx 2  V  x     e t mx and  e
2  x x x
d  L  L d V  t V  t
     0   e t mx     t  mx e t 
e  mxe e 0
dt  x  x dt x x
 V   t V
 mx  m x   e  0  mx   mx  0
x x
A particle of mass m is moving in the potential V  x    ax 2  bx 4 where a, b are

1 1
Q45.
2 4
positive constants. The frequency of small oscillations about a point of stable equilibrium
is
(a) a/m (b) 2a / m (c) 3a / m (d) 6a / m
Ans. : (b)
1 1
Solution: V  x    ax 2  bx 4
2 4
1
V  a 2
 0  ax  bx3  0  x  a  bx 2   0  x     , 0
x b
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 2V  2V
  a  3bx 2  At x  0,  a (Negative so it is unstable point)
x 2
x 2
 2V a
  a  3b  2a (Positive so it is stable point)
x 2 b
1
 a 2
x   
 b
 2V
  x 2  2a
m m
Q46. The radius of Earth is approximately 6400 km . The height h at which the acceleration
due to Earth’s gravity differs from g at the Earth’s surface by approximately 1 % is
(a) 64 km (b) 48 km (c) 32 km (d) 16 km
Ans. : (c)
g 2h g 2h g 2h
Solution:  1  1     h  32 k .m.
g R g R g R
Q47. According to the special theory of relativity, the speed v of a free particle of mass m and
total energy E is:
mc 2 2 E  mc 2 
(a) v  c 1  (b) v  1  
E m  E 
2
 mc 2   mc 2 
(c) v  c 1    (d) v  c1  
 E   E 
Ans. : (c)
2 2
v 2  mc 2 
mc 2 v2 m2c 4  mc 2 
Solution: E   1 2      1   v  c 1   
v2 c  E  c2 E2  E 
1 2
c
p2
Q48. The Hamiltonian of a classical particle moving in one dimension is H   q 4 where
2m
 is a positive constant and p and q are its momentum and position respectively. Given
that its total energy E  E 0 the available volume of phase space depends on E 0 as
(a) E 03 / 4 (b) E 0
(c) E0 (d) is independent of E 0
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Ans. : (a)
V q
p2
Solution: H    q4
2m E0
Phase area   p  dq q
p
1 2mE0
E 4
A   p  dq   2mE   
    E0 / 
1/4  E0 / 1/4
AE 1/2
E
1/4
 AE 3/4  2mE0
0 0 0
p2 1
Q49. A mechanical system is described by the Hamiltonian H q, p    m 2 q 2 . As a
2m 2
Q
result of the canonical transformation generated by F q, Q    , the Hamiltonian in
q
the new coordinate Q and momentum P becomes
1 2 2 m 2 2 1 2 2 m 2 2
(a) Q P  Q (b) Q P  P
2m 2 2m 2
1 2 m 2 2 1 2 4 m 2  2
(c) P  Q (d) Q P  P
2m 2 2m 2
Ans. : (d)
p2 1 Q
Solution: H   m 2 q 2 , F  F1  q, Q   
2m 2 q
F1 Q
 p  2 p (i)
q q
F1 1 1
  P    P  q  (ii)
Q q P
1
From equation (i) and (ii)  p  QP 2 q 
P
p2 1 Q2 P4 1  1  1 2 4 1
H  m 2 q 2   m 2  2   Q P  m 2 P 2
2m 2 2m 2  P  2m 2
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Q50. The probe Mangalyaan was sent recently to explore the planet Mars. The inter-planetary
part of the trajectory is approximately a half-ellipse with the Earth (at the time of launch),
Sun and Mars (at the time the probe reaches the destination)
forming the major axis. Assuming that the orbits of Earth
and Mars are approximately circular with radii RE and Sun
Earth Mars
RM , respectively, the velocity (with respect to the Sun) of RE
RM
the probe during its voyage when it is at a distance
r RE  r  RM  from the Sun, neglecting the effect of Earth and Mars, is
R E  RM  R E  RM  r 
(a) 2GM (b) 2GM
r R E  R M  r  r R E  RM 
RE 2GM
(c) 2GM (d)
rRM r
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Total energy E   K / 2a where 2a major axis and 2a  RE  RM .
1 2 GMm GMm  R  RM  r 
 v  2GM E
mv  
2 r  RE  RM  r  RE  RM 
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Q51. A particle moves in two dimensions on the ellipse x 2  4 y 2  8 . At a particular instant it
is at the point  x, y    2,1 and the x -component of its velocity is 6 (in suitable units).
Then the y -component of its velocity is

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
Ans. (a)
dx dy
Solution:  x 2  4 y 2  8  2 x  8y 0
dt dt
 2 xvx  8 y v y  0  2  2  6  8 1 v y  0  v y  3
Q52. Consider three inertial frames of reference A, B and C . the frame B moves with a
c c
velocity with respect to A , and C moves with a velocity with respect to B in the
2 10
same direction. The velocity of C as measured in A is
3c 4c c 3c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
Ans. (b)
c c A S B S C u x
Solution: v  , u x 
2 10
C/2 C /10
u  v 4c
ux  x 
u vx 7
1 2
c
1 2
Q53. If the Lagrangian of a dynamical system in two dimensions is L  mx  mxy
 , then its
2
Hamiltonian is
1 1 2 1 1 2
(a) H  px p y  py (b) H  px p y  px
m 2m m 2m
1 1 2 1 1 2
(c) H  px p y  py (d) H  px p y  px
m 2m m 2m
Ans. (c)
1 2 L
Solution: L  mx  mxy
   mx  my  px (i)
2 x
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L py
  mx  p y or x  (ii)
y m
py px  p y
put x  in equation (i)  p y  my  px  y 
m m
1
H  px x  p y y  L  px x  p y y  mx 2  mxy

2
px p y p y2
put value of x and y  H  
m 2m
 
Q54. A particle of mass m moves in the one dimensional potential V  x   x3  x 4 where
3 4
 ,   0 . One of the equilibrium points is x  0 . The angular frequency of small
oscillations about the other equilibrium point is
2   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3m m 12m 24m
Ans. (b)
  V 
Solution: V  x   x3  x4    x 2   x3  0  x0  
3 4 x 
 2V 2 k 
Spring constant k  2   ve     
x x  x0
 m m
Q55. A particle of unit mass moves in the xy -plane in such a way that x  t   y  t  and
y  t    x  t  . We can conclude that it is in a conservative force-field which can be
derived from the potential
(a)
2

1 2
x  y2  (b)
1 2
2

x  y2  (c) x  y (d) x  y
Ans. (a)
Solution:  x  y and y   x
 x  y   x
 y   x   y
and 
 xx 0
 y y 0
and 
that is possible for L 

1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1
mx  my  x  y 2  V  x 2  y 2
2 2 2
   
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1
Q56. A particle moves in one dimension in the potential V  k  t  x 2 , where k  t  is a time
2
d
dependent parameter. Then V , the rate of change of the expectation value V of the
dt
potential energy is
1 dk 2 k 1 dk 2 1
(a) x  xp  px (b) x  p2
2 dt 2m 2 dt 2m
k 1 dk 2
(c) xp  px (d) x
2m 2 dt
Ans. (a)
p2 1
Solution: H   k t  x2
2m 2
d V 1 2 p
2
1 2 x 2 k
V  V , H     k t  x ,  k t  x    V , H 
dt t 2 2m 2  2 t
d 1 xp  px x 2 k x 2 k 1
V  k t   2    k  t  xp  px
dt 2 2m 2 t 2 t 2m
Q57. Let q and p be the canonical coordinate and momentum of a dynamical system. Which
of the following transformations is canonical?
1 2 1 2
1. Q1  q and P1  p
2 2
1 1
2. Q2   p  q  and P2   p  q 
2 2
(a) neither 1 nor 2 (b) both 1 and 2
(c) only 1 (d) only 2
Ans. (d)
q2 P2
Solution: For A : Q1  , P1 
2 2
Q P Q P
Q1 , P1   1 . 1  1 . 1  1 (Not canonical)
q p p q
1 1
For B : Q2   p  q  , P2   p  q 
2 2
Q2 , p2   1 (canonical)
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Q58. Which of the following figures is a schematic representation of the phase space
trajectories (i.e., contours of constant energy) of a particle moving in a one-dimensional
1 2 1 4
potential V  x   x  x p
2 4
p
(a) (b)
x
x
p p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans. (a)
 x2 x4 V  x
Solution: V  x   
2 4
V x
 0  x  0, x  1
x
 2V
 ve for x  0 (unstable point)
x 2 E0
= + ve for x  1 (stable point)
E0 E0
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Q59. Two masses m each, are placed at the points  x, y    a, a  and   a,  a  and two
masses, 2m each, are placed at the points  a,  a  and  a, a  . The principal moments of
inertia of the system are

(a) 2m 2 , 4ma 2 (b) 4ma 2 ,8ma 2 (c) 4ma 2 , 4ma 2 (d) 8ma 2 ,8ma 2
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: I xx   mi yi2  zi2   mi yi2  zi  0
i
 I xx  ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xx  6ma 2
Similarly, I yy  6ma 2 and I zz  12ma 2
I xz  I zx  0, I yz  I zy  0
I xy  I yx   mi  xi yi   ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xy  I yx  2ma 2

i
Moment of inertia tensor

 6ma 2 2ma 2 0 
 
I   2ma 2 6ma 2
0 
 0 0 12ma 2 

Eigen value of matrices is principal moment of inertia, which is given by
1  4ma 2  I x , 2  8ma 2  I y , 3  12ma 2  I z
So, I x  4ma 2 and I y  8ma 2
Q60. The Lagrangian of a system is given by

1 2 5 
L mq1  2mq22  k  q12  2q22  2q1q2 
2 4 
where m and k are positive constants. The frequencies of its normal modes are
(a)
k
,
2m m
3k
(b)
k
2m

13  73  (c)
5k
,
2m m
k
(d)
k
,
2m m
6k
Ans. : (a)
1 2 5 
Solution: L  mq1  2mq22  k  q12  2q22  2q1 q2 
2 4 
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1 2 4 2 k 10 2 
L mq1  mq2   q1  4q22  2q1 q2  2q2 q1 
2 2 2 4 
 10 
m 0  k 2 k 
T  , V  4
 0 4m   
 2k 4k 
The secular equation V   2 m  0
 10 
 4 k  m 2 k   0 ,  10 k   2 m  4k  4 2 m  4k 2  0
2
  
 4


 
  2 k 4 k   2
4 m 
 10k 2  10 2 km  4 2 km  4 4 m 2  4k 2  0
 3k 2  7 2 km  2 4 m2  0  3k 2  6 2 km   2 km  2 4 m2  0
k 3k
  
 k  2 2 m 3k   2 m  0   
2m
, 
m
Q61. Consider a particle of mass m moving with a speed v . If TR denotes the relativistic
kinetic energy and TN its non-relativistic approximation, then the value of

TR  TN  for
TR
v  0.01 c , is
(a) 1.25 105 (b) 5.0 105 (c) 7.5 105 (d) 1.0 104
Ans. : None of the options is correct.
1 m0 c 2
Solution: TN  m0 v 2 , TR  mc 2  m0 c 2   m0 c 2 ( v  0.01 c )
2 v 2
1 2
c
 0.01
2
1 v2
TR  TN  m0 v 2
T 2 2 2
Now,  1 N  1  1  1
TR TR m0 c 2
c 2
1
1
 m0 c 2  c2
1   0.01
2
v 2
v 2
1 2 1 2
c c
TR  TN
 0.75
TR
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Q62. A canonical transformation  p, q    P, Q  is performed on the Hamiltonian
p2 1 1
H  m 2 q 2 via the generating function, F  m q 2 cot Q . If Q  0   0 , which
2m 2 2
of the following graphs shows schematically the dependence of Q  t  on t ?
(a) (b)
Q t  Q t 
(c) (d)
Q t  Q t 
Ans. : (d)
p2 1 1
Solution: H   m 2 q 2 , F1  m q 2 cot Q
2m 2 2
F1 F1 F1
 p,   P, KH
q Q t  t 
F1
 p  m q cot Q …..(i)
q
t
F1 1
  P   m q 2 cosec 2Q   P
Q 2
1 P
 m q 2  …..(ii)
2 cosec 2Q
From (i) and (ii)
p  2m P cos Q
F1 F1
KH ;  0
t t
p2 1
KH   m 2 q 2 put the value of p and q
2m 2
 K  P using equation of motion Q and P
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K
  P  0  P  0  P  constant
Q
K  K
Q    Q  Q  constant  P  constant 
P P
Q    Q  t    from boundary condition   0 
 Q  t
Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Q63. The Lagrangian of a particle moving in a plane s given in Cartesian coordinates as
L  xy
  x 2  y 2
In polar coordinates the expression for the canonical momentum pr (conjugate to the
radial coordinate r ) is
(a) r sin   r cos  (b) r cos   r sin 
(c) 2r cos   r sin 2 (d) r sin 2  r cos 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: L  xy
  x 2  y 2  xy 
  x 2  y 2 
x  r cos  , y  r sin   x  r cos   r sin , y  r sin   r cos  
L  r 2 sin  cos   r 2 sin  cos   2  r r cos 2   rr

 sin 2 
L
Pr 
r

 2r sin  cos   r cos 2   sin 2  
 Pr  r sin 2  r cos 2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q64. Let  x, t  and  x, t   be the coordinate systems used by the observers O and O ,
respectively. Observer O moves with a velocity v   c along their common positive x -

axis. If x  x  ct and x  x  ct are the linear combinations of the coordinates, the
Lorentz transformation relating O and O takes the form
x   x x   x 1  1 
(a) x  and x  (b) x  x and x  x
1  2
1  2 1  1 
x   x x   x 1  1 
(c) x  and x  (d) x  x and x  x
1  2 1  2 1  1 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: x  x  ct 
 vx   v  v v v v
ct  2  x 1   ct 1   1 1 1
x  vt c  c c
        x c  ct c  c  x  ct 
v2 v2 v 2
v 2 v v v
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
c c c c c c c
1 
x  x
1 
 vx   v  v
ct  2  x  1   ct  1  
x  vt c   c  c
x  x  ct     
v2 v2 v2 v2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c c
v v
1 1
x  x c  ct c  x  1    x  ct   x  1   x
  
1
v
1
v 1  1 
c c
Q65. A ball of mass m , initially at rest, is dropped from a height of 5 meters. If the coefficient
of restitution is 0.9 , the speed of the ball just before it hits the floor the second time is
approximately (take g  9.8 m / s 2 )
(a) 9.80 m / s (b) 9.10 m / s (c) 8.91 m / s (d) 7.02 m / s
Ans. : (c)
Solution: velocity just before hitting first time is
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v1  2 gh  2  9.8  5  9.89 m / s
After hitting velocity will be  ev1  0.9  9.89
v2  8.9 m / s
velocity hitting before second time will be same as v2
Q66. The Hamiltonian of a system with generalized coordinate and momentum  q, p  is
H  p 2 q 2 . A solution of the Hamiltonian equation of motion is (in the following A and

B are constants)
A 2 At A 2 At
(a) p  Be 2 At , q e (b) p  Ae 2 At , q e
B B
A  At A A2t
(c) p  Ae At , q (d) p  2 Ae  A t , q
2
e e
B B
Ans. : (a)
Solution: H  p 2 q 2
From Hamilton’s equation
H dp
  p   2 p 2 q (i)
q dt
H dq
 q   2 pq 2 (ii)
p dt
from equations (i) and (ii)
dp dq

p q
Integrating both sides, ln p   ln q  ln A
pq  A (iii)
from equation (i)
dp
 2 p 2 q  2 pA
dt
dp p
  p
   2 Adt  ln B  ln  2 At  p  Be 2 At
B
A 2 At
Putting this value of p in equation (iii) gives q  e
B
Hence, the correct option is (a)
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Q67. A canonical transformation  q, p    Q, P  is made through the generating function
F  q, P   q 2 P on the Hamiltonian
p2 
H  q, p    q4
2 q 2
4
where  and  are constants. The equations of motion for  Q, P  are
P 4P  Q
(a) Q  and P    Q (b) Q  and P 
  2
P 2P 2 2P
(c) Q  and P    Q (d) Q  and P    Q
 Q 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: F  q, P   q 2 P
This is F2 type generating function so
F2 F
 p & 2 Q
q P
1 1
p  2qP & Q  q 2  q   Q  2 & p  2  Q  2 P
4QP 2  2 2 P 2  Q 2
H  Q, P    Q  
2 Q 4  4
H  4P H Q
  Q  Q  and   P  P  
P  Q 2
Q68. The Lagrangian of a system moving in three dimensions is
mx1  m  x22  x32   kx12  k  x2  x3 

1 2 1 1 2
L
2 2 2
The independent constants of motion is/are
(a) energy alone
(b) only energy, one component of the linear momentum and one component of the
angular momentum
(c) only energy, one component of the linear momentum
(d) only energy, one component of the angular momentum
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: The motion is in 3D . So don’t get confine with x1 , x2 x3 they are actually x, y, z
Langrangian is then
L L L
mx  m  y 2  z 2   kx 2  k  y  z  , when
1 2 1 1 2
L  0,  0, 0
2 2 2 x y z
So, not any component at Linear momentum is conserve.
Now transform the Lagrangian to Hamiltonian
Px2 Py
2
P2 1 1
 z  kx 2  k  y  z 
2
H 
2m 4m 4m 2 2
H
 0 so energy is conserved
t
Now let us assume Lx  yPz  zPy
dLx L
  Lx , H   x
dt t
 Lx , H    yPz  zPy , H    y, H  Pz  y  Pz , H    z, H  Py  z  Py , H 
 Py2   1 2  Pz2   1 2
  Lx , H    y,  Pz  y  Pz , k  y  z     z ,  Py  z  Py , k  y  z  
 4m   2   4m   2 
Pz  1   P   1 
 2 Py  y 0  k .2  y  z     2 Py z   z 0  k .2  y  z  
4m  2   4m   2 
 k  y 2  yz   k  z 2  yz    k  y 2  z 2   k  z 2  y 2 
dLx dLy dL
  0 . Similarly  0 and  z  0
dt dt dt
Q69. For a particle of energy E and momentum p (in a frame F ), the rapidity y is defined
1  E  p3c 
as y  ln   . In a frame F  moving with velocity v   0, 0,  c  with respect to
2  E  p3c 
F , the rapidity y will be
1  1  
(a) y  y  ln 1   2 
1
(b) y  y  ln  
2 2  1  
 1    1  
(c) y  y  ln   (d) y  y  2 ln  
 1    1  
Ans. : (b)
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1  E  p3c 
Solution: y  ln  
2  E  p3c 
1  E   p3c 
Then y  ln  
2  E   p3c 
  E 
Where p3    p3  v  2   E     E  vp3 
  c 
 v 
1   E  p3c    E  p3c  
Put the value of p3 and E  one will get y  ln  c

2  E p c v E p c 
 3   3 
 c 
1   E  p3 c  1     1   E  p3 c   1  1   
ln    ln    ln  
2   E  p3 c  1     2   E  p3 c   2  1   
1  1   1  1  
y  ln    y  ln  
2  1   2  1  
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q70. A ball of mass m is dropped from a tall building with zero initial velocity. In addition to
gravity, the ball experiences a damping force of the form  , where  is its
instantaneous velocity and  is a constant. Given the values m  10 kg ,   10 kg / s and
g  10 m / s 2 the distance travelled (in metres) in time t in seconds, is
(a) 10  t  1  e  t  (b) 10  t  1  e t 
(c) 5t 2  1  et  (d) 5t 2
Ans. : (b)
d2x dx
Solution: m  mg  
dt 2
dt
Putting the values of m,  and g and simplifying we obtain
d 2 x dx
  10
dt 2 dt
The general solution of this equation is x  t   c1  c2t  10e  t
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Using the initial conditions x  0   0, x  0   0
We obtain, c1  10 and c2  10
Hence the required solution is x  t   10  t  1  e  t 
Q71. A relativistic particle moves with a constant velocity v with respect to the laboratory
frame. In time  , measured in the rest frame of the particle, the distance that it travels in
the laboratory frame is
c v2 v
(a) v (b) (c) v 1  2 (d)
v2 c v2
1 1
c2 c2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From Particle x1  0 x2  0 tinitial  t1 t final  t2
x1  vt1 x2  vt2

x1  , x2  L
1 v / c
2 2
1  v2 / c2
v
x2  x1 v  t2  t1 
x2  x1  
1  v2 / c2 1  v2 / c2
v  t2  t1  v
x  
1  v2 / c2 1  v2 / c2
Q72. A particle in two dimensions is in a potential V  x, y   x  2 y . Which of the following
(apart from the total energy of the particle) is also a constant of motion?
(a) p y  2 px (b) px  2 p y
(c) px  2 p y (d) p y  2 px
Ans. : (a)
Solution: V  x, y   x  2 y
px2 p y
2
H   x  2y
2m 2m
d  p y  2 px  
dt
  p y  2 px , H  
t
 p y  2 px 
  p y  2 px , H    p y  2 px , x  2 y    p y , 2 y    2 px , x   2  2  0
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Q73. The dynamics of a particle governed by the Lagrangian

1 2 1 2
L mx  kx  kxxt
 describes
2 2
(a) an undamped simple harmonic oscillator
(b) a damped harmonic oscillator with a time varying damping factor
(c) an undamped harmonic oscillator with a time dependent frequency
(d) a free particle
Ans. : (d)
1 2 1 2
Solution: L  mx  kx  kx x t
2 2
L L
 mx  kxt ,  kx  kxt

x x
d  L  L
   0  mx  kxt   0  mx  0
  kx  kx  kxt
dt  x  x
So motion is equivalent to free particle
Q74. The parabolic coordinates  ,  are related to the Cartesian coordinates  x, y  by
x   and y  
1 2
2
   2  . The Lagrangian of a two-dimensional simple harmonic
oscillator of mass m and angular frequency  is

 
m    2   2  2   2       
1  2 1 1
(a) (b) m  2   2   2   2   2  2   2 
2 2  4 
   1 
m  2   2   2   2   2  m  2   2   2   2   2 
1 1 1
(c) (d)
2  2  2  4 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For two dimensional Harmonic oscillation
m  x 2  y 2   m 2  x 2  y 2 
1 1
L
2 2
x   , y
2

1 2
  2 
   ,
x   y    
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 2 2 1 2 2 2
1  
        12 m    4     
2 2
L m    2
2 
L
1
2
 1
8

m  2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2  m 2  4   4  2 2 2 
1
 
m  2   2   2   2  m 2  2   2 
1 2

2 8
 
m  2   2   2   2   2  2   2  
1 1

2  4 
Q75. After a perfectly elastic collision of two identical balls, one of which was initially at rest,
the velocities of both the balls are non zero. The angle  between the final, velocities (in
the lab frame) is
  
(a)   (b)    (c) 0    (d)  
2 2 2
Ans. : (a)
v1
Solution: Angle between two particle 1   2  0
Conservation of momentum u 1
2
mu  mv1 cos 1  mv2 cos  2 (i)
v2
0  mv1 sin 1  mv2 sin  2 (ii)
conservation of kinetic energy
1 1 1
mu 2  mv12  mv22 (iii)
2 2 2
From (i) and (ii)
u 2  v12  v22  2v1v2  cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2 
u 2  v12  v22  2v1v2 cos 1   2  (iv)
u 2  v12  v22 (v)
v12  v22  v12  v22  2v1v2 cos 1   2 
 cos 1   2   0
 
1   2   
2 2
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k
Q76. Consider circular orbits in a central force potential V  r    , where k  0 and
rn
0  n  2 . If the time period of a circular orbit of radius R is T1 and that of radius 2 R is
T2
T2 , then
T1
n 2 n
n 1
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 3 (c) 2 2 (d) 2n
Ans. : (c)
J2 k Veff J2 nk
Solution: Veff   ,    n 1  0
2mr 2
r n
r mr 3
r
m 2 2 r 4 nk 1  n  2  / 2
n
1
 J  mr 2   n 1
  2
 n2
   r  T  r 2
r 3
r r
n2
n
T2  2 R  2 1
   22
T1  R 
c
Q77. Consider a radioactive nucleus that is travelling at a speed with respect to the lab
2
frame. It emits  -rays of frequency v0 in its rest frame. There is a stationary detector,
(which is not on the path of the nucleus) in the lab. If a  -ray photon is emitted when the
nucleus is closest to the detector, its observed frequency at the detector is
3 1 1 2
(a) v0 (b) v0 (c) v0 (d) v0
2 3 2 3
Ans. : (a)
v2
Solution: v  v0 1  (If detector is not in the path at nucleus)
c2
1 3
v  v0 1   v0
4 2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q78. The Hamiltonian for a system described by the generalised coordinate x and generalised
momentum p is
p2 1
H   x2 p    2 x2
2 1  2 x  2
where  ,  and  are constants. The corresponding Lagrangian is

1
 x   x 2  1  2 x    2 x 2
1 1 1
2
(a) (b) x 2   2 x 2   x 2 x
2 2 2 1  2  x  2

1 2
x   2 x  1  2 x    2 x 2
1 1 1
2
(c) (d) x 2   2 x 2   x 2 x
2 2 2 1  2  x  2
Ans. : (a)
p2 1
Solution: H  ax 2 p    2 x2 .
2 1  2 x  2
H p
 x  ax 2   p   x  ax 2  1  2  x  
p 1  2 x 
L  xP
 H
p2 1
 xP
  ax 2 P    2 x2 
1  2 x  2
 x  x   x
 x   x  1  2 x 
2 2 2
2
 1  2 x    x  x   x  1  2 x 
2 2

2 1  2  x 

 1  2  x   x   x 2   x   x 2 
 x   x2    1  2 x 2
 2  2
 1  2 x   x   x
 x   x  2 2
 x   x 
2 2
2
 2
1
  2 x 2  1  2 x 
2 2
1
  2 x2
2
Q79. An inertial observer sees two events E1 and E2 happening at the same location but 6  s
apart in time. Another observer moving with a constant velocity v (with respect to the
first one) sees the same events to be 9  s apart. The spatial distance between the events,
as measured by the second observer, is approximately
(a) 300 m (b) 1000 m (c) 2000 m (d) 2700 m
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: x12  x11  0 , t21  t11  6 106 , t2  t1  9 106 , x2  x1  ?
t2  t2  9 106
 1 v 1   t '  v x' 
 t2  c 2 x2   1 c 2 1 
   9 106
 1  v / c  1 v / c
2 2 2 2
 
t2  t1 6 106
 9 106   9 106
1 v / c
2 2
1 v / c
2 2
5 v2
v c  1 2  2 / 3
9 c
 x2  vt2   x1  vt1 
 x2  x1     
 1 v / c   1 v / c 
2 2 2 2
v
 t2  t1 
1  v2 / c2
c    6 106  
5 9 5 9
 x2  x1    3 108   6 106
3 6 3 6
 9  5 102  20.12 102  2000m
Q80. A ball weighing 100 gm , released from a height of 5 m , bounces perfectly elastically off
a plate. The collision time between the ball and the plate is 0.5 s . The average force on
the plate is approximately
(a) 3 N (b) 2 N (c) 5 N (d) 4 N
Ans. : (d)
100
Solution: m   0.1 kg
1000
1 2
mgh  mv v  2 gh .
2
v  10 m / sec
change in momentum during collision,  mv     mv   2k .gm / sec
P 2
f    4N
t 0.5
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Q81. A solid vertical rod, of length L and cross-sectional area A , is made of a material of
Young’s modulus Y . The rod is loaded with a mass M , and, as a result, extends by a
small amount  L in the equilibrium condition. The mass is then suddenly reduced to
M / 2 . As a result the rod will undergo longitudinal oscillation with an angular frequency
(a) 2YA / ML (b) YA / ML
(c) 2YA / M  L (d) YA / M  L

Ans. : (b)
Fl YAl
Solution: Y  F
Al l
YAl
For mass m , mg 
l
m YA   l 
For mass g  
2 l  2 
Equation (i) and (ii) is for equilibrium condition
Change in force will generate acceleration
 mg  YA  l  YA l
F    mg     l  
 2  l  2  2 l
m 2 l YA l

2 l 2
YA

ml
Q82. The Lagrangian of a free relativistic particle (in one dimension) of mass m is given by
L   m 1  x 2 where x  dx / dt . If such a particle is acted upon by a constant force in

the direction of its motion, the phase space trajectories obtained from the corresponding
Hamiltonian are
(a) ellipses (b) cycloids (c) hyperbolas (d) parabolas
Ans. : (c)
Solution: E 2  p 2 c 2  m02 c 4 .
dP P
For constant force  F , P  Ft  t 
dt F
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mu
 Ft  u 
 F / m t .
1  u 2 / c2  Ft 
2
1  
 mc 
F
  t. mc 2 
2 
dx m F t tdt  Ft 
 x    1    1
dt  Ft 
2 m 0
 Ft 
2 F   mc  
1  1   
 
 mc   mc 
  P2 
2
 Fx

 2  1  1  2 4 
 mc   mc 
P 2  F 2 x 2  2mc 2 Fx   Fx  mc 2   m 2 c 4
2
 Fx  mc  2 2
 P 2  m 2 c 4 , which is equation of hyperbola.
Q83. A Hamiltonian system is described by the canonical coordinate q and canonical
momentum p . A new coordinate Q is defined as Q  t   q  t     p  t    , where t is
the time and  is a constant, that is, the new coordinate is a combination of the old
coordinate and momentum at a shifted time. The new canonical momentum P  t  can be
expressed as
(a) p  t     q  t    (b) p  t     q  t   
1 1
(c)  p  t     q  t     (d)  p  t     q  t    
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Given  q1 p   1
Q t   q t     p t   
If P is new momentum, then Q, P   1
For option (a), Q, P    q  p, p  q    q, p   q  q, q    p, q    p, p 
 1   1  2
For option (b) Q, P    q  p, p  q   2
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1 2
For option (c) Q, P    q  p, p  q    1 i.e. canonical transform
2 2
1 2
For option (d) Q, P    q  p, p  q    1
2 2
Option (c) and (d) are correct. But from translation symmetry option (d) is more suitable.
Q84. The energy of a one-dimensional system, governed by the Lagrangian
1 2 1 2n
L mx  kx
2 2
where k and n are two positive constants, is E0 . The time period of oscillation 
satisfies
1 1 1 n 1 n2 1 1 n
   
(a)   k n
(b)   k 2n
E02 n (c)   k 2n
E02 n (d)   k n E02 n
Ans. : (b)
H J J
Solution:   T  , Time Period T  , where J is Action variable
J H E
V  x

J   Pdx  4 2m  E  V  x  dx
0
1/ 2 n
x
 2E 
  
 k 
1
 2E   2E 
1/ 2 n
x
   
 k 
 
 k 
k 2n  2E   2E  2
1    
J 4 
0
2m  E  kx 2 n  dn  4 2mE
 2 

0
1
2E
x dx  k   k 
Don’t try to solve integration rather try to make E independent.

1 1
1/ 2 n 1
 2E   k  2n  2E  2n
J  4 2mE   1  t dt ,  x  t  dx  
2n
 Put   dt
 k  0  2E   k 
 1 n  1
1  
J  c 4 2m E  2n 
, where c   1  t 2 n dt
k 
1/ 2 n
0
 1 n
1 n 
J 1  1. 1
T  k  E
2 n  2n 
  k  E 2n
2 n
E
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Q85. A light signal travels from a point A to a point B , both within a glass slab that is moving
with uniform velocity (in the same direction as the light) with speed 0.3 c with respect to
an external observer. If the refractive index of the slab is 1.5 , then the observer will
measure the speed of the signal as
(a) 0.67 c (b) 0.81 c (c) 0.97 c (d) c
Ans. : (b)
Solution: v  0.3 c ,
S S
c
u x  n  1.5
'
n
c 0  3c
0.3 c  c/n
u x'  v n
ux  
u x' v 1  c . 0.3 c
1 2
c n c2
u x  0.81 c .
Q86. A disc of mass m is free to rotate in a plane parallel to the xy plane with an angular
velocity  ẑ about a massless rigid rod suspended from the roof of a stationary car (as
shown in the figure below). The rod is free to orient itself along any direction.
The car accelerates in the positive x -direction with an acceleration a  0 . Which of the
following statements is true for the coordinates
ẑ
of the centre of mass of the disc in the reference
ŷ
frame of the car?
(a) only the x and the z coordinates change x̂
(b) only the y and the z coordinates change
axˆ
(c) only the x and the y coordinates change
(d) all the three coordinates change
 ẑ
Ans. : (d)
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Q87. A cyclist, weighing a total of 80 kg with the bicycle, pedals at a speed of 10 m / s . She
stops pedalling at an instant which is taken to be t  0 . Due to the velocity dependent
10
frictional force, her velocity is found to vary as v  t   m.s , where t is
 t 
1  
 30 
measured in seconds. When the velocity drops to 8 m / s , she starts pedalling again to
maintain a constant speed. The energy expended by her in 1 minute at this (new) speed, is
(a) 4 kJ (b) 8 kJ (c) 16 kJ (d) 32 kJ
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The acceleration of cyclist is
d  300  300
a t   
dt  t  30   t  30 2
Hence net force acting on the cyclist

300  80
F t  
 t  30 
2
Since frictional force is the only force acting on the cyclist, this net force is equal to
functional force. We can write
80  300  4
2
F t   v  t  
2
  
300  t  30  15
4 2
When the cyclist moves at a constant speed, the frictional force is F  t   8 .
15
The displacement during this interval is 8  60 . Thus the work done by frictional force
4
  64  8  60 is 8.192 KJ . Hence in order to maintain constant speed the cyclist
15
must supply an energy equal to 8.192 KJ .
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Q88. The spring constant k of a spring of mass ms is determined experimentally by loading

the spring with mass M and recording the time period T , for a single oscillation. If the
experiment is carried out for different masses, then the graph that correctly represents the
result is
(a) (b)
T2 T2
 0, 0  M  0, 0  M
(c) T2 (d) T2
 0, 0  M
 0, 0  M
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The Langragian of system.
1 m 1 1 d  L  L
L   s x 2  Mx 2  kx 2 ,   0
2 3 2 2 dt  x  x
d L m 
 0   s  M  
x  kx
dt x  3 
m  ms 
M s M  3 
T  2 3  T 2  4  
k k
Q89. Consider a set of particles which interact by a pair potential V  ar 6 where r is the inter-
particle separation and a  0 is a constant. If a system of such particles has reached virial
equilibrium, the ratio of the kinetic to the total energy of the system is
1 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 3
Ans. : (c)
n
Solution: V  r   ar n T 
V
2
V r  a r 6 and T  3 V
1 4 T 3
Then, E  T  V  T  T  E  T  
3 3 E 4
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Q90. A particle moves in one dimension in a potential V  x    k 2 x 4   2 x 2 where k and 
are constants. Which of the following curves best describes the trajectories of this system
in phase space?
p p
(a) (b)
x x
p
p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans. : (c)
Solution: V  x   k 2 x 4   2 x 2
For equation point

V 2 V  x
 0  4k 2 x 3  2 2 x  0 , x  0 or x 2  2
x 2k
dV2
x
Now,  12k 2 x 2  2 2 At, x  0
dx 2
d 2V Px
 2 2 , x  0 is minimum.
dx 2
x
d 2V 2  2
2
And,  12 k  2 2
 4 2
, at x 2

dx 2 2k 2 2k 2
2
Hence, x   is maxima.
2k 2
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Q91. Let  x, p  be the generalized coordinate and momentum of a Hamiltonian system. If new
variables  X , P  are defined by X  x sinh   p  and P  x cosh   p  , where  , 
and  are constants, then the conditions for it to be a canonical transformation, are
1 1 1 1
(a)      1 and      1 (b)     1 and     1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(c)      1 and      1 (d)     1 and     1
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: X  x sinh   p 
P  x cosh  p
For canonical transformation
X P X P
.  . 1
x p p X
 x 1 sinh  px  sinh  p

 x 1 cosh  p.x  cosh  b  1
 x  1  sin 2 h  p  r cos 2 h  p   1
   1  0 (i)
 sin 2 h p   v cos 2 h p  cos 2 h p  sin 2 h p

equating the coefficient on both side
  1 (ii)
  1 (iii)
From (ii) and (iii)   
1
And from (i)     ,   2 (Not convinced with any answer)
2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q92. Two particles A and B move with relativistic velocities of equal magnitude v , but in
opposite directions, along the x -axis of an inertial frame of reference. The magnitude of
the velocity of A , as seen from the rest frame of B , is
2v 2v cv 2v
(a) (b) (c) 2v (d)
 v2   v2  cv v2
1  2  1  2  1
 c   c  c2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: ux  v V v
u x'  V vv 2v
ux  ux  
v v2
' 2
u xV 1 2 1 2
1
c2 c c
Q93. Which of the following figures best describes the trajectory of a particle moving in a
a
repulsive central potential V  r   ( a  0 is a constant)?
r
y y
(a) (b)
x x
O O
y
y
(c) x (d)
O x
O
Ans. : (c) y
a
Solution: The potential is V  r   which is repulsive. So there is
r
x
unbounded motion and mainly represent by scattering project O
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Q94. A particle moves in the one-dimensional potential V  x    x 6 , where a  0 is a constant.
If the total energy of the particle is E , its time period in a periodic motion is proportional
to
(a) E 1/ 3 (b) E 1/ 2 (c) E1/ 3 (d) E1/ 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: J   Pdx
1/ 6
E dE
J   2mE    J 1/ 2    E1/ 3  T  E 1/ 3
1/ 2
   E  J 3/ 2
a dJ
1 1
Q95. A particle of mass m , kept in potential V  x    kx 2   x 4 (where k and  are
2 4
positive constants), undergoes small oscillations about an equilibrium point. The
frequency of oscillations is
1 2 1 k 1 2k 1 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
Ans. : (c)
1 1
Solution: V   kx 2   x 4
2 4
dV
0 kx   x3  0
dx
k k
x  0, x 2   x  x0 
 
d 2V
 k at x  0 so x  0 is unstable part
dx 2
d 2V k k
 2k at x0  so x0  is stable equation point
dx 2
 x
d 2V
dx 2 x  x0 2k 1 2k
  f 
m m 2 m
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k
Q96. A particle of mass m moves in a central potential V  r    in an elliptic orbit
r
a 1  e 2 
r    , where 0    2 and a and e denote the semi-major axis and
1  e cos 
k
eccentricity, respectively. If its total energy is E   , the maximum kinetic energy is
2a
 e  1  e  1
(a) E 1  e 2  (b) E (c) E / 1  e 2  (d) E
 e  1  e  1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: E  T  V T  E V
k k k k
T   T   1  cos  
2a r 2a a 1  e 2 
T . maximum cos   1
k k 1  e  k k 1  e 
Tmax     
2a a 1  e 
2
2a a 1  e 1  e 
k 1 1  k  1 e   1 e 
        E 
a  2 1  e   2a  1  e   1 e 
xp 2 1
Q97. The Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system is H   kx , where m and k are
2m 2
positive constants. The corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation for the system is
(a) mx  k  0 (b) mx  2 x  kx 2  0
(c) 2mxx  mx 2  kx 2  0 (d) mxx  2mx 2  kx 2  0
Ans. : (c)
xp 2 1
Solution: H   kx
2m 2
H xp mx
 x   x p
p m x
xp 2 1 mx 2 mx 2 1 mx 2 1

L  xp
  H  L  xp
   kx    kx   kx
2m 2 x 2x 2 2x 2
Eular Lagrangas equation is given by
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d  L  L
  0
dr  x  x
mx mxx
 1
 2  k 0
x 2x 2
2 xmx  mx 2  kx 2  0
2
Q98. The energy of a free relativistic particle is E  p c 2  m 2 c 4 , where m is its rest mass,

p is its momentum and c is the speed of light in vacuum. The ratio vg / v p of the group
velocity vg of a quantum mechanical wave packet (describing this particle) to the phase
velocity v p is
  2 
(a) p c / E (b) p mc 3 / E 2 (c) p c 3 / E 2 (d) p c / 2 E
Ans. : (c)
dE E
Solution: E 2  p 2 c 2  m 2 c 4 and vg  , vp 
dp p
dE E dE
2E  2 pc 2   c2
dp p dp
vg c2 vg c3 p 2
  2
v p v 2p vp E
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Q99. An inertial frame K  moves with a constant speed v with respect to another inertial
frame K along their common x - direction. Let  x, ct  and  x , ct   denote the space-
time coordinates in the frames K and K  , respectively. Which of the following space-
time diagrams correctly describes the t  - axis  x   0 line  and the x  - axis  t   0 line 
in the x-ct plane? (In the following figures tan   v / c )

ct ct  ct ct 
(a)

(c)
 x
x  x

x
ct ct  ct
ct 
(c) x
(d)
 
 x x

x
Ans. : (b)
 ct    cosh   sinh  0 0   ct 
    
 x    sinh  cos  0 0 x 
Solution: 
 y   0 0 1 0 y 
 z    0  
1   z 
   0 0
ct ct 
 x
 x
Where v  cosh  ,  v  sinh    tanh 
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Q100. A particle of mass m , moving along the x - direction, experiences a damping force  v 2 ,
where  is a constant and v is its instantaneous speed. If the speed at t  0 is v0 , the
speed at time t is
 v0t
 v0 mv0 2v0
(a) v0 e m
(b) (c) (d)
 v t  m   v0t  v0t
1  ln  1  0  1 e m
 m 
Ans. : (c)
dv dv 
Solution: From Newton’s second law, m   v 2  2   dt
dt v m
1 
Integrating both sides gives    t  c
v m
where c is a constant of integration
Since v  v0 at t  0 , we obtain
1  1
   .0  c  c  
v0 m v0
1  1
Hence,    t 
v m v0
1  t 1  v0t  m mv0 mv0
    v 
v m v0 mv0  v0t  m m   v0t
k
Q101. In the attractive Kepler problem described by the central potential V  r   (where k
r
is a positive constant), a particle of mass m with a non-zero angular momentum can
never reach the centre due to the centrifugal barrier. If we modify the potential to
k 
V r     3
r r
one finds that there is a critical value of the angular momentum  c below which there is
no centrifugal barrier. This value of  c is

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4 1/ 4
(a) 12km 2   (b) 12km 2   (c) 12km 2   (d) 12km 2  
Ans. : (c)
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L2 k L2 k L2
Solution: Veff    0     0  r0 
2mr 2 r mr 3 r 2 mk
when introduce new potential
L2 k 
Veff    3
2mr 2
r r
For critical value
Veff  L2 k 3
  
r mr 3 r 2 r 4
 2Veff 3L2 2k 12
  5 0
r 2 mr 4 r 3 r
For critical value
3L2 2k 12 3m3 k 4 2m3 x 4 12m5 x 5 
   0    0
 L2 
4
 L2 
3
 L2 
5
L6 L6 L10
m     
 mk   mk   mk 
m3 k 4  m2 k  
   
1/ 4 1/ 4
LC  12m 2 k      0  Lc  12m k 
2
 3 2 12
L6  L4 
Q102. The time period of a particle of mass m , undergoing small oscillations around x  0 , in
x
the potential V  V0 cosh   , is
L
mL2 mL2 mL2 2mL2

(a)  (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
V0 2V0 V0 V0
Ans. : (c)
x
Solution: V  V0 cosh  
L
V V x
For equilibrium point  0  0 sinh    0
x L L
 2V V0
k 
x 2 x 0
L2
k 2 V0 mL2
    T  2
m T mL2 V0
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1
Q103. Consider the decay A  B  C of a relativistic spin - particle A . Which of the
2
following statements is true in the rest frame of the particle A ?
1
(a) The spin of both B and C may be
2
(b) The sum of the masses of B and C is greater than the mass of A
(c) The energy of B is uniquely determined by the masses of the particles
(d) The spin of both B and C may be integral
Ans. : (c)
Q104. The motion of a particle in one dimension is described by the Langrangian
1   dx  
2
L      x 2  in suitable units. The value of the action along the classical path
2   dt  

from x  0 at t  0 to x  x0 at t  t0 , is
x02 1 1 x02
(a) (b) x02 tan t0 (c) x02 cot t0 (d)
2sin 2 t0 2 2 2 cos 2 t0
Ans. : (c)
1 1
Solution: L  x 2  x 2
2 2
d  L  L
From Lagrangian equation of motion,   0
dt  x  x
xx 0

The solution is x  A sin t  B cos t
t  0, x  0 , B  0
x  A sin t
x0
t  t0 , x  x0 , A 
sin t0
x0 x
x sin t , x  0 cos t
sin t0 sin t0
t0 t0 t t t
1 0
1 1 x02 0 1 x02 0 2
A   Ldt   x 2 dt   x 2 dt 
2 sin 2 t0 0 2 sin 2 t0 0
cos 2
t dt  sin tdt
0 0
2 0
2
1 x02  t0 t  1 x02 t0 1 x02 sin 2t0

t0
x02
  t dt  0 tdt    t dt   cot t0
2 2
cos sin cos 2
2 sin 2 t0  0  2 sin t0 t
2
2 sin 2 t0 2 0 2
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Q105. The Hamiltonian of a classical one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is H 

1 2
2

p  x2 ,
in suitable units. The total time derivative of the dynamical variable p  2 x is 
(a) 2p  x (b) p  2 x (c) p  2 x (d) x  2 p
Ans. : (a)
Solution: H 
p2 x2
2

2

Let say dynamical variable A  p  2 x 
dA A
  A, H  
dt t
A dA
It is given 0   A, H 
t dt
dA  p2 x2   x2   p2 
  p  2 x,     p ,    2 x, 
dt  2 2  2  2 
2 x 22 p
   x  2 p  2 p  x
2 2
Q106. A relativistic particle of mass m and charge e is moving in a uniform electric field of
c
strength  . Starting from rest at t  0 , how much time will it take to reach the speed ?
2
1 mc mc mc 3 mc
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
3 e e e 2 e
Ans. : (a)
dp
Solution:  e
dt
p  e t  c
At t  0 , p  0 , c  0
mv
 e t
v2
1 2
c
m v c m c/2 mc mc
t Put v  , t  t 
e v2 2 e 1 3e 3eE
1 1
c2 4
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Electromagnetic Theory
JEST-2012
Q1.

 
A magnetic field B  B0 iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ exists at point. If a test charge moving with a

 
velocity, v  v 0 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ experiences no force at a certain point, the electric field at
that point in SI units is


(a) E  v 0 B0 3iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ  

(b) E  v 0 B0 iˆ  ˆj  7 kˆ 


(c) E  v B 14 ˆj  7 kˆ
0 0  

(d) E  v 0 B0 14 ˆj  7 kˆ 
Ans. : (d)


   
Solution: F  q E  v  B  0  E   v  B 
 
 


 E  v0 B0  4  4  iˆ   2  12  ˆj   6  1 kˆ  
 v 0 B0 14 ˆj  7 kˆ 
Q2. An observer in an inertial frame finds that at a point P the electric field vanishes but the

magnetic field does not. This implies that in any other inertial frame the electric field E

and the magnetic field B satisfy
2 2     
(a) E  B (b) E  B  0 (c) E  B  0 (d) E  0
Ans.: (b)
Q3. A circular conducting ring of radius R rotates with constant angular velocity  about its
diameter placed along the x -axis. A uniform magnetic field B is applied along the
y -axis. If at time t  0 the ring is entirely in the xy -plane, the emf induced in the ring at
time t > 0 is
(a) B 2R 2 t (b) B R 2 tan t 
(c) B R 2 sin t  (d) B R 2 cos t 
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: m  B  A  BA cos  90     BA sin t
dm d  
 
dt

dt
d
dt
 
B  A    BA sin t    BA  cos t  
    B R 2 cos t    B R 2 cos t
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
Q4. An electric field in a region is given by E  x, y, z   ax iˆ  czˆj  6bykˆ . For which values of
a, b, c does this represent an electrostatic field?
(a) 13,1,12 (b) 17, 6,1 (c) 13,1, 6 (d) 45, 6,1
Ans.: (c)
 
Solution: For electrostatic field   E  0
 iˆ ˆj kˆ 
      
  
 E   0    E   6b  c  iˆ  ˆj  0  0  kˆ  0  0
 x y z 
 
 ax cz 6by 
  6b  c  iˆ  0  c  6b
Q5. A capacitor C is connected to a battery V0 through three equal resistors R and a switch
S as shown below:
S R R
R C
V0
The capacitor is initially uncharged. At time t  0 , the switch S is closed. The voltage
across the capacitor as a function of time t for t  0 is given by
(a) V0 / 2  1  exp  t / 2 RC   (b) V0 / 3 1  exp  t / 3RC  
(c) V0 / 3 1  exp  3t / 2 RC   (d) V0 / 2  1  exp  2t / 3RC  
Ans.: (d)
Solution: S R   R 
i1  i2
R i1  i2
V0 C

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Apply KVL in loop 1: V0  i1  t  R   i1  i2  R  0  2i1  t  R  i2  t  R  V0 ….. (i)
Apply KVL in loop 2:
V i R 
t t
i2 dt  i1  i2 R  0   i2 dt  2i2 R   0 2   0
1 1
i2 R 
C0 C0  2 
V
t
1 3

C0 i2 dt  i2 R  0
2 2
……………(ii)
2
1 3 di 3 di 1 di 2
i2  i2  t   Ke 3 RC
t
 i2  R 2  0  R 2   i2  2 
C 2 dt 2 dt C dt 3RC
Initial Conditions
 
i1 0  
V0
R R

V0

2 V0
R 3 R
and i2  0  
R
 0  0 , vC  0   0
2V V
R  R 3R 3R
R R
RR 2
V0 3RC2 t
 i2  0  
V0 V0

K  i2  t   e
3R 3R 3R
t
 2t 
2 t
V  e 3 RC 
t t
1 V
vC  t    i2 dt  0  e 3 RC dt  0  
C0 3RC 0 3RC  2 RC 
 3 0
V0 3RC  3RC
2t
 V  2 t

 vC  t     e  1  vC  t   0 1  e 3 RC

3RC 2   2  
Q6. A small magnet is dropped down a long vertical copper tube in a uniform gravitational
field. After a long time, the magnet
(a) attains a constant velocity (b) moves with a constant acceleration
(c) moves with a constant deceleration (d) executes simple harmonic motion
Ans. : (a)
Q7. Consider a particle of electric charge e and mass m moving under the influence of a
constant horizontal electric field E and constant vertical gravitational field described by
acceleration due to gravity g. If the particle starts from rest, what will be its trajectory?
(a) parabolic (b) elliptic (c) straight line (d) circular
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Ans.: (c)
md 2 x dx
Solution: Equation of motion qE  2
   1t  c1
dt dt
dx  t2  qE 
at t  0, v  0  c1  0 ,   1t  x  1  where 1  
dt 2  m 
md 2 y
similarly, mg 
dt 2
 2t 2 2x
y y , 2  g
2 1
Q8. A point charge  q is placed at  0, 0, d  above a grounded infinite conducting plane
defined by z  0 . There are no charges present anywhere else. What is the magnitude of
electric field at  0, 0, d  ?
(a) q / 8 0 d 2  (b)  (c) 0 (d) q / 16 0 d 2 

Ans.: (d)
Solution: Electric field at Q
 q q
E zˆ   zˆ  E 
q
4 0 2d  16 0 d 16 0 d 2
2 2

Q9. A time-dependent magnetic field Bt  is produced in a circular region of space, infinitely

long and of radius R . The magnetic field is given as B  B0 t zˆ and is zero for r  R ,
where B0 is a positive constant. The electric field at point r  2 R is
B0 R B0 R ˆ B0 R B0 R ˆ
(a) rˆ (b)   (c)  rˆ (d) 
2 4 2 4
Ans.: (b)

  B  
Solution: Solution:  E  dl       da  E  2 r   B0 R 2
line  t 
R 2  B0 R 2 ˆ
 E   B0 E 
2r 2r
 BR
The electric field at point r  2 R is E   0 ˆ
4
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Q10. When unpolarised light is incident on a glass plate at a particular angle, it is observed that
the reflected beam is linearly polarized. What is the angle of the refracted beam with
respect to the surface normal?
(a) 56.7 0
(b) 33.40
(c) 23.30
(d) The light is completely reflected and there is no refracted beam.
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Since n1  1 , n 2  1.52
n   1.52 
Brewster angle  B  tan 1  2   tan 1    56.7
0
 n1   1 
Now  R  180  90  56.7  33.40
Q11. A cube has a constant electric potential V on its surface. If there are no charges inside
the cube, the potential at the center of the cube is
V V
(a) V (b) (c) 0 (d)
8 6
Ans.: (a)
JEST-2013
Q12. At equilibrium, there can not be any free charge inside a metal. However, if you forcibly
put charge in the interior then it takes some finite time to ‘disappear’ i.e. move to the
surface. If the conductivity  of a metal is 106  m 

1
and the dielectric constant
 0  8.85  10 12 Farad/m, this time will be approximately:
(a) 105 sec (b) 1011 sec (c) 109 sec (d) 1017 sec
Ans.: (d)
8.85 1012
0
Solution: Characteristic time:     8.85 1018
 10 6
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Q13. The electric fields outside  r  R  and inside  r  R  a solid sphere with a uniform
 1 q  1 q
volume charge density are given by E r  R  rˆ and E r  R  rrˆ
4 0 r 2
4 0 R 3
respectively, while the electric field outside a spherical shell with a uniform surface
 1 q
charge density is given by Er  R  rˆ , q being the total charge. The correct ratio of
4 0 r 2
the electrostatic energies for the second case to the first case is
(a) 1: 3 (b) 9 :16 (c) 3 : 8 (d) 5 : 6
Ans.: (d)
0 R  2    2
Solution: Electrostatic energy in spherical shell wsp 
2 
0
E1 4 r 2 dr  0
2  R
E 2 4 r 2 dr

0  q2 q2  1  q2 1
 R 4  2 r 4
2
4 r 2 dr 
   
8 0  r  R 8 0 R
0
 R  
Electrostatic energy in solid sphere ws  0  E1 4 r 2 dr  0  E 2 4 r 2 dr
2 2
2 0 2 R
R 
q2 1 r5  q2  1 
     
8 0 R 6  5  0 8 0  r  R
q2 1 q2 6q 2
ws    
5  8 0 R 8 0 R 40 0 R
q2
Wspherical 8 0 5
Now  2

Wsphere 6q 6
40 0 R
Q14. A thin uniform ring carrying charge Q and mass M rotates about its axis. What is the
gyromagnetic ratio (defined as ratio of magnetic dipole moment to the angular
momentum) of this ring?
Q Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 M M 2M M
Ans.: (c)
Q 2 Q Q r 2
r 
Solution: Magnetic dipole moment M   IA   2   r 2 
T 2 T 2
M Q
Angular momentum J  Mr 2  
J 2M
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Q15. The electric and magnetic field caused by an accelerated charged particle are found to
scale as E  r  n and B  r  m at large distances. What are the value of n and m ?
(a) n  1, m  2 (b) n  2, m  1 (c) n  1, m  1 (d) n  2, m  2
Ans.: (c)
qa sin  qa sin  1 1
Solution: For large distance F  , B E , B
r r r r
So m  n  1
 
Q16. If E1  xyiˆ  2 yzˆj  3xzkˆ and E 2  y 2 iˆ  2 xy  z 2  ˆj  2 yzkˆ then
(a) Both are impossible electrostatic fields
(b) Both are possible electrostatic fields

(c) Only E1 is a possible electrostatic field

(d) Only E 2 is a possible electrostatic field
Ans.: (d)
 
Solution: For electrostatic field   E  0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
    
  E2 
x y z
y2 2 xy  z 2 2 yz
2 z  2 z iˆ  0  2 y  2 y zˆ  0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
    
  E1    0  2 y  iˆ  0  xjˆ  0
x y z
xy 2 yz 3xz
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Q17. A charge q is placed at the centre of an otherwise neutral dielectric sphere of radius a
and relative permittivity  r . We denote the expression q / 4 0 r 2 by E  r  . Which of the
following statements is false?

(a) The electric field inside the sphere, r  a , is given by E r  /  r
(b) The field outside the sphere, r  a , is given by E  r 
(c) The total charge inside a sphere of radius r  a is given by q .

(d) The total charge inside a sphere of radius r  a is given by q .
Ans.: (d)
Q18. An electromagnetic wave of frequency  travels in the x - direction through vacuum. It

is polarized in the y - direction and the amplitude of the electric field is E0 . With k 
c
where c is the speed of light in vacuum, the electric and the magnetic fields are then
conventionally given by
  E
(a) E  E 0 cosky   t xˆ and B  0 cosky   t  zˆ
c
  E0
(b) E  E 0 coskx   t  yˆ and B  coskx   t  zˆ
c
  E
(c) E  E 0 coskx   t zˆ and B  0 cosky   t  yˆ
c
  E0
(d) E  E 0 coskx   t xˆ and B  cosky   t  yˆ
c
Ans.: (b)

Solution: E  E0 cos  kx   t  yˆ
 1   1
 
B  kˆ  E  B   xˆ  E0 cos  kx  t  yˆ 
c c
 E  E
 B  0 cos  kx   t  xˆ  yˆ   B  0 cos  kx   t  zˆ 
c c
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JEST-2014
Q19. For an optical fiber with core and cladding index of n1  1.45 and n2  1.44 , respectively,
what is the approximate cut-off angle of incidence? Cut-off angle of incidence is defined
as the incidence angle below which light will be guided.
(a) 7 o (b) 22 o (c) 5 o (d) 0 o
Ans.: (a)
1/ 2
  n 2 
Solution:   sin 1   2  
1
, where n 2  1.44, n1  1.45
  n1  
 1.44  1.44 
1/ 2
  sin 1 
1
   sin 1  0.11726     6.670  70
1/ 2

 1.45  1.45 
Q20. Two large nonconducting sheets one with a fixed uniform positive charge and another
with a fixed uniform negative charge are placed at a distance of 1 meter from each other.
The magnitude of the surface charge densities are    6.8 C / m 2 for the positively
charged sheet and    4.3 C / m 2 for the negatively charged sheet. What is the electric
field in the region between the sheets?
(a) 6.30  10 5 N / C (b) 3.84  10 5 N / C
(c) 1.40  10 5 N / C (d) 1.16  10 5 N / C
Ans.: (a)
  6.8  106 4.3  106
Solution: Electric field between the sheet is    
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
6
11.2  10
 12
 0.626  106  6.3 105 N / C
2  8.86  10
I I
Q21. A system of two circular co-axial coils carrying equal currents I along Y
same direction having equal radius R and separated by a distance R (as
shown in the figure below). The magnitude of magnetic field at the X
P
midpoint P is given by R
0 I 4 0 I 8 0 I R
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 2R 5 5R 5 5R
Ans.: (c)
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0 IR 2 0 IR 2 0 IR 2 R
Solution:  B  3
 B1  3
, B2  3
d 

2 R2  d 
2 2

2  R2 
R2 

2 
2  R2 
R2 

2
2
 4   4 
3
0 I  2 0 I 4 2 80 I
B  B1  B2  3
B 3

5 5R
 5 2 R 52
2 R 
4
Q22. Find the resonance frequency (rad/sec) of the circuit shown in the figure below
2
V 0.25 F
3
2H
(a) 1.41 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (d) 1.73

Ans.: (b)
1 R2
Solution:     1.0 (where R  2, L  2 H , C  0.25 F )
LC L2
Q23. An electron is executing simple harmonic motion along the y -axis in right handed
coordinate system. Which of the following statements is true for emitted radiation?
(a) The radiation will be most intense in xz plane
(b) The radiation will be most intense in xy plane
(c) The radiation will violate causality
(d) The electron’s rest mass energy will reduce due to radiation loss
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Oscillating electron does not emit radiation in the direction of oscillation.
In the perpendicular direction of oscillation intensity is maximum.
So in this case the intensity will be maximum along x and z - axis or xz - plane
(intensity is also en xy -plane but less).
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Q24. A conducting sphere of radius r has charge Q on its surface. If the charge on the sphere
is doubled and its radius is halved, the energy associated with the electric field will
(a) increase four times (b) increase eight times
(c) remain the same (d) decrease four times
Ans.: (b)
Q  R 0  Q2
Solution: E 
4 0 r 2
rˆ W  0
2 
0
E12 4 r 2 dr 
2 
R
E22 4 r 2 dr  W 
8 0 R
 2Q 
2
8Q 2
W    8W
8 0
R 8 0 R
2
JEST-2015
Q25. A circular loop of radius R , carries a uniform line charge density  . The electric field,
calculated at a distance z directly above the center of the loop, is maximum if z is equal
to,
R R R
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 R
3 2 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: E 
1    2 R  z
4 0  R 2  z 2 3/ 2
  2 R   R 2  z 2   z  3 / 2 R 2  z 2  2 z 
3/ 2
dE
For maximum E , 0  0
dz 4 0   2
 
2 3

 R z
  R2  z 2 
3/ 2 R
 3z 2 R 2  z 2  R 2  z 2  3z 2  R 2  2 z 2  z 
2
Q26. Consider two point charges q and q located at the points, x  a and x  a ,
respectively. Assuming that the sum of the two charges is constant, what is the value of
 for which the magnitude of the electrostatic force is maximum?
1
(a)  (b) 1 (c) (d) 1  

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Ans.: (b)
Solution: F 
1 q  q  
1 q2

1 c2
 q  q  c
4 0   a  a 2 4 0 a 2    12 4 0 a 2    12 1   2
dF 1  1   2 c 2   c 2  2 1    
For maximum F , 0  0
4 0 a    1 1   4
2
 
2
dz
 1    c 2   c 2  2 1     1    2    1
2
Q27. A spherical shell of inner and outer radii a and b , respectively, is made of a dielectric

material with frozen polarization Pr   rˆ ,where k is a constant and r is the distance
k
r
from the its centre. The electric field in the region a  r  b is,
 k  k   k
(a) E  rˆ (b) E   rˆ (c) E  0 (d) E  rˆ
0 r 0 r 0 r 2
Ans.: (b)
 ˆ k 
  1   2 k  k   P.r  b (at r  b) 
Solution: p b  .P   r  and b  P.nˆ   

r 2 r  r  r 2  P.rˆ   k (at r  a) 
 a 
 k  r  k 
  4a  a  2  4r dr  4ka  4k  r  a   4kr
2 2
For a< r <b ; Qenc  
 a  r 
 1 Qenc  k
E E rˆ
4 0 r 2 0 r
e  r
Q28. The electrostatic potential due to a charge distribution is given by V r   A where
r
1
A and  are constants The total charge enclosed within a sphere of radius , with its

origin at r  0 is given by,
8 0 A 4 0 A  0 A
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
e e e
Ans.: (a)
e r
Solution: V  r   A
r
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   re   r      e   r  Ae   r
E  V   A  2  r  2 1   r  rˆ
ˆ
 r  r
   2
Ae   r
Qenc   0  E.d a   0   2 1   r  rˆ.r 2 sin  d d rˆ  4 0 Ae r 1   r 
0 0
r
1
Thus total charge enclosed within a sphere of radius r  is


1
 1  8 0 A
Qenc  4 0 Ae 
1    
  e
Q29. The skin depth of a metal is dependent on the conductivity   of the metal and the
angular frequency  of the incident field. For a metal of high conductivity, which of the
following relations is correct? (Assume that    , where  is the electrical
permittivity of the medium.)
 1
(a) d  (b) d 
 

(c) d   (d) d 

Ans.: (b)
2
Solution: Skin depth d 

o
Q30. The wavelength of red helium-neon laser in air is 6328 A . What happens to its frequency
in glass that has a refractive index of 1.50 ?
(a) Increases by a factor of 3
(b) Decreases by a factor of 1.5
(c) Remains the same
(d) Decreases by a factor of 0.5
Ans.: (c)
Solution: Frequency of electromagnetic wave does not change when it enter in medium of any
refractive index.
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Q31. The approximate force exerted on a perfectly reflecting mirror by an incident laser beam
of power 10 mW at normal incidence is
(a) 10 13 N (b) 10 11 N (c) 10 9 N (d) 10 15 N

Ans.: (b)
Solution: When electromagnetic wave is reflected by mirror the momentum transferred to the
mirror per unit area per second is twice the momentum of the light striking the mirror per
unit area per second
dp 2  Power 10  10 3
i.e.  2  6.6  1011 kg m / s 2
dt c 3  108
dp
The force exerted on the reflecting mirror is F   6.6  1011 N
dt
Thus best suitable answer is option (b).
Q32. Which of the following expressions represents an electric field due to a time varying
magnetic field?
(a) K  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ  (b) K  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ 
(c) K  xxˆ  yyˆ  (d) K  yyˆ  xyˆ  2 zzˆ 
Ans.: (d)
 
Solution: For time varying fields   E  0
xˆ yˆ zˆ
   z y   x z   y x 
(a)   E  K  / x  / y  / z  xˆ     yˆ     zˆ     0
x y z
 y z   z x   x y 
xˆ yˆ zˆ
   z y   x z   y x 
(b)   E  K  / x  / y  / z  xˆ      yˆ     zˆ     0
x y z
 y z   z x   x y 
xˆ yˆ zˆ
   y   x   y x 
(c)   E  K  / x  / y  / z  xˆ  0    yˆ   0   zˆ      0
 z   z   x y 
x y 0
xˆ yˆ zˆ
     2 z  x   x   2 z    y y 
(d)   E  K  / x  / y  / z  xˆ    yˆ      zˆ   
  y z   z x   x y 
y x 2z
  zˆ  0
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Q33. A charged particle is released at time t  0 , from the origin in the presence of uniform
static electric and magnetic fields given by E  E 0 yˆ and B  B0 zˆ respectively. Which of
the following statements is true for t  0 ?

(a) The particle moves along the x -axis.
(b) The particle moves in a circular orbit.
(c) The particle moves in the  x, y  plane.
(d) Particle moves in the  y, z  plane
Ans.: (c)
Solution: In a cycloid charged particle will be always confined in a plane perpendicular to B.
JEST-2016
Q34. The maximum relativistic kinetic energy of  particles from a radioactive nucleus is
equal to the rest mass energy of the particle. A magnetic field is applied perpendicular to
the beam of  particles, which bends it to a circle of radius R . The field is given by:
3m0 c 2m0 c 3m0 c 3m0 c

(a) (b) (c) (d)
eR eR eR 2eR
Ans.: (c)
Solution: KEmax  mc 2  m0 c 2  m0 c 2  m  2m0
m0 m0 3
m   2m0  v c
v2
v2 2
1 1
c2 c2
mv mv 2m0 3 3m0 c
R  B  c
eB eR eR 2 eR
Q35. The strength of magnetic field at the center of a regular hexagon with sides of length a
carrying a steady current I is:
0 I 6 0 I 30 I 3 0 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 a a a a
Ans.: (d)
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3 C
d  a cos 300  a I a
2
a d C
I
 B  0  sin  2  sin 1  600
4 d
I
0 I 0 I 0 I
 B1  2sin 300  2sin 300 
4 d 3 2 3 a
4 a
2
0 I 30 I 30 I
 B  6 B1  6   
2 3 a 3 a a
Q36. A spherical shell of radius R carries a constant surface charge density  and is rotating
about one of its diameters with an angular velocity  . The magnitude of the magnetic
moment of the shell is:
4 R 4 4 R 4 4 R 4
(a) 4 R 4 (b) (c) (d)
3 15 9
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The total charge on the shaded ring is z
dq   (2 R sin  ) Rd  R sin 
2 Rd
Time for one revolution is dt  


dq
Current in the ring I    R 2 sin  d d
dt
R
Area of the ring  (R sin )2 , so the magnetic moment of the
ring is
dm  ( R 2 sin  d )   R 2 sin 2 
 4  4
 m   R 4 0 sin 3  d     R 4   m   R 4 zˆ 
3 3
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  
Q37. The electric field E  E0 sin t  kz  xˆ  2 E0 sin  t  kz   yˆ represents:
 2
(a) a linearly polarized wave
(b) a right-hand circularly polarized wave
(c) a left-hand circularly polarized wave
(d) an elliptically polarized wave
Ans.: (d)
Q38. Suppose yz plane forms the boundary between two linear dielectric media I and II
with dielectric constant I  3 and II  4 , respectively. If the electric field in region I at
 
the interface is given by EI  4 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ , then the electric field EII at the interface in
region II is:
(a) 4 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ (b) 4 xˆ  0.75 yˆ  1.25 zˆ
(c) 3xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ (d) 3xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ
Ans.: (d)
E  II  I  3
Solution:  E  I  E  II  E  II  3 yˆ  5 zˆ and   E  II  I E  I   4 xˆ  3 xˆ
E I  II

 II 4

 EII  3 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ
Q39. How much force does light from a 1.8 W laser exert when it is totally absorbed by an
object?
(a) 6.0 109 N (b) 0.6 109 N (c) 0.6  108 N (d) 4.8 109 N
Ans: (a)
F I P P 1.8
Solution: Radiation Pressure   F F  6.0 109 N
A c Ac c 3 10 8
Q40. Self inductance per unit length of a long solenoid of radius R with n turns per unit
length is:
(a) 0 R 2 n 2 (b) 20 R 2 n (c) 20 R 2 n 2 (d) 0 R 2 n
Ans.: (a)
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Q41. A point charge q of mass m is released from rest at a distance d from an infinite
grounded conducting plane (ignore gravity). How long does it take for the charge to hit
the plane?
2 3 0 md 3 2 3 0 md
(a) (b)
q q
 3 0 md 3  3 0 md
(c) (d)
q q
Ans.: (a)
d 2x 1 q2 d 2x A q2 x
Solution: F  ma  m      where A  .
dt 2 4 0 4d 2 dt 2 x2 16 m 0
P q
d  A

dv
dt x
A
 2 v
dv
dt
A dx
 2
x dt

1 d 2
2 dt
v   
dt  x 
  d
0
v2 A A 1 1
   C , at x  d , v  0  C    v  2 A    .
2 x d x d d
dx 1 1 xd
0 t q
   2A      dx   2 A  dt
dt x d d
dx 0
Put x  d sin 2   dx  x  2d sin  cos  d

0
 d sin   d 2d sin  cos  d  
2
 
 /2 d cos 2 
2 At
sin 
0 0
  2 At  
 /2
d
cos 
2d sin  cos  d  2d 3/ 2  sin 2  d
 /2
0
1  cos 2  d  d 3/ 2   sin 2  0 
  2 At  2d    d 2
3/ 2 3/ 2
2  2
/2  /2
 q2 
  2 At  d 3/ 2
 2  t   d 3/ 2
2 16 m 0 2
 8 m 0 2 3 0 md 3
t d 3/ 2
 
2 q2 q
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JEST 2017

Q42. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in air with E  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ e  
i t  3 x  4 y 
is 

incident on a perfectly conducting slab positioned at x  0 . E field of the reflected wave
is
 
(a) 8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ e 
i t  3 x  4 y 
(b) 8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ e  
i t  3 x  4 y 

(c)  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ  e  (d)  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ  e 
i t 3 x  4 y  i t 3 x  4 y 
Ans. : (c)
 
 
Solution: For given E  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ eit 3 x  4 y   
; nˆ  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ and k  3iˆ  4 ˆj

 
 k .nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . 8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ  24  24  0
On a perfectly conducting slab wave is reflected so possible answer is (c) and (d)
 

(c) E r  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ e  
i t 3 x  4 y 
 
; nˆ  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ and k  3iˆ  4 ˆj

 
 k .nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . 8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ  24  24  0 
 

(d) E r  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ e  
i t 3 x  4 y 
 
; nˆ  8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ and k  3iˆ  4 ˆj

  
 k .nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . 8iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ  24  24  48  0
Correct answer is (c).

Q43. Consider magnetic vector potential A and scalar potential  which define the magnetic
   
field B and electric field E . If one adds  to A for a well-defined  , then what

should be added to  so that E remains unchanged up to an arbitrary function of time,
f t  ?
  1  1 
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
t t 2 t 2 t
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Consider Gauge Transformation
         
A  A    A      and     
t t
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Q44. Consider the following circuit in steady state condition. Calculate the amount of charge
stored in 1 F and 2 F capacitors respectively. 1 F
4k 
(a) 4 C and 8C
1k  2k 
(b) 8C and 4 C
2F
4k 
(c) 3 C and 6 C
(d) 6 C and 3 C
Ans. : (a) 6V
Solution: For DC voltage capacitors are open circuited.
2
Voltage across 2 k  resistance V2 k    6V  4V
1  2 
Amount of charge stored in 1 F is Q1 F  CV  1 F  4 V  4  C
Amount of charge stored in 2 F is Q2  F  CV  2 F  4V  8  C
Q45. Two equal positive charges of magnitude  q separated by a distance d are surrounded
by a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius 2d bearing a total charge 2q and
centred at the midpoint between the two positive charges. The net electric field at
distance r from the midpoint   d  is
(a) zero (b) proportional to d

(c) proportional to 1/ r 3 (d) proportional to 1/ r 4
Ans. : (d) z
Solution: Qmono  q  q  2q  0 2q

Since, the surface is symmetrical, so the net contribution by the
2q charge in dipole moment vanishes, so   y
q q

p  qdyˆ  q  dyˆ   0  0
1 1
V  3
and E  4 x
r r
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Q46. A solid, insulating sphere of radius 1cm has charge 107 C distributed uniformly over its
volume. It is surrounded concentrically by a conducting thick spherical shell of inner
radius 2 cm , outer radius 2.5 cm and is charged with 2  107 C . What is the
electrostatic potential in Volts on the surface of the sphere?
Ans. : 9000
1  q1 q2 q3  2 107 C  107  107
Solution: V     
4 0  R1 R2 R3 
107 C
 V  9 10 
9
 107

 107   107  
 
7
10 C
2
110 2  102 2.5 102 

 1 1 
 V  9 109  105 1     9 104  0.1  9000Volts
 2 2.5 
I
Q47. For the circuit shown below, what is the ratio 1 ?
I2
R R R R R R R 2R
2R
R 2R 2R 2R I1 2R 2R 2R
I2 E
Ans. : 16 R R R R R R R 2R
Solution:
I
I2 I  I  2R
R 2R 2R 2R I1 2R 2R 2R
I2 E
I1 I I I  I1 I  I1
From voltage divider rule I   , I    1 , I    and I 2  
2 2 4 2 8 2 16
I1
  16
I2
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Q48. A sphere of inner radius 1cm and outer radius 2 cm , centered at origin has a volume
K
charge density  0  , where K is a non-zero constant and r is the radial distance. A
4 r
point charge of magnitude 103 C is placed at the origin. For what value of K in units of
C / m 2 , the electric field inside shell is constant?

Ans. : 20
Solution: Electric field inside the sphere as a function of r is,
1  3  K
r
K 0 
E  4 r  10  
2
4 r 2 dr  4 r
 0  102
4 r  
107 C
 3 K 2 4 
10  2  r  10  
1
E 
4 r 2 0
Lets equate, E r 1.5102  E r  2102
 3 K 4 
10  2  2.25  10  10  
1 4

4  2.25  104  0  
 3 K 4 
10  2  4  10  10  
1 4

4  4  104  0
1  3 K  1 
10  1.25 104    103   3 104    K  20
K
 
2.25  2  4 2 
Q49. Consider a grounded conducting plane which is infinitely extended perpendicular to the
y -axis at y  0 . If an infinite line of charge per unit length  runs parallel to x -axis at
y  d , then surface charge density on the conducting plane is
 d  d
(a) (b)
 x  d 2  z2 
2
 x  d 2  z2 
2
 d  d
(c) (d)
  x  d 2  z2 
2
2  x  d 2  z 2 
2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Lets say the wire runs parallel to x- axis and directly above it, and the conducting plane
is the x-z plane.
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 r   r 
Potential of + is V+ =  ln    and Potential of –  is V- = ln   
20  a  20  a 
2  r    r2 
Total potential V (d, z) = ln    ln   
40  r  40  r2 
   y  d 2  z 2 
V  y, z   ln  
4 0   y  d 2  z 2 
 
V V V
   0 . Here,  , evaluated at y = 0
n n y
  1 1 
(z)  0   2  y  d    2(y  d) 
40
  y  d   z  y  d 2  z 2
2 2
 y 0
d
(z) 
(z 2  d 2 )

Q50. For an electric field E  k xxˆ where k is a non-zero constant, total charge enclosed by
z
the cube as shown below is
l O y
l
l
l
(a) 0 x (b) k 0 l 5/ 2  3 1 
(c) k 0 l 5 / 2  5 1  (d) k 0 l 5/ 2  2  1
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: Qenc   0  E.d a
 
At x  2l; Qenc   0 k 2l xˆ .  l 2 xˆ   k 0l 5 / 2 2
 
At x  l ; Qenc   0 k l xˆ .  l 2 xˆ   k 0l 5/ 2
At all other surface it will be zero. So, QT  k 0l 5 / 2 2  k 0l 5/ 2  k 0l 5/ 2  

2 1
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JEST-2018
Q51. Two dielectric spheres of radius R are separated by a distance a such that a  R . One
of the spheres (sphere1) has a charge q and the other is neutral. If the linear dimensions
of the systems are scaled up by a factor two, by what factor should be charge on the
sphere 1 be changed so that the force between the two spheres remain unchanged?
(a) 2 (b) 4 2 (c) 4 (d) 2 2
Ans. : (c)
kq  q1 q  q1
Solution: F  k  q  4q
 2a 
2 2
a
Q52. An electric charge distribution produces an electric field

 
 r
E  1  e  r 3
r

where  and  are constants. The net charge within a sphere of radius  1 centered at
the origin is

(a) 4 0 1  e 1  
(b) 4 0 1  e 1 
1 1
(c) 4 0 (d) 4 0
e e
Ans. : (a)
   2
 1

Solution: Qenc   0  E.d a   0   1  e  r  2 .  r 2 sin  d d rˆ    0  1  e 
rˆ  
 4
0 0
r  

 Qenc  4 0 1  e 1 
Q53. The charge density as a function of the radial distance r is given by
R2  r 2
  r   0 for r  R and zero otherwise.
R2
The electric flux over the surface of an ellipsoid with axes 3R, 4 R and 5R centered at the
origin is
4 8 8
(a) 0 R 3 (b) 0 R 3 (c) 0 R 3 (d) zero
3 0 9 0 15 0
Ans. : (a)
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  Q R  2
 R2  r 2  2
  r sin  drd d  
1 8
Solution: Electric flux  E.d a  enc 
0 0  
0 0 0
0 
 R
2
 15 0
0 R 3
Q54. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength  is incident normally on a dielectric slab of

thickness t . If K is the dielectric constant of the slab, the change in phase of the
emergent wave compared with the case of propagation in the absence of the dielectric
slab is
2 t 2 t
(a) K 1 (b) 2 (c)

(d)

 
K 1
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Assume wave is propagating is positive z -direction:

In absence of the dielectric slab, phase 1  kz  t  d  t (let thickness is d )
c
  K
In presence of the dielectric slab, phase 2  kz  t  d  t  d  t
c/n c
n  K
 2
Thus change is phase is 2  1 
c
d  K 1   
d  K 1 
Q55. Two parallel rails of a railroad track are insulated from each other and from the ground.
The distance between the rails is 1 meter. A voltmeter is electrically connected between
the rails. Assume the vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field to the 0.2 gauss.
What is the voltage developed between the rails when a train travels at a speed of
180 km / h along the track? Give the answer in milli-volts.
Ans. : 1.0
 
Solution: Induced emf   Blv  0.2  104 1m 180 
10
60  60
 103 volts  1 mV
Q56. Two conductors are embedded in a material of conductivity 104 ohm  m and dielectric
constant  80 0 The resistance between the two conductors is 106 ohm. What is the
capacitance (in pF ) between the two conductors? Ignore the decimal part of the answer.
Ans. : Data insufficient
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Q57. An apparatus is made from two concentric conducting cylinders of radii a and b
respectively, where a  b . The inner cylinder is grounded and the outer cylinder is at a
positive potential V . The space between the cylinders has a uniform magnetic field
H directed along the axis of the cylinders. Electrons leave the inner cylinder with zero
speed and travel towards the outer cylinder. What is the threshold value of V below
which the electrons cannot reach the outer cylinder?
   
2
eH 2 b 2  a 2 eH 2 b 2  a 2
(a) (b)
8 mc 2 8 mc 2b 2
  b 
2
eH 2 b 2  a 2 eH 2b 2
 a2
(c) 2 2
(d) 2
8 mc a 8 mc
Ans. : (b)
JEST-2019
Q58. A dc voltage of 80 Volt is switched on across a circuit containing a resistance of 5 in
series with an inductance of 20 H . What is the rate of change of current at the instant
when the current is 12 A ?
(a) 0 A / s (b) 1 A / s (c) 5 A / s (d) 80 A / s
Ans. : (b)
V  t 
R
di V  RL t di V  R 
Solution: i  t    1  e L
   e   1  i 
R  dt L dt L  V 
di 80  5  80  20 
  1   12      1 A / s
dt 20  80  20  80 
Q59. A very long solenoid (axis along z direction) of n turns per unit length carries a current
which increases linearly with time, i  Kt . What is the magnetic field inside the solenoid
at a given time t ?
(a) B  0 nKtzˆ (b) B  0 nKzˆ
(c) B  0 nKt  xˆ  yˆ  (d) B  0 cnKtzˆ
Ans. : (a)
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Q60. The magnetic field (Gaussian units) in an empty space is described by

B  B0 exp  ax  sin  ky  t  zˆ
What is the y - component of the electric field?

ac ac
(a)  B0 sin  ky  t  (b)  B0 exp  ax  cos  ky   t 
 
(c)  B0 sin  ky   t  (d) 0
Ans. : (d)
Q61. Consider two concentric spherical metal shells of radii r1 and r2  r2  r1  . The outer shell
has a charge q and the inner shell is grounded. What is the charge on the inner shell?
r1 r1 r2
(a) q (b) q (c) 0 (d) q
r2 r2 r1
Ans. : (a)
Q62. A wire with uniform line charge density  per unit length carries a current I as shown
in the figure. Take the permittivity and permeability of the medium to be  0  0  1 . A
particle of charge q is at a distance r and is travelling along a trajectory parallel to the

wire. What is the speed of the charge?
current  I
charge density   r V
   4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
I 2I 3I I
Ans.: (a)
 I
Solution: E  and B  0
2 0 r 2 r current  I V
Directions are shown in the figure. charge density   r 
 
B E

Net force on charge q is zero i.e. F  0 .
    I 
  
 q  E  v  B   0  E  vB 
2 0 r
v 0 v
2 r I
  0  0  1
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Q63. A circular metal loop of radius a  1 m spins with a constant angular 

velocity   20 rad/s in a magnetic field B  3 Tesla, as shown in the
B
figure. The resistance of the loop is 10 ohms. Let P be the power
a
P
dissipated in one complete cycle. What is the value of in Watts?
4
Ans. : 18
 
Solution: Magnetic flux through the loop is m   B.d a  B   a 2  cos t
S
dm
Induced e.m.f      B   a 2  sin t .
dt
2  2 B 2 2 a 4 sin 2 t
Power dissipated p  
R R
 2 B 2 2 a 4 1
Power dissipated in one complete cycle P  p   sin 2 t 
2R 2
 20   3 1  18
2 2 4
P  2 B2a4
 P
 4
2 R2
2 10 10 
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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY SOLUTIONS

GATE- 2010
Q1. An insulating sphere of radius a carries a charge density

 r   0 a 2  r 2 cos  ; r  a .
The leading order term for the electric field at a distance d, far away from the charge
distribution, is proportional to
(a) d 1 (b) d 2 (c) d 3 (d) d 4
Ans: (c)
1 1 
Solution: V r     d  2   cos d   ,
r V r 
a  2
  d       a  r 2  cos   r 2 sin  drd d  0

st 2
I term, 0
0 0 0
a  2
  cos  d       a  r 2  cos 2   r 2 sin  drd d  0 .

nd 2
II term, 0
0 0 0
1 1
 V 2
 E 3
r r
Q2. Two magnetic dipoles of magnitude m each are placed in a plane as shown in figure.
m
The energy of interaction is given by
45 o 2
 m2
(a) Zero (b) 0 3
4d d
o
3 0 m 2 3 0 m 2 45
(c) (d) 
2d 3 8d 3 m 1
Ans: (d)
0 
Solution: U  m1  m2  3m 1  rˆ m 2  rˆ ,
4r 3

   
Since m1  m2  m1  m2  0  U  0 3  3  m cos 45 0  m cos 45 0
4d
 
3 0 m 2
U   .
8 d 3
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Consider the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a linear, homogeneous and
isotropic material medium with electric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ.
Q3. For a plane wave of angular frequency ω and propagation vector k propagating in the
medium Maxwell’s equations reduce to
(a) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(b) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(c) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
(d) k  E  0; k  H  0; k  E   H ; k  H   E
Ans: (d)
Q4. If  and  assume negative values in a certain frequency range, then the directions of
the propagation vector k and the Poynting vector S in that frequency range are related
as
(a) k and S are parallel
(b) k and S are anti-parallel
(c) k and S are perpendicular to each other
(d) k and S makes an angle that depends on the magnitude of |ε| and |μ|
Ans: (a)
Q5. Consider a conducting loop of radius a and total loop resistance R placed in a region with
a magnetic field B thereby enclosing a flux 0. The loop is connected to an electronic
circuit as shown, the capacitor being initially uncharged
 C


 

   
 Vout

 


If the loop is pulled out of the region of the magnetic field at a constant speed u, the final
output voltage Vout is independent of
(a) 0 (b) u (c) R (d) C
Ans: (a)
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GATE-2011
Q6. If a force F is derivable from a potential function V(r), where r is the distance from the
origin of the coordinate system, it follows that
(a)   F  0 (b)   F  0 (c)  V  0 (d)  2 V  0

Ans: (a)
Q7. Two charges q and 2q are placed along the x -axis in front of a grounded, infinite
conducting plane, as shown in the figure. They
are located respectively at a distance of 0.5 m and
1.5 m from the plane. The force acting on the
0 .5 m q 2q
charge q is   x
1 .5 m
7q 2
1 1 2
(a) (b) 2q
4 0 2 4 0
1 1 q2
(c) q2 (d)
4 0 4 0 2
Ans: (a)
Solution: Using method of Images we can draw equivalent figure as shown below:
 2q q 0 .5 m 0 .5 m q 2q
    x
1 .5 m 1 .5 m
q  2q q 2q  q 7q 1 7q 2
F      
4 0  12 12  2 2  4 0 2 4 0 2
Q8. A uniform surface current is flowing in the positive y-direction over an infinite sheet
lying in x-y plane. The direction of the magnetic field is
(a) along iˆ for z > 0 and along  iˆ for z < 0
(b) along k̂ for z > 0 and along  k̂ for z < 0
(c) along  iˆ for z > 0 and along iˆ for z < 0
(d) along  k̂ for z > 0 and along k̂ for z < 0
Ans: (a)
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Q9. A magnetic dipole of dipole moment m is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field B . If
the position vector of the dipole is r , the torque acting on the dipole about the origin is

(a) r  m  B   
(b) r   m  B
(c) m  B  
(d) m  B  r   m  B
Ans: (c)
Q10. A spherical conductor of radius a is placed in a uniform electric field E  E 0 kˆ . The

potential at a point P(r, θ) for r > a, is given by
E0 a 3
Φ(r, θ) = constant – E 0 r cos   2 cos 
r
where r is the distance of P from the centre O of the sphere and θ is the angle OP makes
with the z-axis P
The charge density on the sphere at θ = 30o is r
(a) 3 3 0 E 0 / 2 (b) 3 0 E 0 / 2 
O k̂
(c) 3 0 E 0 / 2 (d))  0 E 0 / 2
Ans: (a)
V  2E a 3 
Solution:    0   0  E 0 cos   03 cos   .
r r a  r  r a
3 3
   0  E 0 cos   2 E 0 cos      3E 0  0 cos   3E 0  0 cos 30 0   0 E0
2
Q11. Which of the following expressions for a vector potential A DOES NOT represent a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude B0 along the z-direction?
(a) A  0, B0 x,0 (b) A   B0 y,0,0 
 B0 x B0 y   B0 y B0 x 
(c) A   , ,0  (d) A    , ,0 
 2 2   2 2 
Ans: (c)
 
Solution: B    A .
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Statement for Linked Questions 12 and 13:

A plane electromagnetic wave has the magnetic field given by
 k 
B x, y, z , t   B0 sin x  y    t  kˆ
 2 
where k is the wave number and iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are the Cartesian unit vectors in x, y and z
directions respectively.
Q12. The electric field E  x, y, z , t  corresponding to the above wave is given by

(a) cB0 sin  x  y 
k  iˆ  ˆj
  t
  
(b) cB0 sin  x  y 
k
  t

 iˆ  ˆj 
 2  2  2  2
 k   k 
(c) cB0 sin  x  y    t  iˆ (d) cB0 sin  x  y    t  ˆj
 2   2 
Ans: (a)
 c   c  k iˆ  ˆj  
 x  y k  ˆ

Solution: E   k  B   
k
   B0 sin   t  k 
k

2  2  
 
E  cB0 sin  x  y 
k  iˆ  ˆj
 t 
 
 2  2
Q13. The average Poynting vector is given by
(a)

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (b) 

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (c)

cB02 iˆ  ˆj  (d) 

cB02 iˆ  ˆj 
2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2
Ans: (d)
 cB02 cB02  iˆ  ˆj  cB02  iˆ  ˆj 
Solution: S  ˆ
k    
2 0 2 0  2  2 0  2 
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GATE-2012
Q14. The space-time dependence of the electric field of a linearly polarized light in free space
ˆ 0 cos t  kz  where E0, ω and k are the amplitude, the angular frequency
is given by xE
and the wavevector, respectively. The time average energy density associated with the
electric field is
1 1
(a)  0 E 02 (b)  0 E 02 (c)  0 E 02 (d) 2 0 E 02
4 2
Ans: (a)
1 1 1
Solution: u E   0 E 2   0 E 2 cos 2 wt  kz   u E   0 E 02
2 2 4
Q15. A plane electromagnetic wave traveling in free space is incident normally on a glass plate
of refractive index 3/2. If there is no absorption by the glass, its reflectivity is
(a) 4% (b) 16% (c) 20% (d) 50%
Ans: (a)
2 2
 n  n2  1 3/ 2  1 4
Solution: R   1        .04 or 4%
 n1  n2  1 3/ 2  4 25

Q16. The electric and the magnetic field E  z , t  and B z , t  , respectively corresponding to the

scalar potential   z , t   0 and vector potential A z , t   iˆtz are
   
(a) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt (b) E  iˆz and B  ĵt
   
(c) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt (d) E  iˆz and B  -ĵt
Ans: (d)  
  A A   
Solution: E      iˆz , B    A   ˆjt .
t t
Q17. A plane polarized electromagnetic wave in free space at time t=0 is given
 
by E  x, z   10 ˆj exp i  6 x  8 z   . The magnetic field B x, z , t  is given by
 1
 
(a) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct 
c
 1
 
(b) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct 
c


1 ˆ ˆ

(c) B x, z , t   6k  8i expi 6 x  8 z  ct 
c
 1
 
(d) B x, z , t   6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  ct 
c
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Ans: (a)
 1  k   1  6iˆ  8kˆ 
 1
c
ˆ  
Solution: B  k  E    E   
c k


  10 ˆjexp i k .r  t
 
 c  10 
 
 1
 
B  6kˆ  8iˆ expi 6 x  8 z  10ct ,   10c.
c
Q18. Two infinitely extended homogeneous isotopic dielectric media (medium-1and medium-2
1 
with dielectric constant  2 and 2  5 , respectively)
0 0
medium - 1
meet at the z = 0 plane as shown in the figure. A uniform
electric field exists everywhere. For z ≥ 0, the electric field
 medium - 2 z=0
is given by E1  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ . The interface separating the
two media is charge free. The electric displacement vector
in the medium-2 is given by

(a) D 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ  
(b) D 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ 
(c) D 2   4iˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ 
0 (d) D 2   4iˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ 
0
Ans: (b)
Solution:  E1  E 2  E 2  2iˆ  3 ˆj
1  2  5 ˆ 
and  f  0  D1  D2  E 2  E1  k  2kˆ  E 2  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ
2 5
 
 
 D2   2 E 2   0 10iˆ  15 ˆj  10kˆ .
GATE-2013
Q19. At a surface current, which one of the magnetostatic boundary condition is NOT
CORRECT?
(a) Normal component of the magnetic field is continuous.
(b) Normal component of the magnetic vector potential is continuous.
(c) Tangential component of the magnetic vector potential is continuous.
(d) Tangential component of the magnetic vector potential is not continuous.
Ans: (d)
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Q20. Interference fringes are seen at an observation plane z  0 , by the superposition of two
 
   
 
plane waves A1 exp i k1  r  t and A2 exp i k 2  r  t , where A1 and A2 are real
amplitudes. The condition for interference maximum is
     
 
(a) k1  k 2  r  2m  1 
(b) k1  k 2  r  2m 
     
 
(c) k1  k 2  r  2m  1 
(d) k1  k 2  r  2m 
Ans: (b)
Q21. For a scalar function  satisfying the Laplace equation,  has
(a) zero curl and non-zero divergence
(b) non-zero curl and zero divergence
(c) zero curl and zero divergence
(d) non-zero curl and non-zero divergence
Ans: (c)
 
Solution:  2  0  .   0 and      0 .  
Q22. A circularly polarized monochromatic plane wave is incident on a dielectric interface at
Brewaster angle. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The reflected light is plane polarized in the plane of incidence and the transmitted
light is circularly polarized.
(b) The reflected light is plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence and the
transmitted light is plane polarized in the plane of incidence.
(c) The reflected light is plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence and the
transmitted light is elliptically polarized.
(d) There will be no reflected light and the transmitted light is circularly polarized.
Ans: (c)
Q23. A charge distribution has the charge density given by   Q x  x 0     x  x0  . For
this charge distribution the electric field at 2 x0 ,0,0
2Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ Qxˆ

(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 0 x02 4 0 x03 4 0 x02 16 0 x02
Ans:
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Solution: Potential V  r  
1   x

a '
dx  
 
a  x'
 
a  x'  
       
2
x dx x dx ....
4 0   a x x 2
x 3

 a a
First term, total charge

x0 x0
QT     x dx  Q    x   x 0 dx   Q    x   x 0 dx   Q  Q  0

 x0  x0
Second term, dipole moment

x0 x0
p   x   x dx  Q  x   x   x 0 dx   Q  x  x   x 0 dx   Qx 0  Q   x 0  2Qx 0

 x0  x0
2Qx 0 V 4Qx 0 4Qx 0 Q

V E xˆ  xˆ  xˆ  xˆ
4 0 x x 4 0 x 4 0 2 x 0  8 0 x 20
2 3 3
Q24. A monochromatic plane wave at oblique incidence undergoes reflection at a dielectric

interface. If kî , kˆr and n̂ are the unit vectors in the directions of incident wave, reflected
wave and the normal to the surface respectively, which one of the following expressions
is correct?
 
(a) kî  kˆr  nˆ  0  
(b) kî  kˆr  nˆ  0  
(c) kî  nˆ  kˆr  0  
(d) kî  nˆ  kˆr  0
Ans: (c)
Q25. In a constant magnetic field of 0.6 Tesla along the z direction, find the value of the path

integral  A  dl in the units of (Tesla m 2 ) on a square loop of side length 1 / 2 meters.  
The normal to the loop makes an angle of 60 0 to the z-axis, as shown in the figure. The
answer should be up to two decimal places. ___________
60 o
ẑ
Ans: 0.15
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 
2
  1  1
Solution:  A  dl     A .d a   B.d a  BA cos 60  0.6  
0
   0.15T .m 2
S S  2 2
GATE-2014
Q26. Which one of the following quantities is invariant under Lorentz transformation?
(a) Charge density (b) Charge (c) Current (d) Electric field
Ans: (b)
Q27. An unpolarized light wave is incident from air on a glass surface at the Brewster angle.
The angle between the reflected and the refracted wave is
(a) 0 o (b) 45 o (c) 90 o (d) 120 o
Ans: (c)
Q28. The electric field of a uniform plane wave propagating in a dielectric non-conducting

medium is given by E  xˆ 10 cos  6 107 t  0.4 z  V / m . The phase velocity of the
wave is _________ 10 8 m / s
Ans: 1.5
 6 107
Solution: v    1.5 108 m / sec
k 0.4

Q29. If the vector potential A  xxˆ  2 yyˆ  3zzˆ , satisfies the Coulomb gauge, the value of the
constant  is _______
Ans: 1
 
Solution: Coulomb gauge condition . A  0    2  3  0    1
Q30. A ray of light inside Region 1 in the xy -plane is incident y
at the semicircular boundary that carries no free charges.
  P r0 ,  / 4 
The electric field at the point P  r0 ,  in plane polar
 4
 O
coordinates is E1  7eˆr  3eˆ where êr and ê are the unit 1 2 x
Region 1 Region 2
vectors. The emerging ray in Region 2 has the electric

field E 2 parallel to x -axis. If  1 and  2 are the dielectric
2
constants of Region-1 and Region-2 respectively, then is ________
1
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Ans: 2.32
 y
Solution:  E1  7eˆr  3eˆ P r0 ,  / 4 

10 2 E 2
 Ex   7eˆr  3eˆ  .xˆ  7 cos 45  3sin 45  1 
2 E1

O
4 1 x
 E y   7eˆr  3eˆ  . yˆ  7 sin 45  3sin 45  2
2 Region 1 Region 2
 E   4
Thus E1 makes an angle   tan 1  y   tan 1    21.80
 Ex   10 
tan  2  2  tan 45
   2   2.32 . where 1    450 and  2  450
tan 1 1 1 tan 23.2
Q31. The value of the magnetic field required to maintain non-relativistic protons of energy
1MeV in a circular orbit of radius 100 mm is _______Tesla
(Given: m p  1.67  1027 kg , e  1.6  1019 C )
Ans: 1.44
1.6 1019  B 2  0.1 1.6 1013  2 1.67 1027 

2 2
q2 B2 R2 13
Solution: E   1.6 10  B 
2
2 1.67 1027  1.6 1019   0.12

2
2m p
1013  2 1.67 1027  3.34 1040

B  2
  2.08  B  2.08 Tesla  1.44Tesla
1.6 10   0.01
38
1.6 1040
Q32. In an interference pattern formed by two coherent sources, the maximum and minimum
intensities are 9I 0 and I 0 respectively. The intensities of the individual wave are
(a) 3I 0 and I 0 (b) 4 I 0 and I 0 (c) 5I 0 and 4 I 0 (d) 9 I 0 and I 0

Ans: (b)
   
2 2
Solution: I max  I1  I 2 and I min  I1  I 2
   
2 2
9I 0  I1  I 2 and I 0  I1  I 2  I1  4 I 0 and I 2  I 0
Q33. The intensity of a laser in free space is 150mW / m 2 . The corresponding amplitude of the
electric field of the laser is _________

V
m
 0  8.854  10 12 C 2 / N .m 2 
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Ans: 10.6
1 2I 2 150 103
Solution: I  c 0 E02  E0    10.6 V / m
2 c 0 3 108  8.854 1012
GATE-2015
Q34. A point charge is placed between two semi-infinite conducting plates which are inclined
at an angle of 30 o with respect to each other. The number of image charges
is___________.
Ans.: 11
360 360
Solution: n  1   1  11
 30
R  
Q35. Given that the magnetic flux through the closed loop PQRSP is  . If  A  dl   along
P
1
 
R
PQR , the value of   dl along PSR is
A
P Q
R
S
(a)   1 (b) 1   (c)  1 (d) 1
Ans.: (b)
    R   P  R   R  
Solution:    s B.d a   A.dl   A  dl   A  dl    1   A  dl   A  dl  1  
P R P P
Q36. The space between two plates of a capacitor carrying charges  Q and  Q is filled with
two different dielectric materials, as shown in the figure. Across the interface of the two
dielectric materials, which one of the following statements is correct?
 
(a) E and D are continuous
 
(b) E is continuous and D is discontinuous
 
(c) D is continuous and E is discontinuous Q Q
 
(d) E and D are discontinuous
Ans.: (d)
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Q37. Four forces are given below in Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates
   r2  
(i) F1  K exp 2 rˆ 
(ii) F2  K x 3 yˆ  y 3 zˆ 
 R 
   ˆ 
(iii) F3  K x 3 xˆ  y 3 yˆ  (iv) F4  K  
r
where K is a constant Identify the correct option
(a) (iii) and (iv) are conservative but (i) and (ii)are not
(b) (i) and (ii) are conservative but (iii) and (iv) are not
(c) (ii) and (iii) are conservative but (i) and (iv) are not
(d) (i) and (iii) are conservative but (ii) and (iv) are not
Ans.: (d)
r rˆ r sin 

  1   
Solution:   F 1  0
r sin 
2
r  
 r2 
k exp   2  0 0
 R 
x y z
    
 F2   x  3ky 2  0   zˆ  3kx 2  0   3ky 2 x  3kx 2 zˆ
x y z
0 kx 3  ky 3
x y z
    
 F3  0
x y z
kx3 ky 3 0
r r r sin 

  1    1
 F4  2  r  k cos    2
r sin  r   r sin 
k
0 0 r sin  
r
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Q38. A monochromatic plane wave (wavelength  600 nm ) E 0 expi kz   t  is incident

 

normally on a diffraction grating giving rise to a plane wave E1 exp i k1  r   t in the 
  1 3 
first order of diffraction. Here E1  E 0 and k1  k1  xˆ  zˆ  . The period (in m ) of
2 2 
the diffraction grating is ______________ (upto one decimal place)
Ans.: 1.2
grating

Solution: d sin   n  d  n 1
sin  
  1 3  k1
and k1  k1  xˆ  zˆ 
 2 2   ẑ
k  k1 zˆ
1 3 
  zˆ   xˆ  zˆ 
k  k1  2 2  1
 sin          300
k1 k 1 3 1 3 2
  
4 4 4 4
600
d  nm  1200 nm  1.2  m
sin 30
Q39. A long solenoid is embedded in a conducting medium and is insulated from the medium.
If the current through the solenoid is increased at a constant rate, the induced current in
the medium as a function of the radial distance r from the axis of the solenoid is
proportional to
1 1
(a) r 2 inside the solenoid and outside (b) r inside the solenoid and outside
r r2
1 1
(c) r 2 inside the solenoid and 2 outside (d) r inside the solenoid and outside
r r
Ans.: (d)

  B 
Solution:  E  dl     da ;
t
 dI
r
dI 2 r 2  1 dI
For r  R, E 2 r   0 n
dt r0 2 r dr     0 n
dt 2
 E   0 n r
2 dt
 dI
R
dI 2 R 2  1 dI
For r  R, E 2 r   0 n
dt 
r 0
2 r dr    0 n
dt 2
 E   0 n R 2
2r dt
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Q40. A plane wave xˆ  iyˆ E 0 expikz  t  after passing through an optical element emerges
as xˆ  iyˆ E 0 expi kz  t  , where k and  are the wavevector and the angular
frequency, respectively. The optical element is a
(a) quarter wave plate (b) half wave plate
(c) polarizer (d) Faraday rotator
Ans.: (b)
 
Solution: Incident wave: x  i y E0 ei   E0 cos  x  E0 sin  y 
 
Left circular polarization with phase angle 1     ei
 
Emergent wave: x  i y E0 ei   E0 cos  xˆ  E0 sin  y 
 
Right circular polarization with phase angle 1     ei 0

Thus there is phase change of  and hence path difference is .
2
Q41. A charge  q is distributed uniformly over a sphere, with a positive charge q at its center
in (i). Also in (ii), a charge  q is distributed uniformly over an ellipsoid with a positive
charge q at its center. With respect to the origin of the coordinate system, which one of
the following statements is correct?
X X
Z Z
Y Y
(i ) (ii )
(a) The dipole moment is zero in both (i) and (ii)
(b) The dipole moment is non-zero in (i) but zero in (ii)
(c) The dipole moment is zero in (i) but non-zero in (ii)
(d) The dipole moment is non-zero in both (i) and (ii)
Ans.: (a)
 
Solution: p   qi ri  0 in both cases.
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GATE-2016
Q42. Which of the following magnetic vector potentials gives rise to a uniform magnetic field
B0 kˆ ?
(a) B0 z kˆ (b)  B0 x ˆj (c)

B0
2

 yiˆ  xˆj  (d)
2

B0 ˆ ˆ
yi  xj 
Ans.: (c)
 
Solution: (a)   A  0
 
(b)   A   B0 kˆ
 
(c)   A  B0 kˆ
 
(d)   A  0
Q43. The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment associated with a square shaped loop
carrying a steady current I is m . If this loop is changed to a circular shape with the same
pm
current I passing through it, the magnetic dipole moment becomes . The value of p

is ______.
Ans.: 4
Solution: Magnetic dipole moment associated with a square shaped loop (let side is a) carrying a
steady current I is m  Ia 2 .
Magnetic dipole moment associated with a circular shaped loop (let radius is r) carrying a
steady current I is m  I  r 2 .
2
2a  2a  4 Ia 2 4m
Here 4a  2 r  r   m  I  r  I    
2

    
Q44. In a Young’s double slit experiment using light, the apparatus has two slits of unequal
widths. When only slit- 1 is open, the maximum observed intensity on the screen is 4I 0 .
When only slit- 2 is open, the maximum observed intensity is I 0 . When both the slits are
open, an interference pattern appears on the screen. The ratio of the intensity of the
principal maximum to that of the nearest minimum is ________.
Ans.: 9
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     2 
2 2 2
I max I1  I 2 4I0  I0 I0  I0 9I0
Solution:   9
    2 
2 2 2
I min I1  I 2 4I0  I0 I0  I0 I0
Q45. An infinite, conducting slab kept in a horizontal plane carries a uniform charge density  .
Another infinite slab of thickness t, made of a linear dielectric material of dielectric
constant k , is kept above the conducting slab. The bound charge density on the upper
surface of the dielectric slab is
   k  2  k  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2k k 2k k
Ans.: (d)  1
k  1 z
Solution: 
  
Electric field due to infinite, conducting slab inside the dielectric is E  zˆ  zˆ
  0k
     k  1    k  1
Polarisation P   0  e E   0  k  1 zˆ  zˆ   1  P.zˆ 
 0k k k
Q46. The electric field component of a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in vacuum is

given by E  z , t   E 0 coskz  t iˆ . The Poynting vector for the wave is
 c   c 
(a)  0  E 02 cos 2 kz  t  ˆj (b)  0  E 02 cos 2 kz  t kˆ
 2   2 
(c) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t  ˆj (d) c 0 E 02 cos 2 kz  t kˆ

Ans.: (d)
  1  E
Solution: E  z , t   E 0 coskz  t iˆ  B  zˆ  E  z , t   0 cos  kz  t  ˆj
c c
The Poynting vector for the wave is
 1   E2
S
0
 0 c

E  B  0 cos 2  kz  t  kˆ  c 0 E02 cos 2  kz  t  kˆ
Q47. The x  y plane is the boundary between free space and a magnetic material with relative
permeability  r . The magnetic field in the free space is Bx iˆ  Bz kˆ . The magnetic field in
the magnetic material is
1
(a) B x iˆ  B z kˆ (b) B x iˆ   r B z kˆ (c) B x iˆ  B z kˆ (d)  r B x iˆ  B z kˆ
r
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Ans.: (d)
B B
Solution: B1  Bz kˆ  B2 and H1  H 2  1  2  B2  r B1  r Bx iˆ
0 0 r
The magnetic field in the magnetic material is  r B x iˆ  B z kˆ
GATE- 2017
Q48. Identical charges q are placed at five vertices of a regular hexagon of side a . The
magnitude of the electric field and the electrostatic potential at the centre of the hexagon
are respectively
q q
(a) 0, 0 (b) ,
4 0 a 2
4 0 a
q 5q 5q 5q
(c) , (d) ,
4 0 a 2
4 0 a 4 0 a 4 0 a
2
Ans. : (c) q
q
Solution: The resultant field at P is E  q q
4 0 a 2
a
5q P
The electrostatic potential at P is V  q q
4 0 a
Q49. A parallel plate capacitor with square plates of side 1 m separated by 1 micro meter is
filled with a medium of dielectric constant of 10 . If the charges on the two plates are 1C
and 1C , the voltage across the capacitor is………….. kV . (up to two decimal places).
(  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 11.29
 0 r A 11 106
qd
Solution: q  CV  V V    11.29kV
d  0 r A 8.854 1012 10 1
Q50. Light is incident from a medium of refractive index n  1.5 onto vacuum. The smallest
angle of incidence for which the light is not transmitted into vacuum is…………...
degrees. (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 41.8
n2 1  1 
Solution: sin C    C  sin 1    C  41.8
n1 1.5  1.5 
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Q51. A monochromatic plane wave in free space with electric field amplitude of 1 V / m is
normally incident on a fully reflecting mirror. The pressure exerted on the mirror
is……………… 1012 Pa . (up to two decimal places) (  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 8.85
2I 2 1
  c 0 E02   0 E02  8.854 1012  1  8.85 1012 Pa
2
Solution: P 
c c 2
Q52. Three charges  2C , 1C , 1C  are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
1m as shown in the figure. The component of the electric dipole moment about the
marked origin along the ŷ direction is……… C m .
y
2C
1m
0 1C 1C x
1.5m
Ans. : 1.73


Solution: p  11xˆ   1 2 xˆ   2 1.5 xˆ  1  0.25 yˆ 
Along the ŷ direction  2  1  0.25  1.73
Q53. An infinite solenoid carries a time varying current I  t   At 2 , with A  0 . The axis of
the solenoid is along the ẑ direction. r̂ and ˆ are the usual radial and polar directions in

cylindrical polar coordinates. B  Br rˆ  B ˆ  Bz zˆ is the magnetic field at a point outside
the solenoid. Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0 (b) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0
(c) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0 (d) Br  0, B  0, Bz  0
Ans. : (d)
Q54. A uniform volume charge density is placed inside a conductor (with resistivity102 m ).
1
The charge density becomes of its original value after time…….Fermi seconds
 2.718
(up to two decimal places) (  0  8.854 1012 F / m )
Ans. : 88.54
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 t  1
Solution:   t     0  e  t /  0   t /  0  ln  ln 1
 0 2.718
0
t   8.854 1012 102  88.54 1015 sec  88.54 fs

Q55. Consider a metal with free electron density of 6 1022 cm 3 . The lowest frequency of
electromagnetic radiation to which this metal is transparent, is 1.38 1016 Hz . If this
metal had a free electron density of 1.8  1023 cm 3 instead, the lowest frequency
electromagnetic radiation to which it would be transparent is…………… 1016 Hz (up to

two decimal places).
Ans. : 2.39
Solution: Cut-off frequency is f  n .
f2 n n 1.8  1023
Thus  2  f 2  f1 2  f 2  1.38 1016  2.39 1016 Hz
f1 n1 n1 6  1022
GATE- 2018
  
Q56. Among electric field ( E ), magnetic field ( B ), angular momentum ( L ) and vector

potential ( A ), which is/are odd under parity (space inversion) operation?
  
(a) E only (b) E and A only
   
(c) E and B only (d) B and L only
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Under parity operation r  r
V
E ; E : P  E
r
 
B  I r ; B : P  B
 
Lrp ; L : P  L
A
E ; A: P  A
t
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Q57. An infinitely long straight wire is carrying a steady current I . The ratio of magnetic
energy density at distance r1 to that at r2   2r1  from the wire is ___________.
Ans. : 4
B2 1 u r 2  2r 
Solution: uB   2  B1  22  21  4
2 0 r uB 2 r1 r1
Q58. A light beam of intensity I 0 is falling normally on a surface. The surface absorbs 20 %
of the intensity and the rest is reflected. The radiation pressure on the surface is given by
X I 0 / c , where X is __________ (up to one decimal place). Here c is the speed of light.
Ans. : 1.8
I0  I  I
Solution: Radiation pressure    0.8 0   1.8 0
c  c c
Q59. The number of independent components of a general electromagnetic field tensor
is__________
Ans. : 6
Solution: In Cartesian co-ordinate, three Independent coordinate for electric field,  Ex , E y , Ez 
and three Independent co-ordinate for magnetic field  Bx , By , Bz  .
Q60. Consider an infinitely long solenoid with N turns per unit length, radius R and carrying
a current I  t    cos t , where  is a constant and  is the angular frequency. The
magnitude of electric field at the surface of the solenoid is

1 1
(a) 0 NR sin t (b) 0 NR cos t
2 2
(c) 0 NR sin t (d) 0 NR cos t
Ans. : (a)
   NI  t  zˆ, inside
Solution: B   0
0 , outside

  B 
Since,  E  dl     da
line
t

 E  2 R   0 N   sin t    R 2
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 1
 E  0 NR sin t
2

Q61. A constant and uniform magnetic field B  B0 kˆ pervades all space. Which one of the
following is the correct choice for the vector potential in Coulomb gauge?
(a)  B0  x  y  iˆ (b) B0  x  y  ˆj (c) B0 xjˆ

1

(d)  B0 xiˆ  yjˆ
2

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Check option (c),
    
  A  0, B    A  B0 kˆ
Q62. A long straight wire, having radius a and resistance per unit length r , carries a current
I . The magnitude and direction of the Poynting vector on the surface of the wire is
(a) I 2 r / 2 a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing inwards
(b) I 2 r / 2 a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing outwards
(c) I 2 r /  a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing inwards
(d) I 2 r /  a , perpendicular to axis of the wire and pointing outwards
Ans. : (a)
  
Solution: S 
1
0
 E  B   1 Vl  2 Ia  IRl  2I a
0
R  I 2r
V  IR, r   S 
l 2 a
Q63. A quarter wave plate introduces a path difference of  / 4 between the two components
of polarization parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis. An electromagnetic wave with

E   xˆ  yˆ  E0 ei kz t  is incident normally on a quarter wave plate which has its optic axis
y
making an angle 1350 with the x - axis as shown.
The emergent electromagnetic wave would be
Optic axis 1350
(a) elliptically polarized x
(b) circularly polarized
(c) linearly polarized with polarization as that of incident wave
(d) linearly polarized but with polarization at 900 to that of the incident wave
Ans. : (c)
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Q64. An electromagnetic plane wave is propagating with an intensity I  1.0 105 Wm 2 in a

medium with  3 0 and   0 . The amplitude of the electric field inside the medium
is _________ 103 Vm 1 (up to one decimal place).
( 0  8.85 1012 C 2 N 1m 2 , 0  4 107 NA2 , c  3 108 ms 1 )
Ans. : 6.6
1 2I 2I 
Solution: I  v  E2  E2    2I
2 v 1 


0 4  107
 E 2  2  105  2  105  4363.4  104
3 0 3  8.8  1012
 E  66 102  6.6 103 V / m
GATE-2019

Q65. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by E  3sin  kz   t  xˆ 
4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is
4
(a) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
3
3
(b) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
4
(c) elliptically polarized in clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the observer
(d) elliptically polarized in counter-clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the
observer
Ans. : (d)
y
Solution: At z  0, Ex  3sin t , E y  4 cos t
At t  0, Ex  0, E y  4
x

At  t  , Ex  3, E y  0
2
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Q66. An infinitely long thin cylindrical shell has its axis coinciding with the z -axis. It carries a
surface charge density  0 cos  , where  is the polar and  0 is a constant. The
magnitude of the electric field inside the cylinder is
0 0 0
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2 0 3 0 4 0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: dE 
d  cos   Rd    0 cos 
 0
2 0 R 2 0 R 2 0
2
0 0
Along axis of cylinder dEx  dE cos   Ex   cos  d 
2
2 0 0
2 0
Q67. A circular loop made of a thin wire has radius 2 cm and resistance 2  . It is placed

perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B0  0.01 Tesla. At time t  0
 
the field starts decaying as B  B0 e  t / t0 , where t0  1s . The total charge that passes
through a cross section of the wire during the decay is Q . The value of Q in  C
(rounded off to two decimal places) is____________
Ans. : 6.28
d AdB  d 1
Solution:     , I  
dt dt R dt R
d d

dt
  r 2
dt
 
B0 e  t / t0   r 2 B0 e t  t0  1

 
 r2  r 2 B0 e t
Q   I  t  dt   t
B0 e dt 
0 0
R R 1 0
 3.14   2  102   0.01  6.28C

2
Q68. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is given by



E  E0 cos 3 y  4 z  1.5 109 t xˆ 
The wave is reflected from the z  0 surface. If the pressure exerted on the surface is
  E02 , the value of  (rounded off to one decimal place) is___________
Ans. : 0.8
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
Solution: K  3 yˆ  4 zˆ
Ky 3
tan  R  
Kz 4
I 2 1 4
P  2 cos  R   0 cE02 
c c 2 5
P  0.80 E02
Q69. A solid cylinder of radius R has total charge Q distributed uniformly over its volume. It
is rotating about its axis with angular speed  . The magnitude of the total magnetic
moment of the cylinder is
1 1 1
(a) QR 2 (b) QR 2 (c) QR 2 (d) QR 2
2 4 8
Ans. : (c)
 R 4
Solution: Magnetic moment due to disc  
4
 R 4
Due to cylinder d     dz     dz 
4
 R 4 L
Q Q R 4

4 0  R 2 L dz 
4
Q70. An infinitely long wire parallel to the x -axis is kept at z  d and carries a current I in
the positive x direction above a superconductor filling the region z  0 (see figure). The

magnetic field B inside the superconductor is zero so that the field just outside the
superconductor is parallel to its surface. The magnetic field due to this configuration at a
point  x, y, z  0  is ẑ
  I    z  d  ˆj  ykˆ
(a)  0 
 2   y 2   z  d  
2
  l
  I     z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  d
(b)  0   2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
x̂
superconductor
 I     z  d  ˆj  ykˆ  z  d  ˆj  ykˆ 
(c)  0  2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
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 I   yjˆ   z  d  kˆ yjˆ   z  d  kˆ 
(d)  0  2  2 
 2   y   z  d  y   z  d  
2 2
Ans. : (b)

Solution: Verify that B  0 , when d  0
Q71. The vector potential inside a long solenoid with n turns per unit length and carrying
  nI
current I , written in cylindrical coordinates is A  s,  , z   0 sˆ . If the term
2
0 nI 
2
 
s  cos  ˆ   sin  sˆ , where   0,   0 is added to A  S ,  , z  , the magnetic
field remains the same if


(a)    (b)     (c)   2  (d)  
2
  t ˆ 1 t ˆ t 
 Useful formulae:  t S   zˆ; 
S S  z
 
  v      sv  v  
  v   1 vz    sˆ   vs  vz ˆ  1   s  zˆ  
  s  z   z s s  s   
    
Ans. : (d)
rˆ rˆ zˆ
   1   
Solution: B    A   0 nIzˆ
r r  z
Ar rA 0
rˆ rˆ zˆ
   1      cos  
B    A   0 nI  cos   1  zˆ
r r  z  2 
Ar rA 0
    cos  
Equate B  B   cos   1   0 nI
 2 
 
  cos   cos    
2 2
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 P 
Q72. For a given load resistance RL  4.7 ohm, the power transfer efficiencies   load  of
 Ptotal 
a dc voltage source and a dc current source with internal resistances R1 and R2 ,
respectively, are equal. The product R1 R2 in units of ohm2 (rounded off to one decimal
place) is___________
Ans. : 22.09
Solution: For dc voltage source
R1
2
V 2
 V 
Ptotal  and PRL    RL
R1  RL R
 1  RL 
V RL
PRL RL
 dc vol  
Ptotal R1  RL
For dc current source
2
 RR   R2 I 
Ptotal  I  2 L  and PRL  I L2 RL  
2
 RL
 R2  RL   R2  RL 
PRL R2
 dc curr   I R2 RL
Ptotal R2  RL
Since  dc vol  dc curr
RL R2
   RL  R2  RL   R2  R1  RL   R1 R2  RL2
R1  RL R2  RL
 R1 R2   4.7   22.09  2
2
Q73. Consider a system of three charges as shown in the figure below:

z
 r , 
q
q d  q
 
2 2
y
d d
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For r  10 m;  60 degrees; q  106 Coulomb, and d  103 m , the electric dipole
potential in volts (rounded off to three decimal places) at a point  r ,   is _________
1 Nm 2
[Use:  9 109 2 ]
4 0 C
Ans. : 0.045
q q
Solution: Monopole moment     q  0
2 2
 q q
p     dyˆ    dyˆ   q  dzˆ 
2 2

p  qdzˆ

1 pr 1 qd cos 
V  r ,   
4 0 r 2
4 0 r2
106  103  cos 600

V  r ,   9  109 
10 
2
109
 9 10  9
 0.045
2  100

Q74. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by E  3sin  kz   t  xˆ 
4 cos  kz  t  yˆ . The wave is
4
(a) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
3
3
(b) linearly polarized at an angle tan 1   from the x - axis
4
(c) elliptically polarized in clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the observer
(d) elliptically polarized in counter-clockwise direction when seen travelling towards the
observer
Ans. : (d)
Solution: At z  0, Ex  3sin t , E y  4 cos t y
At t  0, Ex  0, E y  4
x
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
At  t  , Ex  3, E y  0
2
 m 
Q75. In a set of N successive polarizers, the m th polarizer makes an angle   with the
 2N 
vertical. A vertically polarized light beam of intensity I 0 is incident on two such sets with
N  N1 and N  N 2 , where N 2  N1 . Let the intensity of light beams coming out be
I  N1  and I  N 2  , respectively. Which of the following statements is correct about the
two outgoing beams?

(a) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is vertical
(b) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is vertical
(c) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal
(d) I  N 2   I  N1  ; the polarization in each case is horizontal
Ans. : (c)
2 N1 2 N2
  n / 2    n / 2 
Solution: I  N1   I 0 cos   , I  N 2   I 0 cos  
  N1     N2 
I  N 2   I  N1 
For last polarization, pass axis will be horizontal.

Ex: N1  5
 
10
I  5   I 0 cos 18   0.605 I 0
 
N 2  10
 
20
I 10   I 0  cos 9   0.780 I 0
 
I 10   I  5 
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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
NET/JRF–(JUNE-2011)
Q1. The electrostatic potential V(x, y) in free space in a region where the charge density ρ is
zero is given by V  x, y   4e 2 x  f  x   3 y 2 . Given that the x-component of the electric
field Ex, and V are zero at the origin, f  x  is
(a) 3x 2  4e 2 x  8 x (b) 3x 2  4e 2 x  16 x
(c) 4e 2 x  8 (d) 3x 2  4e 2 x
Ans. : (d)
Solution: V  4e 2 x  f  x   3 y 2 . Since   0   2V  0  16e 2 x  f  x   6  0 .
 

Since E x  0 at origin  E  V  E x   8e 2 x  f  x  
E x 0, 0  8  f 0  0  f 0   8 .
Since V 0, 0   0  4  f 0   0  f 0   4
Solve equation 16e 2 x  f  x   6  0  f  x   6  16e 2 x  f x   6 x  8e 2 x  c1 , since
f   0   8  c1  8  c1  0 .
Again Integrate f  x   6 x  8e 2 x  f  x   3 x 2  4e 2 x  c 2
since f  0   4  c2  4  c2  0 . Thus f  x   3x 2  4e 2 x
   
Q2. For constant uniform electric and magnetic field E  E 0 and B  B0 , it is possible to

choose a gauge such that the scalar potential  and vector potential A are given by
 1      1  
(a)   0 and A  B0  r
2
  
(b)    E 0  r and A  B0  r
2

    
(c)    E0  r and A  0 (d)   0 and A   E 0 t
Ans. : (a)
 
Solution: Let E  E 0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  and B  B0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  since they are constant vector.
  
Lorentz Gauge condition is   A   0 0
t
 
 
since B  r  B0  z  y  xˆ  B0  z  x  yˆ  B0  y  x  zˆ
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     
(a)  0 and   A  0 (b)  0, and   A  0
t t
     
(c)  0 and   A  0 (d)  0 and   A  0
t t
Q3. A plane electromagnetic wave is propagating in a lossless dielectric. The electric field is
given by
 

 
E  x, y, z, t   E0  xˆ  Azˆ  exp ik0 ct  x  3 z  ,

where c is the speed of light in vacuum, E0 , A and k0 are constant and x̂ and ẑ are
unit vectors along the x - and z -axes. The relative dielectric constant of the medium  r
and the constant A are
1 1
(a)  r  4 and A   (b)  r  4 and A  
3 3
(c)  r  4 and A  3 (d)  r  4 and A   3

Ans. : (a)

  
Solution: E  x, y, z , t   E 0  xˆ  Azˆ  exp ik 0  ct  x  3 z . 
 

Comparing with term e i k r t   k  k 0 xˆ  3 zˆ and   k 0 c .
 k0c c
Since v     Refractive index n   r  2   r  4.
k k 02  3k 02 2
  
Since k  nˆ  0  k 0 xˆ  3 zˆ   xˆ  Azˆ   0  k 0 1  A 3  0  A    1
3
A  Kr
Q4. A static, spherically symmetric charge distribution is given by  r   e where A
r
and K are positive constants. The electrostatic potential corresponding to this charge
distribution varies with r as
(a) re  Kr (b)
1  Kr
r
e (c)
1  Kr
r2
e (d)
1
r

1  e  Kr 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: since  2V    /  0
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A  kr 1   2 V 
 2V must be proportional to e , where  2V  2 r .
r r r  r 
Q5. The magnetic field of the TE11 mode of a rectangular waveguide of dimensions a  b as
shown in the figure is given by H z  H 0 cos  0.3  x  cos  0.4  y  , where x and y are in
x
cm.
a
z
b
y
A. The dimensions of the waveguide are

(a) a  3.33 cm, b  2.50 cm (b) a  0.40 cm, b  0.30 cm
(c) a  0.80 cm, b  0.60 cm (d) a  1.66 cm, b  1.25 cm
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since H z  H 0 cos  0.3 x  cos  0.4 y 
m n
  0.3 where m  1 and  0.4 where n  1
a b
 a  3.33cm, b  2.50cm
B. The entire range of frequencies f for which the TE11 mode will propagate is
(a) 6.0 GHz  f  12.0 GHz (b) 7.5 GHz  f  9.0 GHz
(c) 7.5 GHz  f  12.0 GHz (d) 7.5GHz  f
Ans. : (d)
2 2
c m n c 1 1
Solution: f m , n        f1,1   2  7.5 GH z .
2  a  b 2 a 2
b
For propagation, frequency of incident wave must be greater than cutoff frequency.
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NET/JRF -(DEC-2011)
Q6. Consider three polarizer’s P1 , P2 and P3 placed along an axis as shown in the figure.
P1 P2 P3
(unpolarized) 
I0
The pass axis of P1 and P3 are at right angles to each other while the pass axis of P2
makes an angle  with that of P1 . A beam of unpolarized light of intensity I 0 is incident
on P1 as shown. The intensity of light emerging from P3 is
I0 I0 I0
(a) 0 (b) (c) sin 2 2 (d) sin 2 2
2 8 4
Ans. : (c)
Solution: I  I 0 cos 2  (Malus Law)
I0 I0 I0 I
 I1  , I2  cos 2  , I3  cos 2   cos 2 90     0 sin 2 2 .
2 2 2 8
Q7. Four equal point charges are kept fixed at the four vertices of a square. How many neutral
points (i.e. points where the electric field vanishes) will be found inside the square?
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Inside the square, there is only one point where field vanishes.
Q8. A static charge distribution gives rise to an electric field of the form E   1  e  r / R   rˆ ,
r2
where  and R are positive constants. The charge contained within a sphere of radius R ,
centred at the origin is
e e2 R R2
(a)  0 (b)  0 (c) 4 0 (d)  0
R2 R2 e e
Ans. : None of the options given are correct
   2
   
Solution: Qenc   0  E  da   0  1  e  r / R 2  r 2 sin ddrˆ   0    1  e  r / R sin dd
rˆ
r 0 0
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 1
at r  R , Qenc  4 0 1   . So none of the options given are correct.
 e
Q9. In a Young’s double slit interference experiment, the slits are at a distance 2 L from each
other and the screen is at a distance D from the slits. If a glass slab of refractive index 
and thickness d is placed in the path of one of the beams, the minimum value of d for
the central fringe to be dark is
D D
(a) (b)
  1 D 2  L2   1L
 
(c) (d)
  1 2  1
Ans. : (d)
n 
Solution: For central fringe to be dark,   1d  d 
2 2  1
Q10. Consider a solenoid of radius R with n turns per unit length, in which a time dependent
current I  I 0 sin t (where  R / c  1 ) flows. The magnitude of the electric field at a
perpendicular distance r  R from the axis of symmetry of the solenoid, is
1
(a) 0 (b)  0 nI 0 R 2 cos t
2r
1 1
(c)  0 nI 0 r sin t (d)  0 nI 0 r cos t
2 2
Ans. : (d)
  
Solution: E  d l  
B
 t  d a ; B 
  0 nI t zˆ .
 dI
r
2r 2
dt r 0
 E  2r    0 n 2r d r     0 n  I 0  cos  t 
2
 1
 E     0 nI 0 r cos t
2
Q11. A constant electric current I in an infinitely long straight wire is suddenly switched on at
t  0 . The vector potential at a perpendicular distance r from the wire is given
by A 
kˆ 0 I  1
2

ln  ct  c 2 t 2  r 2
r
 . The electric field at a distance r   ct  is
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0 I 1 ˆ ˆ
(a) 0 (b)
2 t 2
i  j 
c 0 I c 0 I
(c) 
1 ˆ ˆ
i j  (d)  kˆ
2 c t  r
2 2 2
2 2 c t  r
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
 
 A A   I r 1  2c 2 t 
c   .
Solution: E   
t

t
E 0 

2 ct  c 2 t 2  r 2  r  
2 c 2t 2  r 2


  c 0 I
E kˆ
2 c t  r
2 2 2
 1   10  
Q12. The magnetic field corresponding to the vector potential A  F  r  3 r , where F is
2 r
a constant vector, is
   30   30 
(a) F (b)  F (c) F  4 r (d) F  4 r
r r
Ans. : (a)

   1   
  
 r  
Solution: B    A    F  r  10   3  . Since F is a constant vector, let
2  r 
xˆ yˆ zˆ
  
F  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  , F  r  F0 F0 F0  xˆ  z  y F0  yˆ  z  x F0  zˆ  y  x F0
x y z
xˆ yˆ zˆ
  

 F r   
x

y

z
 xˆF0  F0   yˆ  F0  F0   zˆF0  F0   2 F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ 
z  y F0 x  z F0
 y  x F0
  r
1   
  
   F  r  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ   F ,   3  0 . Thus B  F
2 r
Q13. An electromagnetic wave is incident on a water-air interface. The phase of the
perpendicular component of the electric field, E  , of the reflected wave into the water is
found to remain the same for all angles of incidence. The phase of the magnetic field H
(a) does not change (b) changes by 3 / 2
(c) changes by  / 2 (d) changes by 
Ans. : (d)
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Q14. The magnetic field at a distance R from a long straight wire carrying a steady current I
is proportional to
(a) IR (b) I / R 2 (c) I 2 / R 2 (d) I / R
Ans. : (d)
Q15. Which of the following questions is Lorentz invariant?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) E  B (b) E  B (c) E  B (d) E B
Ans. : (b)
Q16. Charges Q, Q and 2Q are placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of
sides of length a , as shown in the figure. The dipole moment of this configuration of
charges, irrespective of the choice of origin, is - 2Q
ĵ C
(a)  2aQ iˆ a
a
(b)  3aQ ˆj
A B
Q a Q
(c)  3aQ ˆj
(d) 0 iˆ
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let coordinates of A is (l, m), then
 a   3a  ˆ 
 
   
p  qi ri   Q liˆ  mˆj  Q l  a iˆ  mˆj  2Q  l  iˆ   m   j
2  
 2  

      

p  Q liˆ  mˆj  Q l  a iˆ  mˆj  Q 2l  a iˆ  2m  3a ˆj  p   3aQˆj
mr
Q17. The vector potential A due to a magnetic moment m at a point r is given by A  .
r3
If m is directed along the positive z -axis, the x - component of the magnetic field, at the
point r , is
3myz 3mxy 3mxz 3mz 2  xy 
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
r5 r5 r5 r5
Ans. : (c)

Solution: m  mzˆ and
   m
 
 
B    A  3 2 cos rˆ  sin ˆ  3 3m  rˆ rˆ  m
r r
1
 1  
 xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ  r  3mxz
B  3 3mzˆ     mzˆ   Bx  5
r   r r  r
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NET/JRF -(DEC-2012)
Q18. Three charges are located on the circumference of a circle of radius R as shown in the
figure below. The two charges Q subtend an angle 900 at the centre Q Q
of the circle. The charge q is symmetrically placed with respect to
the charges Q . If the electric field at the centre of the circle is zero,
what is the magnitude of Q ?
q
(a) q / 2 (b) 2q (c) 2q (d) 4q
Ans. : (a)
1 Q 1 q
Solution: E1  E 2  and E3 
4 0 R 2
4 0 R 2
q
Resultant of E1 and E 2 is E  E12  E 22  2E1 , Thus E3  E  Q 
2
Q19. Consider a hollow charged shell of inner radius a and outer radius b . The volume
k
charge density is  r   ( k is constant) in the region a  r  b . The magnitude of the
r2
electric field produced at distance r  a is
k b  a 
(a) for all r  a ,
 0r 2
k b  a  kb
(b) for a  r  b and for r  b
 0r 2
 0r 2
k r  a  k b  a 
(c) for a  r  b and for r  b
 0r 2
 0r 2
k r  a  k b  a 
(d) for a  r  b and for r  b
 0a 2
 0r 2
Ans. : (c)
  1 1 1 k
Solution: For r  a :  E.da  E (4 r 2 )  Qenc    dV   2 r sin  drd d
2
0 0 0 r
4 k r 4 k  k ra
E (4 r 2 )  a dr  (r  a)  E   rˆ
0 0  0  r 2 
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4 k b 4 k  k  ba 
For r  b : E 4 r 2  a dr  (b  a)  E   rˆ
0 0  0  r 2 
Q20. Consider the interference of two coherent electromagnetic waves whose electric field
 
vectors are given by E1  iÊ 0 cos  t and E 2  ˆjE 0 cos t    where  is the phase
0
difference. The intensity of the resulting wave is given by E 2 , where E 2 is the
2
time average of E 2 . The total intensity is
(a) 0 (b)  0 E 02 (c)  0 E 02 sin 2  (d)  0 E 02 cos 2 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since waves are polarized in perpendicular direction hence there will be no
interference.
Q21. Four charges (two  q and two q ) are kept fixed at the four vertices of a square of side
a as shown. At the point P which is at a distance R from the centre  R  a  , the

q q
potential is proportional to
(a) 1/ R (b) 1/ R 2 a R P
(c) 1/ R 3
(d) 1/ R 4
q q
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Given configuration is quadrupole.
Q22. A point charges q of mass m is kept at a distance d below a grounded infinite
conducting sheet which lies in the xy - plane. For what value of d will the charge
remains stationary?
(a) q / 4 mg 0 (b) q / mg 0
(c) There is no finite value of d (d) mg 0 / q
Ans. : (a)
Solution: There is attractive force between point charge q and grounded conducting sheet that
1q2 q
can be calculate from method of images i.e.  mg  d 
4 0 2d  2
4 mg 0
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Q23. An infinite solenoid with its axis of symmetry along the z -direction carries a steady
current I .
 ẑ
The vector potential A at a distance R from the axis
(a) is constant inside and varies as R outside the solenoid
R
(b) varies as R inside and is constant outside the solenoid
1
(c) varies as inside and as R outside the solenoid
R
1
(d) varies as R inside and as outside the solenoid
R
Ans. : (d)
Q24. Consider an infinite conducting sheet in the xy -plane with a time dependent current
density Kt iˆ , where K is a constant. The vector potential at  x, y , z  is given

0 K 
by A  ct  z 2 iˆ . The magnetic field B is
4c
 0 Kt ˆ  0 Kz ˆ 0 K 0 K
(a) j (b)  j (c)  ct  z iˆ (d)  ct  z  ˆj
2 2c 2c 2c
Ans. : (d)
Ax  K
Solution: B    A  yˆ =  0 ct  z  ˆj
z 2c

Q25. When a charged particle emits electromagnetic radiation, the electric field E and the
 1   1 1
Poynting vector S  E  B at a larger distance r from emitter vary as n and m
0 r r
respectively. Which of the following choices for n and m are correct?
(a) n  1 and m  1 (b) n  2 and m  2
(c) n  1 and m  2 (d) n  2 and m  4
Ans. : (c)
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Q26. A particle of charge e and mass m is located at the midpoint of the line joining two fixed
collinear dipoles with unit charges as shown in the figure. (The particle is constrained to
move only along the line joining the dipoles). Assuming that the length of the dipoles is
much shorter than their separation, the natural frequency of oscillation of the particle is
R R
  e, m  
2d 2d
6eR 2 6eR 6ed 2 6ed

(a) (b) (c) (d)
 0 md 5  0 md 4  0 mR 5  0 mR 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let us displace the charge particle by small R R
amount x at A . Then the resultant electric field at
x
point A is given by   
 e, m A
2p  1 1  6d
E   3 
 x, 2d 2d
4 0  R  x  3
R  x    0 R 4
6ed k 6ed
F  eE   x . Then,    (where p  1 2d  2d )
 0 R 4
m  0 mR 4
Q27. A current I is created by a narrow beam of protons moving in vacuum with constant
 
velocity u . The direction and magnitude, respectively of the Poynting vector S outside the
beam at a radial distance r (much larger than the width of the beam) from the axis, are
   I2    I2
(a) S  u and S   (b) S ||  u  and S  
4 2  0 u r 2 4 2  0 u r 4
   I2    I2
(c) S || u and S   (d) S || u and S  
4 2  0 u r 2 4 2  0 u r 4
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: Let charge per unit length be  , hence I   u in z -direction.

0 I ˆ
The magnetic field at a distance r is B  .
2r
 I
The electric field at a distance r is E  rˆ  rˆ .
2 0 r 2 0 ur
EB I2
Hence Poynting vector S   zˆ
0 4 2  0 ur 2

Q28. If the electric and magnetic fields are unchanged when the potential A changes (in
  
suitable units) according to A  A  r̂ , where r  r t r̂ , then the scalar potential  must
simultaneously change to
(a)   r (b)   r (c)    r /  t (d)    r /  t
Ans. : (c)
Solution: A  A    A  rˆ    /  r  1    r  C
V  V   / t V   r / t
Q29. Consider an axially symmetric static charge distribution of the form,
2
r 
   0  0  e  r / r0 cos 2 
r
The radial component of the dipole moment due to this charge distribution is
(a) 2 0 r04 (b)  0 r04 (c)  0 r04 (d)  0 r04 / 2
Ans. : (a)
2
r 
Solution: p   r  r d      r    0  0  e  r  / r0 cos 2   r  2 sin dr dd
V  r 
  2
 dr  sin  d  cos 2  d  20 r04

 r  / r0
p r 0 0
2
r e
r  0 0 0
Q30. The components of a vector potential A   A0 , A1 , A2 , A3  are given by
A  k  xyz, yzt , zxt , xyt 
where k is a constant. The three components of the electric field are

(a) k  yz, zx, xy  (b) k  x, y, z  (c) 0, 0, 0  (d) k  xt , yt , zt 
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: A   , Ax , Ay , Az     kxyz, Ax  kyzt , Ay  kzxt , Az  kxyt

A
Since   k  yzxˆ  xzyˆ  xyzˆ  and  k  yzxˆ  xzyˆ  xyzˆ 
t

 A
E     k  yzxˆ  xzyˆ  xyzˆ   k  yzxˆ  xzyˆ  xyzˆ   0  E  0,0,0 
t
Q31. An oscillating current I t   I 0 exp it  flows in the direction of the y -axis through a
thin metal sheet of area 1.0 cm 2 kept in the xy -plane. The rate of total energy radiated
per unit area from the surfaces of the metal sheet at a distance of 100 m is
(a) I 0 / 12 0 c 3  (b) I 02 2 / 12 0 c 3 
(c) I 02 3 / 12 0 c 3  (d) I 02 4 / 12 0c 3 
Ans. : (d)
NET/JRF -(DEC-2013)
Q32. A horizontal metal disc rotates about the vertical axis in a uniform magnetic field
pointing up as shown in the figure. A circuit is made by connecting one end A of a
resistor to the centre of the disc and the other end B to its edge through a sliding contact.
The current that flows through the resistor is
B
A B
(a) zero (b) DC from A to B

(c) DC from B to A (d) AC
Ans. : (b)
Q33. The force between two long and parallel wires carrying currents I 1 and I 2 and separated
by a distance D is proportional to
(b) I 1  I 2  / D (c) I 1 I 2 / D 
2
(a) I 1 I 2 / D (d) I 1 I 2 / D 2
Ans. : (a)
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Q34. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by


E  E 0 cos 0.3x  0.4 y  1000t kˆ .

The associated magnetic field B is
(a) 10 3 E 0 cos 0.3 x  0.4 y  1000t kˆ

(b) 10 4 E 0 cos 0.3 x  0.4 y  1000t  4iˆ  3 ˆj
(c) E cos 0.3 x  0.4 y  1000t 0.3iˆ  0.4 ˆj 
0
(d) 10 E cos 0.3 x  0.4 y  1000t 3iˆ  4 ˆj 

2
0
Ans. : (b)

Solution: k    0.3xˆ  0.4 yˆ  ,   1000 
kE
 0.3 xˆ  0.4 yˆ   E 0 cos 0.3x  0.4 y  1000t kˆ
1
B 
 
 B  10 4 E 0 cos 0.3x  0.4 y  1000t  4iˆ  3 ˆj  
Q35. A point charge q is placed symmetrically at a distance d from two perpendicularly
placed grounded conducting infinite plates as shown in the figure. The net force on the
charge (in units of 1 / 4 0 ) is
q
(a)
q2
8d 2
 
2 2  1 away from the corner
d
d
(b)
q2
8d 2
 
2 2  1 towards the corner
q2
(c) towards the corner
2 2d 2
3q 2 F3
(d) away from the corner d d
8d 2 q q
Ans. : (b) F1
F2 d
q2 q2
Solution: F 1  F 2  k and F 3  k
4d 2 8d 2 d
q 2 q q
Resultant of F 1 , F 2 is F12  F12  F22  2 2k . 2d
8d 2
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Net force F  k
q2
8d 2
 
2 2  1 (towards the corner)
Q36. If the electrostatic potential V r ,  ,   in a charge free region has the form
V  r ,  ,    f  r  cos  , then the functional form of f r  (in the following a and b are
constants) is:
b b b r
(a) ar 2  (b) ar  (c) ar  (d) a ln 
r r2 r b
Ans. : (b)
1   V  1   V  1   2V 
Solution:  V  2  r 2  2  sin   2 2  2 0
2
r r  r  r sin      r sin    
1   2 f  1 
 r cos    2 sin  f    sin     0
r r  r  r sin  
2
cos   2 2 f f  f
  r 2  2r   2  2sin  cos    0
r2  r r  r sin 
2 f f
 r2  2r  2 f  r   0
r
2
r
b
f r   ar  satisfy the above equation.
r2
Q37. Let four point charges q,  q / 2, q and  q / 2 be placed at the vertices of a square of
side a . Let another point charge  q be placed at the centre of the square (see the figure).
q/2 q
q
q q/2
Let V r  be the electrostatic potential at a point P at a distance r  a from the centre
of the square. Then V 2r  / V r  is
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8
Ans. : (d)
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q q
Solution: According to multipole expansion Qmono   q qq 0
2 2
 q q  q q q   q q  qq q 
p  q  xˆ  yˆ     xˆ  yˆ   0  q   xˆ  yˆ    xˆ  yˆ   0
2 2  2 2 2   2 2  22 2 
1 V 2r  1
Thus, V    .
r 3
V r  8
Q38.    
Let V , A and V , A denote two sets of scalar and vector potentials, and  is a scalar
function. Which of the following transformations leave the electric and magnetic fields
(and hence Maxwell’s equations) unchanged?
 
(a) A  A   and V   V  (b) A  A   and V   V  2
t t
 
(c) A  A   and V   V  (d) A  A   and V   V 
t t
Ans. : (a)
JRF/NET–(JUNE-2014)

Q39. A time-dependent current I t   Ktzˆ (where K is a constant) is switched on at t  0 in
an infinite current-carrying wire. The magnetic vector potential at a perpendicular
distance a from the wire is given (for time t  a / c ) by
 0 K c t a  K
2 2 2
ct
ct  a 2  z 2 t
4 c  c t  a  dz a
(a) zˆ dz (b) zˆ 0
2 2 a 2  z 2 1 / 2
2
4  ct
2
 z2  1/ 2
c 2t 2  a 2
 K ct ct  a 2  z 2  K t
(c) zˆ 0  dz (d) zˆ 0  dz
4 c ct a 2  z 2 1 / 2 4  c 2t 2  a 2 a 2
 z2 
1/ 2
Ans. : (a)
  
I  tr  0 
K t  R / c  I
Solution: A  zˆ 0
4 

R
dz  zˆ
4 

R
dz
dz
z R
 0 K c t  a
2 2 2
ct  a 2  z 2
4 c  c2t 2 a2
 A  zˆ dz
  P
1/2
a2  z2 a
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Q40. A current i p flows through the primary coil of a transformer. The graph of i p t  as a
function of time t is shown in the figure below.

i p t 
1 2 3 t
Which of the following graphs represents the current i S in the secondary coil?
is  t  is  t 
(a) (b)
1 2 3 t
1 2 3 t
is  t  is  t 
(c) (d)
1 2 3t
1 2 3t
Ans. : (c)
di p
Solution: is  
dt
Q41. If the electrostatic potential in spherical polar coordinates is
 r    0 e  r / r
0
where  0 and r0 are constants, then the charge density at a distance r  r0 will be
 0 0 e 0 0  0 0 2e 0 0
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
er 0
2
2r02 er 0
2
r02
Ans. : (a)

Solution:   2       0   2 
0
1   2   1   2 0  r / r0  1 0  2  r / r0
 2  2 r  2 r  e
r r  r  r r  r0
 2
r r r
r e  
 0
1 0  2 1  r / r0    1 2 
  2   r   e  2re  r / r0    0   e  r / r0  e  r / r0 
r r0 
2
r0  r0  r0 r 
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0  1
2 1  0  0  0 0
At a distance r  r0 ,  2    e  e    2     0   2   2
1
r0  r0 r0  r0 e  r0 e  r0 e

Q42. If A  yziˆ  zxˆj  xykˆ and C is the circle of unit radius in the plane defined by z  1 ,
 
with the centre on the z - axis, then the value of the integral  A  d  is
C
 
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 0
2 4
Ans. : (d)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
    
Solution:   A   iˆ  x  x   ˆj  y  y   kˆ  z  z   0
x y z
yz zx xy
    

Since  A  d      A  d a  0
C

S
Q43. Consider an electromagnetic wave at the interface between two homogenous dielectric
media of dielectric constants  1 and  2 . Assuming  2   1 and no charges on the surface,
 
the electric field vector E and the displacement vector D in the two media satisfy the
following inequalities
       
(a) E 2  E1 and D2  D1 (b) E 2  E1 and D2  D1
       
(c) E 2  E1 and D2  D1 (d) E 2  E1 and D2  D1
Ans. : (c)
Q44. A charge  e  is placed in vacuum at the point d ,0,0  , where d  0 . The region x  0
d 
is filled uniformly with a metal. The electric field at the point  ,0,0  is
2 
10e 10e
(a)  1, 0, 0 (b) 1, 0, 0
9 0 d 2
9 0 d 2
e e
(c) 1, 0, 0 (d)  1, 0, 0
 0 d 2  0 d 2
Ans. : (b)

Solution: E

d
E
2 P
x
e d 0 d e
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1 e 1 4e 1 e 1 4e
E   and E  
4 0  3d / 2  2
4 0 9d 2
4 0  d / 2  2
4 0 d 2
Thus resultant electric field at point P is

1 4e 1 4e 1 40e 1 10e  1 10e
E  E  E      E xˆ
4 0 9d 2
4 0 d 2
4 0 9d 2
9 0 d 2
9 0 d 2
Q45. A beam of light of frequency  is reflected from a dielectric-metal interface at normal
incidence. The refractive index of the dielectric medium is n and that of the metal is
n 2  n1  i  . If the beam is polarised parallel to the interface, then the phase change
experienced by the light upon reflection is
(a) tan 2 /   (b) tan 1 1 /   (c) tan 1 2 /   (d) tan 1 2  
Ans. : (c)
 1     v c/n
Solution: Since E 0 R    E0 I where   1   1  i
 1  
 v 2 c / n 1  i  
 i      ei /2     i /2   

 E0 R   E     
E e E0 I where tan   .
  4  e   4  
 2  i 
0 I i 0 I

2
 
2
 2
2 2
Thus phase change     / 2     tan   cot      tan 1  
 
Q46. A thin, infinitely long solenoid placed along the z - axis contains a magnetic flux  .
Which of the following vector potentials corresponds to the magnetic field at an arbitrary
point x, y, z  ?
   
(a) Ax , Ay , Az    
y x
, ,0 
 2 x  y 2 x  y
2 2 2 2

   
(b) Ax , Ay , Az    
y x
, ,0 
 2 x  y  z 2 x  y  z
2 2 2 2 2 2

  x y  x y 
(c) Ax , Ay , Az     , ,0 
 2 x  y 2 x  y
2 2 2 2

   
(d) Ax , Ay , Az    
x y
, ,0 
 2 x  y 2 x  y
2 2 2 2

Ans. : (a)
  
Solution: B    A  0
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Q47. An electromagnetically-shielded room is designed so that at a frequency   10 7 rad/s

the intensity of the external radiation that penetrates the room is 1% of the incident
 10 6 m  is the conductivity of the shielding material, its

1 1
radiation. If  
2
minimum thickness should be (given that ln 10  2.3 )
(a) 4.60 mm (b) 2.30 mm (c) 0.23 mm (d) 0.46 mm
Ans. : (b)
1  I0 
Solution: I  I 0 e 2 z  z 
2  I 
ln
I0  1 1
where  100,     106  4  107  107  103
I 2 2 2
1
z ln 100   2.30 mm
2  103
Q48. A charged particle is at a distance d from an infinite conducting plane maintained at zero
potential. When released from rest, the particle reaches a speed u at a distance d / 2 from
the plane. At what distance from the plane will the particle reach the speed 2u ?
(a) d / 6 (b) d / 3 (c) d / 4 (d) d / 5
Ans. : (d) x
d x
2
1 q d x2
A2
q 2
Solution: F  ma  m   2   2 where A  . P q
dt 2
4 0 4d 2
dt x 16 m 0
d
dv A dv A dx 1 d 2 d  A

dt
 2 v
x dt
 2
x dt

2 dt
v   
dt  x 
  0
v2 A A 1 1 d
   C at  x  d , v  0  C    v  2 A    .
2 x d x d q
 1 1 2A 1 1 d
Thus u  2 A    then 2u  2 A     x 
d /2 d  d x d 5
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NET/JRF–(DEC-2014)
Q49. A charged particle moves in a helical path under the influence of a constant
magnetic field. The initial velocity is such that the component along the
magnetic field is twice the component in the plane normal to the magnetic l
field.
The ratio  / R of the pitch  to the radius R of the helical path is 2R
(a)  / 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: v  2v
2 R 2 R l
Pitch of the helix l  vT  v  2v  4 R   4
v v R
Q50. A parallel beam of light of wavelength  is incident normally on a thin polymer film
with air on both sides. If the film has a refractive index n  1 , then second-order bright
fringes can be observed in reflection when the thickness of the film is
(a)  / 4n (b)  / 2n (c) 3 / 4n (d)  / n
Ans. : (c)

Solution: For constructive interference: 2nd cos    2m  1
2
For normal incidence   0  and second order  m  1
 3
 2nd cos 0   2 1  1 d 
2 4n
Q51. A solid sphere of radius R has a charge density, given by
 ar 
 r    0 1  
 R
where r is the radial coordinate and  0 , a and R are positive constants. If the
magnitude of the electric field at r  R / 2 is 1.25 times that at r  R , then the value of a
is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1 / 2 (d) 1 / 4
Ans. : (b)
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r
  1  1  ar 
 E .d a  Qenc  E  4 r 2   1   4 r dr
2
Solution:
S
0 0 0
0
 R
40  2 ar 3  4 0  r 3 ar 4  0  r ar 2 
 r 
 0 0 
 E  4 r  r 
2
 dr     E    
R   0  3 4R   0  3 4R 
0  R / 2 aR 2 / 4  0  R aR 2 
 Er  R / 2  1.25 Er  R      1.25   
0  3 4R   0  3 4R 
 1 a  5  1 a   1 a   5 5a  5a a 5 1
            
 6 16  4  3 4   6 16   12 16  16 16 12 6
4a 5  2 a 3
     a 1
16 12 4 12
Q52. The electrostatic lines of force due to a system of four point charges
is sketched here. At large distance r , the leading asymptotic
behaviour of the electrostatic potential is proportional to
(a) r (b) r 1
(c) r 2 (d) r 3
Ans. : (d)
1
Solution: The given electrostatic line of force is due to a quadrupole. So V  .
r3
Q53. A plane electromagnetic wave incident normally on the surface of a material is partially
reflected. Measurements on the standing wave in the region in front of the interface such
that the ratio of the electric field amplitude at the maxima and the minima is 5. The ratio
of the reflected intensity to the incident intensity is
(a) 4 / 9 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 2 / 5 (d) 1 / 5
Ans. : (a)
E0 I  E0 R E 2
Solution:  5  E0 I  E0 R  5  E0 I  E0 R   6 E0 R  4 E0 I  0 R 
E0 I  E0 R E0 I 3
2
I E  4
 R   0R  
I I  E0 I  9
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
Q54. A non-relativistic particle of mass m and charge e , moving with a velocity v and

acceleration a , emits radiation of intensity I . What is the intensity of the radiation
 
emitted by a particle of mass m / 2 , charge 2e , velocity v / 2 and acceleration 2a ?
(a) 16 I (b) 8 I (c) 4 I (d) 2 I
Ans. : (a)
q 2 a 2 sin 2  I 2 q22 a22 I 2 4e 2  4a 2
Solution:  I       16  I 2  16 I
r2 I1 q12 a12 I e2 a 2
Q55. A Plane electromagnetic wave is travelling along the positive z -direction. The maximum
electric field along the x - direction is 10 V / m . The approximate maximum values of the
power per unit area and the magnetic induction B , respectively, are
(a) 3.3  107 watts / m 2 and 10 tesla
(b) 3.3  107 watts / m 2 and 3.3  108 tesla
(c) 0.265 watts / m 2 and 10 tesla
(d) 0.265 watts / m 2 and 3.3 108 tesla

Ans. (d)
P 1 1
 c 0 E02   3 108  8.86 1012  10   0.132 W / m 2
2
Solution: E0  10V / m, I 
A 2 2
E0 10
B0    3.3  108 Tesla
c 3 10 8
 
Q56.    
Which of the following transformations V , A  V ', A ' of the electrostatic potential

V and the vector potential A is a gauge transformation?
   

(a) V   V  ax, A  A  at kˆ  
(b) V   V  ax, A  A  at kˆ 
   

(c) V   V  ax, A  A  at iˆ  
(d) V   V  ax, A  A  at iˆ 
Ans. (d)
 
Solution: V   V     ax    axt  c
t t
  
   atiˆ  0 . Thus, A  A  atxˆ
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Q57. Suppose the yz -plane forms a chargeless boundary between two media of permittivities
left and right where left :right  1: 2 , if the uniform electric field on the left is
 
 
Eleft  c iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (where c is a constant), then the electric field on the right Eright is

(a) c 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  
(b) c iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ 
1   1 1 
(c) c  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  (d) c  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
2   2 2 
Ans. (c) y
1 2
 
Solution: E1  c ˆj  kˆ  E2
1 
D1  D2 1 E1 2 E2  E21  E1
2 x
1 ˆ  1 
 E2  ci  E2  c  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
2 2  z
Q58. A proton moves with a speed of 300 m / s in a circular orbit in the xy -plan in a magnetic
field 1 tesla along the positive z - direction. When an electric field of 1 V / m is applied
along the positive y -direction, the center of the circular orbit
(a) remains stationary
(b) moves at 1 m / s along the negative x  direction
(c) moves at 1 m / s along the positive z  direction
(d) moves at 1 m / s along the positive x  direction
z
Ans. (d)

Solution: Change particle will deflect in  x -direction with B
E 1 y
v  1 m/ s . 
B 1 E
x
Q59. Consider a rectangular wave guide with transverse dimensions 2 m  1 m driven with an
angular frequency   109 rad / s . Which transverse electric TE  modes will propagate
in this wave guide?

(a) TE10 , TE01 and TE20 (b) TE01 , TE11 and TE20
(c) TE01 , TE10 and TE11 (d) TE01 , TE10 and TE22
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Ans. (a)
m2 n2
Solution: mn  C 
a 2 b2
c 3 108  3.14
10    4.71 108 rod / sec
a 2
c 3 108  3.14
01    9.42 108 rod / sec
b 1
1 1
11  c  2  10.53 108 rod / sec
a b
2
2c
20   9.72 108 rod / sec
a
4 4
22  c  2  10.5  108 rod / sec
a b
2
Since   10 , 01 , 20
Q60. The electric and magnetic fields in the charge free region z  0 are given by
 
E  r , t   E0 e  k1z cos  k2 x  t  ˆj
  E
B  r , t   0 e  k1z  k1 sin  k2 x  t  iˆ  k2 cos  k2 x  t  kˆ 
  
where  , k1 and k2 are positive constants. The average energy flow in the x -direction is
E02 k2 2 k1z E02 k2 E02 k1 2 k1z 1
(a) e (b) e 2 k1z (c) e (d) c 0 E02 e 2 k1 z
20 0 20 2
Ans. (a)
 1   E 2 e 2 k1 z 
Solution: S 
0

EB  0
0  1
  
k cos  sin   kˆ  k2 cos 2  iˆ  , where   k2 x  t

 k E 2 e 2 k1 z E02 k2 2 k1 z
 S  2 0  e
2 0 20
Q61. A uniform magnetic field in the positive z -direction passes through a circular wire loop
of radius 1 cm and resistance 1  lying in the xy -plane. The field strength is reduced
from 10 tesla to 9 tesla in 1s . The charge transferred across any point in the wire is
approximately
(a) 3.1104 coulomb (b) 3.4 104 coulomb
(c) 4.2 104 coulomb (d) 5.2  104 coulomb
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Ans. (a)
d dq  1 d A  r 2
Solution:    I     dq   dB  dB
dt dt R R dt R R
 
2
3.14  102
 dq   1  3.14  104 coulomb
1
Q62. A rod of length L carries a total charge Q distributed uniformly. If this is observed in a
frame moving with a speed v along the rod, the charge per unit length (as measured by
the moving observer) is
Q  v2  Q v2 Q Q
(a) 1  2  (b) 1 2 (c) (d)
L c  L c v2  v2 
L 1 L 1  2 
c2  c 
Ans. : (c)
0 Q
Solution:   
v2
v2
1 L 1
c2 c2
NET/JRF–(DEC-2015)
Q63. A hollow metallic sphere of radius a , which is kept at a potential V0 has a charge Q at its
centre. The potential at a point outside the sphere, at a distance r from the centre, is
Q Va Q V a2 V0 a
(a) V0 (b)  0 (c)  02 (d)
4 0 r r 4 0 r r r
Ans. : (d)
Q
Solution: Let charge on conductor is Q , then V0 
4 0 a
Q Va
Now V V  0
4 0 r r
Q64. Consider a charge Q at the origin of 3 - dimensional coordinate system. The
flux of the electric field through the curved surface of a cone that has a height
h
h and a circular base of radius R (as shown in the figure) is
R Q
Q Q hQ QR
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 2 0 R 0 2h 0
Ans. : (b)
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Q65. Given a uniform magnetic field B  B0 kˆ (where B0 is a constant), a possible choice for
the magnetic vector potential A is
(a) B0 yiˆ (b)  B0 yiˆ 

(c) B0 xjˆ  yiˆ  
(d) B0 xiˆ  yjˆ 
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: (a)   A   B0 kˆ
 
(b)   A  B0 kˆ
 
(c)   A  0
 
(d)   A  0
Q66. A beam of unpolarized light in a medium with dielectric constant 1 is reflected from a
plane interface formed with another medium of dielectric constant 2  3 1 . The two
media have identical magnetic permeability. If the angle of incidence is 600 , then the
reflected light
(a) is plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence
(b) is plane polarized parallel to the plane of incidence
(c) is circularly polarized
(d) has the same polarization as the incident light
Ans. : (a)
n  I
Solution:  B  tan 1  2 
1
 n1 
2
 2 
 B  tan 1 
  
  tan
1
3  
 1
  B  600 (hence reflected light is plane polarized perpendicular to plane of incidence))
Q67. A small magnetic needle is kept at  0, 0  with its moment along the x -axis. Another
small magnetic needle is at the point 1,1 and is free to rotate in the xy - plane. In
equilibrium the angle  between their magnetic moments is such that

1
(a) tan   (b) tan   0 (c) tan   3 (d) tan   1
3
Ans. : (c)
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0      mm
Solution: U   m  m2  3  m1  rˆ  m2  rˆ    U  0 1 3 2 cos   3cos 450 cos   450  
3  1
4 r 4 r  
For stable position energy is minimum i.e.
 r̂ y
 mm m2
U  

0 0 132
4 r   sin  
3
 
sin   450   0 r
 2  
450 x

3  sin  cos   m1
 sin       tan   3
2 2 2 
so, option (c) is correct .

Q68. A dipole of moment p , oscillating at frequency  , radiates spherical waves. The vector
potential at large distance is
   eikr 
A  r   0 i p
4 r
1  
To order   the magnetic field B at a point r  rnˆ is
r
0  2  eikr 0  2  eikr
(a)    nˆ
n
ˆ  p (b)   n
ˆ  p 
4 C r 4 C r
0 2   eikr  0  2  eikr
(c)   k  nˆ  p  p (d)  p
4 r 4 C r
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: Let p  pzˆ , then B must be in ˆ direction.

Check nˆ  p  rˆ  zˆ  ˆ . So, correct option is (b).
Q69. The frequency dependent dielectric constant of a material is given by
A
    1  2
0   2  i
where A is a positive constant, 0 is the resonant frequency and  is the damping
coefficient. For an electromagnetic wave of angular frequency   0 , which of the

following is true? (Assume that  1 ).
0
(a) There is negligible absorption of the wave
(b) The wave propagation is highly dispersive
(c) There is strong absorption of the electromagnetic wave
(d) The group velocity and the phase velocity will have opposite sign
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: When   0 , there is negligible absorption of the wave.
Q70. Four equal charges of Q , each are kept at the vertices of a square of side R . A particle
of mass m and charge Q is placed in the plane of the square at a short distance
a   R  from the centre. If the motion of the particle is confined to the plane, it will
undergo small oscillations with an angular frequency
Q2 Q2
(a) (b)
2 0 R 3 m  0 R 3m
2Q 2 Q2
(c) (d)
 0 R 3 m 4 0 R 3m
Ans. : (c)
kQ Q Q
Solution: E1  E2   
 R  R2 
2
E2 E1 y
 a    
 2 4 
a x
Resultant field E12, y  2 E1 cos 
R /2
2kQ  R 2kQ  R
E12, y  a    a   Q R /2 Q
 2  2
3 3
 R  R2 
2 2  R2  2
 a      
 2 4   2 
4 2kQ  R
E12, y  a  
R 3
 2
Q R /2 Q
kQ R
Similarly; E3  E4   2 a
 R  R 
2 2
  a     
 2  4  E3 a E4
2kQ R 
Resultant E34, y  2 E3 cos    a
2 
3
 R  R 
2 2 2
  a    Q Q
 2  4 
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4 2kQ  R 
 E34, y    a
R 3
2 
4 2kQ  R  R  8 2kQ
Resultant E     a     a    a
R 3
 2  2  R3
8 2 1 2 2Q
E  Qa  E   a
R 3
4 0  0 R 3
2 2Q 2 2 2Q 2
 F  QE   a
 0 R 3  0 mR 3
Q71. Two parallel plate capacitors, separated by distances x and 1.1x respectively, have a
dielectric material of dielectric constant 3.0 inserted between the plates and are
connected to a battery of voltage V . The difference in charge on the second capacitor
compared to the first is
(a) 66% (b) 20% (c) 3.3% (d) 10%
Ans. : (d)
3 0 A 3 A
Solution: Q1  C1V1  V , Q2  C2V2  0 V
x 1.1x
 1  3 A
  1  0 V
Q2  Q1 x
 100%  
1.1 
 100  9%
Q1 3  A
0
V
x
Q72. The half space region x  0 and x  0 are filled with dielectric
x0 x0
media of dielectric constants 1 and  2 respectively. There is a 2 1 
uniform electric field in each part. In the right half, the electric field 1 E1
makes an angle 1 to the interface. The corresponding angle  2 in

the left half satisfies 2
(a) 1 sin  2   2 sin 1 (b) 1 tan  2   2 tan 1 
E2
(c) 1 tan 1   2 tan  2 (d) 1 sin 1   2 sin  2
Ans. : (c)
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E1
tan 1 E E 
Solution:  1  1
tan  2 E2 E2
 E 
1  E2 

E2
E1  2 tan 1  2
D1  D2  1 E1   2 E2      1 tan 1   2 tan  2
E2 1

tan  2 1
Q73. The x - and z -components of a static magnetic field in a region are Bx  B0 x 2  y 2  

and Bz  0 , respectively. Which of the following solutions for its y -component is
consistent with the Maxwell equations?
(a) By  B0 xy (b) By  2 B0 xy
1 

(c) By   B0 x 2  y 2  (d) By  B0  x3  xy 2 
3 
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: Bx  B0 x 2  y 2 , Bz  0
  B By Bz By B

  B  0  x   0   x  2 B0 x  By  2 B0 xy
x y z y x
Q74. A magnetic field B is Bzˆ in the region x  0 and zero elsewhere. A rectangular loop, in
the xy -plane, of sides l (along the x -direction) and h (along the y - direction) is
inserted into the x  0 region from the x  0 region at constant velocity v  vxˆ . Which of
the following values of l and h will generate the largest EMF?
(a) l  8, h  3 (b) l  4, h  6 (c) l  6, h  4 (d) l  12, h  2
Ans. : (b) z
Solution: m  Bhx h
l
 dm v
  Bvh  h
dt y
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Q75. Consider a sphere S1 of radius R which carries a uniform charge

S2
R
of density  . A smaller sphere S2 of radius a  is cut out and S1 P
2 
b 
removed from it. The centres of the two spheres are separated by r
 nRˆ
the vector b  , as shown in the figure. The electric field at a
2
point P inside S2 is
R R  R a 
(a) nˆ (b)  r  na
ˆ  (c) nˆ (d) r
3 0 3 0 a 6 0 3 0 R
Ans. : (c)
  
Solution: Electric field at P due to S1 is E1  r
3 0 S2
   S1 
Electric field at P due to S2 (assume   ) is E2  r r
3 0 
   b  P
        
Thus E  E1  E2   r  r  ;  b  r  r  r  r  b r
3 0
   R   R 
E b nˆ  b  nˆ 
3 0 6 0  2 
Q76. The value of the electric and magnetic fields in a particular reference frame (in Gaussian
units) are E  3xˆ  4 yˆ and B  3 zˆ respectively. An inertial observer moving with respect
to this frame measures the magnitude of the electric field to be E   4 . The magnitude of
the magnetic field B measured by him is
(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 0 (d) 1

Ans. : (c)
Solution:  E 2  B 2  E 2  B2  constant   9  16   9  16  B2  B  0
Q77. A loop of radius a , carrying a current I , is placed in a uniform magnetic field B . If the
 
normal to the loop is denoted by n̂ , the force F and the torque T on the loop are
     
(a) F  0 and T   a 2 I n̂ B (b) F  0 I  B
4
        1 
(c) F  0 I  B and T  I nˆ  B (d) F  0 and T  IB
4  0 0
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Ans. : (a)

Solution: In uniform field F  0
   
Torque T  m  B   a 2 Inˆ  B
Q78. A waveguide has a square cross-section of side 2a . For the TM modes of wave vector k ,
the transverse electromagnetic modes are obtained in terms of a function   x, y  which
obeys the equation

 2 2   2 
 2    2  k 2    x, y   0
 x y  c
2

with the boundary condition    a, y     x,  a   0 . The frequency  of the lowest
mode is given by
 4 2   2 
(a)  2  c 2  k 2  2  (b)  2  c 2  k 2  2 
 a   a 
 2 2   2 2 
(c)   c  k  2 
2 2
(d)   c  k  2 
2 2
 2a   4a 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: c 2 k 2   2  mn
2
  2  c 2 k 2  mn
2
 m2 n2   1 1 
 mn
2
 c 2 2  2  2   112  c 2 2   
a b    2a   2a  
2 2
1 c 2 2 2 2 2 
 112  c 2 2     2
 c  k  
2a 2 2a 2  2a 2 
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NET/JRF -(DEC-2016)
Q79. A screen has two slits, each of width w with their centres at a distance 2 w apart. It is
illuminated by a monochromatic plane wave travelling along the x -axis.
The intensity of the interference pattern, measured on a distant screen, at an angle
n
 to the x -axis is
w
w
(a) zero for n  1, 2,3... 
w x
(b) maximum for n  1, 2,3...
1 3 5 w
(c) maximum for n  , , ...
2 2 2
(d) zero for n  0 only
Ans. : (a)
Solution: maximum for n  0 and zero for n  1, 2,3... .
Q80. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is

E  z , t   E0 cos  kz  t  iˆ  2 E0 sin  kz  t  ˆj
where  and k are positive constants. This represents

(a) a linearly polarised wave travelling in the positive z -direction
(b) a circularly polarised wave travelling in the negative z -direction
(c) an elliptically polarised wave travelling in the negative z -direction
(d) an unpolarised wave travelling in the positive z -direction
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Amplitude along iˆ is E0 and along ĵ is 2 E0 . So resultant wave is elliptically
polarised
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Q81. A conducting circular disc of radius r and resistivity  rotates with an angular velocity
 in a magnetic field B perpendicular to it. A voltmeter is connected as shown in the
figure below. Assuming its internal resistance to be infinite, the reading on the voltmeter
(a) depends on  , B, r and 
B
(b) depends on  , B and r but not on 
(c) is zero because the flux through the loop is not
changing
r V
(d) is zero because a current the flows in the direction
of B
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Force experienced by charge is
  
 
F  q v  B and v  r
Q82. The charge per unit length of a circular wire of radius a in the xy -plane, with its centre at
the origin, is   0 cos  , where 0 is a constant and the angle  is measured from the
positive x -axis. The electric field at the centre of the circle is

 0  0
(a) E   iˆ (b) E  iˆ
4 0  4 0 
 0  0
(c) E   ˆj (d) E  kˆ
4 0  4 0 
Ans. : (a)
y
Solution: At centre O , direction of field is  x̂ . 0
So best option is (a)  0
o x
0
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Q83. A pair of parallel glass plates separated by a distance d is illuminated by white light as
shown in the figure below. Also shown in the graph of the intensity of the reflected light
I as a function of the wavelength  recorded by a spectrometer.
1
spectrometer
0.8
Intensity
partially incident 0.6
reflecting mirror white light 0.4
0.2
0
d air gap 490 500 510 520 530
glass plates    m
Assuming that the interference takes place only between light reflected by the bottom
surface of the top plate and the top surface of bottom plate, the distance d is closest to
(a) 12  m (b) 24  m (c) 60  m (d) 120  m
Ans. : (d)
 1
Solution: For constructive interference of reflected light, 2d cos   n    .
 2
 495 m
First maxima occurs at   495 m ,   00 and n  0 . Thus, d    120 m
4 4
Q84. Suppose that free charges are present in a material of dielectric constant  10 and
resistivity   1011   m . Using Ohm’s law and the equation of continuity for charge, the
1
time required for the charge density inside the material to decay by is closest to
e
(a) 106 S (b) 106 S (c) 1012 S (d) 10 S
Ans. : (d)
t
 8.8 1012  10
0r 1
Solution:  f  t    f  0  e ;   

,  10sec ,  
  10 11

Q85. A particle with charge q moves with a uniform angular velocity  in a circular orbit of
radius a in the xy - plane, around a fixed charge  q , which is at the centre of the orbit at
 0, 0, 0  . Let the intensity of radiation at the point  0, 0, R  be I1 and at  2 R, 0, 0  be ‘ I 2
I2
The ratio for R  a , is
I1
1 1
(a) 4 (b) (c) (d) 8
4 8
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Ans. : (c)
I 2 r13 R3 1
Solution:  3 
I1 r2  2 R  3
8
Q86. A parallel plate capacitor is formed by two circular conducting plates of radius a
separated by a distance d , where d  a . It is being slowly charged by a current that is
nearly constant. At an instant when the current is I , the magnetic induction between the
a
plates at a distance from the centre of the plate, is
2
0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a 2 a a 4 a
Ans. : (d)
  Ir P
Solution: B  0 2 I a
2 a r
 I a
B  0 at r 
4 a 2
Q87. Two uniformly charged insulating solid spheres A and B , both of radius a , carry total
charges Q and Q , respectively. The spheres are placed touching each other as shown
in the figure.    
 A   B 
If the potential at the centre of the sphere A is VA and that at the
   
centre of B is VB then the difference VA  VB is
Q Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 0 a 2 0 a 2 0 a 4 0 a
Ans. : (c)
3Q Q Q
Solution: VA   
8 0 a 4 0  2a  4 0 a
3Q Q Q
VB   
8 0 a 4 0  2a  4 0 a
Q
VA  VB 
2 0 a
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NET/JRF -(JUNE -2017)

Q88. Two long hollow co-axial conducting cylinders of radii R1 and R2  R1  R2  are placed
in vacuum as shown in the figure below.
2 R1 2 R2
The inner cylinder carries a charge   per unit length and the outer cylinder carries a
charge  per unit length. The electrostatic energy per unit length of this system is
2 2
(a)
 0
ln  R2 / R1  (b)
4 0
 R22 / R12 
2 2
(c) ln  R2 / R1  (d) ln  R2 / R1 
4 0 2 0
Ans. : (c)
  
Solution: r  R1 , E1  0 ; R1  r  R2 , E2  rˆ
2 0 r

r  Rz , E3  0
0  Rz 2
W  E 2 dz  0
2 all spce 2 R1 4 2 02 r 2
 2 rldr
W 0 2 R2 1 2 R 
l
 
2 2 02 R1 r
dr  ln  2 
4 0  R1 
Q89. A set of N concentric circular loops of wire, each carrying a steady current I in the
same direction, is arranged in a plane. The radius of the first loop is r1  a and the radius
of the n th loop is given by rn  nrn 1 . The magnitude B of the magnetic field at the centre
of the circles in the limit N   , is

(a) 0 I  e 2  1 / 4 a (b) 0 I  e  1 /  a
(c) 0 I  e 2  1 / 8a (d) 0 I  e  1 / 2a
Ans. : (d)
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0 I  11 1 1
Solution: B      ........ 
2  r1 r2 r3 rn 
r1  a
rn  nrn 1
r1  r0  a , r2  2r1  2a , r3  3r2  3.2a and r4  4r3  4.3.2a
0 I  1 1 1 
B 1     ....... 
2a  2 3.2 4.3.2 
0 I N
1
B  
2a  n 1 n 

xn 
1 
1 
1
e    e    1      e 1
x
n 0 n n 0 n n 1 n n 1 n
 N 1 I
lim     e  1  B  0  e  1
N 
 n l n  2a
Q90. An electromagnetic wave (of wavelength 0 in free space) travels through an absorbing
I
medium with dielectric permittivity given by    R  i I where  3 . If the skin
R
0
depth is , the ratio of the amplitude of electric field E to that of the magnetic field B ,
4
in the medium (in ohms) is
(a) 120  (b) 377 (c) 30 2  (d) 30 
Ans. : (d)
1 0 I 
Solution: d   ,  3
 4 R 
1/ 2
       4 2 4
2
   1           
  
1
2    2 0  0
 
1/ 2
   
2

K  k       1  
2 2

     
 
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E0   1 1
   
B0 K 2  4
1/ 2
   
2
2
2


   1      0
    
 
0 0  2 c / 0 c E c
     0
8 8 4 H0 4
E 4  107  3 108
   30
H0 4

Q91. The vector potential A  ke  at rrˆ (where a and k are constants) corresponding to an

electromagnetic field is changed to A   ke  at rrˆ . This will be a gauge transformation if
the corresponding change     in the scalar potential is
(a) akr 2 e  at (b) 2akr 2 e  at (c)  akr 2 e  at (d) 2akr 2 e  at

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Gauge Transformation
       
A  A   ,       A'  A  2ke at rrˆ    rˆ
t r

   ke at r 2   kae  at r 2
t

  '     kae  at r 2
t
Q92. An electron is decelerated at a constant rate starting from an initial velocity u (where
u  c ) to u / 2 during which it travels a distance s . The amount of energy lost to
radiation is
0 e 2u 2 0 e 2u 2 0 e 2u 0 e 2u
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 mc 2 s 6 mc 2 s 8 mcs 16 mcs
Ans. : (d)
0 q 2 a 2
Solution: Total power radiated P 
6 c
0 e 2 a 2  e2 a 2 u
Total energy radiated in time t is E  P  t  t  0 
6 c 6 c 2a
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 u u 
 v  u  at  2  u  at  t  2a 
0 e2 au
E
12 c
E 2E
Fraction of initial K .E. lost due to radiation  
1
mu 2 mu 2
2
2 0e 2 au 0 e2 a
  
mu 2 12 c 6 mcu
 1 2 u 1 u2 u 2 u 2 3u 2 3u 2 
 s  ut  at  u   a      a 
 2 2a 2 4 a 2 2 a 8a 8a 8s 
0 e2 3u 2  e 2u
   0
6 mcu 8s 16 mcs
Q93. The figure describes the arrangement of slits and S1 S2
screens in a Young’s double slit experiment. The
screen
width of the slit in S1 is a and the slits in S2 are  b
of negligible width.
If the wavelength of the light is  , the value of d
d for which the screen would be dark is
2 2 2
a b a ab ab
(a) b    1 (b)   1 (c)   (d)
 2  2  
Ans. : (d)

Solution: If the path difference Op2  Op1 
2
The minima of the interference pattern produced by O will P1
fall on the maxima produced by O Now
1/ 2 a / 2 O b
 b a 
2
1 b a
2
OP2   d 2      d    a/2 O

  2 2   2d  2 2 
1/ 2 P2
 2  b a 2  1 b a
2
OP1   d      d   
  2 2   2d  2 2 
d
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ab
 OP2  OP1   d  b, a 
2d
 ab ab
Thus  d 
2 2d 
Q94. A constant current I is flowing in a piece of wire that is bent into a loop as shown in the
figure. y
2b
2b a a
2b
2a
2a O x
b b
The magnitude of the magnetic field at the point O is
0 I a 0 I  1 1  0 I  1  0 I  1 
(a) ln   (b)    (c)   (d)  
4 5  b  4 5  a b  4 5  a  4 5  b 
Ans. : (b)
 I
Solution: B  0  sin  2  sin 1  ˆ
4 d
Magnetic field due to left and right segment of 2a
d 1 2
 I  2a 
B2 a  0  
4 a  5a  I
Field due to upper segment of 2a
0 I  a a 
   
4  2a   5a 5a 
0 I 2 0 I 1
Net field B2 a  2    
4 a 5 4 a 5
0 I
B2 a  5  (inward)
4 a
0 I
similarly, B2b  5  (outward)
4 b
0 I 1 1
Net field B  B2 a  B2b  5  
4 a b
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Q95. The charge distribution inside a material of conductivity  and permittivity  at initial
time t  0 is   r , 0   0 , a constant. At subsequent times   r , t  is given by
 t  1    t 
(a) 0 exp    (b) 0 1  exp   
  2    
0 t
(c) (d) 0 cosh
   t  
1  exp    
  
Ans. : (a)
       
Solution: J f   E , .E  f , .J f   f
 E
    
 .E   f  f    f
t t 
     
  f  t   0 exp   f    f  t   0 exp  t
     

Q96. Two point charges 3Q and Q are placed at  0, 0, d  and  0, 0, 2d  respectively,
above an infinite grounded conducting sheet kept in the xy - plane. At a point  0, 0, z  ,
where z  d , the electrostatic potential of this charge configuration would

approximately be
1 d2 1 2d 1 3d 1 d2
(a) Q (b) Q (c) Q (d)  Q
4 0 z 3 4 0 z 2 4 0 z 2 4 0 z 3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Monopole moment Qmono  Q  3Q  3Q  Q  0

Dipole moment p  3Q   dzˆ    Q    2dzˆ    3Q    dzˆ   Q   2dzˆ 
 z
p  2Qdzˆ 2d Q

1 p  rˆ 1 2Qd d 3Q
Vdip  
4 0 r 2
4 0 z 2
y
d  3Q
x 2 d Q
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Q97. A rectangular piece of dielectric material is inserted partially into the (air) gap between
the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. The dielectric piece will
(a) remain stationary where it is placed
(b) be pushed out from the gap between the plates
(c) be drawn inside the gap between the plates and its velocity does not change sign
(d) execute an oscillatory motion in the region between the plates
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Just like a conductor, a dielectric is attracted into an electric field. The reason is: the
bound charge tends to accumulate near the fee charge of the opposite sign.
Q98. An electromagnetic wave is travelling in free space (of permittivity  0 ) with electric field

ˆ cos q  x  ct 
E  kE 0
The average power (per unit area) crossing planes parallel to 4 x  3 y  0 will be
4 1 16
(a)  0 cE02 (b)  0 cE02 (c)  0 cE02 (d)  0 cE02
5 2 25
Ans. : (c)
x y
Solution: 4 x  3 y  0   0
3 4 y
n̂
 E
B   0 cos  qx  qct  yˆ 4
c

 1   1  E0   E02 B 90  
S
0

EB  E
0  0 c
cos 2
 

x
ˆ  S 
2 0 c
xˆ
 x

 E2 E2 K 3
2
I  S .nˆ  0 cos  90     0 sin   c 0 E02 
2 0 c 2 0 c 5 E
z
4 4
 tan    sin  
3 5
1
I  0.4c 0 E02  c 0 E02
2
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Q99. A plane electromagnetic wave from within a dielectric medium (with   4 0 and   0 )
is incident on its boundary with air, at z  0 . The magnetic field in the medium is

 
H  ˆjH 0 cos t  kx  k 3 z , where  and k are positive constants.
The angles of reflection and refraction are, respectively,

(a) 450 and 600 (b) 300 and 900 (c) 300 and 600 (d) 600 and 900
Ans. : (b) z n  r
Solution: n  r
 y
I
k  kxˆ  k 3 zˆ
sin  I n2 1 Dielectric n1  4  2
  x
sin T n1 2 n2  1
Air T
kx 1
sin T  2sin  I  tan  I 
   I  300
kz 3
 sin T  2  sin 30  1  T  90
0 0
Q100. In an inertial frame S , the magnetic vector potential in a region of space is given by

A  az iˆ (where a is a constant) and the scalar potential is zero. The electric and
magnetic fields seen by an inertial observer moving with a velocity viˆ with respect to S ,
1
are, respectively [In the following   ]
v2
1 2
c
(a) 0 and  ajˆ (b) vakˆ and  aiˆ (c) v akˆ and v ajˆ (d) v akˆ and  ajˆ
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Ex  Ex , E y    E y  v Bz  and Ez    Ez  vBy 
 v   v 
Bx  Bx , By    By  2 Ez  and Bz    Bz  2 E y 
 c   c 

  A   
E   V    0, B    A  a ˆj
t
Ex  0, E y    0  v  0   0, Ez    0  va    va

(replace v by v )  E  v azˆ
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 v   v 
Bx  0, By    a  2  0    a, Bz    0  2  0   0
 c   c 

 B   a ˆj
Q101. In the rest frame S1 of a point particle with electric charge q1 another point particle with
electric charge q2 moves with a speed v parallel to the x -axis at a perpendicular
distance l . The magnitude of the electromagnetic force felt by q1 due to q2 when the
1
distance between them is minimum, is [In the following   ]
v2
1 2
c
1 q1q2 1  q1q2
(a) (b)
4 0  l 2 4 0 l 2
1  q1q2  v 2  1 q1q2  v 2 
(c) 1   (d) 1  
4 0 l 2  c 2  4 0  l 2  c 2 
Ans. : (b)
1  q1q2
Solution: Charge of q2 seen by rest frame of q1   q2 ; F
4 0 l 2
Q102. A circular current carrying loop of radius a carries a steady current. A constant electric
 
charge is kept at the centre of the loop. The electric and magnetic fields, E and B
respectively, at a distance d vertically above the centre of the loop satisfy
        
(a) E  B (b) E  0 
(c)  E  B  0  
(d)   E  B  0 
Ans. : (c)
    

Solution: E  B  0  . E  B  0 
1 1 1 
Q103. The Hamiltonian of a two-level quantum system is H     possible initial
2 1 1
state in which the probability of the system being in that quantum state does not change
with time, is
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       
 cos 4   cos 8   cos 2   cos 6 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin    sin    sin    sin  
       
 4  8   2  6
Ans. : (b)
NET/JRF -(JUNE -2018)

Q104. Two point charges 2Q and Q are kept at point with Cartesian coordinates 1, 0, 0  ,
respectively, in front of an infinite grounded conducting plate at x  0 . The potential at

 x, 0, 0  for x  1 depends on x as
(a) x 3 (b) x 5 (c) x 2 (d) x 4

Ans. : (a)
Solution: 2 1
x
Q 2Q 0 2Q Q
Monopole moment 2Q  Q  2Q  Q  0
 
Dipole moment p  Q  2 xˆ   2Q  xˆ   2Q   xˆ   Q  2 xˆ   p  0
1
Thus V 
x3
Q105. The following configuration of three identical narrow slits are illuminated by
monochromatic light of wavelength  (as shown in the figure below). The intensity is
measured at an angle  (where  is the angle with the incident beam) at a large distance
2 d
from the slits. If   sin  , the intensity is proportional to

1 d
(a) 2 cos   2 cos 2 (b) 3  sin 2 3
2

1
(c) 3  2 cos   2 cos 2  2 cos 3 (d) 2  sin 2 3 2d
 2
Ans. : (c)
  i t     
Solution: E1  Ae   , E2  A ei ei t , E3  A ei1 ei t  Ae3i ei t
2 2
  d sin  , 1   3d sin    3
 
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    
E  E1  E2  E3  A 1  ei  e3i  ei t
 
E   A 1  e i  e 3i  e it
 
I  E.E   A2 1  ei  e3i  1  e i  e3i 
 ei  e  i e i 2  e  i 2 ei 3  e  i 3 
I  A2  3  2 2 2 
 2 2 2 
I  A2 3  2 cos   2 cos 2  2 cos 3 
 
Q106. The electric field E and the magnetic field B corresponding to the scalar and vector
 1
potentials, V  x, y, z , t   0 and A  x, y, z , t   kˆ0 A0  ct  x  , where A0 is a constant,
2
are
  1  1  1
(a) E  0 and B  ˆj 0 A0 (b) E   kˆ0 A0 c and B  ˆj 0 A0
2 2 2
  1  1  1
(c) E  0 and B   iˆ0 A0 (d) E  kˆ0 A0 c and B   iˆ0 A0
2 2 2
Ans. : (b)

 A 1  1
Solution: E     0 A0  c  0   kˆ   0 A0 ckˆ
t 2  2
xˆ yˆ zˆ
      A A  1
B   A   xˆ z  yˆ z  B  0 A0 ˆj
x y z y x 2
0 0 Az
Q107. The electric field of a plane wave in a conducting medium is given by


ˆ 0 e z / 3a cos  z  t  ,
E  z , t   iE  
 3a 
where  is the angular frequency and a  0 is a constant. The phase difference between
 
the magnetic field B and the electric field E is
   
(a) 300 and B lags behind B (b) 300 and B lags behind E
   
(c) 600 and E lags behind B (d) 600 and B lags behind E
Ans. : (b)
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 
Solution: E  z , t   iE
ˆ 0 e z cos  kz  t   E  and B  z , t   ˆjB0 e z cos  kz  t   E   
 
where   tan 1   .
k

ˆ 0 e  z / 3a cos  z  t     1 and k  1
 E  z , t   iE  
 3a  3a 3a
 1 
   tan 1    30
0
 3
Q108. A hollow waveguide supports transverse electric TE  modes with the dispersion
1
relation k   2  mn
2
, where mn is the mode frequency. The speed of flow of
c
electromagnetic energy at the mode frequency is
(a) c (b) mn / k (c) 0 (d) 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Energy carried by the wave travels at the group velocity
d  
2
vg   c 1   mn  at   mn , vg  0
dk   
Q109. The loop shown in the figure below carries a steady current I .
I
3a
a
O
The magnitude of the magnetic field at the point O is
0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2a 6a 4a 3a
Ans. : (b)
1 0 I 1 0 I
Solution: Ba  , B3a  
2 2a 2 2  3a 
0 I  1  0 I
B  Ba  B3a  1   
4a  3  6a
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Q110. In the region far from a source, the time dependent electric field at a point  r ,  ,   is
  sin     r 
E  r ,  ,    ˆ E0 2   cos   t   
 r    c 
where  is angular frequency of the source. The total power radiated (averaged over a
cycle) is
2 E02 4 4 E02 4 4 E02 4 2 E02 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 0 c 3 0 c 3 0 c 3 0 c
Ans. : (b)
E
Solution: B 
c
 1 E 2 E02 4 Sm2   r 
S  E.B   cos 2   t   
0 0 c 0 c r 2
  c 
 1 E02 4 sin 2 
S 
2 0 c r 2
  E 2 4  2
sin 2  2
P   S .da  0  r sin  d d
S
2 0 c 0 0
r2
E02 4 4 4 E02 4
P   2 
2 0 c 3 3 0 c
Q111. Two current-carrying circular loops, each of radius R , are placed z

perpendicular to each other, as shown in the figure.
2I 0
The loop in the xy - plane carries a current I 0 while that in the
 y
xz -plane carries a current 2I 0 . The resulting magnetic field B
I0
at the origin is x
0l0  ˆ ˆ  0l0  ˆ ˆ 
(a) 2jk (b) 2jk
2R   2R  
0l0  ˆ ˆ  0l0  ˆ ˆ 
(c) 2 j  k (d) 2 j  k
2R   2R  
Ans. : (c)
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 I
Solution: Field due to loop in xy plane is B1  0 0 zˆ
2R
Field due to loop in xz plane is
   2I0 
B2  0   yˆ 
2R
   I
Resultant field B  B1  B2  0 0  2 yˆ  zˆ 
2R

Q112. An electric dipole of dipole moment P  qbiˆ is placed at
Y
origin in the vicinity of two charges  q and  q at  L, b 
and  L, b  , respectively, as shown in the figure.

 q ( L, b )
L 
The electrostatic potential at the point  , 0  is 
2  P A
x
O ( L /2, 0)
qb  1 2  4qbL
(a)  2 2 2 
(b)
 0  L L  4b   0  L2  4b 2 
3/ 2
 q ( L,-b)
qb 3qb
(c) (d)
 0 L2  0 L2
Ans. : (c)
1 p cos 00 1 p
Solution: Potential due to dipole V1  
4 0  L / 2  2
 0 L2
1 q
Potential due to  q charge V2 
4 0 L2 / 4  b 2
1 q
Potential due to  q charge V3  
4 0 L / 4  b2
2
1 p 1 qb
Resultant V  V1  V2  V3  V 
 0 L2
 0 L2
Hence, correct option is (c)
Q113. A monochromatic and linearly polarized light is used in a Young’s double slit experiment.
A linear polarizer, whose pass axis is at an angle 450 to the polarization of the incident
wave, is placed in front of one of the slits. If I max and I min , respectively, denote the
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maximum and minimum intensities of the interference pattern on the screen, the visibility,
I max  I min
defined as the ratio , is
I max  I min
2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
Ans. : (b)
  A  xˆ  yˆ  it i
ˆ 0 eit ;
Solution: E1  xA E2  0 e
2 2
    y
 
I  E1  E2  E1*  E2*  E2 A0
A0 cos 45 
 2  2     2
 I  E1  E2  E1  E2*  E2  E1* x
E1 A0
A02 A2 A2
 A02   1  1  0 e i  0 ei
4 2 2
A02 A02 ei  e  i 3 A02
 I  A02     A02 cos 
2 2 2 2
5 A02 A2 I I 2
I max  , I min  0  V  max min 
2 2 I max  I min 3
Q114. An electromagnetic wave propagates in a nonmagnetic medium with relative permittivity
  4 . The magnetic field for this wave is

H  x, y   kH 
ˆ cos t   x   3 y
0 

where H 0 is a constant. The corresponding electric field E  x, y  is
(a)
1
4
  
0 H 0 c  3iˆ  ˆj cos t   x   3 y 
(b)
1
4
0 H 0 c   
3iˆ  ˆj cos t   x   3 y 
(c)
1
4
0 H 0 c   
3iˆ  ˆj cos t   x   3 y 
(d)
1
4
  
0 H 0 c  3iˆ  ˆj cos t   x   3 y 
Ans. : (a)
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

Solution: E  v Kˆ  Bˆ 

 K  xˆ   3 yˆ 1 3
K   xˆ   3 yˆ  K   
ˆ  xˆ  yˆ
K  2  3 2 2 2
c  xˆ  3 yˆ 
E 
r  2

 0 H 0 cos t   x   3 y zˆ  

c 0 H 0 
E
2 4    
 yˆ  3 xˆ cos t   x  3 y 
 
E
1
4
  
c0 H 0  3 xˆ  yˆ cos t   x   3 y 
 
Q115. In an inertial frame uniform electric and magnetic field E and B are perpendicular to
2 2
each other and satisfy E  B  29 (in suitable units). In another inertial frame, which
moves at a constant velocity with respect to the first frame, the magnetic field is 2 5kˆ .
In the second frame, an electric field consistent with the previous observations is
(a)
2

7 ˆ ˆ
ij  
(b) 7 iˆ  kˆ  (c) 
7 ˆ ˆ
2
i k  
(d) 7 iˆ  ˆj 
Ans. : (a)
2 2
Solution: E  B  29
 2  2
In another Frame E   B  29
  2
B  2 5kˆ  B  4  5  20  E   49
2
  
It is given E  B so E  
7 ˆ ˆ
2
ij  
Q116. Electromagnetic wave of angular frequency  is propagating in a medium in which, over
2
 
a band of frequencies the refractive index is n    1    , where 0 is a constant.
 0 
v 
The ratio g of the group velocity to the phase velocity at   0 is
vp 2
1 2
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d) 2
4 3
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Ans. : (a)
2
Solution: n  1 
02
c 2 / 4 3 4c
n  1  0 2   vp 
vp 0 4 3
ck 2 3
n  1  kc   
 02 02
dk 3 2 2 / 4 1 3 1 d
 .c  1  2  1  3 0 2    vg   4c
d 0 0 4 4 dk
vg 4c
Thus,  3
vp 4c / 3
Q117. A rotating spherical shell of uniform surface charge and mass density has total mass M
and charge Q . If its angular momentum is L and magnetic moment is  , then the ratio

is
L
Q 2Q Q 3Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3M 3M 2M 4M
Ans. : (c)
2 2
Solution: I  MR 2 , L  I   MR 2
3 3 z
 R sin 
Q

4 R 2 Rd
   2 R sin   Rd    R 2 sin 2 

dm  dI    R sin   
2

2 / 
d
dm   R sin  d 4 3
R
4 4    4 QR  2
   dm   R 4    2 
R   
3 3  4 R  3
 QR 2 / 3 QR 2 3 Q
   
L 2
MR 2 3 2MR  2M
2
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Electricity and Magnetism

IIT-JAM 2005
Q1. A small loop of wire of area A  0.01 m 2 , N  40 turns and resistance R  20  is
initially kept in a uniform magnetic field B in such a way that the field is normal to the
loop. When it is pulled out of the magnetic field, a total charge of Q  2  105 C flows
through the coil. The magnitude of magnetic field B is
(a) 1 103 T (b) 4  103 T
(c) zero (d) unobtainable, as the data is insufficient
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Magnetic flux through the loop   NBA
d 1 d dQ 1
Induced e.m.f    and induced current i      d  dQ .
dt R dt dt R
 40  B  0.01  2  10 5  B  1  10 3 T .
1
Thus ,
20
Q2. Two point charges  q1 and  q 2 are fixed with a finite distance d between them. It is
desired to put a third charge q3 in between these two charges on the line joining them so
that the charge q3 is in equilibrium. This is
(a) possible only if q3 is positive
(b) possible only if q3 is negative
(c) possible irrespective of the sign of q3

(d) not possible at all
Ans. : (c)
q3 q3
Solution: If q3 is positive,  q1  q2
F2 d F1
q3 q3
If q3 is negative,  q1  q2
F1 d F2
In both case there is possibility that charge q3 may be in equilibrium.
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IIT-JAM 2006
Q3. Two electric dipoles P1 and P2 are placed at  0, 0, 0  and 1, 0, 0  respectively with both
of them pointing in the  z direction. Without changing the orientations of the dipoles P2
is moved to  0, 2, 0  . The ratio of the electrostatic potential energy of the dipoles after
moving to that before moving is

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 2 4 8
Ans. : (d)
1 U 2 r13 1
Solution: Electrostatic potential energy U  3   
r U 1 r23 8
Q4. A small magnetic dipole is kept at the origin in the x-y plane. One wire L1 is located at
z  a in the x - z plane with a current I flowing in the positive x direction. Another

wire L2 is at z   a in y - z plane with the same current I as in L1 , flowing in the
positive y -direction. The angle  made by the magnetic dipole with respect to the
positive x -axis is
(a) 2250 (b) 1200 (c) 450 (d) 2700
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Magnetic field at z  0 due to wire at z  a is B   Byˆ .
Magnetic field at z  0 due to wire at z   a is B   Bxˆ .

Resultant magnetic field at z  0 makes an angle of 45 0 with  x̂ and 225 0 with x̂ .
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IIT-JAM 2007
Q5. A uniform and constant magnetic field B coming out of the
plane of the paper exists in a rectangular region as shown in B
the figure. A conducting rod PQ is rotated about O with a 

uniform angular speed  in the plane of the paper. The emf P
EPQ induced between P and Q is best represented by the
O
graph
Q
E PQ
(a) (b) E PQ
O t O t
(c) E PQ (d) E PQ
O t O t
Ans.: (a)
Solution: When point P is inside due to motional emf , potential PQ is positive. When point Q
is inside potential QP is positive or potential PQ is negative.
IIT-JAM 2008
Q6. If the electrostatic potential at a point  x, y  is given by V   2 x  4 y  volts, the
electrostatic energy density at that point  in J / m3  is
 0 2 x  4 y 2
1
(a) 5 0 (b) 10 0 (c) 20 0 (d)
2
Ans.: (b)
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
Solution: E  V  2 xˆ  4 yˆ  E  20V / m
1 2 1
Electrostatic energy density   0 E   0  20 10 0 J / m 3
2 2
IIT-JAM 2009
Q7. An oscillating voltage V  t   V0 cos t is applied across a parallel V t   V0 cos  t
plate capacitor having a plate separation d . The displacement current
density through the capacitor is d
 0V0 cos t  0  0V0 cos t
(a) (b)
d d
 0  0V0 cos t  0V0 sin t
(c)  (d) 
d d
Ans.: (d)
E  0 V t   V sin t
Solution: Displacement current density J d   0   0 0
t d t d
Q8.
 
 
An electric field E r   rˆ   sin  cos ˆ exists in space. What will be the total charge
enclosed in a sphere of unit radius centered at the origin?
(a) 4 0 (b) 4 0     (c) 4 0     (d) 4 0 
Ans.: (a)
 
  
Solution: Qenc   0  E  da   0  rˆ   sin  cos ˆ  r 2 sin ddrˆ  4 0
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IIT-JAM 2010

Q9. The magnetic field associated with the electric field vector E  E 0 sin kz  t  ˆj is given
by
 E  E
(a) B   0 sin kz  t iˆ (b) B  0 sin kz  t iˆ
c c
 E  E
(c) B  0 sin kz  t  ˆj (d) B  0 sin kz  t kˆ
c c
Ans.: (a)
 
 k  E kzˆ  E0 sin  kz  t  ˆj kE E
Solution: B     0 sin  kz  t  iˆ   0 sin  kz  t  iˆ
   c
Q10. Assume that z  0 plane is the interface between two linear and homogeneous dielectrics
(see figure). The relative permittivities are  r  5 for z
r  5
z  0 and  r  4 for z  0 . The electric field in the z0
 
region z  0 is E 1  3iˆ  5 ˆj  4kˆ k V m . If there are
r  4
no free charges on the interface, the electric field in
the region z  0 is given by
3 5 
(a) E 2   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ k V m
4 4 
 
(b) E 2  3iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ k V m
 
(c) E 2  3iˆ  5 ˆj  5kˆ k V m  
(d) E 2  3iˆ  5 ˆj  5kˆ k V m
Ans.: (d)
Solution:  E1  E2  E2  3iˆ  5 ˆj
and  f  0  D1  D2  E 2 

1  5
2
 
E1   4kˆ  5kˆ
4
 
 E 2  3iˆ  5 ˆj  5kˆ k V m
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Q11. A closed Gaussian surface consisting of a hemisphere and a circular disc of radius R , is

placed in a uniform electric field E , as shown in the figure. The circular disc makes an
angle   300 with the vertical. The flux of the electric field vector coming out of the
curved surface of the hemisphere is
1
(a)  R2 E
2 E
3 
(b)  R2 E
2
(c)  R 2 E
(d) 2 R 2 E
Ans.: (b)
x̂
3 1
Solution: E  E cos 30 zˆ  E sin 30 xˆ  E zˆ  E xˆ E
2 2
   3  300
 E   E  da    
1

E zˆ  E xˆ   R 2 sin ddrˆ  ẑ
S  2 2 
 / 2 2
 3 
sin dd 
1
E  R       
2
 2 E cos E sin cos 
 0  0  2 
 / 2 2  / 2 2
ER 2   cos  sin  dd  ER 2   sin 2  cos  dd
3 1
E 
2  0  0 2  0  0
3 1 3 2
E  ER 2  2   0  R E
2 2 2
OR
  3
E   E  da  E cos 300   R 2   R2 E
S
2
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IIT-JAM 2011
Q12. Equipotential surface corresponding to a particular charge distribution are given by

4 x 2   y  2   z 2  Vi , where the values of Vi are constants. The electric field E at the
2
origin is
   
(a) E  0 (b) E  2 xˆ (c) E  4 yˆ (d) E  4 yˆ
Ans.: (d)
  
Solution: E  V  8 xxˆ  2  y  2  yˆ  2 zzˆ  E  0, 0, 0   4 yˆ
IIT-JAM 2012
Q13. A parallel plate air-gap capacitor is made up of two plates of area 10 cm 2 each kept at a
distance of 0.88 mm . A sine wave of amplitude 10 V and
frequency 50 Hz is applied across the capacitor as shown in the
~
figure. The amplitude of the displacement current density (in
mA / m 2 ) between the plates will be closest to
(a) 0.03 (b) 0.30 (c) 3.00 (d) 30.00
Ans.: (a)
E  0 V t   V sin t
Solution: Displacement current density, J d   0   0 0
t d t d
 0V0 2 0 fV0
Amplitude of the displacement current density (in mA/m2) , J 0 d  
d d
fV0 1 50  10
 J 0 d  4 0  5
 0.03 mA / m 2
2d 9  10 2  88 10
9
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Q14. A segment of a circular wire of radius R, extending from   0 to  / 2 , carries a constant

linear charge density  . The electric field at origin O is
 y
(a)  xˆ  yˆ 
4 0 R
  1 1 
(b)  xˆ  yˆ 
4 0 R  2 2 
  1 1  R
(c)   xˆ  yˆ 
4 0 R  2 2  
O x
(d) 0
Ans.: (a) y

Solution: E   Ex xˆ  E y yˆ
where Ex   dE cos , E
line
y   dE sin  .
line
dl
1  dl R
and dE  .
4 0 R 2 O 
x
1  dl   /2
Rd 
Ex   cos    cos  2
line
4 0 R 2
4 0 0
R 
dE
 
sin  0 
 /2
 Ex 
4 0 R 4 0 R
 /2
1  dl  Rd
Similarly E y   sin    sin 
line
4 0 R 2
4 0 0
R2
 
  cos  0 
 /2
 Ey 
4 0 R 4 0 R
 
Thus E   Ex xˆ  E y yˆ    xˆ  yˆ 
4 0 R
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IIT-JAM 2014
Q15. A particle of mass m carrying charge q is moving in a circle in a magnetic field B .
According to Bohr’s model, the energy of the particle in the nth level is
1  hqB   hqB   hqB   hqB 
(a) 2   (b) n  (c) n  (d) n 
n  m   m   2  m   4  m 
Ans.: (d)
q 2 B 2 rn2 mv m n n
Solution: En   mvn rn  n and rn  n  rn  rn2 
2m qB qB mrn qB
q 2 B 2 rn2 q 2 B 2 n  qBh 
 En     n 
2m 2m qB  4 m 
Q16. A conducting slab of copper PQRS is kept on the x - y plane in a uniform magnetic field
along x - axis as indicted in the
Z
figure. A steady current I flows
S R
through the cross section of the slab
Q
along the y - axis. The direction of P I
Y
the electric field inside the slab, B
arising due to the applied magnetic X
field is along the

(a) negative Y direction (b) positive Y direction
(c) negative Z direction (d) positive Z direction
Ans.: (c)
Q17. In a parallel plate capacitor the distance between the plates is 10 cm . Two dielectric slabs
of thickness 5 cm each and dielectric constants K 1  2 and K 2  4 respectively, are
inserted between the plates. A potential of 100 V is applied across the capacitor as shown
in the figure. The value of the net bound surface charge density at the interface of the two
dielectrics is
K2  4
10 cm 100 V
K1  2
2000 1000 2000

(a)  0 (b)  0 (c)  250 0 (d) 0
3 3 3
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Ans.: (a)
    3 
Solution: V  E1d  E2 d  d  d  d d d K2  4  2
1 2 2 0 4 0 4 0  2
K1  2  1
 1
V  100 volts, d  5 102 cm 
4 0 4 0 4 104
  V  100  0
3d 3  5 102 15
    
P1   0  e E1   0  K1  1 E1   1   0  
2 0 2
    3
P2   0  e E2   0  K 2  1 E2   2  3 0  
4 0 4
 3  1 4 104 2000
   1   2      0   0
2 4 4 4 15 3
Q18. A rigid uniform horizontal wire PQ of mass M , pivoted at P , carries a constant current
I.
It rotates with a constant angular speed in a
P Q
uniform vertical magnetic field B . If the current
were switched off, the angular acceleration of
the wire, in terms of B, M and I would be
2 BI 3BI BI
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
3M 2M M
Ans.: (c)
  
Solution: Torque   r  F  I m
   

d  r  dF  l  IBdl  F  I  dl  B  dF  IBdl 
L
IBL2
  IB  ldl 
0
2
ML2
Moment of inertia about point P , I m 
3
IBL2 ML2 3 BI
  I m     
2 3 2M
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Q19. A steady current in a straight conducting wire produces a surface charge on it. Let E out
and Ein be the magnitudes of the electric fields just outside and just inside the wire,
respectively. Which of the following statements is true for these fields?
(a) E out is always greater than Ein
(b) E out is always smaller than Ein
(c) E out could be greater or smaller than Ein
(d) E out is equal to Ein

Ans.: (a)
Solution: In this case Ein  0, Eout  0 . So Eout  Ein
Q20. A small charged spherical shell of radius 0.01 m is at a potential of 30V . The
electrostatic energy of the shell is
(a) 10 10 J (b) 5  10 10 J (c) 5  10 9 J (d) 10 9 J
Ans.: (b)
q q2
Solution: V  and W  .
4 0 R 8 0 R
 4 0VR 
2
4 0V 2 R 900 102
Thus, W     0.5 109  5 1010 Joules
8 0 R 2 9 10  2
9
Q21. A ring of radius R carries a linear charge density  . It is rotating with angular speed .
The magnetic field at its center is
3 0   0   0 
(a) (b) (c) (d)  0 
2 2 
Ans.: (b)
0 I 0
Solution: B  , where I   v   R . Thus B  .
2R 2
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IIT-JAM 2015
    
Q22. The electric field of a light wave is given by E  E 0 iˆ sin t  kz   ˆj sin  t  kz   .
  4 
The polarization state of the wave is
(a) Left handed circular (b) Right handed circular
(c) Left handed elliptical (d) Right handed elliptical
Ans.: (c)
 
Solution: Ex  E0 sin t  kz  , E y  E0 sin  t  kz   .
 4
Thus resultant is elliptically polarized wave.
 
At z  0, Ex  E0 sin t  , E y  E0 sin  t  
 4
E  E
When t  0, Ex  0, E y   0 and when t  , Ex  0 , E y  0
2 4 2
Q23. A charge q is at the center of two concentric spheres. The outward electric flux through
the inner sphere is  , while that through the outer sphere is 2 . The amount of charge
contained in the region between the two spheres is
(a) 2q (b) q (c)  q (d)  2q
Ans.: (b)
q q  q
Solution:   ,    2   q  q
0 0
Q24. A positively charged particle, with a charge q , enters a region in which there is a uniform
 
electric field E and a uniform magnetic field B , both directed parallel to the positive
y -axis. At t  0 , the particle is at the origin and has a speed v0 directed along the
positive x - axis. The orbit of the particle, projected on the x- z plane, is a circle. Let T
be the time taken to complete one revolution of this circle. The y -coordinate of the
particle at t  T is given by
 2 mE 2 2 mE  2 mE v0 m 2mv0
(a) 2
(b) (c) 2
 (d)
2qB qB 2 qB qB qB
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Ans.: (b) z
2
1 1 qE  2 m  2 2 mE
Solution: y  u y t  a y t 2  y      
2 2 m  qB  qB 2
E, B
y
v0
x
Q25. A hollow, conducting spherical shell of inner radius R1 and

outer radius R2 encloses a charge q inside, which is located at a
R1
distance d  R1  from the centre of the spheres. The potential at
q d
the centre of the shell is R2
1 q
(a) Zero (b)
4 0 d
1 q q  1 q q q 
(c)    (d)    
4 0  d R1  4 0  d R1 R2 
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Charge induced on inner surface is q and charge induced on outer surface is  q .
1 q q q 
Thus, V     .
4 0  d R1 R2 
Q26. A conducting wire is in the shape of a regular hexagon, which is
inscribed inside an imaginary circle of radius R , as shown. A current I R
I flows through the wire. The magnitude of the magnetic field at the C
center of the circle is
3 0 I 0 I 3 0 I 3 0 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2R 2 3R R 2R
Ans.: (c) C
3
Solution: d  R cos 300  R
2 R d
0 I 600
B   sin  2  sin 1 
4 d I
0 I 0 I 0 I
 B1  2sin 300  2sin 300 
4 d 3 2 3 R
4 R
2
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The magnitude of the magnetic field at center of the circle is

0 I 30 I 30 I
 B  6 B1  6   
2 3 R 3 R R
Q27. For an electromagnetic wave traveling in free space, the electric field is given

by E  100 cos10 8 t  kx  ˆj . Which of the following statements are true?
V
m
(a) The wavelength of the wave in meter is 6
(b) The corresponding magnetic field is directed along the positive z direction
(c) The Poynting vector is directed along the positive z direction
(d) The wave is linearly polarized
Ans.: (a) and (d)

Solution: E  100 cos 108 t  kx  ˆj V / m
2 c 2  3 108
  108   108     6 . Option (a) is true
 108
 
 
B  kˆ  E    xˆ  yˆ    zˆ . Option (b) is wrong

S  kˆ   xˆ . Option (c) is wrong. Option (d) is true.
Q28. Consider the circuit, consisting of an AC function generator V t   V0 sin 2vt with
V0  5V an inductor L  8.0mH , resistor R  5 and a capacitor C  100 F . Which of

the following statements are true if we vary the frequency?
L
R C
(a) The current in the circuit would be maximum at   178Hz

(b) The capacitive reactance increases with frequency
(c) At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance in the circuit
(d) At resonance, the current in the circuit is out of phase with the source voltage
Ans.: (a) and (c)
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1 1
Solution:     178 Hz . Option (a) is true.
2 LC 2  3.14 8 10 100 10 
3 6
1
XC   X C  as   . Option (b) is wrong
C
Option (c) is true
Option (d) is wrong

Q29. A unit cube made of a dielectric material has a polarization P  3iˆ  4 ˆj units. The edges
of the cube are parallel to the Cartesian axes. Which of the following statements are true?
(a) The cube carries a volume bound charge of magnitude 5 units
(b) There is a charge of magnitude 3 units on both the surfaces parallel to the y  z plane
(c) There is a charge of magnitude 4 units on both the surfaces parallel to the x  z plane
(d) There is a net non-zero induced charge on the cube
Ans.: (b) and (c)
  
Solution:  P  3iˆ  4 ˆj  b  .P  0 . Option (a) is wrong
 
     
At x  0 ,  b  P.nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . iˆ  3 , At x  1 ,  b  P.nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . iˆ  3
Option (b) is true

 
     
At y  0 ,  b  P.nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj .  ˆj  4 , At y  1 ,  b  P.nˆ  3iˆ  4 ˆj . ˆj  4
Option (c) is true.

Option (d) is wrong
Q30. The power radiated by sun is 3.8  10 26 W and its radius is 7  10 5 km . The magnitude of
W
the Poynting vector (in ) at the surface of the sun is………………
cm 2
Ans.: 6174
P 3.8  1026
Solution: I   W / cm 2  6174 W / cm 2
A 4   7 10 
10 2
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Q31. In an experiment on charging of an initially uncharged capacitor, an RC circuit is made

with the resistance R  10k and the capacitor C  1000F along with a voltage source
of 6V . The magnitude of the displacement current through the capacitor (in A ),
5 seconds after the charging has started, is…………………
Ans.: 364
V  t / RC 6 6 6 6 6
Solution: I   e 5/1010 100010  4 e 5/10    364  A
3
e
R 10 10 3
10 e  10 1.65 10
4 4
Q32. In a region of space, a time dependent magnetic field B t   0.4t tesla points vertically
upwards. Consider a horizontal, circular loop of radius 2 cm in this region. The
magnitude of the electric field (in mV / m ) induced in the loop is…………….
Ans.: 4
 B  r B 2 102
Solution: E  2 r     r 2  E   0.4  4 mV / m
t 2 t 2
Q33. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 5  1014 Hz and amplitude 103 V / m traveling
in a homogeneous dielectric medium of dielectric constant 1.69 is incident normally at
the interface with a second dielectric medium of dielectric constant 2.25 . The ratio of the
amplitude of the transmitted wave to that of the incident wave is………………
Ans.: 0.93
 2n1  E0T  2  r1   2 1.69 

Solution: E0T    E0 I      0.93
 n1  n2  E0 I   r1   r2   1.69  2.25 
 
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Q34. For an infinitely long wire with uniform line-charge density,  along the z - axis, the
electric field at a point  a, b, 0  away from the origin is
( eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian – coordinate system)
 
(a)  eˆ  eˆy  (b)  aeˆ  beˆy 
2 0 a 2  b 2
x

2 0 a 2  b 2  x
 
(c) eˆx (d) eˆz
2 0 a 2  b 2 2 0 a 2  b 2
Ans.: (b)
    
Solution: E 
2 0 r
rˆ 
2 0 r 2
r
2 0  a 2  b 2 
 aeˆx  beˆy   r  a 2  b2
Q35. A 1 W point source at origin emits light uniformly in all the directions. If the units for
both the axes are measured in centimeter, then the Poynting vector at the point 1,1, 0  in
W
is
cm 2
(a)
8
1
2
 eˆ x  eˆy  (b)
1
16
 eˆx  eˆy 
(c)
16
1
2
 eˆ x  eˆy  (d)
1
4 2
 eˆ x  eˆy 
Ans.: (a)

 P 
P
Solution: I  S  rˆ 
A
P r
2

4 r r 4 r 3
r
1
4  2 2
 eˆx  eˆy  
1
8 2
 eˆx  eˆy 
 r  12  12  2
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
Q36. A charged particle in a uniform magnetic field B  B0 eˆz starts moving from the origin

with velocity v   3eˆx  2eˆz  m / s . The trajectory of the particle and the time t at which it
reaches 2 meters above the xy - plane are

( eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian-coordinate system)
(a) Helical path; t  1 s (b) Helical path; t  2 / 3 s

(c) Circular path; t  1 s (d) Circular path; t  2 / 3 s
Ans.: (a)
2m
Solution: v  3 m / s and v  2 m / s , thus t   1 sec
v
Q37. The phase difference   between input and output voltage for the following circuits (i)
C R
and (ii)
vi C vo vi C vo
will be (i) (ii)
(a) 0 and 0 (b)  / 2 and 0     / 2 respectively

(c)  / 2 and  / 2 (d) 0 and 0     / 2 respectively
Ans.: (d)
XC v 1
Solution: (i) vo  vi  o  , phase difference   is 0 .
XC  XC vi 2
XC v 1 1 1
(ii) vo  vi  o    e  iCR
R  XC vi 1  R / X C 1  iCR 1  CR 
2
Phase difference   is 0     / 2 .
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Q38. In the following RC circuit, the capacitor was charged in two different ways.
(i) The capacitor was first charged to 5V by moving the toggle switch to position P and
then it was charged to 10V by moving the toggle switch to position Q .
(ii) The capacitor was directly charged to10V , by keeping the toggle switch at position Q .
Assuming the capacitor to be ideal, which one of the following statements is correct?
R C
P 5V
10V
Q
(a) The energy dissipation in cases (i) and (ii) will be equal and non-zero
(b) The energy dissipation for case (i) will be more than that for case (ii)
(c) The energy dissipation for case (i) will be less than that for case (ii)
(d) The energy will not be dissipated in either case.
Ans.: (c)
1 1
Solution: The energy dissipation in cases (i) is  C  5   C 10  5   25C
2 2
2 2
1
The energy dissipation in cases (ii) is  C 10   50 C
2
2
1
Q39. In the following RC network, for an input signal frequency f  , the voltage gain
2 RC
vo
and the phase angle  between vo and vi respectively are
vi
R C
vi C
R vo
1 1 1  1 
(a) and 0 (b) and 0 (c) and (d) and
2 3 2 2 3 2
Ans.: (b)
1 1
Solution:  f  , then X C    jR
2 RC j 2 fC
RX C  jR 2  jR  j 1  j  R
ZP     and Z S  R  X C  R  jR  R 1  j 
R  X C R  jR 1  j 2
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ZP v 1 1 1 j 1  j  R
vo  vi  o    
ZP  ZS vi 1  Z S R 1  j  2 R 1  j  jR  R  2 R 1  j 
1 1
ZP  j 1  j  R j 1  j  R
2
v j 1  j  R j 1  j  R  j  1 1
 o     , and phase angle   0
vi jR  R  2 R 1  j  3 jR  3R 3  j  1 3
Q40. An arbitrarily shaped conductor encloses a charge q and is
surrounded by a conducting hollow sphere as shown in the figure. q
Four different regions of space 1, 2,3 and 4 are indicated in the 1 3 4
figure. Which one of the following statements is correct? 2
(a) The electric field lines in region 2 are not affected by the
position of the charge q
(b) The surface charge density on the inner wall of the hollow sphere is uniform
(c) The surface charge density on the outer surface of the sphere is always uniform
irrespective of the position of charge q in region 1
(d) The electric field in region 2 has a radial symmetry
Ans.: (c)
Solution: From the given statement only option (c) is correct.
Q41. Consider a small bar magnet undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) along the
x - axis. A coil whose plane is perpendicular to the x - axis is placed such that the magnet
passes in and out of it during its motion. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Neglect damping effects.
(a) Induced e.m.f. is minimum when the center of the bar magnet crosses the coil
(b) The frequency of the induced current in the coil is half of the frequency of the SHM
(c) Induced e.m.f. in the coil will not change with the velocity of the magnet
(d) The sign of the e.m.f. depends on the pole ( N or S ) face of the magnet which enters
into the coil
Ans.: (a)
Solution: From the given statement only option (a) is correct.
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Q42. Consider a spherical dielectric material of radius ‘ a ’ centered at origin. If the


polarization vector, P  P0 eˆx , where P0 is a constant of appropriate dimensions, then
( eˆx , eˆy , and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian- coordinate system)
(a) the bound volume charge density is zero.

(b) the bound surface charge density is zero at  0, 0, a  .
(c) the electric field is zero inside the dielectric

(d) the sign of the surface charge density changes over the surface.
Ans.: (a), (b), (d)
 
Solution: b  .P  0

 b  P.nˆ   P0 eˆx  .rˆ  P0 sin  cos   0 at  0, 0, a    0 .

Q43. For an electric dipole with momentum P  p0 eˆz placed at the origin, ( p0 is a constant of
appropriate dimensions and eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian coordinate system)
1
(a) potential falls as , where r is the distance from origin
r2
(b) a spherical surface centered at origin is an equipotential surface
(c) electric flux through a spherical surface enclosing the origin is zero

(d) radial component of E is zero on the xy - plane.
Ans.: (a), (c), (d)

rˆ. p p cos 
Solution: Vdip  r ,     .
4 o r 2
4 o r 2

E dip  r ,  
p
4 0 r 3
 2 cos rˆ  sin ˆ  .
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Q44. Three infinitely-long conductors carrying currents I1 , I 2 and I 3 C3

lie perpendicular to the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. I 3 C2
  I2
If the value of the integral  B.dl for the loops C1 , C2 and
C
I1 C1
N
C3 are 20 , 40 and 0 in the units of respectively, then
A
(a) I1  3 A into the paper (b) I 2  5 A out of the paper
(c) I 3  0 . (d) I 3  1A out of the paper

Ans.: (a), (b)
 
Solution:   B.dl  0 I enc
C
 I1  I 2  2 , I 2  I 3  4 , I1  I 2  I 3  1
 I1  3 A , I 2  5 A and I 3  1 A .
Q45. The shape of a dielectric lamina is defined by the two curves y  0 and y  1  x 2 . If the
charge density of the lamina   15 y C / m 2 , then the total charge on the lamina
is…………….. C .
Ans.: 8
Solution: Total charge on the lamina is
y
1 1
 
1 x 2
15
Q    da   
2
15 ydxdy  1  x2 dx
S 1
0 2 1
1
15  x3 
1
x5
15
2 1
2

 Q   1  x  2 x dx   x   2 
4
2  5 3  1

x
1 0 1
15  1 2  1 2   15  2 4
Q 1     1       2   
2  5 3  5 3  2  5 3
15 16
Q  8 C
2 15
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Q46. A current I  10 A flows in an infinitely long wire along the axis of
  
hemisphere (see figure). The value of    B  ds over the  
hemispherical surface as shown in the figure is:
I  10 A
(a) 10 0 (b) 5 0 (c) 0 (d) 7.5 0
Ans. : (a)
     I
Solution:     B   ds   B.dl  B  2 r  2 r  2 r   I  10
0
0 0
Q47. Consider two, single turn, co-planar, concentric coils of radii R1 and R2 R2
with R1  R2 . The mutual inductance between the two coils is R1

proportional to
R1 R2 R22 R12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R2 R1 R1 R2
Ans. : (c)
0 I1
  R22
2 B1   R
2
2 R1 R22
Solution: 2  M 21 I1  M 21   2
 
I1 I1 I1 R1
Q48. Consider a thin long insulator coated conducting wire carrying current I . It is now wound
once around an insulating thin disc of radius R to bring I
the wire back on the same side, as shown in the figure.
R
I
The magnetic field at the centre of the disc is equal to:
0 I 0 I  2 0 I 2 0 I 1
(a) (b)  3  (c) 1  (d) 1 
2R 4R    4R    2R   
Ans. : (d)
0 I 0 I 0 I  1
Solution: From R.H.R. magnetic field is pointing inwards, B  2    1   
4 R 2 R 2 R
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Q49. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by


 
E  2kˆ  3 ˆj  103 sin 107  x  2 y  3 z   t   .
The value of  is ( c is the speed of light):
(a) 14 c (b) 12 c (c) 10 c (d) 7c

Ans. : (a)

 
Solution: E  2kˆ  3 ˆj  103 sin 107  x  2 y  3 z   t  
   107 
k  107  xˆ  2 yˆ  3 zˆ   k  107 14,   107  , c    7    14c
k 10 14
Q50. A rectangular loop of dimension L and width w moves with a constant velocity v away
from an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I in the plane of the loop as
shown in the figure below. Let R be the resistance of the loop. What is the current in the
loop at the instant the near –side is at a distance r from the wire?
R w
L r
I
0 IL wv 0 IL wv
(a) (b)
2 R r  r  2 w 2 R  2r  w
0 IL wv 0 IL wv
(c) (d)
2 R r  r  w 2 R 2r  r  w
Ans. : (c)
  r   I  IL  r  w 
Solution: B   B.d a   0 Ldr  0 ln  
S r
2 r 2  r 
1 dB  0 IL  1 1  dr 0 ILwv
I      
R dt 2 R  r  w r  dt 2 Rr  r  w 
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
Q51. For a point dipole of dipole moment p  pzˆ located at the origin, which of the following
is (are) correct?
(a) The electric field at  0, b, 0  is zero
qp
(b) The work done in moving a charge q from  0, b, 0  to  0, 0,b  is
4 0 b 2
(c) The electrostatic potential at  b, 0, 0  is zero
qp
(d) If a charge q is kept at  0, 0,b  it will exert a force of magnitude on the
4 0 b3
dipole.
Ans. : (b) and (c)
p cos  
Solution: V 
4 0 r 2
and E
p
4 0 r 3

2 cos  rˆ  sin ˆ 
 
(a) At  0, b, 0  ;   E0
2
(b) The work done in moving a charge q from  0, b, 0  to  0, 0,b 
 p  qp
W  q V  0, 0, b   V  0, b, 0    q   0  
 4 0 b  4 0 b
2 2
(c) The electrostatic potential at  b, 0, 0  is V  b, 0, 0   0

 2p
(d) At  0, 0,b  ;  0 E  rˆ
4 0 b3
2qp
If a charge q is kept at  0, 0,b  it will exert a force of magnitude .
4 0 b3

Q52. A dielectric sphere of radius R has constant polarization P  P0 zˆ , so that the field inside
 P
the sphere is Ein   0 zˆ . Then, which of the following is (are) correct?
3 0
(a) The bound surface charge density is P0 cos 

1
(b) The electric field at a distance r on the z - axis varies as for r  R
r2
PR
(c) The electric potential at a distance 2R on the z - axis is 0
12 0
(d) The electric field outside is equivalent to that of a dipole at the origin
Ans. : (a), (c) and (d)
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
Solution:  b  P.nˆ   P0 zˆ  .rˆ  P0 cos 
 
1 p.rˆ 1 4 R 3 P.rˆ 1 4 R 3  P0 zˆ  .zˆ PR
Vdip     0
4 0 r 2
4 0 3 r 2
4 0 3  2 R  2
12 0
Q53. Consider a circular parallel plate capacitor of radius R with separation d between the
plates  d  R  . The plates are placed symmetrically about the origin. If a sinusoidal
voltage V  V0 sin t is applied between the plates, which of the following statement(s) is
(are) true?
V02 0 R
(a) The maximum value of the Poynting vector at r  R is
4d 2
(b) The average energy per cycle flowing out of the capacitor is zero
(c) The magnetic field inside the capacitor is constant
(d) The magnetic field lines inside the capacitor are circular with the curl being
independent of r .
Ans. : (a), (b) and (d)
V V0 sin t I  E   R V0 cos t
Solution: E   and B  0 d  0  0   R2  0 0
d d 2 R 2 R t 2 d
1  0 R V0 cos t V0 sin t  0 RV02 sin t cos t  0 RV02
S EB     sin 2t
0 2 d d 2d 2 4d 2
 0 RV02 0 I d r
S max  ;  S  0 , B  , inside
4d 2
2 R 2
Q54. In a coaxial cable, the radius of the inner conductor is 2 mm and that of the outer one is
5 mm . The inner conductor is at a potential of 10 V , while the
outer conductor is grounded. The value of the potential at a
distance of 3.5 mm from the axis is…………
(Specify your answer in volts to two digits after the decimal 10V
point)
Ans. : 3.8
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Solution:   2V  0
1   V 
In Cylindrical coordinate system, r   0  V  A ln r  B
r r  r 
Thus 10  A ln 2  B and 0  A ln 5  B
10 10 ln 5
 10  A ln 2  A ln 5  A    10.86 and  B   17.39
ln  5 / 2  ln  5 / 2 
 V  r  3.5   A ln 3.5  B  3.8 V
Q55. The wave number of an electromagnetic wave incident on a metal surface is
 20  750i  m1 inside the metal, where i  1 . The skin depth of the wave in the
metal is………(Specify your answer in mm to two digits after the decimal point).
Ans. : 1.33
Solution: k  k  i   20  750 i  m 1
1 1 1000
Skin depth, d   m mm  1.33 mm
 750 750
Q56. A sphere of radius R has a uniform charge density  . A sphere of
R /2
smaller radius R / 2 is cut out from the original sphere, as shown in the
figure below. The center of the cut out sphere lies at z  R / 2 . After the
R
smaller sphere has been cut out, the magnitude of the electric field at
z   R / 2 is  R / n 0 . The value of the integer n is……………
Ans. : 8
  r
Solution: Electric field inside a uniformly charge solid sphere of radius R is E  rˆ
3 0
  R3
Electric field outside a uniformly charge solid sphere of radius R is E  rˆ
3 0 r 2
 R / 2   R / 2
3
R R
Electric field at z   is E    n8
2 3 0 3 0 R 2
8 0
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Q57. A current I is flowing through the sides of an equilateral triangle of side a . The
magnitude of the magnetic field at the centroid of the triangle is
9 0 I 0 I 30 I 30 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 a a 2 a a
Ans.: (a)
3 RS 3
Solution: RS  a 2  a 2 / 4  a and OS   a R
2 3 6
For segment PQ
a I
0 I 3 I O
BPQ   2sin 60  0  BQR  BRP
0
 3  2 a
4  a P S Q
 6 
9 0 I
B  3BPQ 
2 a
Q58. Three infinite plane sheets carrying uniform charge densities  , 2 ,3 are parallel to
the x  z plane at y  a,3a, 4a , respectively. The electric field at the point  0, 2a, 0  is
4 3 2 
(a) ĵ (b)  ĵ (c)  ĵ (d) ĵ
0 0 0 0
Ans.: (b)
z
Solution: The electric field at the point P  0, 2a, 0  is  2 3
P
   2 3  ˆ 3 y
E     j 
0
 
ĵ
 2 0 2 0 2 0  a 3a 4a
x
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Q59. A rectangular loop of dimensions l and w moves with a constant

v
speed of v through a region containing a uniform magnetic field B
directed into the paper and extending a distance of 4w . Which of l B

the following figures correctly represents the variation of emf    w
with the position  x  of the front end of the loop?

0 4w
x
 
(a) (b)
 Bwv  Bwv
4w
0 0 w x 0 x
4w 0 w
 Bwv  Bwv


 Blv
(c)  Blv (d)
0 w 4w
0 x 0 x
4w 0 w
 Blv  Blv
Ans.: (c)
Solution:
B B
l   l
v v
dx
Case-I Case-II
Case-I: at x  0, 1  Blw and at, x  dx , 2  Bl  w  dx 
d
   Bldx      Blv
dt
Case-II:   Blv and direction will be opposite.
When loop is inside there is no flux change so,   0 .
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Q60. A long solenoid is carrying a time dependent current such that the
 k̂
magnetic field inside has the form B  t   B0t 2 kˆ , where k̂ is along
the axis of the solenoid. The displacement current at the point P on

a circle of radius r in a plane perpendicular to the axis
r p
(a) is inversely proportional to r and radially outward
(b) is inversely proportional to r and tangential
(c) increases linearly with time and is tangential.
(d) is inversely proportional to r 2 and tangential
Ans.: (b)

  dB 
Solution:   E  dl     dl
dt
 B0tR 2
 E  2 r  2 B0t   R 2  E 
r
E  B R 2 1
 Jd  0  Jd  0 0  Jd 
t r r
kr 2 , r  R
Q61. Given a spherically symmetric charge density   r    ( k being a constant),
 0, r  R
the electric field for r  R is (take the total charge as Q )
Qr 3 3Qr 2 5Qr 3 Q
(a) rˆ (b) rˆ (c) rˆ (d) rˆ
4 0 R 5 4 0 R 4 8 0 R 5 4 0 R 5
Ans.: (a)
  Q  1
r

Solution:   E.d a  enc  E  4 r 2    kr 2  4 r 2 dr 
S
0 0  0 
 1 r5  kr 3
 E  4 r 
2
 4 k  E 
E0 5 5 0
R
R5 5Q  5Q r3 Qr 3
 Q   kr  4 r dr  4 k
2 2
k   E   
0
5 4 R 5 4 R 5 5 0 4 0 R 5
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Q62. An infinitely long solenoid, with its axis along k̂ , carries a current I . In addition there is

a uniform line charge density  along thee axis. If S is the energy flux, in cylindrical
 
coordinates ˆ , ˆ, kˆ , then

(a) S is along ̂

(b) S is along k̂

(c) S has non zero components along ̂ and k̂

(d) S is along ˆ  kˆ

Ans. : (d)

Solution: E  E ˆ
 
B E ˆ
B  Bkˆ
  
S  EB

S  ˆ  kˆ

Let the electric field in some region R be given by E  e  y iˆ  e  x ˆj . From this we may
2 2
Q63.
conclude that
(a) R has a non-uniform charge distribution
(b) R has no charge distribution
(c) R has a time dependent magnetic field.
(d) The energy flux in R is zero everywhere.
Ans.: (b), (c)
   
Solution:    E  0 and   E  0 ,
Thus R has no charge distribution and R has a time dependent magnetic field.
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Q64. In presence of a magnetic field Bjˆ and an electric field   E  kˆ , a particle moves
undeflected . Which of the following statements is (are) correct?

Eˆ
(a) The particle has positive charge, velocity   i
B
Eˆ
(b) The particle has positive charge, velocity  i
B
Eˆ
(c) The particle has negative charge, velocity   i
B
Eˆ
(d) The particle has negative charge, velocity  i
B
Ans.: (b), (d)
   
 
Solution:  F  q  E  v  B   0
   E
v 
B
  E
For  ve charge: a  kˆ  v  xˆ
B
  E
For ve charge: a  kˆ  v  xˆ
B
  
  2 
Q65. 
Consider an electromagnetic plane wave E  E0 iˆ  bjˆ cos 


ct  x  3 y  , where

 is the wavelength, c is the speed of light and b is a constant. The value of b is
_________. (Specific your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 0.577
 

Solution: E  E0 nˆ cos  t  kˆ  r   nˆ  iˆ  bjˆ
  
2 ˆ
kˆ 


i  3 ˆj 
 2
 k  nˆ  0 

 
1 b 3  0  b 
1
3
 0.577
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Q66. A small spherical ball having charge q and mass m , is tied to a thin
massless non-conducting string of length l . The other end of the
string is fixed to an infinitely extended thin non-conducting sheet
with uniform surface charge density  . Under equilibrium the
string makes an angle 45o with the sheet as shown in the figure. 450 l
Then  is given by ( g is the acceleration due to gravity and  0 is  q
the permittivity of free space) m
mg 0 mg 0
(a) (b) 2
q q
mg 0 mg 0
(c) 2 (d)
q q 2
Ans. : (c)
F qE q 2mg 0
Solution: tan    tan      tan 
mg mg 2 0 mg q
2mg 0 2mg 0
  tan 450 
q q
Q67. Consider the normal incidence of a plane electromagnetic wave with electric field given

by E  E0 exp  k1 z  t  xˆ over an interface at z  0 separating two media [wave
velocities v1 and v2  v2  v1  and wave vectors k1 and k2 , respectively] as shown in
figure. The magnetic field vector of the reflected wave is (  is the angular frequency)
x̂
v1 v2
k1 Medium1 Medium 2
k2
O ẑ
ŷ
E0 E0
(a) exp i  k1 z  t   yˆ (b) exp i   k1 z  t   yˆ
v1 v1
 E0  E0
(c) exp i   k1 z  t   yˆ (d) exp i  k1 z  t   yˆ
v1 v1
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Ans. : (c) x̂

E
 Medium1 Medium 2
B
 O ẑ
E

B ŷ
Q68. During the charging of a capacitor C in a series RC circuit, the typical variations in the
magnitude of the charge q  t  deposited on one of the capacitor plates, and the current
i  t  in the circuit, respectively are best represented by

Fig.I Fig.II Fig.III Fig.IV
q i q i
0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t
(a) Figure I and figure II (b) Figure I and Figure IV

(c) Figure III and figure II (d) Figure III and figure IV
Ans. : (a)

Q69. Which one of the following is an impossible magnetic field B ?
   z3 
(a) B  3 x z x  2 xz z
2 2
ˆ 3
ˆ (b) B  2 xyx  yz y   2 yz   zˆ
ˆ 2
ˆ
 3
  z2  
(c) B   xz  4 y  xˆ  yx 3 yˆ   x 3 z   zˆ (d) B  6 xzxˆ  3 yz 2 yˆ
 2
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: Check that   B  0
 
(a)   B  6 xz 2  6 xz 2  0
 
(b)   B  2 y  z 2   2 y  z 2   0
 
(c)   B  z  x 3   x 3  z   0
 
(d)   B  6 z  3 z 2  0
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Q70. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

(a) Newton’s laws of motion and Maxwell’s equations are both invariant under Lorentz
transformations
(b) Newton’s laws of motion and Maxwell’s equations are both invariant under Galilean
transformations
(c) Newton’s laws of motion are invariant under Galilean transformations and Maxwell’s
equations are invariant under Lorentz transformations
(d) Newton’s laws of motion are invariant under Lorenz transformations and Maxwell’s
equations are invariant under Galilean transformations
Ans. : (c)
Q71. Out of the following statements, choose the correct option(s) about a perfect conductor.
(a) The conductor has an equipotential surface
(b) Net charge, if any, resides only on the surface of conductor
(c) Electric field cannot exist inside the conductor
(d) Just outside the conductor, the electric field is always perpendicular to its surface
Ans.: (a), (b), (c), (d)
1
Q72. The electrostatic energy (in units of J ) of a uniformly charged spherical shell of
4 0
total charge 5C and radius 4 m is______. (Round off to 3 decimal places)
Ans.: 3.125
q2 1 q2
Solution: W  
8 0 R 4 0 2 R
1 25  1 
W Joules    3.125  Joules
4 0 2  4  4 0 
Q73. An infinitely long very thin straight wire carries uniform line charge
density 8 102 C / m . The magnitude of electric displacement vector at a point located
20 mm away from the axis of the wire is ___________ C / m 2 .
Ans. : 2
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    
Solution:   8 102 c / m 2 , E   D  0 E 
2 0 r 2 r
8 102 4
D  c / m2  2 C / m2
2  20  10 3
2

Q74. A surface current K  100 xˆ A/m flows on the surface z  0 , which separates two media
with magnetic permeabilities 1 and 2 as shown in the figure. If the magnetic field in
 
the region 1 is B1  4 xˆ  6 yˆ  2 zˆ mT , then the magnitude of the normal component of B2
will be ________ mT
z0
  5  106 H / m
  1
K  100 xˆ A / m B1  4 xˆ  6 yˆ  2 zˆ mT
x̂
z0

B2
n̂  2  10  106 H / m
z0
Ans. : 2
Solution: B2  B1  2 zmT
ˆ (Since B1  2 zmT
ˆ )
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Quantum Mechanics
JEST-2012
Q1. The ground state (apart from normalization) of a particle of unit mass moving in a one-
   
dimensional potential V(x) is exp  x 2 / 2 cosh 2 x . The potential V(x), in suitable
units so that h = 1, is (up to an addiative constant.)
(a) π2/2 (b)  2 / 2  2 x tanh 2 x  
(c)  2 / 2  2 x tan 2 x   (d)  2 / 2  2 x coth  2 x 
Ans. : (b)
Q2. Consider the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. If  is the fine-structure constant, the
velocity of the electron in its lowest orbit is
or 1    c
c c
(a) (b) (c)  2 c (d)  c
1 1 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: mvr  n
mv 2 1 ze 2 1 ze 2
 r
r 4 0 r 2 4 0 mr 2
1 ze 2
mv   n
4 0 mv 2
ze 2 e2
v and fine structure constant  
4 0 n 4 0 c
ze 2 ze 2 c
For lowest orbit, v  v
4 0  4 0 c
v  c
Q3.    
Define  x  f †  f , and  y  i f †  f , where the   are Pauli spin matrices and
 
f , f † obey anti-commutation relations  f , f   0, f , f †  1 . Then  z is given by
(a) f † f  1 (b) 2 f † f  1 (c) 2 f † f  1 (d) f † f

Ans. : (c)
Solution:  x y  i z
i z   x  y
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1 i †
  f 
 f   f †   f † f  ff †  f 2 
2
 z   x y  f f †
 
i i
 
    f † f  1  f † . f    1  2 f † f   2 f † f  1
1
Q4. Consider a system of two spin- particles with total spin S  S1  S2 , where S1 and S2
2
are in terms of Pauli matrices  i . The spin triplet projection operator is
1 3 3 1
(a)  S1  S2 (b)  S1  S2 (c)  S1  S2 (d)  S1  S2
4 4 4 4
Ans. : (c)
Solution:  S  S1  S 2 S 2  S12  S 22  2S1  S 2
3 3 
S 2     2.S1  S2   2  S  0, 1
4 4 
3 
S 2  2   S1  S2   2 for Triplet projection operator
4 
3 
s  s  1  2  2   S1  S 2   2 S 1
4 
3  3
11  1  2  S1  S 2    S1  S 2  I
4  4
1
Q5. Consider a spin- particle in the homogeneous magnetic field of magnitude B along z -
2
axis which is prepared initially in a state  

1
2
 
  at time t  0 . At what time
t will the particles be in the state   (  B is Bohr magneton)?
 2 
(a) t  (b) t  (c) t  (d) Never
B B B B 2 B B
Ans.: (a)
 1 1
Solution: E   B  B zˆ    
2 1
1  1  iEtb
  x, t    e    x, t    
2  1
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 i B Bt
1 1  1 1
 e 
  
2 1 2 1
 i B Bt
e 
 1
  Bt 
cos B   cos 
  
B B t 
 t 
 B B
1
Q6. The ground state energy of 5 identical spin- particles which are subject to a one-
2
dimensional simple harmonic oscillator potential of frequency ω is
15 13 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 5
2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: Degeneracy  2 s  1  2   1  2
2
1 3 5 13
Eground  2    2    1   
2 2 2 2
Q7. The spatial part of a two-electron state is symmetric under exchange. If  and 
represent the spin-up and spin-down states respectively of each particle, the spin-part of
the two-particle state is
(a)   (b)  

(c)      / 2  
(d)      / 2 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Since, electrons are Fermions and Fermions have anti-symmetric wave function
 spatial part is symmetric then its spin part is antisymmetric to maintain antisymmtric
wave function
 x  
1
2
     
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Q8. The wave function of a free particle in one dimension is given by

  x   A sin x  B sin 3 x . Then   x  is an eigenstate of
(a) the position operator (b) the Hamiltonian
(c) the momentum operator (d) the parity operator
Ans. : (d)   x     x 
   x  {parity (even and odd)
  x   A sin  x   B sin  3 x    A sin x  B sin 3 x 
  x     x   negative parity i.e. parity operator
Q9. The quantum state sin x   expi  cos x  , where    0 and x,  are, real, is
orthogonal to:
(a) sin x  (b) cos x   expi sin x 
(c)  cos x   expi sin x  (d)  exp i  cos x   sin x 
Ans.: (d)
Solution:    0 ,   sin x   expi  cos x 
     exp  i  cos x sin x    exp  i  exp  i  cos x  
 sin 2 x    exp  i  cos x sin x  
  expi  cos x sin x  expi  cos x sin x  0
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JEST-2013
Q10. A particle of mass m is contained in a one-dimensional infinite well extending from
to x  . The particle is in its ground state given by  0  x   2 / L cosx / L  .

L L
x
2 2
The walls of the box are moved suddenly to form a box extending from x   L to x  L .
what is the probability that the particle will be in the ground state after this sudden
expansion?
(a) 8 / 3  (c) 16 / 3  (d) 4 / 3 
2 2 2
(b) 0
Ans.: (a)
2 2 x 2 x
Solution: Probability  0 1 , 0  cos , 1 cos
L L 2L 2L
Since the wall of box are moved suddenly then
2 2
L/2 2 1 cos  x cos  x 2 1 L / 2 2 cos  x cos  x
Probability  L / 2 L

L L

2L
dx 
L 2  L / 2 L

2L
dx
2 L/2 2
2 1 L / 2   3 x    x  2 1  2L 3 x 2 L x
   cos    cos    dx    sin  sin
L 2  L / 2   2L   2L  L 2  3 2L  2 L   L / 2
2 2 2
2 1  2 L  3 3  2L     2 2 8
    sin  sin   sin  sin     
L 2  3  4 4    4 4  3  3
Q11. A quantum mechanical particle in a harmonic oscillator potential has the initial wave
function  0  x    1  x  , where  0 and  1 are the real wavefunctions in the ground and
first excited state of the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian. For convenience we take
m      1 for the oscillator. What is the probability density of finding the particle at
x at time t   ?
(a)  1  x   0  x   (b)  1  x     0  x  
2 2 2
(c)  1  x    0  x   (d)  1  x     0  x  
2 2 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution:  x    0 x    1  x 
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E0t Et
  x, t    0  x  e  i
 1  x  ei 1
 
Now probability density at time t
t
  x, t    *  x, t   x, t    0  x    1  x   2 Re 0*  x  1  x  cos  E1  E0 
2 2 2

putting t  
  x, t    0  x    1  x   2 Re 0*  x  1  x  cos   E1  E0    1
2 2 2
  x, t    0  x    1  x   2 Re 0*  x  1  x    1  x   0  x  
2 2 2 2
Q12. If J x , J y and J z are angular momentum operators, the eigenvalues of the operator
J x  Jy 
are:

(a) real and discrete with rational spacing
(b) real and discrete with irrational spacing
(c) real and continuous
(d) not all real
Ans.: (b)
1 i 0 1  0 0 
Solution: J x   J  J  , J y   J  J   J     , J    1 0 
2 2 0 0   
 0 1  i 0 1 J  J y 1  0 1 i
Jx    , Jy     x  
2 1 0  2 1 0   2 1  i 0 
1    1 i
eigen value    2  2  0     2
2 1  i   
Q13. A simple model of a helium-like atom with electron-electron interaction is replaced by
Hooke’s law force is described by Hamiltonian
 2 2 
2m
 1
 
1   22  m 2 r12  r22 
2 4
   2
m 2 r1  r2 .
What is the exact ground state energy?

3

(a) E   1  1  
2
 (b) E 
3
2

 1   
(c) E 
3
2
 1   (d) E 
3
2

 1  1   
Ans.: (b)
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1 / 2 
Q14. Consider the state 1 / 2  corresponding to the angular momentum l  1 in the L z basis
1 / 2 
of states with m  1, 0,  1 . If L2z is measured in this state yielding a result 1, what is the
state after the measurement?
1  1/ 3   0 1 / 2 
       
(a)  0  (b)  0  (c)  0  (d)  0 
 0   1  
   2/3   1 / 2 
Ans.: (d)
1 0 0  1 0 0 1 0 0
         
Solution: L z   0 0 0  , L z   0 0 0  , eigenvector
2
 0 , 1, 0
 0 0  1 0 0 1  0 0 1
         
Corresponding eigenvalue 1, 0, 1
1 1
  1  
Now state after measurement yielding 1 1  3   0   0
1 2 
  1
  
Q15. What are the eigenvalues of the operator H    a , where  are the three Pauli matrices

and a is a vector?
(c)  a x  a y  a z 

(a) a x  a y and a z (b) a x  a z  ia y (d)  a
Ans.: (d)
Solution: H    a   x .a x   y .a y   z .a z 
 
0 1  0 i  1 0  

az a x ia y  

  ax    ay    az 
 0 1   ax  ia y 
1 0 i 0    az 
For eigen value,

  az     ax  ia y  
   0    az    az      ax  ia y  ax  ia y   0
  ax  ia y    az    
 
  az2   2  ax2  a y2  0   2  ax2  a y2  az2     a
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
Q16. The hermitian conjugate of the operator   is
 x 
   
(a) (b)  (c) i (d)  i
x x x x
Ans.: (a)
    x  
† *
 
Solution:   *  x     x       x 
 x   x 

 
      x  *
    x      x   dx   *  x   x    
*
  x  dx

 x    x
  *  x 
   x  dx
 x
Q17. If the expectation value of the momentum is p for the wavefunction   x  , then the
expectation value of momentum for the wavefunction eikx /   x  is
(a) k (b) p  k (c) p  k (d) p
Ans.: (c)
   
Solution:   *  x   i   x  dx  p

 x 
Now
 
ikx
   ikx 
 ikx
 ikx  ik ikx 
 e 
  x   i  e   x  dx   e   x  i   e
*  *
  x   e   x 

 x  
 x  
 
ikx
   
ikx
 ik  ikx
 e 
  x   i   x   e   i. e   *  x   x  dx
*

 x   
    
   *  x   i   x    k   *  x   x   p  K

 x  
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Q18. Two electrons are confined in a one dimensional box of length L . The one-electron states
2  n x 
are given by  n  x   sin   . What would be the ground state wave function
L  L 
  x1 , x2  if both electrons are arranged to have the same spin state?
1 2   x1   2 x2  2  2 x1    x2  
(a)   x1 , x2    L sin  L  sin  L   L sin  L  sin  L  
2         
1 2   x1   2 x2  2  2 x1    x2  
(b)   x1 , x2    L sin  L  sin  L   L sin  L  sin  L  
2        
2   x   2 x2 
(c)   x1 , x2   sin  1  sin  
L  L   L 
2  2 x1    x2 
(d)   x1 , x2   sin   sin  
L  L   L 
Ans.: (b)
1
Solution: Electrons are Fermions of spin and its wave functions are anti-symmetric
2
Since, spin part is symmetric, therefore, space part will be anti-symmetric (since as total
wave function is anti-symmetric)
Then,
1 2   x1   2 x2  2  2 x1    x2  
  x1 , x2    L sin  L  .sin  L   L sin  L  .sin  L  
2         
d  d 
Q19. The operator   x   x  is equivalent to
 dx  dx 
d2 d2
(a) 2
 x2 (b) 2  x 2  1
dx dx
d2 d d2 d
(c) 2
 x x2 1 (d) 2
 2x  x 2
dx dx dx dx
Ans.: (b)
d  d  d  d 
Solution:    x   x  f  x     x   f  x   xf  x 
 dx  dx   dx   dx 
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d d 
f x   xf x   x f x   x 2 f x 
d
 
dx  dx  dx
d2 df  x  d
 2
f  x  f  x  x x f  x   x2 f  x 
dx dx dx
d2  d2 
 f  x   x 2
f  x   f  x   
 dx 2  x 2
 1  f x 
dx 2  
JEST-2014
Q20. Suppose a spin 1 / 2 particle is in the state
1 1  i 
   
6 2 
If S x ( x component of the spin angular momentum operator) is measured what is the
probability of getting   / 2 ?
(a) 1 / 3 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 5 / 6 (d) 1 / 6
Ans.: (c)
 0 1    1 1
Solution: S x    with eigenvalues  and eigenvector corresponding to is  
2 1 0  2 2 2 1

Now probability getting 
2
2
1 1 1  i 

 1 1  2  1
1 i  2
2
 2 6   5
p     12 
2   1 1  i  1 6
1  i 2  2  6
6
6  
Q21. The Hamiltonian operator for a two-state system is given by
H    1 1  2 2  1 2  2 1 ,
where  is a positive number with the dimension of energy. The energy eigenstates
corresponding to the larger and smaller eigenvalues respectively are:
(a) 1   
2 1 2 , 1   2  1 2 (b) 1   
2 1 2 , 1   2  1 2
(c) 1   2  1 2 ,  2  1 1  2 (d) 1  2  1 2 ,  2  1 1  2
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Ans.: (b)
Solution: H    1 1  2 2  1 2  2 1   H 1    1  2  , H 2    1  2 
Lets check for option (b): 1   
2 1 2 , 1   2  1 2
Now H      H 1  2  1 2   H 1  H  2  1 2
 
H 1 
  
2 1 2   H  1  
  
2 1 H 2    1  2    
2 1   1  2 
  1  2  1 1   1 
  
2 1  2   2 1   2  2 2
  
 2  1 
  2 1 2 
 

Now H 1  2  1 2  H  1 
   
2 1 2   H 1  H
  2 1 2
   1  2   
    
2  1  1  2    1  2  1 1   1  2  1 2
  
 
  2 1  2  2  2   2  1  1  2 2 
   
2 
Q22. Consider an eigenstate of L and Lz operator denoted by l, m . Let A  nˆ  L denote an
operator, where n̂ is a unit vector parametrized in terms of two angles

as  nx , n y , nz    sin  cos  ,sin  sin  , cos   . The width  A in l, m state is:
l l  1  m 2 l l  1  m 2
(a)  cos  (b)  sin 
2 2
(c) l l  1  m 2  sin  (d) l l  1  m 2  cos 

Ans.: (c)
 x y z
Solution: A  nˆ  L  A  Lx   Ly   Lz 
r r r
r sin  cos  r sin  sin  r cos 
 A  Lx   Ly   Lz 
r r r
 A  Lx sin  cos   Ly sin   sin   Lz cos 
2
Now A  A2  A
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A  Lx sin  cos   Ly sin  sin   Lz cos 
A   m  cos   Lx  0, Ly  0
A 2  L2x sin 2  cos 2   L2y sin 2  sin 2   L2z cos 2 
L 2
x 
 L2y sin 2   L2z cos 2 
 L 2
 L2z  sin  
2
L2z cos 2 
 A2  l  l  1  m 2   2 sin 2   m 2  2 cos 2 
 A2  l  l  1  m 2   2 sin 2   m 2  2 cos 2 
A  A2  A
2
  l  l  1  m  
2 2
sin 2   m 2  2 cos 2   m 2  2 cos 2 
A  l  l  1  m 2   sin 
Q23. Consider a three-state system with energies E , E and E  3g (where g is a constant) and
1 1 1

1   1   1  
respective eigenstates  1  1 ,  2  1 and  3  1
2   6   3  
0  2  1
1
 
If the system is initially (at t  0 ), in state  i   0 
0
 
0
 
what is the probability that at a later time t system will be in state  f  0
1
 
4 2  3 gt 
(a) 0 (b) sin  
9  2 
4  3 gt  4 2  E  3gt 
(c) cos 2   (d) sin  
9  2  9  2 
Ans.: (b)
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Q24. The lowest quantum mechanical energy of a particle confined in a one-dimensional box
of size L is 2 eV . The energy of the quantum mechanical ground state for a system of
1
three non-interacting spin particles is
2
(a) 6 eV (b) 10 eV (c) 12 eV (d) 16 eV
Ans.: (c)
 22
Solution: E1   2eV , E2  4 E1  8 eV
2ml 2
1 1
Spin, spin is , therefore, degeneracy gi  2S  1  2   1  2
2 2
 ground state energy = 2  2 eV  1  8 eV  12 eV
Q25. A ball bounces off earth. You are asked to solve this quantum mechanically assuming the
earth is an infinitely hard sphere. Consider surface of earth as the origin implying
V 0   and a linear potential elsewhere (i.e. V  x    mgx for x  0 ). Which of the
following wave functions is physically admissible for this problem (with k  0 ):
2 2
(a)   e  kx / x (b)   xe  kx (c)    Axekx (d)   Ae  kx
Ans.: (b)
2
Solution:   xe  kx
For given potential, at x  0 and x   wave function must vanish.
Q26. The operator A and B share all the eigenstates. Then the least possible value of the
product of uncertainties AB is
(a)  (b) 0 (c)  / 2 (d) Determinant (AB)
Ans.: (b)
Solution: A  B 
AB
2
A  B  0 [ A and B have share their eigen values, so AB   0 ]
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Q27. Consider a square well of depth  V0 and width a with V0 as fixed. Let V0   and
a  0 . This potential well has

(a) No bound states (b) 1 bound state
(c) 2 bound states (d) Infinitely many bound states
Ans.: (b)
Solution: It forms delta potential, so it has only one bound state.
JEST-2015
2

 
Q28. Consider a harmonic oscillator in the state   e 2
e a 0 , where 0 is the ground
state, a  is the raising operator and  is a complex number. What is the probability that
the harmonic oscillator is in the n th eigenstate n ?
2
 
n
2n
2  
2
(a) e (b) e n!
n!
2 2n

 
n

2 
(c) e (d) e 2
n! n!
Ans.: (a)
 a  a 
n n

2

2  
 
 

 a n
Solution:   e 2
e 0 e 2
0 and n  0  a 0  n n
n n n
  
n
 
2 *


n n
 n n
  
2 2 2 2
 
 e 2
n    e n n e  e  e   1
 n
2
n n n n
2
n 2
Probability that  is in n state is,  n
 
 
2 2
 n 
 n  1
 e 2
 n n
n e 2

n
n
n
n
2


2  2n
 1 e 2 

2 2

 n e 2 n
nn  n  n  e
n n n n
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Q29. A particle of mass m moves in 1  dimensional potential V  x  , which vanishes at infinity.
The exact ground state eigenfunction is   x   A sec h   x  , where A and  are
constants. The ground state energy eigenvalue of this system is,

 2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2
(a) E  (b) E   (c) E   (d) E 
m m 2m 2m
Ans.: (d)
d
Solution:   x   A sec h   x     A sec h   x  tanh   x 
dx
d 2
   A   sec h   x  tan 2 h   x     sec h   x  sec 2 h   x  
dx 2
  A 2 sec h   x    tan 2 h   x   sec 2 h   x   
  A 2 sec h   x  sec 2 h   x   tan 2 h   x   
  A 2 sec h   x  sec 2 h   x   1  sec 2 h   x    

 
 tan 2 h   x   1  sec 2 h   x 
  A 2 sec h   x  sec 2 h   x   1  sec 2 h   x   
d 2
   A 2  2sec3 h   x   sec h   x  
dx 2
d 2  2 d 2
Now put the value in equation   V  x   x   E  x 
dx 2 2m dx 2
2 2
  A  2sec3 h   x   sec h   x    V  x  A sec h   x   EA sec h   x 
2m
V  x   0 as x  
2 2 2 2
  A sec h   x   2 A sec3 h   x   EA sec h   x 
2m 2m
Now we have to do approximation i.e. sec3 h   x  dacays very fastly as x   so second
term
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 A sec h   x   0 . Thus
3
A sec h   x   EA sec h   x   E 
2m 2m 2m
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1
Q30. Consider a spin  particle characterized by the Hamiltonian H  S z . Under a
2
perturbation H   gS x , the second order correction to the ground state energy is given by,
g2 g2 g2 g2
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
4 4 2 2
Ans.: (a)
 1 0 
Solution:  H   sz sz 
2 0 1
and
  1 0  g  1 0 
H    and H   gsx   
2  0 1 2  0 1 
 0
Ground state energy is  with eigenvector 1   
2 1
 1
and first excited state energy is with eigenvector 2   
2 0
2 2
m H  1 m H  1
Second order correction in ground state E12   
E10  Em0  
m 1
 
2 2
2
0 10
1 0    
g 22 1 01 g 22 g2
 E1 
2
  
4 2  4  4

2
Q31. Given that  1 and  2 are eigenstates of a Hamiltonian with eigenvalues E1 and E2
respectively, what is the energy uncertainty in the state  1   2  ?
1
(a)  E1 E 2 (b) E1  E 2
2
1 1
(c) E1  E 2  (d) E 2  E1
2 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: E 2 1 2 1 2
 E1  E2 

E12  E22  and E 
1 1
E1  E2
2 2 2 2 2
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 E  E2  E
2

E 1
2
 E22   1 E  E  2

2 E12  2 E22  E12  E22  2 E1 E2
1 2
2 4 4
E12  E22  2 E1 E2 1
 E   E1  E2
4 2
kr 2
Q32. A particle moving under the influence of a potential V r   has a wavefunction
2
  r , t  . If the wavefunction changes to   r , t  , the ratio of the average final kinetic
energy to the initial kinetic energy will be,
1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d)  2
 2

Ans.: (c)
 2  2
     r dr ,  is

Solution: For   r , t  the average kinetic energy T    *  r , t    2 2
0
 2m 
written in spherical polar coordinate, which is dimension of  length 

2
For wave function   r , t 
 2  2
     r , t   r dr

T    *  r , t    2
0
 2m 
r dr 
Put  r  r  or r   dr  and  2r   2  r2
 
 2
    2
2
1   2  2
T  3 0   r , t    2m     r , t  r  dr    0   r , t    2m     r , t  r  dr 

* 2 * 2

T T 1
 T    
 T 
Q33. If a Hamiltonian H is given as H  0 0  1 1  i  0 1  1 0  , where 0 and 1 are
orthonormal states, the eigenvalues of H are

(a)  1 (b)  i (c)  2 (d)  i 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: H  0 0  1 1  i  0 1  1 0 
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H 0  0 i 1 and H 1   1 i 0
0 H 0 0 H 1 1 i 
The matrix representation of H is  
1H 0 1H 1  i 1
1   i 
  0   1     1  0     2
2
Eigenvalue of H 
 i 1   
L L
Q34. A particle of mass m is confined in a potential well given by V  x   0 for x
2 2
and V  x    elsewhere. A perturbing potential H  x   ax has been applied to the

L
2
system. Let the first and second order corrections to the ground state be E 01 and E02  ,
respectively. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) E 01  0 and E 02   0 (b) E 01  0 and E 02   0
(c) E 01  0 and E 02   0 (d) E01  0 and E 02  0

Ans.: (d)
0  L / 2  x  L / 2
Solution: V  x    and H   x    x
 elsewhere
2 x
For ground state 0  cos
L L
0 H  0 2 L/2 x
E01     x cos 2 0
0 0 L  L/2 L
2
m H  0
E0  
 2
 E0   0
2
 E00  Em0
m0 E E
0
0
0
m
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JEST-2016
Q35. The wavefunction of a hydrogen atom is given by the following superposition of energy

eigen functions  nlm  r  ( n, l , m are the usual quantum numbers):
 2  3  1 
 r    100  r    210  r    322  r 
7 14 14
The ratio of expectation value of the energy to the ground state energy and the
expectation value of L2 are, respectively:
229 12 2 101 12 2
(a) and (b) and
504 7 504 7
101 229
(c) and  2 (d) and  2
504 504
Ans.: (a)
2 E 9 E 1 E 229
Solution: E   0   0   0  E0
7 1 14 4 14 9 504
2 9 1 24 12
L2   0 2   2 2   6 2   2   2
7 14 14 14 7
1
Q36. A spin- particle in a uniform external magnetic field has energy eigenstates 1 and 2 .
2
The system is prepared in ket-state

 1  2  at time t  0 . It evolves to the state
2
described by the ket

 1  2  in time T . The minimum energy difference between two
2
levels is:
h h h h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6T 4T 2T T
Ans.: (c)
  E1t   E t 
1 i  2 exp  i 2  
Solution:   t  0  
1  2    t t 

  

  
 
2 2
   E2  E1  t  
 1  2 exp  i  
 E1t     
  t  t    i 
   2
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  E  E1  t 
exp  i 2   1
  
 E2  E1  T    E  E     h
 2 1
 T 2T
Q37. The energy of a particle is given by E  p  q where p and q are the generalized
momentum and coordinate, respectively. All the states with E  E0 are equally probable
and states with E  E0 are inaccessible. The probability density of finding the particle at
coordinate q , with q  0 is:
(a)
 E0  q  (b)
q
(c)
 E0  q  (d)
1
2
E0 E02 E 2
0 E0
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For condition, E  p  q total number of accessible state upto energy E0 for q  0
1
is area under the curve   2  E02  E02
2
The probability density of finding the particle at coordinate q , with q  0
dpdq pdq  E  q  dq
 2  0 2
2
E0 E0 E0
For probability at point q , dq is insignificant so p  q  

 E0  q 
E02
Q38. Consider a quantum particle of mass m in one dimension in an infinite potential well, i.e.,
a a a
V  x   0 for x and V  x    for x . A small perturbation,
2 2 2
2 x
V  x  is added. The change in the ground state energy to O  is:
a
 
(a)
2 2 
2 4  (b)
2 2 
2 4 
 2 2  2 2
(c)
2
 4   (d)
2

 4 
Ans.: (a)
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a a
2 2 2 2 x
2
Solution: E11   1*V '  x 1dx   x cos dx

a a 
a a a
2 2
a a a
2 2
2 x 2 4 22 x   2 x 
4 2
 .2.  x cos 2 dx  2  x  cos  1dx  2  x  cos  1dx
a 0 a a a 0 2 a  a 0  a 
a
4 2  2 x  
 2  x  cos
a 0  a
 1dx 
 2 2
2 4  
1
Q39. If Yxy 
2
Y2,2  Y2,2  where Yl ,m are spherical harmonics then which of the following
is true?
(a) Yxy is an eigenfunction of both L2 and Lz
(b) Yxy is an eigenfunction of L2 but not Lz
(c) Yxy is an eigenfunction both of Lz but not L2
(d) Yxy is not an eigenfunction of either L2 and Lz
Ans.: (b)
Solution: The L2Yxy  l  l  1  2Yxy , where l  2 and LzYxy  mYxy
So, Yxy is an eigenfunction of L2 but not Lz
2 
1  
Q40. A spin-1 particle is in a state  described by the column matrix  2  in the S z
10  
 2i 
basis. What is the probability that a measurement of operator S z will yield the result 
for the state S x  ?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6
Ans.: (c)
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0 1 0  2 
   1  
Solution: S x  1 0 1 ,    2
2   10  
0 1 0  2i 
 1 
2  
Sx    1  i 
10  
 1 
1 0 0 
 
Sz    0 0 0 
 0 0 1 
 
1
The eigen state corresponding to eigen value  of S z is  0 
0
 
2
 1 
2  
1 0 0   1  i 
10  
 1  1
 P   
 1  4
2 2  
 1 1  i 1 1  i 
10  1 
 
Q41. The Hamiltonian of a quantum particle of mass m confined to a ring of unit radius is:
2
2   
H  i  
2m   
where  is the angular coordinate,  is a constant. The energy eigenvalues and
eigenfunctions of the particle are ( n is an integer):
ein 2 sin  n  2
(a)  n    n   (b)  n    n  
2 2
and En  and En 
2 2m 2 2m
cos  n  2 ein 2
(c)  n     n    (d)  n    n  
2 2
and En  and En 
2 2m 2 2m
Ans.: (a)
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2
2     2   2  
Solution: H   i       2  2i   2   E
2m    2m    
ein
By inspection,  n    , which will also satisfy boundary condition
2
 n   2    n   and satisfies the eigen value equation with eigen value
2  n   
2
E
2m
d
Q42. The adjoint of a differential operator acting on a wavefunction   x  for a quantum
dx
mechanical system is:
d d d d
(a) (b) i (c)  (d) i
dx dx dx dx
Ans.: (c)
Q43. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, the most probable distance of the electron from the
nucleus, in units of Bohr radius a0 is:
1 3
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
2 2
Ans.: (d)
r
1
Solution:  100  e a0
 a03
r
1 dP
P     3 e a0  rp 
*
 0  rp  a0
 a0 dr
Q44. For operators P and Q , the commutator  P, Q 1  is
(a) Q 1  P, Q  Q 1 (b) Q 1  P, Q  Q 1 (c) Q 1  P, Q  Q (d) Q  P, Q  Q 1
Ans.: (b)
Solution:  P, Q 1   PQ 1  Q 1 P
Q 1  P, Q  Q 1  Q 1  PQ  QP  Q 1  Q 1  PQQ 1  QPQ 1   Q 1 P  PQ 1   P, Q 1 
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Q45. A spin
1
particle is in a state
     where  and  are the eigenstates of S z
2 2
operator. The expectation value of the spin angular momentum measured along x
direction is:

(a)  (b)  (c) 0 (d)
2
Ans.: (d)
1  
Solution:  

    
2 
 ,
 0 1
Sx   
2 1   2 1 0


2 
 1 
 1 1   0 1 2  
Sx      
 2 2  2 1 0 1  2
 
 2
JEST 2017

Q46. What is the dimension of , where  is a wavefunction in two dimensions?
ix
(a) kg m 1s 2 (b) kg s 2 (c) kg m 2 s 2 (d) kg s 1
Ans. : (d)
 dim of  kg  m  sec 2  sec
Solution: Dimension of    kg sec 1
ix dim of x m
Q47. Suppose the spin degrees of freedom of a 2 - particle system can be described by a 21 -
dimensional Hilbert subspace. Which among the following could be the spin of one of the
particles?
1 3
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d) 2
2 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Dimension of Hilbert space   2 s1  1   2 s2  1  7  3  21
So, s1  3, s2  1
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Q48. If the ground state wavefunction of a particle moving in a one dimensional potential is
proportional to exp   x 2 / 2  cosh  

2 x , then the potential in suitable units such that
  1 , is proportional to
(a) x 2 (b) x 2  2 2 x tanh  2x

(c) x 2  2 2 x tan  2x  (d) x 2  2 2 x coth  2 x 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: From figure, we can conclude that option (b) is the correct answer.
 V
x x
Q49. A particle is described by the following Hamiltonian
pˆ 2 1
Hˆ   m 2 xˆ 2   xˆ 4
2m 2
where the quartic term can be treated perturbatively. If E0 and E1 denote the energy
correction of O    to the ground state and the first excited state respectively, what is the
fraction E1 / E0 ?
Ans. : 5
ˆ Pˆ 2 1
Solution: H   m 2 xˆ 2   xˆ 4
2m 2
Now, energy correction of O    to ground state is
2 2
     
E0  0 xˆ 0  
4
 0 6n  6n  3 0  
2
 3
 2m   2m 
And energy correction of O    to first excited state is
2
  
E1  1 xˆ 4 1    1 6n  6 n  3 1
2
 2m 
2 2
      E1 15
    6  6  3 
 15  . Hence,  5
 2m   2m  E0 3
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Q50. If x̂  t  be the position operator at a time t in the Heisenberg picture for a particle
pˆ 2 1
ˆ
described by the Hamiltonian, H   m 2 xˆ 2 what is ei  t 0 xˆ  t  xˆ  0  0 in units of
2m 2

where 0 is the ground state?
2m
Solution: Operator X̂  t  in Hisenburg picture is written as
Xˆ  t   eiHt /  Xˆ  0  eiHt / 
Thus, 0 Xˆ  t  Xˆ  0  0  0 eiHt /  X  0  e  iHt /  X  0  0

Here, Xˆ  0  0  1
2m
So, above equation reduces as,

0 Xˆ  t  Xˆ  0  0  0 eiHt /  Xˆ  0  e  iHt /  1
2m
In integral form,

0 Xˆ  t  Xˆ  0  0  0*  t  Xˆ  0  1  t  dx
2m 
i  t  i 3  t
   it *
  0* e 2  Xˆ  0  1e 2
dx  e  0 x1 dx
2m 2m
2
  
Therefore, e 0 Xˆ  t  Xˆ  0  0  
i t
 0 a  a 1
†
 2 m 

eit 0 Xˆ  t  Xˆ  0  0 
2m
Q51. Consider a particle confined by a potential V  x   k x , where k is a positive constant.
The spectrum En of the system, within the WKB approximation is proportional to

3/ 2 2/3 1/ 2 4/3
 1  1  1  1
(a)  n   (b)  n   (c)  n   (d)  n  
 2  2  2  2
Ans. : (b)
kx x0
Solution: V  x   
 kx x0
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E/k E/k
 1
b
k
 2m  E  V  x dx   n     2 2m  E  kxdx  2 2m  E  1 x dx
0  2 0 0
E
1 1
E 2E 2m 2
 2 2mE  1  t dt  2mE  1  t dt  2 E 3 / 2 
0
k k 0
k 3
 1 3 k  1
  n     En3 / 2  n  
 2 4 2m  2
2/3
 3 k  1 
En    n  
 4 2m  2 
Q52. Consider the Hamiltonian
1 0 0 0 0 1 
   
H t     0 2 0    t  0 0 0 
 0 0 3  1 0 2 
   
The time dependent function   t    for t  0 and zero for t  0 . Find
2
 t  0  t  0 , where   t  0  is the normalised ground state of the system at
a time t  0 and   t  0  is the state of the system at t  0 .
1 1
(a)
2
1  cos  2 t   (b)
2
1  cos  t  
1 1
(c)
2
1  sin  2 t   (d)
2
1  sin  t  
Ans. : (a)
1 0 0 0 0 1 
Solution: H  t     0 2 0     t   0 0 0 
 
 0 0 3  1 0 2 
   
 , t  0
Time dependent function   t   
0 , t  0
When t  0
1 0 1
 
H t     0 2 0 
1 0 1
 
Eigen value are 0 , 2 , 2 .
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1
1  
For Eigen value zero, the ground state wave function is   t  0   0 .
2  
 1
1 0
1   i t 1    i 3 t
And   t  0   0 e  0 e
2   2  
0 1
2
2 1 i t  i 3 t
Now,   t  0    t  0   e e 
4
1  
2 2
t 3 t   t 3 t 
  cos  cos     sin  sin  
4         
1  t 3 t t 3   1  2 t  1  2 t 
 1  1  2  cos .cos  sin cos     2  2.cos   1  cos
4       4    2  
JEST-2018
Q53. If   x  is an infinitely differentiable function, then D̂  x  , where the operator
 d 
Dˆ  exp  ax  , is
 dx 
(a)   x  a  (b)   ae a  x  (c)   e a x  (d) e a  x 
Ans. : (c)
Q54. A one dimensional harmonic oscillator (mass m and frequency  ) is in a state  such
that the only possible outcomes of an energy measurement are E0 , E1 or E2 , where En is
the energy of the n -th excited state. If H is the Hamiltonian of the oscillator,
3 11 2 2
 H  and  H   2
, then the probability that the energy
2 4
measurement yields E0 is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4 8
Ans. : (b)
Solution:   a 0  b 1  c 2 let us assume a, b, c is real
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 3 5
a2   b2   c2  2 2 2
H  2 2 2  3   a  3b  5c  3  .…(i)
a 2  b2  c 2 4 2 2 2 4
2 2 2
  
2 2  3  2  5  
a    b    c  
 2   11 
2 2
H   2   2 
a 2  b2  c2 4
a 2 9b 2 25c 2 11 2 2
    .....(ii)
4 4 4 4
a 2  b2  c 2  1 .…(iii)
1 1 1
Solving a 2  , b 2  , c 2 
4 2 4
   a2 1
P   2 2 2
 a2 
 2  a b c 4
Q55. A quantum particle of mass m is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius a . The
particle is prepared in a quantum state described by the wavefunction
4
 cos 2  ,
3
 being the azimuthal angle. If a measurement of the z -component of orbital angular
momentum of die particle is carried out, the possible outcomes and the corresponding
probabilities are
1 1 1
(a) Lz  0,  , 2 with 0 P  0   , P      and P  2  
5 5 5
(b) Lz  0 with P  0   1
1 1
(c) Lz  0,  with P  0   and P     
3 3
2 1
(d) Lz  0, 2 with P  0   and P  2  
3 6
Ans. : (d)
4 4  1  cos 2  4 1  2 2  exp 2i  exp 2i  

Solution:   cos 2       .   
3 3  2  3 2  2 2 2 
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2 1 1
 0  2  2
3 6 6
2 1
Lz  0, 2 with P  0   and P  2  
3 6
Q56. Consider two canonically conjugate operators X̂ and Ŷ such that  Xˆ , Yˆ   iI , where I
is identity operator. If Xˆ  11Qˆ1  12Qˆ 2 , Yˆ   21Qˆ1   22Qˆ 2 , where  ij are complex
numbers and Qˆ1 , Qˆ 2   zI , the value of 11 22  12 21 is
i
(a) iz (b) (c) i (d) z
z
Ans. : (b)
Solution:  Xˆ , Yˆ   iI , 11Qˆ1  12 Qˆ 2 ,  21Qˆ1   22 Qˆ 2   i I
 11Qˆ1 ,  22Qˆ 2   12Qˆ 2 ,  21Qˆ1   11 22 Qˆ1 , Qˆ 2   12 21 Qˆ 2 , Qˆ1 

i
11 22  12 21  zI  iI  11 22  12 21  
z
Q57. Suppose the spin degree of freedom of two particles (nonzero rest mass and nonzero spin)
is described completely by a Hilbert space of dimension twenty one. Which of the
following could be the spin of one of the particles?
3 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution:  2 s1  1   2 s2  1  21  7  3  s1  3, s2  1
Q58. The normalized eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian of a Particle confined
to move between 0  x  a in one dimension are
2 n x n 2 2  2
 n  x  sin and En 
a a 2ma 2
respectively. Here 1, 2,3... . Suppose the state of the particle is
x    x 
  x   A sin   1  cos  
 a   a 
where A is the normalization constant. If the energy of the particle is measured, the
 2 2 x
probability to get the result as 2
is . What is the value of x ?
2ma 100
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Ans. : 80
x    x  a  2 x  2 2 x    x 

Solution:   x   A sin  1  cos    A  sin    sin   cos  
 a   a  2  a  a  2 a  a   a 
a  2 x  2 2 x    x 
  x  A sin   sin   cos  
2  a  a  2 a  a   a 
a  1 
  A  1  2 
2  2 
a 2  1 a 5 8
  1 A 1    A2   1  A 
2  4 2 4 5a
a 8  1  4 1
  .  1  2   1  2
2 5a  2  5 5
  22  4 x 4
P 2 
   x   100  80
 2ma  5 100 5
Q59. A harmonic oscillator has the following Hamiltonian

pˆ 2 1
H0   m 2 xˆ 2
2m 2
It is perturbed with a potential V   xˆ 4 . Some of the matrix elements of x̂ 2 in terms of
its expectation value in the ground state are given as follows:
0 xˆ 2 0  C
0 xˆ 2 2  2C
1 xˆ 2 1  3C
1 xˆ 2 3  6C
where n is the normalized eigenstate of H0 corresponding to the

 1
eigenvalue En    n   . Suppose E0 and E1 denote the energy correction of
 2
O    to thee ground state and the first excited state, respectively. What is the fraction
E1
?
E0
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Ans. : 5
2
Solution: For nth state En  n X 4 n 
4m 
2 2 
6n 2  6n  3 
3 2 2 15 2
E0  0 X 4 0 
4m 2 2
1 X 4
1 
4m 2 2
6.12
 6.1 
 3 
4m 2 2

E1
5
E0
Q60. Consider a wavepacket defined by

  x    dkf  k  exp i  kx  

K K
Further, f  k   0 for k  and f  k   a for k  . Then, the form of normalized
2 2
  x  is
Kx
sin
8 K Kx 2 2
(a) sin (b)
x 2 K x
Kx
sin
8 K Kx 2 2
(c) cos (d)
x 2 K x
Ans. : (b)

Solution: Given   x    dkf  k  eikx

K /2 K
  x   dK a eiKx K 
K / 2 2
K K
q q i x i x K
f K   0
K /2
 eikx  e 2 e 2 K
ix K / 2 ix 2
a
2 kx
  x   sin
x 2
K K
 22 Kx 
A2  dx  1 2 2
 x 2 2
h 2 Kx / 2

4 A2  1
 x2
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x
4 A2 1
2
1 1
A2   A
2 K 2 K
2 1 Kx
  x   sin
x 2 K 2
Kx
sin
2 2
   x 
K x
JEST-2019
Q61. What is the binding energy of an electron in the ground state of a He  ion?
(a) 6.8eV (b) 13.6 eV (c) 27.2 eV (d) 54.4 eV
Ans. : (d)
13.6 2
Solution: E   z  eV 
n2
He  : z  2
13.6  4
E   eV 
n2
The binding energy of an electron in ground state is
13.6  4
E  eV   54.4 eV
1
2
 b2 x 2 
Q62. The wave function   x   A exp    (for real constants A and b ) is a normalized
 2 
eigen-function of the Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m and energy E in a

one dimensional potential V  x  such that V  x   0 at x  0 . Which of the following is
correct?
 2b 4 x 2  2b 4 x 2  2b 2  2b 2
(a) V  (b) V  (c) E  (d) E 
m 2m 4m m
Ans. : (b)
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1/ 4
 m   m x 2 
Solution: Comparing with harmonic oscillator   x     exp    the potential is
    2 
1 
V  x   m 2 x 2 and energy is E 
2 2
 b x 
2 2 2
b  b4 2 x 2  b2 2
  x   A exp     so V  x   and energy E  
 2  m 2m 2 2m
Q63. A quantum particle of mass m is in a one dimensional potential of the form

1
 m x , if x  0
2 2
V  x   2
  if x  0
where  is a constant. Which one of the following represents the possible ground state
wave function of the particle?
 
1 1
(a) (b)
0 0
0 x  0 x 
1 1
 
1 1
(c) 0 (d) 0
0 x  0 x 
1 1
Ans. : (b)
1
Q64. For a spin particle placed in a magnetic field B , the Hamiltonian is
2
H   BS y   S y , where S y is the y -component of the spin operator. The state of the

system at time t  0 is   t  0    , where S z     . At a later time t , if S z
2

measured then what is the probability to get a value  ?
2
 t 
(a) cos 2 t  (b) sin 2 t  (c) 0 (d) sin 2  
 2 
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Ans. : (d)
    1
Solution: H   BS y   S y Eigen value is , with eigen vector 1      
2 2 2
1
and 2       respectively.
2
1 1
  t  0     I   1 1   2 2   1  2
2 2
1  it  1  it 
 t  t   1 exp   2 exp   
2  2  2  2 

If S z is measured on   t  then probability to find  is
2
2
  t   it   it  
2
  1 2 t
P     exp    exp      sin
 2   t   t  4  2   2  2
Q65. Consider a quantum particle in a one-dimensional box of length L . The coordinates of

the leftmost wall of the box is at x  0 and that of the rightmost wall is at x  L . The
particle is in the ground state at t  0 . At t  0 , we suddenly change the length of the box
to 3L by moving the right wall. What is the probability that the particle is in the ground
state of the new system immediately after the change?
9 81 0.5
(a) 0.36 (b) (c) (d) L
8 64 2 
Ans. : (c)
 2 x  2 x
 sin . 0  x  3a  sin . 0 xa
Solution: 1   3a 3a   a a
 0,  0,
 otherwise  otherwise
2
  22    a 2 x 2 x 81
P  1  sin sin dx 
 2m  3a  
2
 3a 3a a a 64 2
  0
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Q66. Consider a quantum particle of mass m and a charge e moving in a two dimensional
potential given as:
k
V  x, y    x  y  k  x  y
2 2
2

 
The particle is also subject to an external electric field E   iˆ  ˆj , where  is a
constant iˆ and ĵ corresponds to unit vectors along x and y directions, respectively. Let
E1 and E0 be the energies of the first excited state and ground state, respectively. What
is the value of E1  E0 ?
2k 2k 2k 2k
(a)  (b)   e 2 (c) 3 (d) 3  e 2
m m m m
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For constant electric field we know there is not any change in frequency and energy of
each level is changed by constant value.
The total potential is
k 3 3
V  x, y    x  y   k  x  y    x   y  V  x, y   kx 2  ky 2  kxy   x   y
2 2
2 2 2
m 0   3k k 
T   and V   
 0 m  k 3k 
Secular equation is given by
  4k 2k
2
V   2 m  0  3k   2 m  k 2  0  x  ,y 
m m
 1  1
The equivalent quantum mechanical energy is Enx ,n y   nx    x   n y    y  V0
 2  2
Where nx  0,1, 2,3... and n y  0,1, 2,3...
 4k  2k
The ground state energy E0  E0.0  
2 m 2 m
 4k 3 2k
The first excited state energy E1  E0.1  
2 m 2 m
2k
E1  E0  
m
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Q67. A one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is in the state


1
  n
n 0 n!
 1
where n is the normalized energy eigenstate with eigenvalue  n    . Let the
 2
1
expectation value of the Hamiltonian in the state  be expressed as   . What is
2
the value of  ?
Ans. : 3
 1
 n    1
 2  n 1 
Solution: H            e    3.2
n 0 n 2 n 1 n 2 
Q68. Consider a system of 15 non-interacting spin-polarized electrons. They are trapped in a
1
two dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator potential V  x, y   m 2  x 2  y 2  . The
2
angular frequency  is such that   1 in some chosen unit. What is the ground state
energy of the system in the same units?
Ans. : 55
Solution: Non-interacting spin-polarized electrons means direction of spin is fixed
1   2  2  3  3  4  4  5  5  55
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QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

GATE- 2010
Q1. Which of the following is an allowed wavefunction for a particle in a bound state? N is
a constant and  ,   0 .
e r
(a)   N (b)   N 1  e r 
r3
(c)   Ne x e   x  (d)   0non - zero constant if r  R
2
 y2 z2
 if r  R
Ans: (c)
Q2. A particle of mass m is confined in the potential
1
 m x ,
2 2
for x  0
V  x   2
 , for x  0
Let the wavefunction of the particle be given by
1 2
 x     0  1 ,
5 5
where  0 and  1 are the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first excited state
respectively. The expectation value of the energy is

31 25 13 11
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
10 10 10 10
Ans: (a)
Solution: For half parabolic potential
3 7 1 3 4 7 31
E0   , E1    E          .
2 2 5 2 5 2 10
2
Q3. For a spin-s particle, in the eigen basis of S , S x the expectation value sm S x2 sm is
(a)

 2 s s  1  m 2  
(b)  2 s s  1  2m 2 
2

(c)  s s  1  m 2
2
 (d)  2 m 2
Ans: (a)
1 1
sm  S  S   sm  sm S2  S 2  S  S   S  S  sm
2
Solution: sm S x2 sm 
4 4
 
2
1 
 sm S S   S  S  sm 
4 2
s s  1  m 2  S S  S S  2 S 2  S z2 
   
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Q4. A particle of mass m is confined in an infinite potential well:

0, if 0  x  L,
V  x  
 , otherwise.
 2x 
It is subjected to a perturbing potential V p  x   Vo sin   V x 
 L 
within the well. Let E 1 and E  2 be corrections to the ground
V p x 
state energy in the first and second order in V0 , respectively. L
0
Which of the following are true?
(a) E 1  0; E  2  0 (b) E 1  0; E  2  0
(c) E 1  0; E  2 depends on the sign of V0 (d) E 1  0; E  2  0

Ans: (a)
2
2
L
2x  m VP  1
Solution: E   V0 sin
1
1 dx  0 ; E12    E1  E m so E12  ve .
L0 L m 1 E1  Em
GATE- 2011
Q5. The quantum mechanical operator for the momentum of a particle moving in one
dimension is given by
d d  2 d 2
(a) i (b)  i (c) i (d) 
dx dx t 2m dx 2
Ans: (b)
Q6. An electron with energy E is incident from left on a potential V x 
barrier, given by
V0
0, for x  0
V  x   E
V0 , for x  0
as shown in the figure. For E < V0, the space part of the x
0
wavefunction for x > 0 is of the form
(a) e ax (b) e ax (c) eiax (d) e iax
Ans: (b)
Solution:  E  V0 , so there is decaying wave function.
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Q7. If Lx, Ly and Lz are respectively the x, y and z components of angular momentum operator
L. The commutator [Lx Ly, Lz] is equal to
(a) i L2x  L2y  (b) 2iLz (c) i L2x  L2y  (d) 0
Ans: (c)
 
Solution: Lx L y , Lz = Lx Ly Lz   Lx , Lz Ly = iL2x  L2y 
Q8. The normalized ground state wavefunciton of a hydrogen atom is given by

1 2 r / a
 r   e , where a is the Bohr radius and r is the distance of the electron
4 a
3/ 2
1
from the nucleus, located at the origin. The expectation value 2 is
r
8 4 4 2
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
a a a a
Ans: (d)
1 4  1 2  2ar  2 2
Solution: 2  3  2
r e dr   sin  d d  2
r 4 a 0 r 0 0 a
Q9. The normalized eigenstates of a particle in a one-dimensional potential well
0 if 0  x  a
V  x  
 otherwise
2  nx 
are given by  n  x   sin   , where n = 1, 2, 3,….
a  a 
The particle is subjected to a perturbation
 x  a
V0 cos   , for 0  x 
V ' x    a  2
0 , otherwise

The shift in the ground state energy due to the perturbation, in the first order perturbation
theory,
2Vo Vo Vo 2Vo
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
3 3 3 3
Ans: (a)
a/2
x
sin 3
 x   x 
a/2 a/2
2 2 2V0
Solution: E11   V x  dx   sin  V0 cos dx  V0 a 
* 2
1 1
a  a  a a  3
0 0 3
a 0
Common data questions Q10 and Q11

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In a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, 0 , 1 and 2 are respectively the ground, first

and the second excited states. These three states are normalized and are orthogonal to one
another  1 and  2 are two states defined by
 1  0  21  3 2 ,  2  0  1  2 ,  2  0  1   2
where  is a constant
Q10. The value of  which  2 is orthogonal to  1 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) – 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: For orthogonal condition scalar product  2 , 1   0 , so 1  2  3  0    1
Q11. For the value of α determined in Q10, the expectation value of energy of the oscillator in
the state  2 is
(a)  (b) 3 / 2 (c) 3 (d) 9 / 2

Ans: (b)
 3 5
2 H 2  
Solution:  2  0  1  2 put   1 , H   2 2 2  3 
2 2 3 2
GATE- 2012
Q12. A particle of mass m is confined in a two dimensional square well potential of
dimension a. This potential V(x, y) is given by
V(x, y) = 0 for –a < x < a and –a < y < a
= ∞ elsewhere
The energy of the first excited state for this particle is given by,
 2 2 2 2  2 5 2  2 4 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ma 2 ma 2 8ma 2 ma 2
Ans: (c)
 2 2  2 2 5 2  2
Solution: E   nx2  n y2   nx2  n y2    n x  1, n y  2 .
2m  2a 
2
8ma 2 8ma 2
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 
Q13. Consider the wavefunction    r1 , r2  s for a fermionic system consisting of two spin-
half particles. The spatial part of the wavefunction is given by
 
 r1 , r2  
1
1 r1  2 r2    2 r1 1 r2 
2
where 1and 2 are single particle states. The spin part χs of the wavefunction with spin
states   1 / 2 and - 1/2  should be
1 1
(a)     (b)     (c) αα (d) ββ
2 2
Ans: (b)
Solution: Since  r1 , r2  is symmetric the total wavefunction must be antisymmetric for fermions
so spin part must be antisymmetric.
Q14. A particle is constrained to move in a truncated harmonic potential well (x > 0) as shown
in the figure. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
(a) The parity of the first excited state is even
Vx
(b) The parity of the ground state is even
1
(c) the ground state energy is 
2
7 x
(d) The first excited state energy is 
2
Ans: (d)
3 7
Solution: There is only odd parity. Ground state is  and first excited  
2 2
Q15. Consider a system in the unperturbed state described by the Hamiltonian, H0  1 0 .
0 1 
  
The system is subjected to a perturbation of the form H '    , where   1 . The
  
energy eigenvalues of the perturbed system using the first order perturbation
approximation are
(a) 1 and (1 + 2δ) (b) (1 + δ) and (1 - δ)
(c) (1+ 2δ) and (1 - 2δ) (d) (1+ δ) and (1 - 2δ)
Ans: (a)
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Solution: H 0  H  , H0 is degenerate so after using degenerate perturbation through diagonalized

 2 0 1 0  2 0
H  one will get H     , H      .
0 0 0 1  0 0
So E  1  2 and 1 0 .
Q16. The ground state wavefunction for the hydrogen atom is given by
3/ 2
1  1 
 100    e  r / a0 , where a0 is the Bohr radius. The plot of the radial probability
4  a 0 
density, P(r) for the hydrogen atom in the ground state is
(a) P(r) (b) P(r)
r/a 0 r/a 0
(c) P(r) (d) P(r)
r/a 0 r/a 0
Ans: (d)
3/ 2
1 1
Solution: The ground state is given by  100    e r / a0
4  a0 
Radial probability function
P(r)
1 1 2 2 r / a0
Pr    r 2 =
2
r e
4 a03
r/a 0
Common Data for Questions 17–18
The wavefunction of particle moving in free space is given by,   eikx  2e  ikx  
Q17. The energy of the particle is
5 2 k 2 3 2 k 2 2k 2 2k 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2m 4m 2m m
Ans: (c)
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  2  2   2
Solution: H  E , H    ik  ik  eikx  2  ik  ik  eikx 
2m x 2
2m
 2 k 2 ikx 2 k 2
 H  (e  2e 2ikx )  
2m 2m
Q18. The probability current density for the real part of the wavefunction is
k k
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0
m 2m
Ans: (d)
Solution: The real part of the wave function real  cos kx  2 cos kx
Current density for real part of wave function = 0
GATE- 2013
Q19. Which one of the following commutation relations is NOT CORRECT? Here, symbols
have their usual meanings.
 
(a) L2 , L z  0  
(b) L x , L y  iL z
(c) L z , L   L (d) L z , L   L

Ans: (d)
Q20. A proton is confined to a cubic box, whose sides have length 10 12 m . What is the
minimum kinetic energy of the proton? The mass of proton is 1.67  10 27 kg and
Planck’s constant is 6.63  10 34 Js .

(a) 1.1  10 17 J (b) 3.3  10 17 J (c) 9.9  10 17 J (d) 6.6  10 17 J
Ans: (c)
3 2  2
Solution: 2
 9.9 1017
2ma
Q21. A spin-half particle is in a linear superposition 0.8   0.6  of its spin-up and spin-
down states. If  and  are the eigenstates of  z , then what is the expectation value
up to one decimal place, of the operator 10 z  5 x ? Here, symbols have their usual
meanings. _______________
Ans: 7.6
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1  0   0.8 
Solution:   .8   .6   0.8    0.6     
0  1   0.6 
1 0  0 1 10 5 
Operator A  10  z  5 x  10    5   A 
 0 1   1 0   5 10 
 10 5   0.8 
A   A    0.8 0.6      =  8.8  1.2   7.6
 5 10   0.6 
Q22. Consider the wave function Ae i k r r0 / r  , where A is the normalization constant.
For r  2r0 , the magnitude of probability current density up to two decimal places, in
 
units of A 2 k / m is _____________
Ans: 0.25
2 2
 k 2 r k 2 r k 2 k 2 k
  0.25  A
2
Solution: J    A 0 J A 0 J A
m r m 2r0 m 4m m
Common data questions 23 and 24

5 2 0 
To the given unperturbed Hamiltonian 2 5 0
0 0 2
1 1 1
we add a small perturbation given by  1 1  1 where  is small quantity.

1  1 1 
Q23. The ground state eigenvector of the unperturbed Hamiltonian is


(a) 1 / 2 ,1 2 ,0  
(b) 1 / 2 ,1 / 2 ,0 
(c) 0,0,1 (d) 1,0,0 
Ans: (c)
5 2 0 1 1 1
   
H 0   2 5 0  , H P    1 1  1
0 0 2 1  1 1 
 
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Eigen value of H 0 is E1  2, E2  3, E3  7 and the Eigen vector corresponds
0 1 1

1   1  
to 1   0  , 2  1 , 3  1 .
1 2   2  
  0 0
Q24. A pair of eigenvalues of the perturbed Hamiltonian, using first order perturbation theory,
is
(a) 3  2 ,7  2 (b) 3  2 ,2   (c) 3, 7  2 (d) 3, 2  2
Ans: (c)
Solution: E1  1 H P 1  1  E1  2  1
1 1 1 1 1
  1  
E2  2 H P 2 
1
1  1 0. 1 1  1.   1   0 0 1  1  0
2 1  1 1  2  0  0
     
1 1 1  1 1
1   1   1  
E3  3 H P 3  1 1 0  . 1 1 1 .  1  =  . 2 2 0. 1 
2 1 1 1  2  0  2  0
     
1
 E 3  4  2
2
E1  2  1 , E 2  3  0 , E3  7  2 .
GATE- 2014
Q25. The recoil momentum of an atom is p A when it emits an infrared photon of wavelength
1500 nm , and it is p B when it emits a photon of visible wavelength 500 nm . The ratio
pA
is
pB
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 2

Ans: (c)
h p A B  B 500
Solution: p  ,  ,  =1 : 3
 pB A  A 1500
Q26. The ground state and first excited state wave function of a one dimensional infinite
potential well are  1 and  2 respectively. When two spin-up electrons are placed in this
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potential which one of the following with x1 and x2 denoting the position of the two
electrons correctly represents the space part of the ground state wave function of the
system?
1 1
(a)  1 x1  2 x1    1 x2  2 x2  (b)  1 x1  2 x2    1 x2  2 x1 
2 2
1 1
(c)  1 x1  2 x1    1 x2  2 x2  (d  1 x1  2 x 2    1 x 2  2 x1  )
2 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: From the given information only possible spin configuration is symmetric in nature so
space part will anti symmetric
1
 1 x1  2 x 2    1 x 2  2 x1 
2
 
Q27. If L is the orbital angular momentum and S is the spin angular momentum, then L.S
does not commute with
 
(a) S z (b) L2 (c) S 2 
(d) L  S  2
Ans: (d)
Q28. An electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom has the wave function
 r 
  
 1
 r  

 a0 
e , where a0 is constant. The expectation value of the operator
a 03
Qˆ  z 2  r 2 , where z  r cos  is
 n  n  1! )
(Hint: 0
e  ar r n dr 
a n 1

a n 1
 a 02  3a 02
(a) (b)  a 02 (c) (d)  2a02
2 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: Qˆ  z 2  r 2  a02  3a02  2a02
Q29. A particle of mass m is subjected to a potential

1
V  x, y  
2
 
m 2 x 2  y 2 ,    x  ,  y  
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The state with energy 4  is g  fold degenerate. The value of g is ______

Ans: 4
Solution: This is two isotropic dimensional harmonic oscillator the energy eigen value for nth
state is E n  (n  1) with degeneracy g n  (n  1) so degeneracy for 4  is 4 .
Q30. A hydrogen atom is in the state
8 3 4
  200   310   321 ,
21 7 21
where n, l , m in  nl m denote the principal, orbital and magnetic quantum numbers,

respectively. If L is the angular momentum operator, then the average value of L2
is_______  2
Ans: 2
Solution: If L2 will measure on state  the measurement is 0 2 , 2 2 and 6 2 with probability
8 3 4 3 4
, , so, L2  2 2   6 2  = 2 2
21 7 21 7 21
1
Q31.  1and 2 are two orthogonal states of a spin system. It is given that
2
1 1 2 0 1 0
1      , where   and   represent the spin-up and spin-down states,
3 0 3 1  0 1
respectively. When the system is in the state  2 its probability to be in the spin-up state
is_______
2
Ans:
3
1 1 2 0 2 1 1  0
Solution: If is  1      , then  2      ,
3 0 3  1  3  0 3  1 
2
so probability that  2 is in up state is
3
Q32. A particle is confined to a one dimensional potential box, with the potential
0, 0 xa
V  x  
 , otherwise
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If particle is subjected to a perturbation within the box. W   x . Where  is small

constant, the first order correction to the ground state energy is
(a) 0 (b) a / 4 (c) a / 2 (d) a
Ans: (c)
Solution: First order energy correction is W   x . The average value of position in ground
a
state is x  so answer is a / 2
2
Q33. A one dimensional harmonic oscillator is in the superposition of number state n given
1 3
by   2  3 .
2 2
The average energy of the oscillator in the given state is______  .
Ans: 3.25
1 5 3 7 
  
Solution: Average energy will 4 2 4 2  3.25
1 3

4 4
Q34. If L and L are the angular momentum ladder operators then the expectation value of
L L  L L  in the state l  1, m  1 of an atom is _____  2
Ans: 2
Solution: L L  L L   2( L2  L2z )  2(l.(l  1)  m 2 ) 2 = 2 2
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GATE- 2015
1  
Q35. An operator for a spin particle is given by Â    B , where
2
 B 
B  xˆ  yˆ  ,  denotes Pauli matrices and  is a constant. The eigenvalues of Â are
2
B
(a)  (b)  B (c) 0, B (d) 0,   B
2
Ans.: (b)
   B
Solution: Aˆ     , B  xˆ  yˆ 
2
Aˆ    x Bx   y By   z Bz   Aˆ    x Bx   y By 
 0 1  B  0 i  B  B  0 1 i
Aˆ         Aˆ   
 1 0  2  i 0  2  2 1  i 0 
 B   1  i 
A   I  0     0      B
2 1  i  
1   
Q36. The Pauli matrices for three spin  particles are  1 ,  2 and  3 , respectively. The
2
  
dimension of the Hilbert space required to define an operator Oˆ   1   2   3 is_______
Ans.: 8
Solution:  2   3 has dimension of 4 and  1.  2   3 has dimension of 2  4  8
 
Q37. Let L and p be the angular and linear momentum operators, respectively, for a a particle.

The commutator L x , p y gives 
(a) i pz (b) 0 (c) i px (d) i pz
Ans.: (d)
Solution:  Lx , p y    ypz  zp y , p y    ypz , p y    zp y , p y    y, p y  pz
  p y , p y   0 and  z , p y   0   Lx , p y   ipz   y, p y   i
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3
Q38. Consider a system of eight non-interacting, identical quantum particles of spin  in a
2
one dimensional box of length L . The minimum excitation energy of the system, in units
 2 2
of is ________
2mL2
Ans.: 5
3  3 
Solution: spin  degeneracy   2S  1   2   1  4
2  2 
 22 4 2  2 20 2  2
Eground  4   4 
2mL2 2mL2 2mL2
st  22  22  22  2 2
I
Eexcited  4  3 4  1 9  25
2mL2 2mL2 2mL2 2mL2
st  22  22  2 2
Now minimum excitation energy E  Eexcited
I
 Eground  25  20 5
2mL2 2mL2 2mL2
Q39. A particle is confined in a box of length L as shown in the figure. If the
potential V0 is treated as a perturbation, including the first order
correction, the ground state energy is
 2 2  2  2 V0
(a) E   V0 (b) E   V0
2mL2 2mL2 2 L/2
 
2 2
V  
2
V 2
(c) E  2
 0 (d) E  2
 0
2mL 4 2mL 2
Ans.: (d)
 L2 
2 x 2 x
L
2  
Solution: E0    V0 sin
1
dx   0  sin dx 
L 0 L L
 L
2

L L
2 V0  2 x 
2
V0   2 x  L  2
E   1  cos dx  
1
 x sin   
 L  2  0
0
L 2 0 L  L 
V0  2 2 V0
 E01  E 
2 2mL2 2
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 
Q40. Let the Hamiltonian for two spin-½ particles of equal masses m , momenta p1 and p2
 
and positions r1 and r2 be H 
1 2
2m
p1 
1 2 1
2m
  
 
p 2  m 2 r12  r22  k 1   2 , where  1
2

and  2 denote the corresponding Pauli matrices,   0.1eV and k  0.2 eV . If the
ground state has net spin zero, then the energy (in eV ) is ___________
Ans.: 0.3
1 2 1 2 1  
Solution: H  p1  p2  m 2  r12  r22   k 1. 2
2m 2m 2
    2      2
   1   2     12   22  2 1. 2  2 1. 2     12   22
   
 2 1. 2  0  3I  3I  6 I   1. 2  3
3
Now energy E  2    k  3  3   0.1   0.2  3  0.3 eV
2
Q41. Suppose a linear harmonic oscillator of frequency  and mass m is in the state

1  i 
  
 0  e 2
 1  at t  0 where  0 and  1 are the ground and the first
2 

excited states, respectively. The value of  x  in the units of at t  0 is _____
m
Ans. : 0
i
1  
Solution:     0  e 1 
2
2 
 
 x  
2m
 a  a†     x  
2m
  a    a†  
1 i2 1  i

a   e 0 and a †   
 1  2 e 2
2 
2 2 
  1 1 i2 1 1  i2 
  x   e    e 1 1 
2m  2 2
0 0
2 2 

  x  0  0
2m
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GATE-2016
Q42. Which of the following operators is Hermitian?
d d2 d2 d3
(a) (b) 2 (c) i 2 (d) 3
dx dx dx dx
Ans. : (b)
Q43. The scattering of particles by a potential can be analyzed by Born approximation. In
particular, if the scattered wave is replaced by an appropriate plane wave, the
corresponding Born approximation is known as the first Born approximation. Such an
approximation is valid for
(a) large incident energies and weak scattering potentials.
(b) large incident energies and strong scattering potentials.
(c) small incident energies and weak scattering potentials.
(d) small incident energies and strong scattering potentials.
Ans.: (a)
Q44. Consider an elastic scattering of particles in l  0 states. If the corresponding phase shift
 0 is 900 and the magnitude of the incident wave vector is equal to 2 fm 1 then the
total scattering cross section in units of fm 2 is _______.

Ans.: 2
4
2 
Solution:   2l  1 sin  0 for l  0 , it is given  0  90 0 and k  2 fm 1
k l 0
4
 sin 90  2
2
Q45. A hydrogen atom is in its ground state. In the presence of a uniform electric field

E  E0 zˆ , the leading order change in its energy is proportional to  E0  . The value of
n
the exponent n is _______.

Ans.: 2
Solution: First order energy correction is zero  1,0,0 E0 r cos   1,0,0  0
2
 n,l ,m E0 r cos   1,0,0
So one need to find correction of second   E02
n 1 E10  Em0
So value of n  2
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 
Q46. If s1 and s2 are the spin operators of the two electrons of a He atom, the value of
 
s1 .s 2 for the ground state is
3 3 1 2
(a)   2 (b)   2 (c) 0 (d) 
2 4 4
Ans.: (b)
   1 1   s s  1 2  s1 s1  1 2  s 2 s 2  1 2
Solution: s  s1  s2 , s1  , s1  , s  0,1 , s1 .s 2 
2 2 2
3 3
2 2   2   2
  4 4  3 2
For s  1, s1  s2 
2 4
3 3
0 2   2   2
  4 4   3 2
s  0, s1  s2 
2 4
Q47. A two-dimensional square rigid box of side L contains six non-interacting electrons at
T  0 K . The mass of the electron is m . The ground state energy of the system of
 2 2
electrons, in units of is _________.
2mL2
Ans.: 24
Solution: 2 
1 2

 12  2  2
 4
2 2

 12  2  2

24 2  2
2mL2 2mL2 2mL2
Q48.  x ,  y and  z are the Pauli matrices. The expression 2 x y   y x is equal to
(a)  3i z (b)  i z (c) i z (d) 3i z

Ans.: (c)
Solution: 2 x y   y x   x y   x y   y x   x y  i z
Q49. If x and p are the x components of the position and the momentum operators of a
particle respectively, the commutator x 2 , p 2 is  

(a) i  xp  px  (b) 2i  xp  px  (c) i  xp  px  (d) 2i  xp  px 
Ans.: (d)
     
Solution: x 2 , p 2  p x 2 , p  x 2 p p  2ipx  2ixp  2i  xp  px 
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
Q50. Let l, m be the simultaneous eigenstates of L2 and L z . Here L is the angular
momentum operator with Cartesian components L x , L y , L z , l is the angular momentum
quantum number and m is the azimuthal quantum number. The value of
1, 0 ( Lx  iLy ) 1, 1 is
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 2 (d) 3

Ans.: (c)
Solution: 1, 0 ( Lx  iLy 1, 1  1, 0 L 1, 1  2 1, 0 1, 0  2
Q51. For the parity operator P , which of the following statements is NOT true?
(a) P†  P (b) P 2   P (c) P 2  I (d) P †  P 1
Ans.: (b)
Q52. The state of a system is given by   1  2  2  3 3 , where 1 , 2 and 3 form
an orthonormal set. The probability of finding the system in the state  2 is ________.
(Give your answer upto two decimal places)

Ans. : 0.28
22 4 4 2
Solution: Probability that  in state 2      0.28
2 2
1 2 32
1  4  9 14 7
Q53. A particle of mass m and energy E , moving in the positive x
V0
direction, is incident on a step potential at x  0 , as indicated in the
E
figure. The height of the potential is V0 , where V0  E . At x  x0 ,
1
where x0  0 , the probability of finding the electron is times the
e x0 x  x0
2mV0  E 
probability of finding it at x  0 . If   , the value of x0 is
2
2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
  2 4
Ans.: (c)
1 1
Solution:  e 2 x0  e 1  e 2 x0  x0 
e 2
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GATE- 2017
Q54. The Compton wavelength of a proton is…………….. fm. (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 3  108
Solution:  m p  1.67 1027 kg , h  6.626  1034 Js, e  1.602  1019 C , c  3 108 ms 1 
p2 1 2
Q55. A one dimensional simple harmonic oscillator with Hamiltonian H 0   kx is
2m 2
subjected to a small perturbation, H1   x   x 3   x 4 . The first order correction to the
ground state energy is dependent on
(a) only  (b)  and  (c)  and  (d) only 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: H1   x   x 3   x 4 , E1g   x   x3   x 4 , x  0, x3  0, x 4  0
  
Q56. For the Hamiltonian H  a0 I  b . where a0  R, b is a real vector, I is the 2  2

identity matrix, and  are the Pauli matrices, the ground state energy is
(a) b (b) 2a0  b (c) a0  b (d) a0
Ans. : (c)
  1 0 0 1  0 i   1 0   a0  bz bx  iby 
Solution: a0 I  b .  a0  
 xb 
 yb 
 zb  
0 1 1 0 i 0   0 1  bx  iby a0  bz 
   a0  bz bx  iby 
H  a0 I  b .   
 bx  iby a0  bz 
 a0  bz   bx  iby 
For eigen value  0
 bx  iby a0  bz   
 a0  bz    a0  bz      bx2  by2   0
1  a0  b , 1  a0  b
Q57. The degeneracy of the third energy level of a 3-dimensional isotropic quantum harmonic
oscillator is
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 10
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: First energy level is n  0

Second energy level is n  1
Third energy level is n  2
Degeneracy of third level

 n  1 n  2   3  4  6
2 2
Q58. A free electron of energy 1eV is incident upon a one-dimensional finite potential step of
height 0.75eV . The probability of its reflection from the barrier is…………. (up to two
decimal places).
Ans. : 0.11
2 2
 E  E  V0   1  0.25   1  0.5 2
Solution: R           0.11
 
 E  E  V0   1  0.25   1  0.5 
Q59. Consider a one-dimensional potential well of width 3nm . Using the uncertainty principle
 
 x  p   , an estimate of the minimum depth of the well such that it has at least one
 2
bound state for an electron is ( me  9.311031 kg , h  6.626 1034 Js, e  1.602  1019 C )
(a) 1  eV (b) 1meV (c) 1eV (d) 1MeV

Ans. : (b)
p2  
Solution: E  , p   p 
2m 2x 2a
 
2
2 h2 6.6  1034
So, E    31 18
 .0011019 J  1 meV
8ma 2
32 ma
2 2
32 10  9.3110  9 10

x e
2  x2
Q60. The integral dx is equal to……….. (up to two decimal places).
0
Ans. : 0.44

x
2
Solution: The given integral is 2
e  x dx
0
dt
Let x 2  t then 2 xdx  dt  dx 
2 t
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Thus, the given integral can be written as

  
dt 1  t 1/ 2 1  t 32 1 1 3 1 1 1 
0 t e 2 t  2 0 e t dt  2 0 e t dt  2   2   2  2   2   4
t
Hence the value of the integral up to two decimal places is 0.44 .

Q61. Which one of the following operators is Hermitian?
(a) i
p x x
2
 x 2 px 
(b) i
p x x
2
 x 2 px 
2 2
(c) ei px a (d) e  i px a
Ans. : (a)
Solution: A  i
p x x
2
 x 2 px 
, A  i
†
 p x    x p    i  p x  x p 
x
2 † 2
x
†
x
2 2
x
2 2 2
GATE-2018
Q62. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in an infinite potential well is E0 . It
 22
 
changes to E0 1   103 , when there is a small potential pump of height V0 
50 mL2
and width a  L /100 , as shown in the figure. The value of  is ________ (up to two
decimal places). V  x
x a
V0
L
Ans. : 0.81
L a L a L
Solution: 1     ,  2     , a 
 2 2  2 2 100
2 2
 2 2 x 
E1  V0    sin   dx
1  L  L 
2 
V  2 x  V  L 2 x  2
 0
L  1  cos L  dx  L0  x 
2
sin
L 1
1
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V0  L  2  L  a  2  L  a   
 a   sin  sin 
L  2  2L 2L  
V0  L L   a    a  
    sin      sin     
L 100 2   L   L  
 1
 0.0314  0.0314 
1
 V0  
100 2 
 20 
 V0 103 10  10   E0 103      E0 103  0.81 E0 103
 25 
Hence,   0.81
Q63. A two-state quantum system has energy eigenvalues   corresponding to the normalized
1
states   . At time t  0 , the system is in quantum state        . The
2
probability that the system will be in the same state at t  h /  6  is _________ (up to
two decimal places).

Ans. : 0.25
1
Solution:   0         
2
1  
it it

And   t   
  e 
   e 

2 

At t  ,
6
ih 2 ih 2  i i
1    1  
 t   
  e 6h
  e 6h
  
  e 3
   e 3

2  2 
Now, probability in same state
2
 t    0 1 2 1 
2
1 1
2
P  e  i / 3  ei / 3  2 cos   2  0.25

 4 4 3 4 2
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GATE-2019

Q64. An electric field E  E0 zˆ is applied to a Hydrogen atom in n  2 excited state. Ignoring
spin the n  2 state is fourfold degenerate, which in the l , m basis are given by
0, 0 , 1,1 , 1, 0 and 1, 1 . If H  is the interaction Hamiltonian corresponding to the
applied electric field, which of the following matrix elements is nonzero?

(a) 0, 0 H  0, 0 (b) 0, 0 H  1,1
(c) 0, 0 H  1, 0 (d) 0, 0 H  1, 1
Ans. : (c)
1
Q65. For a spin particle, let  and  denote its spin up and spin down states
2
respectively. If a 
1
2

     and b   1
2

     are composite
states of two such particles, which of the following statements is true for their total spin
S?
(a) S  1 for a and b is not an eigenstate of the operator Ŝ 2
(b) a is not an eigenstate of the operator Ŝ 2 and S  0 for b
(c) S  0 for a , and S  1 for b
(d) S  1 for a , and S  0 for b
Ans. : (d)
Solution: S  1 is triplet a , and S  0 for singlet for b
Q66. The Hamiltonian for a quantum harmonic oscillator of mass m in three dimensions is
p2 1
H  m 2 r 2
2m 2
where  is the angular frequency. The expectation value of r 2 in the first excited state of

the oscillator in units of (rounded off to one decimal place) is___________
m
Ans. : 2.5
Solution: r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2
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 

2m 
 
 2nx  1  2n y  1   2nz  1
For first excited state nx  1, n y  0, nz  0
Hence it is triply degenerate one can take

nx  0, n y  1, nz  0 or nx  0, n y  0, nz  1
5  
putting any one combination, expectation value of r 2   2.5
2 m m
1  0
Q67. Let  2    ,  2    represent two possible states of a two-level quantum system.
0 1 
The state obtained by the incoherent superposition of  1 and  2 is given by a density
matrix that is defined as   c1  1  1  c2  2  2 . If c1  0.4 and c2  0.6 , the matrix
element  22 (rounded off to one decimal place) is __________
Ans. : 0.6
Solution:  2,2   2   2    c1  2  1  1  2  c2  2  2  2  2
 c2  0.6
Q68. The wave function   x  of a particle is as shown below

  x
d d
K
x
a/2 a/2
Here K is a constant, and a  d . The position uncertainty  x  of the particle is
a 2  3d 2 3a 2  d 2 d2 d2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 6 24
Ans. : (b)
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 a d a d
k ,  2  2  x   2  2

 0,  a  d  x  a  d
 2 2 2 2
Solution:   x   
 k, a  d  x  a  d
 2 2 2 2
 a d
 0,  0
 2 2
  1
a d a d
  
2 2 2 2
k2  dx  k a d dx  1
2
a d
  
2 2 2 2
 a d   a d    a d   a d  
k 2            k 2           1
 2 2   2 2    2 2   2 2  
d d d d  1
k2      1 k 
2 2 2 2 2d
Hence wavefunction is symmetric about x  0 , so x  0
a d a d
  
2 2 2 2
x2  k 2  x dx  k a d x dx
2 2 2
a d
  
2 2 2 2
k2  3 ad   
a d
  x  a d   x  a d 
3 2 2
 2 2
3   
2 2 2 2 
 

k2 
 a  d    a  d    a  d    a  d  
3 3 3 3

3 8  

k2
24
    
 a3  d 3  3a 2 d  3ad 2  a3  d 3  3a 2 d  3ad 2  a 3  d 3  3a 2 d  3ad 2 
 
 a 3  d 3  3ad  a  d  

x 2

k2
 4a  12a d  
3 2
4d d 2  3a 2 


3a 2  d 2
24   24  2d 12
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2 3a 2  d 2
x  x2  x 
12
Q69. Consider the motion of a particle along the x - axis in a potential V  x   F x . Its ground
state energy E0 is estimated using the uncertainty principle. Then E0 is proportional to
(a) F 1/ 3 (b) F 1/ 2 (c) F 2 / 5 (d) F 2 / 3

Ans. : (d)
p2 p2 p2
Solution: E  F x E  Fx for x  0 E   Fx  0 from uncertainty theory
2m 2m 2m

x.p    p 
x
 p 2  F 2
E  x   E   F x
2m  x 
2
2m
For minimum energy,

1/ 3 2/3 1/ 3
dE 2  2   2  mF   2 
  F  0  x      F   E  F 2/3
d x m  x 
3
 mF  2m   2   mF 
E 0
Q70. The Hamiltonian operator for a two-level quantum system is H   1  . If the state
0 E2 
1 1 2
of the system at t  0 is given by   0     then   0    t  at a later time t
2 1
is
(a)
1
2

1  e  E1  E2 t /   (b)
1
2

1  e  E1  E2 t /  
1 1
(c)
2
1  cos  E1  E2  t /   (d)
2
1  cos  E1  E2  t /  
Ans. : (c)
 iE t 
 exp 1 
1 1 1 
Solution:   0      t    
2 1 2 iE2t 
 exp 
  
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2
1 iE t iE t 1
 exp 1  exp  2  1  cos  E1  E2  t /  
2
  0  t 
4   2
Q71. Consider a potential barrier V  x  of the form:

V  x
V  x  
V0
x0 xa xb x
where V0 is a constant. For particles of energy E  V0 incident on this barrier from the
left which of the following schematic diagrams best represents the probability density
  x  as a function of x ?
2
  x   x
2 2
(a) (b)
x0 xa xb x x0 xa xb x
  x   x
2 2
(c) (d)
x0 xa xb x x0 xa xb x

Ans. : (a)
1  
Q72. The Hamiltonian of a system is H    with   1 . The fourth order contribution
  1 
to the ground state energy of H is  4 . The value of  (rounded off to three decimal
places) is_________.
Ans. : 0.125
1  
 the eigen value of the hamiltonion is Eg   1   , E f   1  
2 2
Solution: H  
  1 
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The ground state is Eg   1   2
 2 4  2 4
Taylor expansion of  1   2   1   .....   1   .....
 2 8  2 8
1
   0.125
8
Q73. Electrons with spin in the z - direction  ẑ  are passed through a Stern-Gerlach (SG) set
up with the magnetic field at   600 from ẑ . The fraction of electrons that will emerge
with their spin parallel to the magnetic field in the SG set up (rounded off to two decimal
places) is___________
 0 1  0 i   1 0 
 x   ,  y   ,  z   
 1 0 i 0   0 1  
Ans. : 0.25
 cos 600   1/ 2  1 1 1
Solution:       state related to up state is ,     
 sin 600  2 2 0
   3 / 2
The fraction of electrons that will emerge with their spin parallel to the magnetic field
2 1
   0.25
4
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QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
 1 
Q1. The wavefunction of a particle is given by    0  i1  where 0 and 1 are the
 2 
normalized eigenfunctions with energies E0 and E1 corresponding to the ground state
and first excited state, respectively. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian in the state
 is
E0 E0 E0  2 E1 E0  2 E1
(a)  E1 (b)  E1 (c) (d)
2 2 3 3
Ans. : (d)
1  H E 0  2 E1
Solution:   0  i1 and H  
2  3
Q2. The energy levels of the non-relativistic electron in a hydrogen atom (i.e. in a Coulomb
potential V r   1 / r ) are given by E nlm  1 / n 2 , where n is the principal quantum
number, and the corresponding wave functions are given by  nlm , where l is the orbital
angular momentum quantum number and m is the magnetic quantum number. The spin
of the electron is not considered. Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) There are exactly  2l  1 different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm .
(b) There are l  l  1 different wave functions  nlm , for each Enlm .
(c) Enlm does not depend on l and m for the Coulomb potential.
(d) There is a unique wave function  nlm for each Enlm .

Ans. : (c)
  
Q3. The Hamiltonian of an electron in a constant magnetic field B is given by H    B .

where  is a positive constant and    1 ,  2 ,  3  denotes the Pauli matrices. Let
  B /  and I be the 2  2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t /  simplifies to

   
 t i  B  t i  B
(a) I cos  sin (b) I cos  t  sin  t
2 B 2 B
   
i  B i  B
(c) I sin  t  cos  t (d) I sin 2 t  cos 2 t
B B
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Ans. : (b)
  
Solution: H   B where    1 ,  2 ,  3  are pauli spin matrices and B are constant magnetic
 
 


 
field.    1iˆ,  2 ˆj ,  3 kˆ , B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ and Hamiltonion H    B in matrices
form is given by
 Bz Bx  iBy 
H   .
 Bx  iBy  Bz 
Eigenvalue of given matrices are given by   B and   B . H matrices are not diagonals
so e i H t /  is equivalent to
 iBt 
1  e 0 
S   i  Bt 
S
 0  
 e 
where S is unitary matrices
 1 1 
 2 2 
and S 1  S   .
 1

1 
 
2 2
 1 1  i Bt  1 1 
 iBt   2  
e 0 
 2   e  0 
 2 2 
S 1   i  Bt 
S  , where   B /  .
 0   1 1    i  Bt 
  1 1 
 e      0 e    
 2 2   2 2
 cos  t i sin  t 
eiHt /    , which is equivalent to I cos  t  i x sin  t can be written
 i sin  t cos  t 
  
i  B i  B
as I cos  t  sin  t , where  x 
B B
Q4. If the perturbation H   ax , where a is a constant, is added to the infinite square well
potential
0 for 0  x  
V  x  
 otherwise.
The correction to the ground state energy, to first order in a , is
a a a
(a) (b) a (c) (d)
2 4 2
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Ans. : (a)
 
a2 x a 2 x
Solution: E   H ' 0 dx 
1 *
0  x sin
2
dx   0  sin .
   
0
0 0
2
Q5. A particle in one dimension moves under the influence of a potential V  x   ax 6 , where
a is a real constant. For large n the quantized energy level En depends on n as:
(a) En ~ n3 (b) En ~ n 4 / 3 (c) En ~ n6 / 5 (d) En ~ n3 / 2

Ans. : (d)
p x2 p x2
 ax 6 and p x  2mE  ax 6  2 .  
1
Solution: V  x   ax , H  6
 ax , E 
6
2m 2m
According to W.K.B approximation pdx  nh
  2m  E  ax 
1/ 2
6
dx  n
We can find this integration without solving the integration

Px
1 2mE
1/ 6
E
2 2 6 1/ 6
p p x 6
E  ax 6   1  x    at p x  0 .
x x
 E / a  E / a 
2m 2mE E / a a x
Area of Ellipse =  (semi major axis  semiminor axis)
 2mE
1
E
3
6
  2mE     n  E  n 2 .
a
1   
Q6. (A) In a system consisting of two spin particles labeled 1 and 2, let S 1   1 and
2 2

S 2    2  denote the corresponding spin operators. Here    x ,  y ,  z  and
  
2
 x ,  y ,  z are the three Pauli matrices.
In the standard basis the matrices for the operators S x1S y2  and S y1S x2  are respectively,
 2 1 0   2   1 0  2  i 0  2   i 0 
(a)  ,   (b)  ,  
4  0  1 4  0 1  4 0  i 4  0 i 
0 1 0 0  0 i 0 0
0 0 0  i 2 0 0 0  i    
2  0 0 i 0 ,   0 0 i 0  2 1 0 0 0  2 i 0 0 0
(c)  0  4 0 0 0
(d) ,
4 0  i 0 i 4 0 0 0  i 4 0 0 0 1
i 0 0 0  i
 0 0 0  
0
  
 0 i 0  0
 0 1 0 
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Ans. : (c)
0 0 0 i 
 
2  0 1  0 i  2  0 0 i 0 
Solution: Sx1Sy2     
4 1 0 i 0  4 0 i 0 0 
 i 
0 
 0 0
0 0 0 i 
i   0  
2
0 1  02
0 i 0 
S y1 S x 2   i  
4 0  1 0 4 0 i 0 0 
 
i 0 0 0 
(B) These two operators satisfy the relation
 
(a) S x1S y2  , S y1S x2   S z1S z2   
(b) S x1S y2  , S y1S x2   0
(c) S  S   , S  S     iS  S  
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
z
1
z
2
(d) S  S   , S  S     0
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: We have matrix Sx1Sy2 and Sy1Sx2 from question 6(A) so commutation is given by
S   S   , S   S     0 .
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7. The energy of the first excited quantum state of a particle in the two-dimensional
potential V  x, y  
1
2
 
m 2 x 2  4 y 2 is
3 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)  (d) 
2 2
Ans. : (d)
 1  1
Solution: V  x, y   m 2 x 2  4 y 2   m 2 x 2  m 4 2 y 2 , E   n x     n y  2
1 1 1
2 2 2  2  2
 1 3
For ground state energy n x  0, n y  0  E   2 
2 2 2
3 5
First exited state energy n x  1, n y  0    
2 2
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Q8. Consider a particle in a one dimensional potential that satisfies V  x   V  x  . Let  0
and 1 denote the ground and the first excited states, respectively, and let
   0  0   1  1 be a normalized state with  0 and  1 being real constants. The
expectation value x of the position operator x in the state  is given by
(a)  02  0 x  0   12  1 x  1 (b)  0 1   0 x  1   1 x  0 
(c)  02   12 (d) 2 0 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Since V  x   V  x  so potential is symmetric.
 0 x 0  0 ,  1 x 1  0
 x    0  0   1  1    0  0   1  1    01   0 x  1   1 x  0 
Q9. The perturbation H '  bx 4 , where b is a constant, is added to the one dimensional
harmonic oscillator potential V  x  

1
m 2 x 2 . Which of the following denotes the
2
correction to the ground state energy to first order in b ?
[Hint: The normalized ground state wave function of the one dimensional harmonic
 m 
1/ 4
is  0   e  m x
2
/ 2
oscillator potential  . You may use the following
  

 1
1
n
integral  x e 2n  ax 2
dx  a 2
 n   ].
  2
3b 2 3b 2 3b 2 15b 2

(a) (b) (c) (d)
4m 2  2 2m 2  2 2 m 2 2 4m 2  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: H '  bx 4 , V  x  
1
m 2 x 2 .
2
m x 2
 m 
1/ 4

Correction in ground state is given by E   0 H ' 0 1
where 0    e 2
.
  
0
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1 1
mx 2 
 m  2

 m  2 2 2  mx
 
 2
E   bx  0 dx     b x e dx    b  x e
1 * 4 4 
dx
     
0 0
 


 n 1/ 2  1
 e dx    n  2 
2 n x 2
It is given in the equation x
m
Thus n  2 and  

1 1 1
 2 
 m  2 2 2  mx  m  2  m 
   1
2 2
 E 01    b  x e dx  b   2  
   
       2
1 5
 m  2  m  2 5 3 b 2
 E  b1

     
.
2 4 m 2 2
0
Q10. Let 0 and 1 denote the normalized eigenstates corresponding to the ground and first
excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty  p in the
state
1
0  1  , is
2
(a) p  m / 2 (b) p  m / 2
(c) p  m (d) p  2m

Ans. : (c)
m
Solution:  
1
2
 0  1  , p  i 2 a†  a  
a†  
1
2
 1 1  2 2  and a  
1
2
0  10 
p i
m
2

 a†  a   0 , p 2  
m † 2
2

a  a 2   2 N  1  
 m  †2 m  m  1 
p2  a  a2  2N  1   2N  1   2   1  m
2   2 2  2 
p  p2  p  m 
2
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Q11. The wave function of a particle at time t  0 is given by  0 

1
u 1  u 2  , where
2
u1 and u2 are the normalized eigenstates with eigenvalues E1 and E2
respectively, E 2  E1  . The shortest time after which  t  will become orthogonal to
 0 is
   2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2E 2  E1  E 2  E1 E 2  E1 E 2  E1
Ans. : (b)
1  
 iE1t  iE2t
Solution:   0  
1
 u1  u2    t    u1 e
2

 u2 e 

2 
 iE1t  iE2t
1 1
  t  is orthogonal to   0    0   t   0  e 
 e 
0
2 2
 iE1t  iE2t  iE1t  iE2t  E2  E1 
i
e  e  0e   e  e 
 1
 cos
 E2  E1  t  cos   t  
 E2  E1
Q12. A constant perturbation as shown in the figure below acts on a particle of mass m
confined in an infinite potential well between 0 and L .
V0 V0
2
0 L/2 L
The first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

V0 3V0 V0 3V0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 2
Ans. : (b)
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V0 2 2 x x
2 L
2
Solution: E   1 V p  1
1
1  sin dx   V0 sin 2 dx
0
2 L L L L L
2
V 1 2x  2V 1  2x 
2 L
E  0  1  cos
1
 dx  0  1  cos  dx
L 0 2 L  L L 2 L 
1
V0  L  2V0  L  V0 2V0 3V0

 E11    L    
2L  2  2L  2 4 4 4
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q13. The component along an arbitrary direction n̂ , with direction cosines n x , n y , n z  , of the
1
spin of a spin  particle is measured. The result is
2
(c)  n x  n y  n z 
  
(a) 0 (b)  n z (d) 
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
 0 1  0 i   1 0 
Solution: S x    , S y    , S z   
2 1 0 2 i 0  2 0 1

n  n x î  n y ˆj  n z kˆ and n x2  n y2  n z2  1 , S  S x iˆ  S y ˆj  S z kˆ
   i   
0  0    0 
  2 +n  2 
n  S  nx  2  n 
  y
 i  z  
   0  0 
2  2   2 
 
n
   z2

n x  in y 
nS  2 
 
 n x  in y 

 nz 
2 2 
 
Let  is eigen value of n  S
nz



n x  in y 
2 2
0

n x  in y  
n z  
2 2
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 n 2 2  2 2
n   n   
 
2
   z     z      n 2x  n 2y   0   z  2   n x  n y2  0 .
 2  2  4  4  4

2 2
4
  
n x  n y2  n z2  2  0     .
2
Q14. A particle of mass m is in a cubic box of size a . The potential inside the box
0  x  a,0  y  a,0  z  a  is zero and infinite outside. If the particle is in an
14 2  2
eigenstate of energy E  , its wavefunction is
2ma 2
3 x 5 y 6 z 7 x 4 y 3 z
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2
(a)     sin sin sin (b)     sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a
4 x 8 y 2 z x 2 y 3 z
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2
(c)     sin sin sin (d)     sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a
Ans. : (d)
   2 14 2  2
2
Solution: E nx ,n y ,nz  n x2  n y2  n z2 
2ma 2 2ma 2
 n x2  n y2  n z2  14  n x  1, n y  2, n z  3 .
Q15. Let  nlml denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V r  . The wavefunction  

1
4
 
 210  5 211  10 211 is an eigenfunction
only of
(a) H , L2 and Lz (b) H and Lz (c) H and L2 (d) L2 and Lz
Ans. : (c)
Solution: H  En
L2  l l  1 2 and Lz  m .
Q16. The commutator x 2 , p 2 is 

(a) 2ixp (b) 2i ( xp  px ) (c) 2ipx (d) 2i ( xp  px )
Ans. : (b)
Solution:  x 2 , p 2   x  x, p 2    x, p 2  x  xp  x, p   x  x, p  p  p  x, p  x   x, p  px
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x 2

, p 2  xpi   xi  p  pi x  i  px  2ixp  px  .
Q17. A free particle described by a plane wave and moving in the positive z -direction
undergoes scattering by a potential
V , if r  R
V r    0
0 , if r  R
If V0 is changed to 2V0 , keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

the Born approximation.
(a) increases to four times the original value
(b) increases to twice the original value
(c) decreases to half the original value
(d) decreases to one fourth the original value
Ans. : (a)
V0 , rR
Solution: V  r   
0, rR
Low energy scattering amplitude f  ,    

m 4
V R 3
2 0
2 3
2
d  2mV0 R 3 
And differential scattering is given by 1  f 
2
d  3 
2
d 2  2m  2V0  R 
2 2
3
 2mV0 R 3  d 1
Now V r   2V0 for r  R      4   4
d  3 2
  3
2
 d
Q18. A variational calculation is done with the normalized trial wavefunction
 x   5 / 2 a 2  x 2  for the one-dimensional potential well

15
4a
0 if x  a
V x   
 if x  a
The ground state energy is estimated to be
5 2 3 2 3 2 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3ma 2 2ma 2 5ma 2 4ma 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:   x  
15
5
a 2
 x2 , V x   0 , x  a and V  x    , x  a
4a 2
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  2  2
a
E  Hdx where H 
a
2m x 2
 15 2
a
    2 d 2  15 2   15   2
a
 a  4a5/ 2
E  a   x 2

 2  5/ 2 
a  x 2   dx    a 2  x 2  2dx
  2m dx  4a  
5
 16a 2m  a
a
15 2 2 15  2 4a 3 5 2
 E 
16a 5 2m a
 a 2
 x 2
 dx 
16a 5 m 3

4ma 2
Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential

 , if x  0

V  x   V0 , if 0  x  l
0 , if x  l

If there is at least one bound state, the minimum depth of potential is
 2 2  2 2 2 2 2  2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8ml 2 2ml 2 ml 2 ml 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For bound state,  V0  E  0
Wave function in region I, I  0 ,  II  A sin kx  B cos kx , III  ce  x
  
2mV0  E  2m   E   V0 o
where k  ,  . l
2 2
Use Boundary condition at x  0 and x  l
(wave function is continuous and differential at x  0 and x  l ), one will get
k cot kl    kl cot kl  l     cot  where  l   , kl   .
2mV0l 2 
2  2 
2
1/ 2 o  3
 2mV0l 2   2 2
For one bound state     V0  . 2
 2
   8ml 2
2
2
Q20. Which of the following is a self-adjoint operator in the spherical polar coordinate
system r ,  ,   ?
i   i  
(a)  (b)  i (c)  (d)  i sin 
sin 2    sin   
Ans. : (c)
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i 
Solution: is Hermitian.
sin  
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q21. Let v, p and E denote the speed, the magnitude of the momentum, and the energy of a
free particle of rest mass m. Then
(a) dE  constant (b) p = mv

dp
(c) v  cp (d) E = mc2

p m c
2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
mv m2v 2 p2v2
Solution: p  mv  p   m v  p  2 , m  rest mass energy
2 2 2 2
v2 v2 c
1 2 1 2
c c
 p2  p2 pc
 v 2  m2  2   p 2  v 2  2 2 v
 c  m c  p2 p  m2c 2
2
c2
Q22. The wave function of a state of the Hydrogen atom is given by,
   200  2 211  3 210  2 211
where  nlm is the normalized eigen function of the state with quantum numbers n, l , m in
the usual notation. The expectation value of Lz in the state  is
15 11 3 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 8 8
Ans. : (d)
1 2 3 2
Solution: Firstly normalize ,    200   211   210   211
16 16 16 16
P0  
1 9 10
  .
16 16 16
4 2
Probability of getting 1  i.e. P     and P      .
16 16
 Lz  
 0   1    1  
10 4 2 4 2 2
Now, Lz       
 16 16 16 16 16 16 8
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The energy eigenvalues of a particle in the potential V  x  

1
Q23. m 2 x 2  ax are
2
 1 a2  1 a2
(a) En   n    (b) En   n   
 2 2m 2  2 2m 2
 1 a2  1
(c) En   n    (d) En   n  
 2 m 2  2
Ans. : (a)
p x2 1
Solution: Hamiltonian  H  of Harmonic oscillator, H   m 2 x 2
2m 2
 1
Eigenvalue of this, E n   n  
 2
p 2
1 p2 1  2ax a2  a2
But here, H  x  m 2 x 2  ax  H  x  m 2  x 2    
2m 2 2m 2  m 2 m 2 4  2m 2
2
p x2 1 2 a  a2
H  m  x  
2m 2  m 2  2m 2
 1 a2
Energy eigenvalue, E n   n   
 2 2m 2
Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function

 15 a 2  x 2


, for  a  x  a
  x   4a 5 / 2
0
 , otherwise
the uncertainty p in its momentum is
(a) 2 / 5a (b) 5 / 2a (c) 10 / a (d) 5 / 2a

Ans. : (d)

  i 
Solution: p  p2  p
2
and p  x

a

15 a 2  x 2   i 
 p   4a5/ 2 4a
15  2
5 / 2 xa  x 2 dx 
a
a
 i  a 2  x 2  2 x dx  ih 2 155
   a 
a
15
 2
x  x3 dx  0 , ( odd function)
16  a
5
 a 16a a
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2 2
 a  x2  a  x 2 dx
a
15
p 2   2  2
16a 5 a x 2
a
 2 x3 
 
a
  2 15
  2   a 2
 x 2
dx   2

15
 2  a  x  
16a 5 a 16a 5  3  a
15  3 2a 3  2 15 2 3 1  15 2 2 5 2
 2   2  2 a        2 a 1 
 3   4a 2  3  2a 2
16a 5  3  16 a5
5 2 5
Now, p  p2  p  0 
2
2a 2 2a
Q25. Given the usual canonical commutation relations, the commutator A, B  of
A  i xp y  yp x  and B   yp z  zp y  is
(a)  xp z  p x z  (b)   xp z  p x z  (c)  xp z  p x z  (d)   xp z  p x z 

Ans. : (c)

Solution: A, B   ixp y  iyp x ,  yp z  zp y  
A, B  ixp y , yp z   i yp x , yp z   ixp y , zp y   iyp x , zp y 
A, B  ixp y , yp z   0  0  iyp x , zp y   ixp y , yp z   iyp x , zp y 
A, B  ix p y , yp z   ix, yp z  p y  iy p x , zp y   iy, zp y p x
A, B  ix p y , yp z   0  0  iy, zp y p x   
 ix p y , yp z  i y, zp y p x 
 A, B   ix   i  pz  izi  px    xpz  zpx 
A, B  xp z  p x z 
1
Q26. The energies in the ground state and first excited state of a particle of mass m  in a
2
potential V  x  are 4 and 1 , respectively, (in units in which   1 ). If the
corresponding wavefunctions are related by  1  x    0  x sinh x, then the ground state

eigenfunction is
(a)  0  x   sec hx (b)  0  x   sec hx
(c)  0  x   sec h 2 x (d)  0  x   sec h 3 x

Ans. : (c)
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Solution: Given that ground state energy E0  4 , first excited state energy E1  1 and  0 ,  1
are corresponding wave functions.
1
Solving Schrödinger equation (use m  and   1 )
2
  2  2 0  2 0
 V 0  E0 0   V 0  4 0 ……(1)
2m x 2 x 2
 2  2 1  2 1
 V 1  E1 1   V 1  1 1 ……..(2)
2m x 2 x 2
Put  1   0 sinh x in equation (2) one will get
  2 0  
  2 .sinh x  2 0 cosh x  0 sinh x   V 0 sinh x   0 sinh x
 x x 
  2  
  20  2 0 coth x  0   V 0   0
 x x 
  2 0   0  2 0
   V  0  2 coth x     using relation   V 0  4 0
 x x x 2
2 0 0

 0 d 0
4 0  2 coth x  0   0   2 tanh xdx   0  sec h 2 x .
x 0
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q27. In a basis in which the z - component S z of the spin is diagonal, an electron is in a spin
 1  i  / 6 
state    . The probabilities that a measurement of S z will yield the values
 
 2 / 3 
 / 2 and   / 2 are, respectively,
(a) 1/ 2 and 1/ 2 (b) 2 / 3 and 1/ 3 (c) 1/ 4 and 3 / 4 (d) 1/ 3 and 2 / 3
Ans. : (d)
1 0  
Solution: Eigen state of S z is 1    and 2    corresponds to Eigen value and 
0 1 2 2
respectively.
2 2
  1  1 i
2
2 1   2  2
P      , P   
 2   6 6 3  2   3
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Q28. Consider the normalized state  of a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator:
  b1 0  b2 1
where 0 and 1 denote the ground and first excited states respectively, and b1 and b2
are real constants. The expectation value of the displacement x in the state  will be a
minimum when
1 1
(a) b2  0, b1  1 (b) b2  b1 (c) b2  b1 (d) b2  b1
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: x  b12 0 x 0  b22 1 x 1  2b1b2 0 x 1
Since 0 x 0  0 and 1 x 1  0  x  2b1b2 0 x 1 .
Min of x means min 2b1b2 . We know that b12  b22  1.
x min  
2

2
  2

  b1  b2   b12  b22  0 x 1  b1  b2   1 0 x 1  1  b1  b2  0 x 1 will 
be minimum and minimum value of 1   b1  b2   , there must be maximum of  b1  b2  ,
2 2
 
so  b1  b2
Q29. The un-normalized wavefunction of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential is
given by

  r   zf  r 
where f r  is a function of the radial variable r . The eigenvalue of the operator


L2 (namely the square of the orbital angular momentum) is
(a)  2 / 4 (b)  2 / 2 (c)  2 (d) 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:  r   zf r   r cos f r 
  r  Y10  ,    , L2  r   L2Y10  ,   , where l  1
L2  l l  1 2  11  1 2  2 2
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Q30. If  nlm denotes the eigenfunciton of the Hamiltonian with a potential V  V r  then the
expectation value of the operator L2x  L2y in the state
1
  3 211  210  15 211 
5
is
(a) 39 2 / 25 (b) 13 2 / 25 (c) 2 2 (d) 26 2 / 25
Ans. : (d)
Solution: L2x  L2y  L2  L2z  L2x  L2y  L2  L2z  L2  L2z
 9 1 15 
L2  L2z = 2 2    1 2   0 2  1 2 
 25 25 25 
24 2 50  24 2 26 2
L2  L2z  2 2      
25 25 25
Q31. Consider a two-dimensional infinite square well
0, 0  x  a, 0 ya
V  x, y   
 , otherwise
2  nx  x   n y  y 
Its normalized Eigenfunctions are nx ,ny  x, y   sin   sin  ,
a  a   a 
where nx , n y  1, 2, 3, ..
 a a
V 0 x , 0 y
If a perturbation H '   0 2 2 is applied, then the correction to the
 0 otherwise
energy of the first excited state to order V0 is
V0 V0  64 
(a)
4
(b)
4 1  9 2 
V0  16  V0  32 
(c)
4 1  9 2  (d)
4 1  9 2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For first excited state, which is doubly degenerate
2 x 2 y 2  2 x    y 
1  sin sin , 2  sin   sin  
a a a a  a   a 
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2 a / 2 2   x  2 a / 2 2  2 y  1 1 V
H11  1 H 1  V0 
a 0
sin   dx  sin 
 a  a 0  a 
 dy  V0    0
2 2 4
2 a/2  x 2 x 2 a / 2 2 y y
H12  1 H 2 
a 0
 V0
sin
a
sin
a
dx  sin
a 0 a
sin
a
dy
 4  4  16 16 V
H 12  V0     V0 , H 21  2 H  1  V0 2 and H 22  2 H  2  0 .
 3  3  9 9
2
4
 V0 16V0 
   2 2
Thus  4 9 2   0   V0      16V0   0
 16V0 V0
    4   9 
2

 9 2 4 
V  16V0 V  64 
  0      0 1  2 
 4  9 2
4  9 
Q32. The bound on the ground state energy of the Hamiltonian with an attractive delta-
function potential, namely
2 d 2
H   a  x 
2m dx 2

using the variational principle with the trial wavefunction   x   A exp  bx 2 is 
 

 Note :  e t dt  a  1
t a
 0 
(a)  ma 2 / 4  2 (b)  ma 2 / 2  2 (c)  ma 2 /   2 (d)  ma 2 / 5  2

Ans. : (c)
 2b 2b  2b 2b
Solution: For given wavefunction T  and V  a  E  a
2m  2m 
d E d E 2 2 1  12 2m 2 a 2
For variation of parameter 0  a  b 0 b .
db db 2m  2  4
ma 2
 E  .
min
 2
Q33. If the operators A and B satisfy the commutation relation  A, B  I , where I is the
identity operator, then
 
(a) e A , B  e A   
(b) e A , B  e B , A
(c) e , B  e
A B

,A (d) e , B  I
A
Ans. : (a)
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A, B  I and e A  1  A  A 

2
Solution:  .......
 1 2 
 A2 , B   A3 , B 
 
 A A2
e , B  1  
A 
 ......., B  = 1, B    A, B    ....
 1 2  2 3
A  A, B    A, B  A A  A2 , B    A2 , B  A
e , B  0  I 
A
2!

3!
 ....
e A , B   1  A 
A2
2!
 
 ....  e A where A, B  I , A 2 , B  2 A and A3 , B  3 A 2 .  
Q34. Two identical bosons of mass m are placed in a one-dimensional potential
V x  
1
m 2 x 2 . The bosons interact via a weak potential,
2

V12  V0 exp  m x1  x 2  / 4
2

where x1 and x 2 denote coordinates of the particles. Given that the ground state
1
m x 2
 m  4 
wavefunction of the harmonic oscillator is  0  x     e
2
. The ground state
  
energy of the two-boson system, to the first order in V0 , is
V0 
(a)   2V0 (b)  

1

   2  
(c)   V0 1   (d)   V0 1  
 2   
Ans. : (c)
Solution: There are two bosons trapped in harmonic oscillator.

So, energy for ground state without perturbation is, 2    .
2
If perturbation is introduced, we have to calculate V1,2 
where V1,2  V0 exp  m  x1  x2  / 4  .

2
 
 1
m x12 m x22 
  m  2  
 is very tedious task.
But calculating V1,2  on state  0  x    2
e 2
    
e

 
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So lets use a trick i.e perturbation is nothing but approximation used in Taylor series. So
just expand V1,2  V0 exp   m  x1  x2  / 4  and take average value of first term
2
 
 m  x1  x2 2 
V1,2  V0 exp m  x1  x2  / 4  V0  1 
   ... 
2
   4 
 
 V0  1 

 m x12  x22  2 x1.x2 
 ... 

 4 
 
    

 m  x12    x22   2 x1 . x2     m    0 
V1,2   V0 1   ...   Vo  1   2m 2m   ...
 4   4 
   
 
1 1
   2   2
 V12   Vo (1  )  V0 1   , so E    V0 1   .
4  2   2 
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
1 1 1  i 
Q35. A spin - particle is in the state     in the eigenbasis of S 2 and S z . If we
2 11  3 
h h
measure S z , the probabilities of getting  and  , respectively are
2 2
1 1 2 9 1 3
(a) and (b) and (c) 0 and 1 (d) and
2 2 11 11 11 11
Ans. : (b)
2
  1 1  i 1 2
Solution: P    10     2     1
 2 11  3  11 11
2
  1 1  i 9
P  
 2
 01   
11  3  11
   
i.e. probability of S z getting   and   
 2  2
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Q36. The motion of a particle of mass m in one dimension is described by the

p2 1
Hamiltonian H   m 2 x 2  x . What is the difference between the (quantized)
2m 2
energies of the first two levels? (In the following, x is the expectation value of x in the
ground state)
2
(a)    x (b)    x (c)   (d) 
2m 2
Ans. : (d)
p2 1 1
Solution: H   m 2 x 2   x  V  x   m 2 x 2   x
2m 2 2
1  2  1 2 2  2 2 
V  x  m 2  x 2   x  m   x  2  x    
2  m 2  2  m 2 m 2 4 m 2 4 
  2
2

V  x   m 2  x 
1
 
2  m 2  2m 2
 1 2 3 1
 En   n       E1  E0      
 2 2m 2
2 2
Q37. Let  nlm denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V r  . The expectation value of L z in the state
 
1
6
 200  5 210  10 211  20 211 is 
5 5 5
(a)   (b)  (c)  (d) 
18 6 18
Ans. : (d)
1 5 10 20 10 5
Solution: Lz   L z  =  0   0   (1)  (1)      1
36 36 36 36 36 18
Q38. If   x   A exp x 4  is the eigenfunction of a one dimensional Hamiltonian with eigen
value E  0 , the potential V  x  (in units where   2m  1 ) is
(a) 12x 2 (b) 16x 6 (c) 16 x 6  12 x 2 (d) 16 x 6  12 x 2

Ans. : (d)
Solution: Schrodinger equation
  2  V  0 (where   2m  1 and E  0 )
2
x
  4 
 2 Ae  x  VAe  x  0   e  x  4 x 3   Ve x  0
4
x 
4

4
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 4

4 3x 2 e  x  x 3  4 x 3 e  x
4
 Ve  x4
 0  12 x 2 e  x  16 x 6 e  x  Ve  x  0
4 4 4
 V  16 x 6  12 x 2
Q39. A particle is in the ground state of an infinite square well potential is given by,
0 for  a  x  a
V x   
 otherwise
a a
The probability to find the particle in the interval between  and is
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
2 2  2  
Ans. : (b)
a a
Solution: The probability to find the particle in the interval between  and is
2 2
x x x 1 1  2x  
a/2 a/2 a/2
2 2 1
   cos  cos dx   cos 2 dx     1  cos dx 
a / 2
2a 2a 2a 2a a / 2
a 2a a 2 a / 2  2a  
x 
a/2
1  1 a a a  1  2a   1 1 
  1  1 
a
  x  sin     a    
2a   a   a / 2 2a  2 2   2a    2  
Q40. The expectation value of the x - component of the orbital angular momentum L x in the
state  
1
5

3 2,1, 1  5 2,1,0  11 2,1, 1 
(where  nlm are the eigenfunctions in usual notation), is
(a) 
 10
25
 11  3 (b) 0 (c)
 10
25
 11  3 (d)  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: L l , m  l  l  1  m  m  1 l , m  1 and L l , m  l  l  1  m  m  1 l , m  1
L  L L  L
Lx   Lx  
2 2
1
L  3 2 210  5 2 211 
5
1 1 1
 L   .3 10  110  10(3  11)
25 25 25
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1
L   2 5 211  2 11 210 
5
1 1
 L   .3 10  10 11
25 25
L  L 1
Lx  = 10(3  11)
2 25
 Lx  
1
25
.3 10 
1
25
10 11 = 
 10
25
 11  3
Q41. A particle is prepared in a simultaneous eigenstate of L2 and Lz . If l  l  1  2 and m
are respectively the eigenvalues of L2 and Lz , then the expectation value L2x of the
particle in this state satisfies

(a) L2x  0 (b) 0  L2x   2  2
    1  2  2     1  2
(c) 0  L2x  (d)  L2x 
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: L2x 
1
2

l  l  1  2  m 2  2 
For max value m  0 and for min m  l
l 2 l l  1 2
 L2x 
2 2
A, B, C are Non zero Hermitian operator.
A, B  C  AB  BA  AB  Ab  0  C
but C0
if AB  BA i.e. A, B   C false (2)
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q42. Consider a system of two non-interacting identical fermions, each of mass m in an
infinite square well potential of width a . (Take the potential inside the well to be zero
and ignore spin). The composite wavefunction for the system with total energy
5 2  2
E is
2ma 2
2   x1   2x 2   2x1   x 2 
(a) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a  a   a   a   a 
2   x1   2x 2   2x1   x 2 

(b) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a  a   a   a   a 
2   x1   3x 2   3x1   x 2 

(c) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a   a   2a   2a   a  
2   x1   x 2   x   x 
(d) sin  cos   sin 2  cos 2 
a  a   a   a   a 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Fermions have antisymmetric wave function
2    x1   2 x2   2 x1    x2  
  x1 x2    sin   sin    sin    sin  
a  a   a   a   a 
5 2  2
 En   nx1  1, nx2  2
2ma 2
Q43. A particle of mass m in the potential V  x, y  

1
2
 
m 2 4 x 2  y 2 , is in an eigenstate of
5
energy E   . The corresponding un-normalized eigen function is
2
 m  m
(a) y exp  2 x 2  y 2 

(b) x exp  2 x 2  y 2 

 2   2 
 m 2  m 2
(c) y exp  x  y 2 

(d) xy exp  x  y 2 

 2   2 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: V  x, y  
1
2
  5
m 2 4 x 2  y 2 , E   
2
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1 1
 V  x, y   m  2  x 2  m 2 y 2
2
2 2
 1  1  1  1
Now, E n   n x   x   n y   y   n x  2   n y  
 2  2  2  2
 3
 En   2 n x  n y   
 2
5
 En   when n x  0 and n y  1 .
2
Q44. A particle of mass m in three dimensions is in the potential
0, ra
V r   
 , ra
Its ground state energy is
 2 2  2 2 3 2  2 9 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2
Ans. : (a)
  2  d u  r  l  l  1
2
Solution:    2
  V  r  u  r   Eu  r 
 2m  dr 2mr 2
d 2u  r  2mE
  K 2u  r  K  , l  0, V  r   0
dr 2
2
u  r   A sin Kr  B cos Kr
Using boundary condition, B  0,
 22
u  r   A sin Kr , r  a, u  r   0  sin Ka  0  Ka  n  E  n 1
2ma 2
  1
Q45. Given that pˆ r  i   , the uncertainty p r in the ground state
 r r 
1
 0 r   e  r / a0 of the hydrogen atom is
a 3
0
 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a0 a0 2a 0 a0
Ans. : (a)
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  1 1
Solution: pˆ r  i    ,  0  r   e  r / a0 , Pr  Pr2  Pr
2
 r r   a03

1  r / a
  1  e 0 
Now Pr   e  r / a 0    i     4 r dr
2
0 a 03   r r  a 03 
4 i    r / a0   r / a0  1  1  r / a0  2 

a 03  0
  e     e  r dr 
e 
  a0  r  
4 i   1 
 
 3 
 e r dr   re  2 r / a0 dr 
 2 r / a0 2
a 0  a 0 0 0 
4 i   1  2!   1!  
    
 a03  a0   2 / a0 3    2 / a0 2  
 
4 i   a02 a02 
   0
 a03  4 4 
1

 2   2 2    r / a0 
a 03 0
4 r dr
 r / a0
Pr2     2  e 2
e
  r r r  
4  2  r / a  r / a  1  2  1  r / a   2
   e 0  e 0  2       e 0   r dr
 a03  0   a0  r  a0   
4 2  1 2 2 r / a0

2

 4 2 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 
a03 0 a02 a0 0
2 r / a0
  r e dr  re dr     2  
 a0  2 / a0  a0  2 / a0  
3 2
 a03
4 2  2 ! a03 2 a02  4 2  a0 a0  4 2  a0   2
 3  2       3      3    2
a0  a0 8 a0 4 a0  4 2 a0  4  a0
2 
 P  Pr2  Pr  0 
2
2
a0 a0
Q46. The ground state eigenfunction for the potential V  x     x  where   x  is the delta
function, is given by   x   Ae
 x
, where A and   0 are constants. If a perturbation
H   bx 2 is applied, the first order correction to the energy of the ground state will be
b b 2b b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
 2
 2
2 2
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: V  x     x  ,  x   Ae
 x
   1    x    e  x

E  1 H  1    e  x bx 2  e  x dx
1
1

 
 0 2 2 x 
   2  2x 
 e bx dx  b   e x dx  b   x e dx   x e dx   b 2   x e dx 
 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 2 x
    0   0 

 2!  2! b

 2 x
 e bx 2
dx  2b    2  b 
 2   8 2 2
3 3
Q47. An electron is in the ground state of a hydrogen atom. The probability that it is within the
Bohr radius is approximately equal to
(a) 0.60 (b) 0.90 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.32
Ans. : (d)
2
4
a0 a0
1
 4 r dr  3 r e
 r / a0 2 2 2 r / a0
Solution: Probability: e dr
0 a 3
0
 a0 0
4   
a0 a0 a0
 a   2 r / a0  a0  a0    2 r / a0  a0  a0  a0  
 3   r 2 e 2 r / a0   0
a0    2
    2r e
0 
 

  2   2     2e
0 
  2   2   2  
   0

 
4  2  2aa0  a0   a02  2 a0 / a0 a03 2 a0 / a0 0  a0

3

 3  a0 e 0  2   2 a0   e  e  2 e  
a0     4  4  8  
4  a03 1 a03 1 a03 a03   5 1  1 

        4   2     5  2  1
a03  4e 4  
2 2 2
 2 e 2 e 4e 4 e
  5  0.137  1   0.685  1  0.32
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Q48. A particle in the infinite square well potential

0 , 0 xa
V  x  
 , otherwise
is prepared in a state with the wavefunction
 3x 
 A sin 
  x   , 0  x  a
 a 
0
 , otherwise
The expectation value of the energy of the particle is
5 2 2 9 2  2 9 2  2  2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 2ma 2 10ma 2 2ma 2
Ans. : (c)
 3x 
0, 0 xa  A sin   , 0 xa 
Solution: V  x      x    a  
 , otherwise 0 
 , otherwise 
x  x 3 x
  x   A sin 3 
 a 
3
  A sin
4 a
1
 A sin
4 a
sin 3 A  3sin A  4 sin A
3
A a 2 x a 2 3 x  A a a 
   3sin  sin     x   3 1  x   3  x  
4 2 a a 2 a a  4 2 2 
a 2 a 2 10a 2 32
  1 9 A  A 1  A 1  A 
32 32 32 10a
1 a 32 a 32  3 1
  x    3. 1  x   3  x    1  x   3  x 
4 2 10a 2 10a  10 10
 22 9 2  2
Now, E1  2
, E3   E  an P  an 
2ma 2ma 2
2 2
1  9 2  1
Probability P  E1    , P  E3   
 10  10
9  2  2 1 9 2  2 9 2  2
E      E 
10 2ma 2 10 2ma 2 10ma 2
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Q49. Suppose Hamiltonian of a conservative system in classical mechanics is H  xp , where
 is a constant and x and p are the position and momentum respectively. The
corresponding Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics, in the coordinate representation, is
  1   1
(a)  i  x   (b)  i  x  
 x 2   x 2 
 i 
(c)  ix (d)  x
x 2 x
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Classically H   xp , quantum mechanically H must be Hermitian,
 
So, H   xp  px  and  xp  px 
H 
2 2
  i  x       
 H   x  i      i    x x  
2 x x  2  x x 
i      1
 H   2x    i  x  
2  x   x 2 
Q50. Let  1 and  2 denote the normalized eigenstates of a particle with energy eigenvalues
E1 and E2 respectively, with E 2  E1 . At time t  0 the particle is prepared in a state
 t  0 
 1   2 
1
2
The shortest time T at which  t  T  will be orthogonal to  t  0  is
2   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
E 2  E1  E 2  E1  2E 2  E1  4E 2  E1 
Ans. : (b)
1  iE1T 1  iE2T
 1   2 
1
Solution:   t  0  and   t  T   e 1  e 2
2 2 2
1  iE1 T 1  iE2 T iE
 1T
iE
 2T i  E2  E1 
T
  0  T  dx  0  e  e  0  e   e   e   1
*
2 2
T   
Equate real part  cos   E2  E1   1  T  cos 1  1 
   E2  E1   E2  E1 
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Q51. Consider the normalized wavefunction

  a1 11  a 2 10  a3 11
where  lm is a simultaneous normalized eigenfunction of the angular momentum
operators L2 and Lz , with eigenvalues l l  1 2 and m respectively. If  is an

eigenfunction of the operator L x with eigenvalue  , then
1 1 1 1
(a) a1  a3  , a2  (b) a1  a3  , a2 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
(c) a1  a3  , a 2   (d) a1  a 2  a3 
2 2 3
Ans. : (b)
L  L
Solution: Lx        
2
For L , L  a1 11  a2 10  a3 11   a1 0 12  a2 2 11  a3 2 10
 a2 2 11  a3 2 10
For L , L  a1 11  a2 10  a3 11   a1 2 10  a2 2 11
L  L
Given   
2
L  L 1
    a2 2 11   a1  a3  2 10  a2 2 11 
2 2
L  L
     a1 11  a2 10  a3 11  (Given)
2
a2
Thus  a1  a2  2a1
2
a1  a3 a1  a3 a22
 a2   2a1  a1  a3  a12  a22  1
2 2 2
1 1
a1  a3  , a2 
2 2
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Q52. Let x and p denote, respectively, the coordinate and momentum operators satisfying the
canonical commutation relation x, p   i in natural units   1 . Then the commutator
x, pe  is
p
(a) i 1  p  e p  
(b) i 1  p 2 e p (c) i 1  e  p  (d) ipe  p
Ans. : (a)
Solution:   x, p   i
 p 2 p3 
 x, pe  p    x, p  e  p  p  x, e  p   ie  p  p  x,1  p   ....
 2 3 
  p2    2ip 3ip 2 
 ie p  p  x,1   x, p    x,  ....  ie  p  p 0  i   ......
  2   2 3 
 p3 
  x, pe p   ie  p  i  p  p 2  .....  ie  p  ipe  p  i 1  p  e  p
 2 
  
Q53. Let    1 ,  2 ,  3  , where  1 ,  2 ,  3 are the Pauli matrices. If a and b are two
   

arbitrary constant vectors in three dimensions, the commutator a   , b   is equal to (in 
the following I is the identity matrix)
  
 
 
(a) a  b  1   2   3  
(b) 2i a  b  
 
 
(c) a  b I
 
(d) a b I
Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ ,    x iˆ   y ˆj   z kˆ
   
 a   , b      a1 x  a2 y  a3 z , b1 x  b2 y  b3 z 
   
   
 a   , b     a1b1  x ,  x   a1b2  x ,  y   a1b3  x ,  z   a2b1  y ,  x   a2b2  y ,  y 
       
 a2b3  y ,  z   a3b1  z ,  x   a3b2  z ,  y   a3b3  z ,  z 
 a1b1  0  a1b2  2i z  2ia1b3 y  a2b1  2i z  0  a2b3  2i x  a3b1  2i y  a3b2  2i x  0
      

  a   , b      2i a  b  
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Q54. The ground state energy of the attractive delta function potential
V  x   b  x  ,
where b  0 , is calculated with the variational trial function
 x 
 A cos , for  a  x  a, 
 x    2a  is
 0, otherwise, 
mb 2 2mb 2 mb 2 mb 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
 2 2  2 2 2 2  2 4 2  2
Ans. : (b)
 x
Solution: V  x   b  x  ; b  0 and   x    A cos ; a  x  a
 2a
2 x
Normalized   cos
2a 2a
a  2   2  2 2
T   *  2  dx 
a
 2m  x 8ma 2
2 b
V    *  b  x  dx   b   
a
a 2a a
 2 2 b  E 2 2  2 b  2  2  2 2
E       0   b  0  a 
8ma 2 a a 8ma 3 a2 4ma 4mb
b    4mb  b  4mb 
2
 22
2 2
2mb 2
Put the value of a in equation: E     2 2  2 2
8ma 2 a 8m  2  2
2
      
Q55. Let   c0 0  c1 1 (where c 0 and c1 are constants with c 02  c12  1 ) be a linear
combination of the wavefunctions of the ground and first excited states of the one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator. For what value of c 0 is the expectation value x a
maximum?
 1  1
(a) x  , c0  (b) x  , c0 
m 2 2 m 2
 1  1
(c) x  , c0  (d) x  , c0 
2m 2 m 2
Ans. : (c)
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Solution:   c0 0  c1 1
X   X
   
 X  2c0 c1 0 X 1   c02  c12   c0  c1   0 X 1  1   c0  c1   0 X 1
2

2

1
For max X  c0  c1  c02  c12  1  c0 
2
1 1
 X 2 0 X 1  0 X 1
2 2
 
2m
 0 aa 1

X 
2m
Q56. Consider a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   a x , a  0 . The energy eigen-
values E n n  0, 1, 2, .... , in the WKB approximation, are

1/ 3 2/3
 3a  1   3a  1 
(a)   n   (b)   n  
 4 2m  2   4 2m  2 
4/3
3a  1  3a  1 
(c) n   (d)   n  
4 2m  2  4 2m  2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: V  x   a x , a0
2  1
According to W.K.B., 
1
pdq   n    where a1 and a2 are positive mid point
 2
P2
E  a x  P  2m  E  a x 
2m E /  E /
 1
2m  E  a x dx   n   
E/ a
 E/ a
 2
 1
2m  E  ax dx   2m  E  ax dx   n   
0 E/a
E / a 0
 2
 1
2m  E  ax dx   n   
E/a
2
0
 2
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2m  E  ax   t , At x  0, t  2mE; x  E / a, t  0
 2madx  dt
2 mE
2 mE  1 2  1
 2ma  t dt   n     2ma t 3/ 2
1/ 2
 n  
0
 2 3 0  2
4  1 4  1
  n     ma  2mE    n   
2 mE 3/ 2
 ma t 3/2
3 0
 2 3  2
2/3
4  1  3a  1 
  23/ 2 am5 / 2 E 3/ 2   n     E    n  
3  2  4 2m  2 
Q57. The Hamiltonian H 0 for a three-state quantum system is given by the matrix
1 0 0  0 1 0
   
H 0   0 2 0  . When perturbed by H    1 0 1  where  1 , the resulting shift
0 0 2  0 1 0
   
in the energy eigenvalue E 0  2 is
(a) ,  2  (b)  , 2  (c)   (d)  2 

Ans. : None of the answer is correct.
 1 0 0  0 1 0
Solution: H 0   0 2 0 , H  0  1 0 1
   
 0 0 2  0 1 0
 2 0  0 1
 0 2 in H 0 is not 0  1 0 in H  because H  is not in block diagonal form. So we
must diagonalised whole H  . The Eigen value at H   0,  2 0 ,  2 0 .
0 0 0 
 
After diagonalisation H  0  0 2 0  ,   0 is correction for Eigenvalue at H 0 .
 0 0  2 
So  2 0 is the correction for eigenvalue of H 0  2

Hence none of the options given is correct.
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Q58. The ratio of the energy of the first excited state E1 , to that of the ground state E0 , to that
L
of a particle in a three-dimensional rectangular box of side L, L and , is
2
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 :1 (c) 4 :1 (d) 4 : 3
Ans. (a)
 22 6 2  2
Solution: E   n 2
 n 2
 4 n 2
 , for ground state n  1, n  1, n  1  E 
2mL2 
x y z  x y z 0
2mL2
 2 2 9 2  2
2 
For first excited state nx  1, n y  2, nz  1  E  E1  1  4  4 
2mL 2mL2
E1 9 3
  
E0 6 2

Q59. If Li are the components of the angular momentum operator L , then the operator

 i 1,2,3  L, Li  equals
   
(a) L (b) 2L (c) 3L (d)  L
Ans. (b)

Solution: Let L  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ
x  1, y  2, z  3

 L, Lx    Ly , Lx  j   Lz , Lx  kˆ  iLz ˆj  Ly kˆ i
 

  L, Lx  , Lx   i    Lz , Lx  ˆj   Ly , Lx  i   i .i Ly ˆj   i   Lz  i   Lz  i   .kˆ   2  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ 
      

similarly,   L, Ly  Ly    2  Lx iˆ  Lz kˆ 
   

  L, Lz  Lz    2  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj 
    

  L, Li  Li   2 2  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ   2 L put   1
i 1,2,3
 
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Q60. The wavefunction of a particle in one-dimension is denoted by   x  in the coordinate

 ipx
representation and by   p     x  e 
dx in the momentum representation. If the
action of an operator T̂ on   x  is given by Tˆ  x     x  a  , where a is a constant
then Tˆ  p  is given by

 iap  iap
i  i 
(a)  ap  p  (b) e 
  p (c) e 
  p (d) 1  ap    p 
   
Ans. (c)
 ipx
Solution:   p     x e 
dx
T  x     x  a 
 ipx  ipx ipa  ip  x  a 
T   p    T  x  e 
dx    x  a  e 
dx  e 
  x  a e 
dx
ipa
 T  p   e    p 
Q61. The differential cross-section for scattering by a target is given by

d
 ,    a 2  b2 cos 2 
d
If N is the flux of the incoming particles, the number of particles scattered per unit time
is
4  1 
(a)
3

N a2  b2  (b) 4 N  a 2  b 2 
 6 
1 1   1 
(c) 4 N  a 2  b 2  (d) 4 N  a 2  b 2 
2 3   3 
Ans. (d)
d
Solution:  a 2  b 2 cos 2 
d
 2  2
2  b2 
 a   sin  d d  b  cos  sin  d  d  a .4  b .2   4  a 2  
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
3  3
 b2 
Number of particle scattered per unit time,  .N  4 N  a 2  
 3
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1
Q62. A particle of mass m is in a potential V  m 2 x 2 , where  is a constant. Let
2
m  ipˆ  daˆ
aˆ   xˆ   . In the Heisenberg picture is given by
2  m  dt
(a)  â (b) i aˆ (c)  â † (d) i aˆ †

Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: V  m 2 x 2
2
m  ipˆ 
aˆ   xˆ  
2  m 
daˆ 1 a a
  a, H   , 0
dt i t t
daˆ 1 m   p 2  im 2  1 m  2 p i 
   x,   pˆ , x 2   
  i   2 x  i  
dt i 2   2m  2m  i  2  2m 2 
m  p  m  ip 
   i x   i x   i aˆ
2  m  2  m 
Q63. Two different sets of orthogonal basis vectors
 1   0    1 1 1  1  
  ,    and   ,    are given for a two dimensional real vector space.
 0   1    2  1  2  1  
The matrix representation of a linear operator Â in these basis are related by a unitary
transformation. The unitary matrix may be chosen to be
 0 1  0 1 1 1 1  1 1 0 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
1 0  1 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 
Ans. : (c)
1 0 1 1 1  1 1 1 
Solution: u1    , u2     u  u1  u2   
0 1 2  1 1  2  1 1 
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 
Q64. The Dirac Hamiltonian H  c . p   mc 2 for a free electron corresponds to the classical
relation E 2  p 2 c 2  m 2 c 4 . The classical energy-momentum relation of a piratical of
 2   q 
2
 
charge q in a electromagnetic potential  , A is  E  q   c  p  A   m 2 c 4 .
2
 c 
Therefore, the Dirac Hamiltonian for an electron in an electromagnetic field is
 e    e 
(a) c . p  A. A   mc 2  e (b) c .  p  A    mc 2  e
c  c 
  e   e 
(c) c   . p  e  A    mc 2 (d) c .  p  A    mc 2  e
 c   c 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Electromagnetic interaction of Dirac particle
1
  qA  2 2
H   P   c  m c   q
2 2 4
 c  
Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian

    qA  
i   c  P     mc  q 
2
t   c  
put q  e
  e  
H   c .  P  A    mc 2  e 
  c  
Q65. A particle of energy E scatters off a repulsive spherical potential
V for r  a
V r    0
 0 for r  a
where V0 and a are positive constants. In the low energy limit, the total scattering cross-
2
 1  2m
section is   4 a 2  tanh ka  1 , where k 2  2 V0  E   0 . In the limit V0  
 ka  h
the ratio of  to the classical scattering cross-section off a sphere of radius a is
1
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d)
2
Ans. : (a)
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2
1 
Solution:   4 a  tanh ka  1
2
 ka 
2
 1 
ka   , tanh ka  1    4 a   1 2
 ka 
and ka   , lim  H  4 a 2
ka 
H
classically  c   a 2  4
c
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)

Q66. A Hermitian operator O has two normalized eigenstates 1 and 2 with eigenvalues 1
and 2 , respectively. The two states u  cos  1  sin  2 and v  cos  1  sin  2

are such that v O   7 / 4 and u v  0 . Which of the following are possible values of
 and  ?
   
(a)    and   (b)   and  
6 3 6 3
   
(c)    and   (d)   and   
4 4 3 6
Ans. : (a)
Solution: u  cos  1  sin  2 , v  cos  1  sin  2
7
it is given Oˆ 1  1 , Oˆ 2  2 2  v Oˆ v 
4
7 7
cos 2   2sin 2    cos 2   sin 2   1  sin 2    1
4 4
3 
sin    
2 3
u v  0  cos  cos   sin  sin   0  cos      0
      5 
    or        or      or   
2 2 2 3 3 2 6 6
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x
Q67. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   V0 cosh   ,
L
2
where L and V0 are constants (with V0  ) is approximately
2mL2
 2V0  V0  V0  V0
(a) V0  (b) V0  (c) V0  (d) V0 
L m L m 4L m 2L m
Ans. : (d)
x V
Solution: 
V0  cosh    0 e x / L  e  x / L
L 2

V  x 1  x 2  V0  x 1  x 2 
 0 1     ....  1      ....
2  L 2!  L   2  L 2!  L  
2
V V V x 1 V 
 0  0  0    V0   02  x 2
2 2 2 L 2 L 
V0 V0
K , 
L2 mL2
So, ground state energy is
  V0  V0
V0   V0  2
 V0 
2 2 mL 2L m
Q68. Let  nlm denote the eigenstates of a hydrogen atom in the usual notation. The state
1
2 200  3 211  7 210  5 211 
5
is an eigenstate of
(a) L2 , but not of the Hamiltonian or Lz (b) the Hamiltonian, but not of L2 or Lz
(c) the Hamiltonian, L2 and Lz (d) L2 and Lz , but not of the Hamiltonian
Ans. : (b)
1
Solution:    2 200  3 211  7 2 10  5 2 1 1 
5
13.6
H   
4
So  is eigen state of H
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But L2     and Lz    
So  is not eigen state of L2 and Lz
1
Q69. The Hamiltonian for a spin- particle at rest is given by H  E0  z   x  , where  x
2
and  z are Pauli spin matrices and E0 and  are constants. The eigenvalues of this
Hamiltonian are
(a)  E0 1   2 (b)  E0 1   2
 1 
(c) E0 (doubly degenerate) (d) E0 1   2 
 2 
Ans. : (a)
 1 0   0 1  1 
Solution: H  E0  z   x   E0        H  E0  
  0 1   1 0   1 
if  is eigen value, then

 1     
H   I  0  E0  0,    E0 1   2
   1    
Q70. A hydrogen atom is subjected to the perturbation

2r
V pert  r   cos
a0
where a0 is the Bohr radius. The change in the ground state energy to first order in 
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For First order perturbation
r
1  2r 
E11  100 V p 100 , 100  e a , V p  cos  
 a03  a0 
 2 r  2 r
1  2r  4  2r 
E   3 e a0  cos   4 r 2 dr  3  e a0 cos   r 2 dr
1
1
0
 a0  a0  a0 0  a0 
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 ia2 r i 2 r

2   a0 1i  2 
 2 r  2 r  2 r 1 i 
4 e  e 0
0 a
 2
 3 e
a03  0 0
a0
  r dr   e r dr  e a0
r 2
dr 
a0 0

2
 
 
 
2 2! 2!   1 1 
     
a03   2 
3
 
3
2  1  i 3 1  i 3 
 1  i   1  i  
2  
  a0   0
a  
 
   
 1 1    1  1 
 
2 3
3  1 i  
3
4 2 4
 i 3 i 3

   1 i 
 
3
 2   2     e e 4

  2  2  
  i 34  i 3
    3  
  e  e 4
  2 cos  4  
4 2   4 2   
   1   
 2      E11 
4 2   2  4 4
Q71. The product of the uncertainties  Lx   Ly  for a particle in the state a 1,1  b 1, 1
where l , m denotes an eigenstate of L2 and Lz will be a minimum for
(a) a  ib (b) a  0 and b  1
3 1
(c) a  and b  (d) a  b
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:   a 1,1  b 1, 1 , L   2b 1, 0 , L2   2 2b 1,1
L   2a 1, 0 , L2   2 2 a 1, 1
 L2   a 2 2  b 2 2  a  b 2 2 2
2 2
 2


 L2z   a  b 2  2
2

Lx  0, Ly  0
L2x 
1  2
4 
L  L2
  2 L2
 L2
2  4 
 
  1  a*b  b*a 2 2  2 2 2   2    a 2
b
2

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2  *
L2x 
2 

a b  b* a  a  b 
2 2
 
L2y 
 
2 L2  L22  L2  L2
4
  2
2
L2y 
2 
a  b  a*b  b*a 
2
  
2  2
    a b  b a  
2 2
Lx Ly   a b  a  b 1
2 * * 2 2
2 
2
 
2
Lx Ly  1  a*b  b*a (i)
2
1 i 2
Now check option (a) a  ib  a  ,b   Lx Ly 
2 2 2
 2
Option (b) a  0, b  1  Lx Ly 
2
3 1 2
Option (c) a  ,b   Lx Ly 
2 2 4
1 1
Option (d) a  b  a  ,b   Lx Ly  0 option (d) is correct
2 2
Q72. The ground state energy of a particle in potential V  x   g x , estimated using the trail
wavefunction
 c 2

  x    a5
a  x2 ,   x a
0, x a

(where g and c are constants) is
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
15   2 g 2  5  2 g 2  3  2 g 2  7  2 g 2 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
16  m  6 m  4 m  8 m 
Ans. : (a)
a
15
   dx  1  c  16
*
Solution:
a
 2  15  2 2
a
10 2
T 
2m  16a 2  a
   a 2
 x 2
 x 2
 a  x 2
 dx  T 
4ma 2
15  2 g
a
V 
16a 05   5
x a 2  x 2 dx  V  ga
16

E T  V (i)
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10 2 5 ga
E 
4ma 2 16
1
dE 8  2  3
 0  a3   a  2 
da mg  mg 
put the value of a in equation (i)
1
15   2 g 2  3
E  
16  m 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q73. The state of a particle of mass m in a one dimensional rigid box in the interval 0 to L is
2  3  2 x  4  4 x  
given by the normalized wavefunction   x    sin    sin    . If its
L  5  L  5  L 
energy is measured the possible outcomes and the average value of energy are,
respectively
h 2 2h 2 73 h 2 h2 h2 19 h 2
(a) , and (b) , and
2mL2 mL2 50 mL2 8mL2 2mL2 40 mL2
h 2 2h 2 19 h 2 h 2 2h 2 73 h 2
(c) , and (d) , and
2mL2 mL2 10 mL2 8mL2 mL2 200 mL2
Ans. : (a)
2  3  2 x  4  4 x  
Solution:   x    sin    sin  
L  5  L  5  L 
n 2 2  2
Measurement E 
2mL2
h2 2h 2
 n  2  E2  and n  4  E4 
2mL2 mL2
9 16
Probability p  E2   and p  E4  
25 25
Now, average value of energy is
9 h2 16 2h 2 73h 2
E   an p  an      
25 2mL2 25 mL2 50mL2
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Q74. If Lˆ x , Lˆ y , Lˆ z are the components of the angular momentum operator in three dimensions
the commutator  Lˆ x , Lˆ x Lˆ y Lˆ z  may be simplified to
 
(a) iLx Lˆ2z  Lˆ2y (b) iLˆ z Lˆ y Lˆ x
(c) iL  2 Lˆ  Lˆ 
x
2
z
2
y (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
Solution:  Lx , Lx Ly Lz   Lx  Lx , Ly Lz    Lx , Lx  Ly Lz
 Lx  Lx , Ly  Lz  Lx Ly  Lx , Lz   0  Lx iLz  Lz  Lx Ly  iLy 

 iLx L2z  iLx L2y  iLx L2z  L2y 
Q75. Suppose that the Coulomb potential of the hydrogen atom is changed by adding an
 Ze 2 g
inverse-square term such that the total potential is V  r     2 , where g is a
r r
constant. The energy eigenvalues Enlm in the modified potential
(a) depend on n and l , but not on m
(b) depend on n but not on l and m
(c) depend on n and m , but not on l
(d) depend explicitly on all three quantum numbers n , l and m
Ans. : (b)
ze 2 g
Solution: V  r     2 is central potential
r r
So angular momentum is conserve then eigen value En ,l ,m will depend only on n , which
is principal quantum number.

Q76. The eigenstates corresponding to eigenvalues E1 and E2 of a time independent
Hamiltonian are 1 and 2 respectively. If at t  0 , the system is in a state
  t  0   sin  1  cos  2 , then the value of   t    t  at time t will be
(a) 1 (b)
 E sin
1
2
  E2 cos 2  
E12  E22
(c) eiE1t /  sin   eiE2t /  cos  (d) e iE1t /  sin 2   eiE2t /  cos 2 
Ans. : (a)
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Solution:   t  0   sin  1  cos  2

 iE1t  iE2t
  t   sin  1 e 
 cos  2 e 
 i  E1  E2 t
  t    t   sin  1 1  cos  2 2  2 Re e
2 2 
sin   cos  1 2
 sin 2   cos 2   0  1  1 2  0
1
Q77. Consider a particle of mass m in a potential V  x   m 2 x 2  g cos kx . The change in
2
1
the ground state energy, compared to the simple harmonic potential m 2 x 2 , to first
2
order in g is
 k 2   k 2   2k 2    k 2 
(a) g exp    (b) g exp   (c) g exp    (d) g exp   
 2m   2m   m   4m 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Ground state wavefunction
1
m x 2
 m  4 
 0  x    e
2
  
The perturbation term is H p  g cos kx

First order correction E    0*  x  H P 0  x  dx
1
0

1 1
 m  2
 m x 2
 eikx  e  ikx  g  m  2    m x ikx   m x 
2 2

 ge   e  .e dx   e  . e dx 
 ikx
  dx  

 
      2  2       
1 1
m x  m x 
g  m  2 g  m  2
2 2
  ikx ikx
    dx    
 
e e dx
2      2     
From 1st term, we have
m  2 2 ikx  ik    ik  
1 2 2 1
m 
2
  ik  
g  m  2  x     
2 m  2 m   2 m 

g  m  2   x  
k 2
e  
     2 m 
   dx   e e 4 m
dx
2    
2     
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1
m 
2
 ik  
g  4km  m  2
2
k 2
 x  
 e
  2 m 
 e  dx  e 4 m
2     
1
m x 
g  m  2
2
 ikx
 

Similarly, from term (ii),  e dx
2     
1
m 
2
 ik  
g  k h  m  2
2
 k 2
 x  
 e
  2 m 
 e 4 m  dx  e 4 m
2     
g  k  k  
2 2 2
k 
 
Hence, E   e 4 m  e 4 m   ge 4 m
1
0
2  
Q78. The energy levels for a particle of mass m in the potential V  x    x , determined in
the WKB approximation
 1
b
2m  E  V  x dx   n   
a  2
(where a, b are the turning points and n  0,1, 2... ), are

2 2
 h  1  3  3h  1  3
(a) En    n   (b) En    n  
4 m  2   4 2m  2 
2 2
 3h  1  3  h  1  3
(c) En      (d) En     
2   2  
n n
4 m   4 2m 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: V  x    x
V  x
  x, x0
 V  x  
   x, x0
E E
b
 1 
2m  E  V  x dx   n      
a  2 x
E

 E E  1
From figure, a     , b     2m  E  V  x dx   n    
    
E  2

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E E
 
 1  1
0
 2m  E   xdx   E   xdx   n      2 2m  E   x  dx    n    

E 0  2 0  2

dt
put E   x  t , dx  

E
limit x  0  t  E , x t 0

  dt   1
0
2 2m  t     n   
E     2
0
2 2m  2 32   1 2 2m 2 32  1
  t    n      .E   n    h
  3 E  2  3  2
2
 1  3 
3
 3  1  3
 E  n 
2
 En    n  
 2  4 2m  4 2m  2 
Q79. A particle of mass m moves in one dimension under the influence of the potential
V  x     x  , where  is a positive constant. The uncertainty in the product
 x  p  in its ground state is
 
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 2
2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: V  x     x 
For this potential wavefunction

  x
  e x , x0
  x  
 x
  e , x0
which evenfunction about x  0

so x  0, p  0 x

1 1
now x 2  2  x 2 e 2 x dx   x  x2  x 
2
0
2 2
2
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 0 
d2 x d
2
 x d
2
p 2  2   * 2
 dx    2
  e 2
 ex
dx   2
  e 2
 e x dx

dx 
dx 0
dx

 2 3  2 3
0
e e    2 2 , which is not possible

2 x 2 x
   2 3
dx   
2 3
dx   
 0
2 2
 2
d
  dx   2 2 , p  p2  p  
2 2 2
so, we will use the formula p

dx
1 
now, x.p  . 
2 2
2  4
Q80. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   x ,
6m
1
 x 2
  4
estimated using the normalized trial wavefunction   x     e 2
, is
 
  1   3
 dxx 2 e  x   dx x 4 e  x 
2 2
[use and ]
  2   4 2
3 2 13 8 2 13 2 2 13 3 2 13
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2m 3m 3m 8m
Ans. : (d)
1
x
  4   2
2
Solution: E  T  V , for   x     e 2 , T 
  4m
1 1
 
   2   4  x 2   2   2  3 2 
2 2
V    x e dx     x 4 e  x dx  . 2 
2
    6m    6m 
6m 4 8m 2
 2 2 
E   (i)
4m 8m 2
dE  2 2 2  2    1
   0   1    0       3
d 4m 8m 3 4m   3 
Putting the value of  in equation (i),
 1

2 1

2
  2 1
   3
 3 2 13
E     3    
3  
2
4m  2  8m
8m    3
4m
 
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NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q81. Consider the two lowest normalized energy eigenfunctions  0  x  and  1  x  of a one
d 0
dimensional system. They satisfy  0  x    0*  x  and  1  x    , where  is a real
dx
constant. The expectation value of the momentum operator in the state  1 is
  2
(a)  (b) 0 (c) (d)
 2
 2
2
Ans. : (b)
d 0
Solution:  1  x   
dx
  
   d 0 d 2
px    px dx    1  i 1  dx    *  i  20 dx
*
*
x 
1
   
dx dx

d 0 d 2 0
 i   
2
dx

dx dx 2
Integrate by parts
2  d d 0 d 2 0 d 0 
  
d 0 d 2 0
I  i   0   dx 2 dx dx   0   i    dx dx 2 dx
2
 dx dx
  

d 0 d 2 0
I  0   i    dx dx 2 dx
2

d 0 
 0 , 0  0, x  
dx 
I  0  I  2I  0  I  0  px  0
d
Q82. Consider the operator, a  x  acting on smooth function of x . Then commutator
dx
 , cos x  is
(a)  sin x (b) cos x (c)  cos x (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
d
Solution: a  x 
dx
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 a, cos x    x   d  d 
d
, cos x    x, cos x    , cos x   0   , cos x 
 dx   dx   dx 
d  d d
 dx , cos x   x   dx cos x  x   cos x dx
d cos xd
 cos x    sin x     sin x
dx dx
 a, cos x   x    sin x
 a, cos x    sin x
   
Q83. Consider the operator   p  qA , where p is the momentum operator,

A   Ax , Ay , Az  is the vector potential and q denotes the electric charge. If

B   Bx , By , Bz  denotes the magnetic field, the z -component of the vector operator
 
   is
(a) iqBz  q  Ax p y  Ay px  (b) iqBz  q  Ax p y  Ay px 
(c) iqBz (d) iqBz

Ans. : (d)
  
Solution:   p  qA
       
 
    
 
   

 p  qA  p  qA   p  p  qp  A  qA  p  q 2 A  A
 
p  p  0
    

 qp  A   q i  A   qiB 
   
 
qA  p  q A i   0 
 
q 2 A  A  0
  
    qiB
So, z component is given by qiBz
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Q84. The dynamics of a free relativistic particle of mass m is governed by the Dirac
   
Hamiltonian H  c . p   mc 2 , where p is the momentum operator and    x ,  y ,  z 
and  are four 4  4 Dirac matrices. The acceleration operator can be expressed as
2ic   
(a)  cp   H  (b) 2ic 2

ic  2ic  
(c) H (d)   cp   H 
 
Ans. : (a)
 
Solution: H  c . p   mc 2
If vx velocity of x direction
From the Ehrenfest theorem
dx 1 x 1
vx    x, H     x, c x px  c y p y  c z p z   mc 2   0
dt i t i 
c
  x,  x px   c x
i
Similarly, acceleration is given by
dvx 1 c
ax    c x , H    x , c x px  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2 
dt i i
Using relation  i j   j i  0 ,  i    i  0 and  i , p j   0
 x , c x px   0
 
 x , c y p y   c  x y   y x  p y   y c  x , p y   c x y  c x y  p y  0  2c x y p y
 
 x , c z pz   c x z  c z x  pz   z c x , pz   c x z   c x z  pz  0  2c x z pz
 x ,  mc 2    x    x  mc 2  2mc 2 x 
 
c
ax   2c x y p y  2c x z p z  2 x  mc 2 
i  
2 x c
ax  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2  c x p x  c x px 
i  
2 x c
ax  c x p x  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2  c x px 
i  
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ax 
2c
i
2ic
 x .H  c x x px   c x x px   x .H  ,

 2
x x 
  2ic    
a  ax iˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ  
 
cp   .H 

 
Q85. A particle of charge q in one dimension is in a simple harmonic potential with angular
2
t
 
frequency  . It is subjected to a time- dependent electric field E  t   Ae  
, where A
and  are positive constants and   1 . If in the distant past t   the particle was
in its ground state, the probability that it will be in the first excited state as t   is
proportional to
1 1
  2  2 1
2
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) 0 (d)
 
2
Ans. : (a)
2
t2
  i fi t
Solution: Transition probability is proportional to Pif   e  2
e where

3 1
  
 fi  2 2 

2
 t2
Pif   exp  it dt
 2
1  2 2 2 
i 2  
2
 t2   
2  i 
Now calculate  exp   2  it  dt   exp  2 t  it     
      
  2   2  

  2 2   1  it 
2
 exp     exp 2 
t   dt
 4     2 
2
 t2
Pif   exp  it dt
 2
2
  2 2   1  it 
2
Pif  exp     exp 2  t   dt
 4     2 
 2 2
Pif  exp 
2
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Q86. A particle is scattered by a central potential V  r   V0 re   r , where V0 and  are positive

 
constants. If the momentum transfer q is such that q  q   , the scattering cross-
section in the Born approximation, as q   , depends on q as
dn
 x e dx  n 
n ax
[You may use e ax dx ]
da
(a) q 8 (b) q 2 (c) q 2 (d) q 6
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The form factor is given for high energy as q  
 
2 m 2m
f  ,     rV  r  sin qr dr  2  r 2V0 e   v sin qr dr
q 0
2
q 0
mV0  2  r   iq  
  
2 m 2  r e
iqr
 e  iqr
 2 V0  r e dr  2 i   r e dr   r 2 e   dr 
 r   iq
q 0 2i  q 0 0 
mV0i 
 2 
2

2
 2 0 

 2mV i     iq      iq 
3 3
 
 q     iq 3    iq 3   q     iq 3    iq 3 
   
2mV0 i    iq  3 iq  3 q      iq  3 iq  3 q  
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
 2
q   2  q2 
3
   3 2 
2mV0i  6  2iq  2iq 3  2mV0  2q  6  q 
 2  2
 q    2  q 2 3 
  
q   2  q2 3 
 
q3  6 2  1 1 1  2 
  2  2  3
 q2  6
 4  2  1
q q   2  q q  q 
q  2  1
6
q 
    f     q 4   q 8
2 2
Q87. A particle in one dimension is in a potential V  x   A  x  a  . Its wavefunction   x  is

d
continuous everywhere. The discontinuity in at x  a is
dx
(b) A   a    a  
2m
(a) A  a 
2
2
(c) A (d) 0
2m
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Ans. : (a)
2 d   x 
2
Solution:   A  x  a   x   E  x 
2m dx 2
Integrates both side within limit
a   to a 
a  a  a 
2 d 2
dx   A   x  a  dx  E    x  dx
2m a dx 2

a  a 
 2  d II d I 
     A  a   0
2m  dx dx 
d II d I 2mA
  2  a
dx dx 
d 2mA
so discontinues in at x  a is 2   a  .
dx 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q88. If the root-mean-squared momentum of a particle in the ground state of a one-
dimensional simple harmonic potential is p0 , then its root-mean-squared momentum in
the first excited state is
(a) p0 2 (b) p0 3 (c) p0 2 / 3 (d) p0 3 / 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: P  m  Pˆ  m 
 a  a† 
2i
m  2
P2  
2
 a  a†2   2 N  1 
m 
P2  
2
a 2  a †2  2 N  1 
For any state n ,
a 2  0, a †2  0 and 2 N  1  2n  1
m 
P 2   2n  1 and P  0
2
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m 
Prms  P2  P  Prms  2n  1
2
m 
For ground stat n  0, Prms   P0
2
m 
So, for n  1, Prms  3
2
Prms  3P0
Q89. Consider a potential barrier A of height V0 and width b , and another potential barrier B
of height 2V0 and the same width b . The ratio TA / TB of tunnelling probabilities TA and
TB , through barriers A and B respectively, for a particle of energy V0 /100 is best

approximated by
 
(a) exp  1.99  0.99  8 mV0b 2 /  2 
 
(b) exp  1.98  0.98
  8 mV0b 2 /  2 

(c) exp 
  2.99  0.99  8 mV0b 2 /  2 

(d) exp 
  2.98  0.98  8 mV0b 2 /  2 

Ans. : (a)
 2 m V  E  V0
Solution: T  e , where E 
100
For potential A, V  V0
2m  V0  2 m  99 
  V0     V0 
 2 m 0.99V0 
TA e 2  100 
 TA e  2  100 
e
V0
For Potential B, V  2V0 and E =
100
2m  V0  2 m  199V0 
  2V0       2 m 1.99V0 
TB e 2  100 
 TB e  2  100 
 e
 0.99V0
TA e

TB e  1.99V0
TA
TB
 e  1.99V0
e
 0.99V 0

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Q90. A constant perturbation H  is applied to a system for time  t (where H  t   )

leading to a transition from a state with energy Ei to another with energy E f . If the time
of application is doubled, the probability of transition will be

(a) unchanged (b) doubled (c) quadrupled (d) halved
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For constant potential transition probability
2
 f v i  2  fi ti 
pif  4  sin 
h 2 2
fi  2 
at ti  2ti ,
2
4  f v i  fi ti
pif  sin 2
h 2 2
fi 2
at ti  2ti ,
2 2
4  f v i   fi 2ti  4  f v  i
p ff  2
sin   sin  fi ti 
h 2 2fi  2  h 2 2fi
sin 2  fi ti 
 2fi ti2
pif sin  fi ti 
2
 t 2 2
  fi i
t1  0
p ff  t    t   t 
2
sin  fi i 
2
sin 2  fi i   fi i 
 2   2  2 
 2fi ti2
2
4 2fi ti2
 4
 2fi ti2
pif (2)
 4  pif (2)  4 pif (1)
pif (1)
a b
Q91. The two vectors   and   are orthonormal if
0 c
(a) a  1, b  1/ 2, c  1/ 2 (b) a  1, b  1, c  0
(c) a  1, b  0, c  1 (d) a  1, b  1/ 2, c  1/ 2
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Ans. : (c)
a b
Solution: 1    , 2   
0 c
1 1  1  a  1
2 2  1  b  c 1
2 2
1 2  0   a 0   bc   0
a.b  0  c  0  a  b  0
so b  0
c  1, c  1
2
a  1, b  0, c  1
Q92. Consider the potential
  
V  r    i V0 a 3    r  ri 
3

where ri are the position vectors of the vertices of a cube of length a centered at the
2
origin and V0 is a constant. If V0 a 2  , the total scattering cross-section, in the low-
m
energy limit, is
2
 mV0 a 2 
2 16a 2  mV0 a 2 
(a) 16a   (b)  
  
2
 2  2 
2
64a 2  mV0 a 2  64a 2  mV0 a 2 
(c)   (d)  
  2   2  2 
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: V  r    V0 a 3 3  r  ri 
i
  V0 a 3  x  xi    y  yi    z  zi 
i
where xi , yi , zi are co-ordinate at 8 corner cube whose center is at origin.
m
f     2 
V  r d 3 r
2 
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
m 8
       x  xi    y  yi   z  zi dxdydz
3
V a
2  2
0
i 1
m
 V a 3 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1
2  2 0
8mV0 a 3 4mV0 a 3
 
2  2  2
total scattering cross section    f   sin  d d .

2
16m 2V02 a 6
Differential scattering cross section D    f   
2
 24
16m 2V02 a 6 64a 2  m 2V02 a 4 
 4   
 24   h4 
2
64a 2  mV0 a 2 
  
  2 
Q93. The Coulomb potential V  r   e 2 / r of a hydrogen atom is perturbed by adding
H   bx 2 (where b is a constant) to the Hamiltonian. The first order correction to the

ground state energy is
1
(The ground state wavefunction is  0  e  r / a0 )
a 3
0
(a) 2ba02 (b) ba02 (c) ba02 / 2 (d) 2ba02

Ans. : (b)
Solution: H '  bx 2 put x  r sin  cos 
H '  br 2 sin 2  cos 2  .

1
E11   1 H   1 ,  1  e  r / a0
a 3
0
  1* H  1r 2 sin  dr d d

2r  2
b
 3  r 2 e a0 r 2 dr  sin 3  d  cos 2  d  ba02
 a0 0 0 0
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Q94. Using the trial function

 A  a 2  x 2  , a  x  a
  x  
 0 otherwise
the ground state energy of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is
5 1 5
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
14 2 7
Ans. : (b)
 A  a  x  , a  x  a
2 2
Solution:   x   
0 , otherwise
For normalization
  dx  1
*
15 15
A2  5
 A
16a 16a 5
 2 2   2 15
a a
T    * 2  dx   2  2    a 2  x 2 dx
5 
2m  a x 2m 16a 0
5 2
T 
4ma 2
a a
2 x 2  a 2  x 2  dx.
1 1 15
V    *V dx , where V  x   5 
2
m 2 x 2  m 2
a
2 2 16a 0
m 2 a 2
V 
14
5 2 m 2 a 2
E  T V  
4ma 2 14
dE 5   2   2 m 2 a 35   2 
0   0  a   2 2 .
4
da 4ma 3 7 2 m  
1/ 2
 35    
a  
2
 .
 2   m 
5  2 m 2 m 2 35 
E  .  .
4 m  35 14 2 m
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  5 2 1 35    5 5  5
         
2  2 35 7 2  2  14 14  14

Q95. Let x denote the position operator and p the canonically conjugate momentum operator
of a particle. The commutator
 1 2 2 1 2
 2m p   x , m p   x 
2
where  and  are constants, is zero if
(a)    (b)   2 (c)   2  (d) 2  

Ans. : (b)
 1 2 1  1 
Solution:  p   x2 , p2   x2   0    p 2 , x 2    x 2 , p 2   0
 2m m  2m m
  1   
  x 2 , p 2    x 2 , p 2   0   x 2 , p 2       0    2
2m m m  2 
Q96. The normalized wavefunction of a particle in three dimensions is given by
1
  r , ,   e  r / 2 a where a  0 is a constant. The ratio of the most probable
8 a 3
distance from the origin to the mean distance from the origin, is

[You may use  dx x n e  x  n ! ]
0
1 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 3
Ans. : (d)
r
1
Solution:   r , ,    e 2a
8 a 3
3
 2a   3a
r   r * r 2 dr sin  d d 
2
one can compare the wave function at hydrogen atom with Bohr radius a0  2a
most probable distance,
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d 2 r / a
r e 0
dr
rP  2a
rp 2a 2
 
r 3a 3
Q97. The state vector of a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator of angular frequency  ,
1
at time t  0 , is given by   0    0  2  , where 0 and 2 are the normalized
2
ground state and the second excited state, respectively. The minimum time t after which
the state vector   t  is orthogonal to   0  , is
 2  4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2   
Ans. : (a)
1
Solution:   0    0  2 
2
  t 5  t
5 1  
E2    t    0 e 2
 2 e 2 

2 2  
 
E0     0    t   0  t  cos 1  1
2 E2  E0
  
t cos 1  1   .
 5 1  2 / 2 2
   
 2 2 
Q98. The normalized wavefunction in the momentum space of a particle in one dimension is

  p  , where  and  are real constants. The uncertainty  x in measuring
p 2
2
its position is
    
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
 2
 3
2  
Ans. : (c)

Solution:   p  
p 2
2
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From inverse Fourier transformation

x
 
Normalize,   x   e 

x  0,
 x
 2 2
x2 
h 

x2e 
dx 
2 2

x  x2  x 
2
2
Q99. A phase shift of 300 is observed when a beam of particles of energy 0.1MeV is scattered
by a target. When the beam energy is changed, the observed phase shift is 600 . Assuming
that only s -wave scattering is relevant and that the cross-section does not change with
energy, the beam energy is
(a) 0.4 MeV (b) 0.3 MeV (c) 0.2 MeV (d) 0.15 MeV
Ans. : (b)
4 
Solution:   2 
2l  1 sin 2  l 
k l 0
2mE
only s -wave scattering is relevant l  0 k
2
4 4  2
  2 sin  0 
2
sin 2  0
k 2mE
sin 2 30 sin 2 60 sin 2 60

According to problem  E  0.1MeV  0.3MeV
0.1MeV E sin 2 30
1 1 1 
2 1 1
with time, is
       
 cos 4   cos 8   cos 2   cos 6 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin    sin    sin    sin  
       
 4  8   2  6 
Ans. : (b)
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Q101. Consider a one-dimensional infinite square well

0 for 0  x  a,
V  x  
 otherwise
If a perturbation
V for 0  x  a / 3,
V  x    0
0 otherwise
is applied, then the correction to the energy of the first excited state, to first order in V ,
is nearest to
(a) V0 (b) 0.16 V0 (c) 0.2 V0 (d) 0.33 V0
Ans. : (d)
a/3
Solution: V   V   dx
*
x 2 2
0
 2 x  1 4 x 
a/3 a/3
2 2
V   V0 sin 2   dx  V0  1  cos dx
0
a  a  a 0
2 a 
 4 
sin 1
2 a 3  3
 V0  
4   V0     0.33 V0
a 6   3 4 
 a 
Q102. The energy eigenvalues En of a quantum system in the potential V  cx 6 (where c  0 is
a constant), for large values of the quantum number n , varies as

(a) n 4 / 3 (b) n3/ 2 (c) n5/ 4 (d) n6 / 5
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We can use Bohr Somerfield theory
V  x   cx 6
1/ 6
E 1/ 6
E
2m  E  cx 6 dx  nh  2mE  
 

t
 Pdx  nh  4 C
0
c 0
1  t 6 dt  nh
31
E1/ 21/ 6  n  E 6
 n , E  n3/ 2
Therefore, correct option is (b)
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1 1 1 
2 1 1
with time, is
       
 cos 4   cos 8   cos 2   cos 6 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin    sin    sin    sin  
       
 4  8   2  6 
Ans. : (b)
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
1   
Q104. The Hamiltonian of a spin particle in a magnetic field B is given by H    .B. ,
2

where  is a real constant and    x ,  y ,  z  are the Pauli spin matrices. If

B   B0 , B0 , 0  and the spin state at time t  0 is an eigenstate of  x , then of the
expectation values  x ,  y and  z
(a) only  x changes with time (b) only  y changes with time
(c) only  z changes with time (d) all three change with time
Ans. : (d)
1 1
Solution:  x ,  y and  z will changes with time because Eigen state of  x ie   and
2 1
1 1    0 1 i 
  and can be written in basis of eigen state of H    .B.   B0  
2  1 1  i 0 
Q105. A particle of mass m is constrained to move in a circular ring of radius R . When a
a
perturbation V   2
cos 2  (where a is a real constant) is added , the shift in energy of
R
the ground state, to first order in a , is
a 2a a a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R2 R2 2R2  R 2 
Ans. : (c)
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a 1
Solution: V   cos 2  where 0 
2
2
R
2
a 1
0 V ' 0   2 cos 
2
R2 0
2
a 1 a 2 a

2 R 2  2 1  cos 2  d  2 R
0
2

2 2R2
Q106. A particle of mass m is confined in a three-dimensional box by the potential

0, 0  x, y, z  a
V  x, y , z   
 otherwise
9 2 2
The number of eigenstates of Hamiltonian with energy is
2ma 2
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans. : (c)
9 2  2
Solution: Enx ,ny , nz 
2ma 2
nx ny nz 
1 2 2 

2 2 1
2 1 2 
 22
where Exx , xy , xz   nx2  n y2  nz2 
2ma 2
p2
Q107. The nth energy eigenvalues En of a one-dimensional Hamiltonian H    x 4 (where
2m
  0 is a constant) in the WEB approximation, is proportional to
4/3 4/3 5/3 5/ 3
 1  1  1  1
(a)  n    1/ 3
(b)  n    2/3
(c)  n    1/ 3
(d)  n    2/3
 2  2  2  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: From W.K.B approximation
 1
x
4. Pdx   n   h
0  2
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1/ 4
E
 

 1
4  2m  E   x 4 dx    n   h
0  2
making the integration dimensional

1/ 4 1 4/3
E  1  1  1
4   2mE   1  t dt   n    E 3/ 4   n    1/ 4  E   n    1/ 3
1/ 2 4
 
 0  2  2  2
d 
Q108. The differential scattering cross-section for the central potential V  r   e   r ,
d r
where  and  are positive constants, is calculated in thee first Born approximation. Its
dependence on the scattering angle  is proportional to ( A is a constant below)
1
   
(a)  A2  sin 2  (b)  A2  sin 2 
 2  2
2
 
2
 
(c)  A2  sin 2  (d)  A2  sin 2 
 2  2
Ans. : (c)

Solution: f     V  r  sin krdr  D    f  
2

1 e r
f      r sin krdr
k0 r
  
1 e  r  eikr  e  ikr  1
f     r  dr   e e dr   e   r e  ikr dr
  r ikr
k0 r  2i  2ik 0 0
1   r   ik  

1    ik    ik  2ik 2
   k2 
1
dr   e 
 r   ikr 
 e dr     
2ik  0  2ik    k
2 2
 2ik
2
1  1 
f    2 , D     2 2 
  k2   k 

D      2  k 2  , where k  sin
2
2
2 2
   
D      2  sin 2  or D     A2  sin 2 
 2  2
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Q109. At t  0 , the wavefunction of an otherwise free particle confined between two infinite
2  x 3 x 
walls at x  0 and x  L is   x, t  0    sin  sin  . Its wave function at a
L L L 
mL2
later time t  is
4 h
2  x 3 x  i / 6 2  x 3 x   i / 6
(a)  sin  sin e (b)  sin  sin e
L L L  L L L 
2  x 3 x   i / 8 2  x 3 x   i / 6
(c)  sin  sin e (d)  sin  sin e
L L L  L L L 
Ans. : (d)
 2 x 2 3 x 
Solution:   x, t  0    sin  sin 
 L L L L 
  x, t  0   1  3
 iE1t  iE3t
  x, t   1 e 
 3 e 
 22 9 2  2 mL2
E1  E3  t
2mL2 2mL2 4 
 i 9 i  i
  x, t   1 e 8
 3 e 8
e 8

1  3 e  i 
 i  i
 2 x 3 x 
e 8
 1  3 e 8
 sin 
2
sin
L 

 L L L
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Q110. The ground state energy of an anisotropic harmonic oscillator described by the potential
1
V  x, y, z   m 2 x 2  2m 2 y 2  8m 2 z 2 (in units of  ) is
2
5 7 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1 1 1
Solution: V  x, y, z   m 2 x 2  m  2  y 2  m  4  z 2
2 2
2 2 2
x    y  2  z  4
 1  1  1
Enx ,ny ,nz   nx    x   n y    y   nz    z
 2  2  2
For ground state
nx  0, ny  0, nz  0
1 1 1 1 7
    2  4   1  2  4   
2 2 2 2 2
Q111. The product x p of uncertainties in the position and momentum of a simple harmonic

oscillator of mass m and angular frequency  in the ground state 0 , is . The value
2
of the product x p in the state, e  ipˆ  /  0 (where  is a constant and p̂ is the
momentum operator) is
 m  2  2
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
2  2 m  2
Ans. : (c)
Q112. Let the wavefunction of the electron in a hydrogen atom be
 1  2  1 
 r   200  r   211  r   100  r 
6 3 6

where nlm  r  are the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in the standard notation. The
expectation value of the energy in this state is

(a) 10.8 eV (b) 6.2 eV (c) 9.5 eV (d) 5.1 eV
Ans. : (d)
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1 2 1
Solution:   2,0,0  2,1,1  1,0,0
6 3 6
 13.6  1 2 1  4 5
P    
 4  6 3 6 6
5 1
P  3.4   and P  13.6  
6 6
5 1 1 30.60
E   3.4     13.6     17.00  13.6  eV    5.1 eV
6 6 6 6
1
Q113. Three identical spin particles of mass m are confined to a one-dimensional box of
2
length L , but are otherwise free. Assuming that they are non-interacting, the energies of
 22
the lowest two energy eigen states, in units of , are
2mL2
Ans. : (b)
 2 2
Solution: Put  E0
2mL2
For ground state configuration 2 particle has engine E0 and 1 particle has engine 4E0
Total energy is 2  E0  1 4 E0  6 E0
For first excited state configuration, 1 particles has engine E0 and 2 particle has engine
4E0
Total energy 1 E0  2  4 E0  9 E0
 22
Lowest two energy levels are 6 E0 ,9 E0 respectively, where E0 
2mL2
Q114. Consider the operator Ax  Ly pz  Lz p y , where Li and pi denote, respectively, the
components of the angular momentum and momentum operators. The commutator

 Ax , x  , where x is the
x - component of the position operator, is

(a) i  zpz  yp y  (b) i  zpz  yp y  (c) i  zpz  yp y  (d) i  zpz  yp y 
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: Ax  Ly pz  Lz p y , Ly  zpx  xpz , Lz  xp y  ypx
 Ax , x    Ly pz , x    Lz p y , x    Ly , x  pz   Lz , x  p y
  zpx , x  pz   ypx , x  p y  z  px , x  pz  y  px , x  p y
  i zpz    i yp y   i  zpz  yp y 
p2
Q115. A one-dimensional system is described by the Hamiltonian H    x (where   0 ).
zm
The ground state energy varies as a function of  as
(a)  5 / 3 (b)  2 / 3 (c)  4 / 3 (d)  1/ 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Using Bohr-Sommerfield theory,
E
x0 

 pdx  nh  4  2m  E   x  dx  nh
0
E E
where x0 is turning point x0  x0 
 
1
E
 4  2mE 
 
0
1  tdt  nh
E 3/ 2
 n  E  2/3

Q116. If the position of the electron in the ground state of a Hydrogen atom is measured, the
probability that it will be found at a distance r  a0 ( a0 being Bohr radius) is nearest to
(a) 0.91 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.32 (d) 0.13

Ans. : (b)

Solution: P  a0  r      r 2 R10 dr
2
a0
 r
2
R10 
a03/ 2
 2r a0 r
4 
P  a0  r     3 r e
2 a0
dr  0.66
a0 a0
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1
Q117. A system of spin particles is prepared to be in the eigenstate of  z with eigenvalue 1 .
2
The system is rotated by at angle of 600 about the x -axis. After the rotation, the fraction
of the particles that will be measured to be in the eigenstate of  z with eigenvalue 1 is
1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Rotation with angle  about x axis
 
U  R     exp  i . 
 2
   
U  R     cos   I  i sin   ˆ  
2 2
  
U  Rx     cos I  i sin   ˆ   x
2 2
  
 cos 2 i sin 2  
Rx     Put  
   3
 i sin cos 
 2 2
 3 i 
1  
2 1
    Rx       2
 
0  i 3 0
 
 2 2 
 3
  3 1 i 0
  2     
  i  2  0  2  1 
 2
3
If  z is measure on  , the measurement is 1 with probability and 1 with
4
1
probability
4
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Modern Physics
IIT-JAM 2005
Q1. If M e , M p and M H are the rest masses of electron, proton and hydrogen atom in the
ground state (with energy 13.6 eV ), respectively, which of the following is exactly true?
( c is the speed of light in free space)
(a) M H  M p  M e
13.6 eV
(b) M H  M p  M e 
c2
13.6 eV
(c) M H  M p  M e 
c2
13.6 eV
(d) M H  M p  M e  K , where K   or zero
c2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: B.E.   M p  M e  M H  c 2  M H  M p  M e 
B.E.
where B.E.  13.6eV .
c2
IIT-JAM 2006
Q2. Electrons of energy E coming from x   impinge upon a potential barrier of width
2a and height V0 centered at the origin with V0  E , as shown in the figure below. Let
2mV0  E 
k . In the region a  x  a , the electrons is a linear combination of

V
V0
a a x
(a) e kx and e  kx (b) e ikx and e  kx (c) e ikx and e ikx (d) e ikx and e kx
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since, V0  E in region a  x  a . Thus, Schrodinger equation is given by
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 2  2  2 2m(Vo  E )  2
  V   E     0   k 2  0
2m x 2 x 2 x 2
o
2
2mV0  E 
where k  .

Thus, the solution of the wave equation is e kx and e  kx , which is exponential in nature.
Q3. The relation between angular frequency  and wave number k for given type of waves
is  2   k   k 3 . The wave number k 0 for which the phase velocity equals the group
velocity is,
 1   1 
(a) 3 (b)   (c) (d)  
 3   2 
Ans. : (c)
d 
Solution: Group velocity, Vg  and phase velocity is V p 
dk k
 2 =  k + k 3 ………(A)
d
Differentiating both sides we get 2.    3 k 2
dk
Now dividing both sides by k we will get
 d  
2 .   3 k  2V p .Vg   3 k
k dk k k
For k  k0 and V p  Vg
1
   3 k0  2
2V   3 k0  V p  
2
p  
k0  2k0 2 
1
   2
From equation (A) V p      k0 
k  k0 
1 1
  3 k 0  2
  2
  k0 
Thus,        k0     0  k0 
 2k0 2   k0  2 k0 2 
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Q4. A particle of rest mass m0 is moving uniformly in a straight line with relativistic velocity
 c , where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and 0    1 . The phase velocity of the
de Broglie wave associated with the particle is,
c c
(a)  c (b) (c) c (d) 2
 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: E 2  p 2 c 2  m02 c 4
dE E c2 c2 c
2E  2 pc 2  E.vg  pc 2    vp  vp  
dp p vg c 
Q5. A neutron of mass, mn  1027 kg is moving inside a nucleus to be a cubical box of size
1014 m with impenetrable walls. Take   1034 Js and 1MeV  1013 J . An estimate of
the energy in MeV of the neutron is,
1 1
(a) 80 MeV (b) MeV (c) 8 MeV (d) MeV
8 80
Ans:
 
2
3 2  2 3 10  1034 3 10  1068
Solution: E   
2mn a 2 2 1027  1014
  2 1027  1028
2
 15  1013 J  15 1013  1013 MeV  15MeV

IIT-JAM 2007
Q6. The following histogram represents the binding energy per particle ( B.E./ A ) in MeV as
a function of the mass number A of a
nucleus. A nucleus with mass number
8
A  180 fissions into two nuclei of
6
equal masses. In this process B.E.
A 4
(a) 180 MeV of energy is released
(b) 180 MeV of energy is absorbed 2
(c) 360 MeV of energy is released
40 80 120 160 200
(d) 360 MeV of energy is absorbed
A
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Ans. : (c)
A A
Solution: A   or 180  90  90
2 2
Product B.E  90  6  90  6  1080 MeV
B.E. of nucleus A  180  4  720 MeV
Since, B.E of the product nucleus is greater than the nucleus A, hence in this process
energy is released and that is  1080  720 MeV  360 MeV .
Q7. The black body spectrum of an object O1 is such that its radiant intensity (i.e., intensity
per unit wavelength interval) is maximum at a wavelength of 200 nm . Another object O2
has the maximum radiant intensity at 600 nm . The ratio of power emitted per unit area by
O1 to that of O2 is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 9 (d) 81
81 9
Ans. : (d)
1 T2 T1
Solution: From Wein’s law T  k , where k is a constant. Thus,  3
2 T1 T2
P1 T14
Power ( P ) is proportional to T 4    81
P2 T24
Q8. A particle is confined in a one dimensional box with impenetrable walls at x   a . Its
energy eigenvalue is 2 eV and the corresponding eigenfunction is as shown below.
a 0 a
The lowest possible energy of the particle is
(a) 4 eV (b) 2 eV (c) 1eV (d) 0.5eV
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The given state is representation of first exited state whose energy is 2 eV .
If En is energy of nth state and E0 is energy of ground state then, En  n 2 E0 .
So, E2  4 E0  2eV  E0  0.5eV
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IIT-JAM 2008
Q9. A photon of wavelength  is incident on a free electron at rest and is scattered in the
backward direction. The functional shift in its wavelength in terms of the Compton
wavelength  c of the electron is,
C 2 C 3C 2 C
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 2 
Ans. : (d)
Solution:   c (1  cos  )
When photon scattered in backward direction then    . So,   2c
 2C
Functional shift is =
 
Q10. In an inertial frame S , a stationary rod makes an angle  with the x -axis. Another
inertial frame S  moves with a velocity v with respect to S along the common x - x
axis. As observed from S  the angle made by the rod with the x - axis is   . Which of
the following statement is correct?
(a)    
(b)    
(c)     if v is negative and     if v is positive
(d)     if v is negative and     if v is positive
Ans. : (b)
v2
Solution: lx  l0 cos  1  , l y  l0 sin 
c2
ly tan 
tan       
lx v2
1 2
c
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Q11. The activity of a radioactive sample is decreased to 75% of the initial value after 30 days.
The half-life (in days) of the sample is approximately
[You may use ln 3  1.1, ln 4  1.4 ]
(a) 38 (b) 45 (c) 59 (d) 69
Ans. : (d)
1  R  1  R0  1 4 1
Solution:   ln 0   ln   ln   1.4  1.1  1
t  R  30  3 / 4 R0  30  3  30 100
0.693 0.693
T1/ 2    69.3 day.
 1/100
IIT-JAM 2009
Q12. A wave packet in a certain medium is constructed by superposing waves of frequency 
around 0  100 and the corresponding wave-number k with k0  10 as given in the
table below,
 k
81.00 9.0
90.25 9.5
100.00 10.0
110.25 10.5
121.00 11.0
Find the ratio vg / v p of the group velocity vg and the phase velocity v p .
1 3
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
2 2
Ans. : (d)
0
Solution: For   0  100 and k  k0  10 the phase velocity is v p  =10
k0
 2  1 110.25  90.25
The group velocity is vg   =  20
k k2  k1 10.5  9.5
vg 20
 2
vp 10
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Q13. Two spherical nuclei have mass numbers 216 and 64 with their radii R1 and R2 ,
R1
respectively. The ratio is
R2
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
Ans. : (d)
1/ 3
A 
1/ 3
R  216  6
Solution: 1   1      1.5
R2  A2   64  4
IIT-JAM 2010
Q14. A particle of mass m is confined in a two-dimensional infinite square well potential of
25 2  2
side a . The eigen-energy of the particle in a given state is E  . The state is
ma 2
(a) 4 -fold degenerate (b) 3 -fold degenerate
(c) 2 -fold degenerate (d) Non-degenerate
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The eigen-energy of the particle in a given state is given by
 22
E (nx2  n y2 ) where nx  1, 2,3... n y  1, 2, 3...
2ma 2
25 2  2
E can be obtained by nx  5 and n y  5 which is non degenerate .
ma 2

Q15. For a wave in a medium the angular frequency  and the wave vector k are related by,
 2   02  c 2 k 2  , where  0 and c are constants. The product of group and phase
velocities, i.e., v g .v p is
(a) 0.25 c 2 (b) 0.4 c 2 (c) 0.5 c 2 (d) c 2

Ans. : (d)
Solution:  2   02  c 2 k 2 
d  d
2  2c 2 k    c 2  v p .vg  c 2
dk k dk
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1
Q16. Three identical non-interacting particles, each of spin and mass m , are moving in a
2
one-dimensional infinite potential well given by,
0 for 0  x  a
V  x  
 for x  0 and x  a
The energy of the lowest energy state of the system is
 2 2 2 2  2 3 2  2 5 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ma 2 ma 2 ma 2 2ma 2
Ans. : (c)
1
Solution: Spin s  means particles are fermions and it will obey Pauli Exclusion Principle.
2
Degeneracy, g  2s  1  g  2 means in every state maximum 2 identical particle can
be adjusted. If we have three fermions, then in ground state two fermions will be adjusted
and one fermion in next higher level will be adjusted. Thus, the energy of the lowest
 22 4 2  2 6 2  2 3 2  2
energy state of the system is 2    =
2ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2 ma 2
IIT-JAM 2011
Q17. The wave function of a quantum mechanical particle is given by
  x   1  x    2  x 
3 4
5 5
where 1  x  and 2  x  are eigenfunctions with corresponding energy eigenvalues
1eV and 2 eV , respectively. The energy of the particle in the state  is

41 11 36 7
(a) eV (b) eV (c) eV (d) eV
25 5 25 5
Ans. : (a)
 H 9 16 41
Solution:  E   = 1eV   2eV  = eV
 25 25 25
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Q18. Light described by the equation E   90V / m  sin  6.28 1015 s 1  t 
sin 12.56 1015 s 1  t  is incident on a metal surface. The work function of the metal is
2.0 eV . Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons will be,

(a) 2.14 eV (b) 4.28 eV (c) 6.28 eV (d) 12.56 eV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: K max    W
For given wave maximum kinetic energy is for highest  so   12.56  1015 sec 1
6.6  1034 J s 12.56  1015 s 1 82.8  1019 J

   eV  8.24eV
2 6.28  1.6  1019
K max    W  8.24eV  2eV  6.24eV
IIT-JAM 2012
Q19. Light takes 4 hours to cover the distance from Sun to Neptune. If you travel in a
spaceship at a speed 0.99 c (where c is the speed of light in vacuum), the time (in
minutes) required to cover the same distance measured with a clock on the spaceship will
be approximately
(a) 34 (b) 56 (c) 85 (d) 144
Ans. : (a)
Solution: l  ct0
v2
1  2  c  4  60  60 1 
 0.99c   c  4  60  60  .14 m
2
c c2
c  4  60  60  .14
t min  33.9  34 min
.99c  60
Q20. 60
27 Co is a radioactive nucleus of half-life 2 ln 2  10 8 s . The activity of 10 g of 60
27 Co in
disintegrations per second is,
1 1
(a)  1010 (b) 5  1010 (c)  1014 (d) 5  1014
5 5
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: R  N , where N 
10
60

 6 1023  1023
0.693 0.693 0.693 0.693 0.693
      5  10 9 s 1
T1 / 2 2 ln 2  10 8
2  2.303  0.3010  10 8
1.386  10 8
1.386  10 8
10
 
Thus, R  5 109   6 1023  5 1014 .
60
IIT-JAM 2013
Q21. Electric field component of an electromagnetic radiation varies with time as,
E  acos  0 t  sin t cos  0 t  , where a is a constant and the values of  and  0 are
1  1015 s 1 and 5  1015 s 1 respectively. This radiation falls on a metal of work function
2eV . The maximum kinetic energy (in eV ) of photoelectrons is
(a) 0.64 (b) 1.30 (c) 1.70 (d) 1.95
Ans. : (b)
Solution: K max    W
For given wave, maximum kinetic energy is for highest   , so 0  5  1015 sec 1
6.6  1034 J s 5  1015 s 1 33 1019 J

 0   eV  3.28
2 6.28 1.6  1019
K max    W  3.28eV  2eV  1.28eV
Q22. A free particle of mass m is confined to a region of length L . The de Broglie wave
associated with the particle is sinusoidal in nature as given in the figure. The energy of
the particle is
0
L/3 2L / 3 L
Ans. :
Solution: If wavelength of standing wave is  and length of wall is L then from the figure
3 2L
L   .
2 3
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h
If p is momentum and  is wavelength, then from de-Broglie hypothesis p  , thus

3h
p .
2L
When particle is confined into a box then total energy is only kinetic energy which is
p2 3h 9h 2
given by E  put the value of p  one will get E  .
2m 2L 8mL2
IIT-JAM 2014
Q23. In a photoelectric effect experiment, ultraviolet light of wavelength 320 nm falls on the
photocathode with work function of 2.1 eV. The stopping potential should be close to
(a) 1.8 V (b) 1.6 V (c) 2.2 V (d) 2.4V
Ans. : (a)
hc W
Solution: Since, K .E  eV    W  V  
e e
Now,   320 109 m, W  2.1 eV
6.6 1034  3 108

V   2.1
1.6 1019  320 109
V  3.867  2.1  3.9  2.1  1.8 V .
Thus, option (a) is correct.
Q24. Four particles of mass m each are inside a two dimensional square box of side L . If each
state obtained from the solution of the Schrodinger equation is occupied by only one
h2
particle, the minimum energy of the system in units of is
mL2
5 11 25
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For 2 - Dimensional box, possible configurations are 1,1 ,  2,1 ,  2, 2 
 22  22
Now, ground state energy  2mL2  x y 
n 2
 n 2
; let E0 
2mL2
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 22
 2 E0 1  2  5E0  1 8E0  20 E0  20 
2mL2
5 2
E
2 mL2
Thus, option (b) is correct
Q25. Two frames, O and O , are in relative motion as shown. c/2
O  is moving with speed c / 2 , where c is the speed of light.
O O
In frame O , two separate events occur at x1 , t1  and x
x2 , t 2 . In frame O , these events occur simultaneously.
The value of  x 2  x1  / t 2  t1  is
(a) c / 4 (b) c / 2 (c) 2c (d) c
x2  vt2
Ans.: (c) x2 
v2
1
c2
x1  vt1 x2  x1

x1   x2  x1 
v2 v2
1 2 1 2
c c
Vn2 vx 
2
t21 t1  21
t2  t2  c ,t 
1
c
2
v v2
1 2 1 2
c c
 v2  c2  v2  c2
x2   t2 1  2  t2   x2  x1   t2  t1  1  2 
   
  v
 c   c  v
v2 c2
 t2  t1  1  2 
x2  x1  c v
2
v
1 2
c
c2 h  h c 2 2c 2
 x2  xy    t2  t1  v
 2 1 
t2  t1 v c
 2c
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Q26. A particle with energy E is incident on a potential given by
 0, x0
V  x   .
 V0 , x0
The wave function of the particle for E  V0 in the region x  0 (in terms of positive
constants A, B and k ) is
(a) Ae kx  Be  kx (b) Ae  kx (c) Ae ikx  Be  ikx (d) Zero

Ans. : (b)
 2 d 2 
Solution: For x  0 ;   V0   E  ; E  V0
2m d
2m V0  E 
   Bekx  Ae  kx , where k 
2
   0 as x    A  0     Ae kx
Q27. A system comprises of three electrons. There are three single particle energy levels
accessible to each of these electrons. The number of possible configurations for this
system is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 7
Ans. : (d)
1
Solution: For electron spin is . So in one single state two electrons can be adjusted the number
2
of ways are
Ground First Second
1 2 1 0
2 2 0 1
3 1 2 0
4 1 0 2
5 0 1 2
6 0 2 1
7 1 1 1
So, number of ways are 7.
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Q28. The variation of binding energy per nucleon with respect to the mass number of nuclei is
9
8
Average binding energy per 7

nucleon (MeV) 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Number of nucleons in nucleus, A
Consider the following reactions:
(i) 238
92 U 82
206
Pb  10 P  22n (ii) 238
92 U Pb  8 24He  6e 
206
82
238
Which one of the following statements is true for the given decay modes of 92 U?
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are allowed (b) Both (i) and (ii) are forbidden
(c) (i) is forbidden and (ii) is allowed (d) (i) is allowed and (ii) is forbidden
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In reaction (i) all conservation laws are valid. In reaction (ii) charge is not conserved.
Q29. A nucleus has a size of 10 15 m . Consider an electron bound within a nucleus. The
estimated energy of this electron is of the order of
(a) 1 MeV (b) 10 2 MeV (c) 10 4 MeV (d) 10 6 MeV
Ans. : (d)
h 6.6 1034
Solution: p    6.6  1019 kgm / sec
 1015
p2 44  1038
E    2.4  107 Joule
2me 2  9.1 1031
2.4  107
E 19
eV  1.5  1012 eV  1.5 106 MeV
1.6 10
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Q30. A proton from outer space is moving towards earth with velocity 0.99 c as measured in
earth’s frame. A spaceship, traveling parallel to the proton, measures proton’s velocity to
be 0.97 c . The approximate velocity of the spaceship in the earth’s frame, is
(a) 0.2 c (b) 0.3 c (c) 0.4 c (d) 0.5 c
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Velocity of proton w.r.t. spaceship  0.97 c s s
E p  0.99 c
 u x  0.99 c, v  v, u x  0.97 c v
u x  v 0.99 c  v p  0.99 c
 ux   0.97 c   v  0.5 c
ux v 0.97v
1 2 1
c c
Q31. A particle is moving in a two dimensional potential well
0, 0  x  L, 0  y  2 L
V  x, y   
 , elsewhere
which of the following statements about the ground state energy E1 and ground state
eigenfunction  0 are true?
 2 2 5 2 2
(a) E1  (b) E1 
mL2 8mL2
2 x y 2 x y
(c) 0  sin sin (d)  0  cos cos
L L 2L L L 2L
Ans. : (b) and (c)
 2  2  nx2
n y2 
Solution: En    
2m  L2 4 L2 
 22  1 1  5 2  2
Ground state nx  1, n y  1  Ex    
2m  L2 4 L2  8mL2
2 2 sin  x sin  y
Wave function    
L 2L L 2L
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Q32. Muons are elementary particles produced in the upper atmosphere. They have a life time
of 2.2s . Consider muons which are traveling vertically towards the earth’s surface at a
speed of 0.998c . For an observer on earth, the height of the atmosphere above the
surface of the earth is 10.4 km . Which of the following statements are true?
(a) The muons can never reach earth’s surface
(b) The apparent thickness of earth’s atmosphere in muon’s frame of reference is 0.96 km
(c) The lifetime of muons in earth’s frame of reference is 34.8s
(d) Muons traveling at a speed greater than 0.998 c reach the earth’s surface
Ans.: (c) and (d)
t0 2.2 106
Solution: t   t   34.8 106 sec
1   0.998 
2 2
v
1
c2
Now distance will be  t  v  34.8 106  0.998  3 108  10.4192 km
Apparent thickness X  t  v  2.2 106  0.998  3 108  0.658 km

Q33. A particle is in a state which is a superposition of the ground state  0 and the first
excited state 1 of a one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. The state is given by

1 2
 0  1 . The expectation value of the energy of the particle in this state (in
5 5
units of  ,  being the frequency of the oscillator) is…………
Ans. : 1.3
 1    1  3  4
Solution:  En   n    and P    , P  2   5
 2  2  5
 1 3 4 13
 E       1.3
2 5 2 5 10
Q34. In the hydrogen atom spectrum. the ratio of the longest wavelength in the Lyman series
(final state n  1 ) to that in the Balmer series (final State n  2 ) is…………..
Ans. : 0.185
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1  1 1
Solution: According to Bohr Theory  R 2  2 
L  n f ni  n3
The longest wavelength in the Lyman series is n2

H
1 1 1  3 4
  R   2   R    L 
L 1 2  4 3R n 1
L
The longest wavelength in the Balmer series is
1  1 1 1 1 94 1  5  36
  R 2  2   R    R   R    B 
B 2 3  4 9  36  B  36  5R
L 4 5R 5
     0.185
B 3R 36 27
Q35. X  rays of wavelength 0.24 nm are Compton scattered and the scattered beam is
observed at an angle of 60 o relative to the incident beam. The Compton wavelength of

the electron is 0.00243 nm . The kinetic energy of scattered elections in eV is……………
Ans. : 25
Solution:   0.24 nm, C  0.00243 and   600
      C 1  cos         C 1  cos  
 1 1
    0.24  0.00243 1    0.24  0.00243   0.24  0.00121  0.2412nm
 2 2
Kinetic Energy of scattered electron
hc hc  1 1  1
K .E.    6.6 1034  3 108     9 Joules
   0.24 0.2412  10
19.8  1026 19.8  1026
 K .E.   4.17  4.15    0.02  396 1020 Joules
109 109
396 1020
 K .E.  eV  24.75 eV
1.6 1019
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Q36. Consider a free electron  e  and a photon  ph  both having 10 eV of energy. If  and
P represents wavelength and momentum respectively, then

(mass of electron  9.1 1031 kg ; speed of light  3  108 m / s )
(a) e   ph and Pe  Pph (b) e   ph and Pe  Pph
(c) e   ph and Pe  Pph (d) e   ph and Pe  Pph
Ans. : (c)
E h hc
Solution: For photon p ph  ,  ph  
c p E
E 2  m2c 4 h hc
For electron pe  , e  
c p E 2  m2c 4
Q37. A slit has width ‘ d ’ along the x -direction. If a beam of electrons, accelerated in
y -direction to a particular velocity by applying a potential difference of 100  0.1 kV
passes through the slit, then, which of the following statement  s  is (are) correct?
(a) The uncertainty in the position of the electrons in x -direction before passing the slit is
zero

(b) The momentum of electrons in x - direction is  immediately after passing the slit
d
(c) The uncertainty in the position of electrons in y - direction before passing the slit is
zero
(d) The presence of the slit does not affect the uncertainty in momentum of electrons in
y - direction
Ans. : (b) and (d) x
Solution: The electrons beam before slit is Px

collimated in y - direction as shown in Py y
d
figure. Thus, before slit
Py  P and Px  0
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also x   as Px  0
Thus options (a) and (c) are not correct.
 
Now, after the slit Px  d as a result Px  
x d

i.e., Px 
d
Thus, option (b) is correct.
Whereas presence of slit does not affect the uncertainty in momentum in y - direction.
Thus option (d) is also correct.
Q38. A free particle of energy E collides with a one-dimensional square potential barrier of
height V and width W . Which one of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) For E  V , the transmission coefficient for the particle across the barrier will always
be unity
(b) For E  V , the transmission coefficient changes more rapidly with W than with V
(c) For E  V , if V is doubled, the transmission coefficient will also be doubled.
(d) Sum of the reflection and the transmission coefficients is always one
Ans. : (b) and (d)
Solution: R  T  1
2
 E V  E 
R   
 E V  E 
Q39. A particular radioisotope has a half-life of 5 days. In 15 days the probability of decay in
percentage will be…………..
Ans. : 87.5
t / T1/ 2 15/ 5
1 1 N0
N  N0    N0   
2 2 8
N0  N 7
In 15 days the probability of decay  100   100  87.5%
N0 8
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Q40. In photoelectric experiment both sodium (work function  2.3 eV ) and tungsten (work
function  4.5 eV ) metals were illuminated by an ultraviolet light of same wavelength. If
the stopping potential for tungsten is measured to be1.8V , the value of the stopping
potential for sodium will be………….. V .
Ans. : 4
Solution: For tungsten eVs  h  Wt  h  eVs  Wt  1.8  4.5  6.3
For sodium eVs  h  Ws  6.3  2.3  4eV
Q41. The de Broglie wavelength of a relativistic electron having 1 MeV of energy
is………….. 1012 m . (Take the rest mass energy of the electron to be 0.5 MeV . Plank
constant  6.63 1034 Js , speed of light  3 108 m / s , Electronic charge  1.6  1019 C )
Ans. : 1.43
 
2
E 2  m0 c 2 1  .25
  .75MeV
2
Solution: E 2  p 2 c 2  m0 c 2  p 2
 
c c c
h 6.6  1034  3  108 19.8  1013

As,    13
  14.34  1013 m  1.43  1012 m
p .75 1.6  10 1.38
Q42. X -ray of 20 keV energy is scattered inelastically from a carbon target. The kinetic
energy transferred to the recoiling electron by photons scattered at 900 with respect to the
incident beam is……………. keV .
(Planck constant = 6.6 1034 Js, Speed of light = 3 108 m / s, electron mass =
9.11031 kg. Electronic charge = 1.6 1019 C )

Ans. : 0.77
h h 
Solution:       1  cos     '     
mc mc 2
'  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   2
 '  2 '  2 
hc hc mc E E mc E E mc 20keV .5MeV
 E '  19.23keV
Recoil velocity of electron E  E '  0.77keV
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c
Q43. Consider an inertial frame S  moving at speed away from another inertial frame S
2
along the common x-x axis, where c is the speed of light. As observed from S  , a
c
particle is moving with speed in the y  direction, as shown in the figure. The speed of
2
c/2
the particle as seen from S is:
y y
c/2
S x S x
c c 7c 3c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 5
Ans. : (c)
c c
Solution: v  iˆ u x'  0, u 'y  , u z'  0
2 2
v2 v2
u 'y 1  u '
1 
u'  v c c2  c 1  1  3 c , u 
z
c2  0
ux  x '  , ux  z
uv 2 u' v 2 4 4 u' v
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
c c c
c 2 3c 2 7c
u  
4 16 4
Q44. Consider Rydberg (hydrogen-like) atoms in a highly excited state with n around 300 .
The wavelength of radiation coming out of these atoms for transitions to the adjacent
states lies in the range:
(a) Gamma rays    pm  (b) UV    nm 
(c) Infrared     m  (d) RF    m 
Ans. : (d)
1  1 1 
Solution:  R 2  2 
  n f ni 
 
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where R  1.097 107 m 1

n  300
 ni2  n 2f 
1 
n f  299 and ni  300   R  2 2  E0
  ni nT 

1  ni n f  1   300   299  
2 2 2 2
   2    
R  ni  n 2f  R   300    299  
2 2
1   300 2  299 2  1.34 107

    1.22m    1.22m
1.097  107  599  1.097 107
 
This wavelength corresponds to RF Thus correct option is (d)
Q45. A photon of frequency  strikes an electron of mass m initially at rest. After scattering
at an angle  , the photon loses half of its energy. If the electron recoils at an angle  ,
which of the following is (are) true?
 mc 2 
(a) cos   1  
 h 
 mc 2 
(b) sin    1  
 h 
(c) The ratio of the magnitudes of momenta of the recoiled electron and scattered photon
sin 
is
sin 
h
(d) Change in photon wavelength is 1  2 cos  
mc
Ans. : (a), (c)
h c c h
1  cos       1  cos  
Solution:     
mc   mc
2c c h c h  mc 2 
   1  cos     1  cos    cos   1  
  mc  mc  h 
From the conservation of momentum in y direction

h  p sin 
sin   p sin   
c h  sin 
c
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Q46. For an atomic nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A , which of the
following is (are) correct?
(a) Nuclear matter and nuclear charge are distributed identically in the nuclear volume
(b) Nuclei with Z  83 and A  209 emit  - radiation
(c) The surface contribution to the binding energy is proportional to A2 / 3
(d)  - decay occurs when the proton to neutron ratio is large, but not when it is small
Ans. : (b) and (c)
Solution: From given statement only (b) and (c) are correct.
Q47. Consider a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator of angular frequency  . If 5 identical
particles occupy the energy levels of this oscillator at zero temperature, which of the
following statement(s) about their ground state energy E0 is (are) correct?
13
(a) If the particles are electrons, E0  
2
25
(b) If the particles are protons, E0  
2
25
(c) If the particles are spin-less fermions, E0  
2
5
(d) If the particles are bosons, E0  
2
Ans. : (a), (c) and (d)
Solution: If particles are electrons and protons then ground state energy
 3 5 13
E0  2   2  1 
2 2 2 2
If the particles are spin-less fermions, then energy is
 3 5 7 9 25
E0      
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 5
If the particles are bosons E0  5   
2 2
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Q48. A particle of mass m is placed in a three-dimensional cubic box of side a . What is the
  2 2 
degeneracy of its energy level with energy 14  2 
?
 2ma 
(Express your answer as an integer)
Ans. : 6
Solution: nx2  n 2y  nz2  14
nx  1, n y  2, nz  3
nx  1, n y  3, nz  2
nx  2, n y  3, nz  1
nx  2, n y  3, nz  1
nx  3, n y  1, nz  2
nx  3, n y  2, nz  1
So degeneracy is 6
Q49. For a proton to capture an electron to form a neutron and a neutrino (assumed massless),
the electron must have some minimum energy. For such an electron the de-Broglie
wavelength in pictometers is……………
Ans. : 1.02
Ee  me c 2  K e   mn  m p  c 2  1.675  1.673 1027  3  108   1.8  1013 Joules

2
Ee
Ee2   pc   me2 c 4   pc   p  0.6 1022 kg.m / sec  pc  me c 2 
2 2
c
h 6.6  1034
  22
 1.1 1012 m  1.1 pm
p 0.6  10
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IIT-JAM 2018
Q50. Let Tg and Te be the kinetic energies of the electron in the ground and the third excited
Tg
states of a hydrogen atom, respectively. According to the Bohr model, the ratio is
Te
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 16
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From Bohr model the kinetic energy and Total energy E and kinetic energy T
E E E T E 16
T  where Eg  0 , Ee  0  g  g   16 :1
2 1 16 Te Fe 1

Q51. The mean momentum p of a nucleon in a nucleus of mass number A and atomic
number Z depends on A, Z as
1 1 1
     2
(d) p   AZ  3

(a) p  A 3 (b) p  Z 3 (c) p  A 3
Ans. : (c)

Solution: The radius of a nucleus can be combined as (greater than the wavelength of
2
electron)
h
The moment p 

h
  R  R0 A1/ 3 which implies p   A1/ 3 .
R0
As, p  A1/ 3
 0, 0  x  L
Q52. A particle of mass m is in a one dimensional potential V  x    .
, otherwise
1 2
At some instant its wave function is given by   x    1  x   i  2  x  , where
3 3
 1  x  and  2  x  are the ground and the first excited states, respectively. Identify the
correct statement.
L  2 3 2 2L 2  2
(a) x  ; E  (b) x  ; E 
2 2m L2 3 2m L2
L  2 8 2 2L  2 4 2
(c) x  ; E  (d) x  ; E 
2 2m L2 3 2m 3L2
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Ans.: (a)
1 2 9 E0
  E0   4 E0
 22
Solution: E  3 3  3  3E0 Where, E0 
1 2

3 2mL2
3 3 3
3   2  2 3 2  2
E  
2mL2 2mL2
1 2 i 2 i 2
X  1 X 1   2 X 1  1 X  2   2 X 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
1L 2L L
  
32 32 2
Q53. A system of 8 non-interacting electrons is confined by a three dimensional potential
1
V r   m 2 r 2 . The ground state energy of the system in units of  is ______
2
(Specify your answer as an integer.)
Ans. : 18
Solution: n  0 is non degenerate so there will 2 electron in the ground state.
n  1 is triple degenerate so there is 6 electron in the first excited state
3 5
E  2  6  3  15  18
2 2
Q54. Rod R1 has a rest length 1m and rod R2 has a rest length of 2 m . R1 and R2 are moving
with respect to the laboratory frame with velocities  viˆ and viˆ , respectively. If R2 has
v
a length of 1m in the rest frame of R1 , is given by__________
c
Ans. : 0.48
Solution: S S
v
v
R1 v
R2
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V  v , ux  v
ux  V 2v
ux  

uV v2
1  x2 1 2
c c
ux 2
l  l0 1 
c2
ux 2
1  2 1
c2
 4v 2 
 
1  1  v2 / c2  4v 2 / c 2 3  v2  3 3  v2 
 1    4  2   2
4 c2 v2 4 c  4 4c 
1 2
c
2 2
13  v  3  v  12 v 12 v
          0.479  0.48 .
4 c 4  c  52 c 52 c
Q55. Two events E1 and E2 take place in an inertial frame S with respective time space

 
coordinates (in SI units): E1  t1  0, r1  0  and E2 t2  0, x2  108 , y z  0, z2  0 . Another

inertial frame S  is moving with respect to S with a velocity v  0.8 ciˆ . The time
difference  t2  t1  as observed in S  is ___________ s .
(Specify your answer in seconds upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 0.44
Solution: t2  t1  0 and x2  x1  108
 t2  t1  x x v
t2  t1   2 1


1  v / c2  1  v / c2
2 2  c2

v
 x2  x1 
2
c 
v
x 2  x1 2
c 
 
0.8c
108  2
c  8  10
8
8
   0.44sec .
1  0.64 6  3  10
8
1 v / c
2 2
1 v / c
2 2 18
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IIT-JAM 2019
Q56. A classical particle has total energy E . The plot of
U
potential energy U  as a function of distance  r 
I III
from the centre of force located at r  0 is shown in E IV
II
the figure. Which of the regions are forbidden for
the particle? 0 r
(a) I and II (b) II and IV

(c) I an IV (d) I and III
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In the region I and III potential energy is more than total energy .
235
Q57. In the thermal neutron induced fission of U , the distribution of relative number of the
observed fission fragments (Yield) versus mass number  A  is given by
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Yield
Yield
Yield
Yield
80 120 160 80 120 160 80 120 160 80 120 160
A A A A
Ans. : (a)
Q58. For a quantum particle confined inside a cubic box of side L , the ground state energy is
given by E0 . The energy of the first excited state is
(a) 2E0 (b) 2E0 (c) 3E0 (d) 6E0

Ans. : (d)
n 2

 n 2y  nz2  2  2
Solution: Enx ,n y ,nz 
x
2ma 2 
 nx2  n 2y  nz2 E0 
E2,1,1  E1,2,1  E1,1,2 
 4  1  1  2 2  6E 0
2ma 2
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Q59. A  -ray photon emitted from a 137

Cs source collides with an electron at rest. If the
Compton shift of the photon is 3.25 1013 m , then the scattering angle is closets to
(Planck’s constant h  6.626  1034 Js , electron mass m  9.109 1031 kg and velocity
of light in free space c  3 108 m/s )
(a) 45o (b) 60o (c) 30o (d) 90o

Ans. : (c)
h  .me c
Solution:   1  cos    cos   1 
me c h
3.25  1013  9.109  1031  3  108 3

 1 34
 0.866 
6.6  10 2
  300
Q60. The relation between the nuclear radius  R and the mass number  A  , given
by R  1.2 A1/ 3 fm , implies that

(a) The central density of nuclei is independent of A
(b) The volume energy per nucleon is a constant
(c) The attractive part of the nuclear force has a long range
(d) The nuclear force is charge dependent
Ans. : (a), (b), (d)
Q61. An atomic nucleus X with half-life TX decays to a nucleus Y , which has half-life TY .
The condition (s) for secular equilibrium is (are)
(a) TX  TY (b) TX  TY (c) TX  TY (d) Tx  TY
Ans. : (d)
Q62. In a typical human body, the amount of radioactive 40
K is 3.24 105 percent of its mass.
40
The activity due to K in a human body of mass 70 kg is ______ kBq.
(Half-life of 40
K  3.942 1016 S , Avogadro’s number N A  6.022 1023 mol1
Ans. : 6.0
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dN
Solution:  N
dt

0.693

 

70 103 3.24 105
 6.022  10
3.942 106  s  40 100
 6.0  1013 disintegrations / s

 6.0  1013 Bq
 6.0  1010 kBq
Q63. A proton is confined within a nucleus of size 1013 cm . The uncertainty in its velocity is
_________ 108 m/s .

(Planck’s constant h  6.626 1034 J and proton mass mP  1.672 1027 kg )
Ans. : 0.31
h
Solution:  p  x 
4
h 6.6  1034
v    0.31108 m / s
4 m  x 4  3.14  1.672  10  10
27 15
 
2  
Q64. Given the wave function of a particle   x   sin  x  0  x  L and 0 elsewhere
L L 
L
the probability of finding the particle between x  0 and x  is _______.
2
Ans. : 0.5
2    L  L/2 2 1
Solution:   x   sin  x  0  x  L , p  0  x      dx 
L L   2 0 2
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PART A
(Previous Year’s Questions and Solutions)
NET JUNE-2013
Q1. There is an equilateral triangle in the XY plane with its centre at the origin. The distance
of its vertices from the origin is 3.5 cm. The area of its circumcircle in cm 2 is
(a) 38.5 (b) 49 (c) 63.65 (d) 154
Ans. : (a) y
Solution: From the figure, we see that the radius of the circumcircle is 3.5 cm .
Hence area of the circle    3.5   38.5 cm 2

2 x
3.5cm
Q2. A sphere of iron of radius R / 2 fixed to one end of a string where lowered into water in a
cylindrical container of base radius R to keep exactly half the sphere dipped. The rise in
the level of water in the container will be
(a) R/3 (b) R/4 (c) R/8 (d) R/12

Ans. : (d)
3
1 4 R 1
Solution: The volume of water displaced by the sphere  .      R 3
2 3  2  12
1
volume of water displaced 12
 R3 R
The rise in water level   
area of base of cylinder  R2 12
Q3. A crystal grows by stacking of unit cells of 10 × 20 × 5 10  20  5 nm3 size as shown in

the diagram given below. How many unit cells will make a crystal of 1 cm3 volume?
5 nm
5 nm
20 nm
10 nm 10 nm 20 nm
Unit Cell (not to scale) Crystal (not to scale)
6 9 12
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) 1018
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: The volume of a unit cell 10 nm  20 nm  5 nm   1000 1027 m3  1024 m

3
The volume of crystal  102 m   106 m3

3
size of crystal 106 m3

Hence the number of unit cells required   24 3  1018
size of a unit cell 10 m
1 1 1
Q4. What is the value of    .... to  ?
1 2 2  3 3  4
(a) 2 / 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 
Ans. : (b)
1
 
 1  
1 n
Solution: The sum of n term of the series S  1 
 n  1 1
1
n
0
Hence the sum of terms upto infinity S  1  1
1 0
Q5. A solid cylinder of basal area A was held dipped in water in a cylindrical vessel of basal
area 2 A vertically such that a length h of the cylinder is immersed. The lower tip of the
cylinder is at a height h from the base of the vessel. What will be the height of water in
the vessel when the cylinder is taken out?
3
(a) 2h (b) h
2 h
4 5 h
(c) h (d) h
3 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The volume of water displaced when a height h is inside water  Ah
volume of water displaced Ah h
Hence increase in the water level   
Area of base 2A 2
h
Since due to immersion of solid cylinder height of water level has increased by , upon
2
taking out the cylinder the water level will decrease by the same amount.
h 3
Hence, height of water level  h   h
2 2
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Q6. Of all the triangles that can be inscribed in a semicircle of radius R with the diameter as
one side, the biggest one has the area
(a) R 2 (b) R 2 2 (c) R 2 3 (d) 2 R 2
Ans. : (a)
1 C
Solution: The area of the triangle formed   x  y
2
x
Here we have used the fact that angle in a semi-circle is y
a right angle. A
R R B
Now it can be proved using calculus that for the area
ABC to be longest x  y .
1
Hence x 2  x 2   2 R  or x  2 R . Hence Area  . 2 R. 2 R  R 2
2
2
Q7. Choose the largest number:
(a) 2 500 (b) 3 400 (c) 4 300 (d) 5 200
Ans. : (b)
Solution: 2500   25    32  , 3400   34    81
100 100 100 100
    64  , 5200   52    25 
100 100 100 100
4300  43
thus we see that out of the given numbers 3400 is the longest.
Q8. A daily sheet calendar of the year 2013 contains sheets of 10  10 cm size. All the sheets
of the calendar are spread over the floor of a room of 5m × 7.3 m size. What percentage
of the floor will be covered by these sheets?
(a) 0.1 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 100
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Area of each sheet  10 cm 10 cm  0.01 m 2
Area of the floor  5 m  7.3 m  36.5 m 2
Area of all sheets of the calendar year 2013 is 365  0.01 m 2  3.65 m 2
Hence if the sheets are placed on the floor in non-overlapping way, the percentage of
floor covered
area of all sheets 3.65
 100  100  10%
area of floor 36.5
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Q9. How many rectangles (which are not squares) are there in the following figure?
(a) 56
(b) 70
(c) 86
(d) 100
Ans. : (b)
Q10. Define a  b  lcma, b   gcda, b  and a  b  a b  b a . What is the value of
1  2  3  4? Here lcm = least common multiple and gcd = greatest common divisor.
(a) 145 (b) 286 (c) 436 (d) 572
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Given a  b  lcm  a, b   gcd  a, b  ; a  b  ab  ba
  
Hence 1  2    3  4   12  21  34  43 
 3  145  l cm  3,145   gcd  3,145  435  1  436
Q11. A square pyramid is to be made using a wire such that only one strand of wire is used for
each edge. What is the minimum number of times that the wire has to be cut in order to
make the pyramid?
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The total number of edges in a pyramid with a square base is equal to 8 . So, two form
8 edges from a single wire, we need to cut it seven times.
Q12. A crow is flying along a horizontal circle of radius R at a height R above the horizontal
ground. Each of a number of men on the ground found that the angular height of the crow
was a fixed angle   45 o  when it was closest to him. Then all these men must be on a
circle on the ground with a radius
(a) R  R sin  (b) R  R cos  (c) R  R tan  (d) R  R cot 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From triangle ABC
B O R
BC
AC   R cot 
tan  R
 R R
Hence radius of the circle in which men are standing is A
C D
standing man
AC  CD  R  R cot 
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Q13. How many pairs of positive integers have gcd 20 and lcm 600?
(gcd = greatest common divisor; lcm = least common multiple)
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 7
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since 20 is the g cd , hence two numbers of the pair are 20x and 20 y , where x and y
have no common factor other than one.
Now 20 x  20 y  20  600
(Since lcm gcd  product of numbers)
 xy  30 , where x and y have no common factor other than 1 .
Now, this equation is satisfied by the pairs 1,30  ,  2,15  ,  3,10  ,  5, 6 
Hence, in all there are four numbers.

Q14. During an evening party, when Ms. Black, Ms. Brown and Ms. White met, Ms. Brown
remarked, “it is interesting that our dresses are white, black or brown, but for each of us
the name does not match the colour of the dress!”. Ms. White replied, “But your white
dress does not suit you!”. Pick the correct answer
(a) Ms. White’s dress was brown (b) Ms. Black’s dress was white
(c) Ms. White’s dress was black (d) Ms. Black’s dress was black
Ans. : (a)
Solution: According to white’s Remark, the dress of “Ms. Brown” was “White”. According to
Brown’s statement name does not match the colors of the dress, hence “Ms. Black” wears
“Brown” while “Ms. White” wears “Black”
Q15. Two integers are picked at random from the first 15 positive integers without replacement.
What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers is 20?
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 21 105 20
Ans. : (b)
Solution: In the first drawing any of the 15 numbers can appear and in the second drawing any
of the remaining 14 number can appear. Hence the total no. of ways of drawing 2
integers is 15 14 .
Now for the sum to be 20 these combinations are possible
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 5,15 , 15,5 ,  6,14  , 14, 6  ,  7,13 , 13, 7  , 8,12  , 12,8 ,  9,11 , 11,9 
Thus there are ten combinations.
10 1
Thus the probability that the sum is 20  
15 14 21
Q16. Identify the next figure in the sequence
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The shaded portion rotates by 90o clockwise. The number of dots opposite to the
shaded portion increases by 1 in each figure. The number of dots adjacent to shaded
region is double the number of dots opposite to shaded region, hence the next figure
should be
Q17. In a customer survey conducted during Monday to Friday, of the customers who asked
for child care facilities in super markets, 23% were men and the rest, women. Among
them 19.9% of the women and 8.8% of the men were willing to pay for the facilities.
A. What is the ratio of the men to women customers who wanted child care facilities?
B. If the survey had been conducted during the weekend instead, how will the result
change?
With the above data,
(a) Only A can be answered (b) Only B can be answered
(c) Both A and B can be answered (d) Neither A nor B can be answered
Ans. : (a)
23
Solution: The ratio of men to women customers who wanted child case facility is . Hence A
77
can be answered. We cannot expect the response of customers during weekend hence B
cannot be answered.
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Q18. During a summer vacation, of 20 friends from a hostel, each wrote a letter to each of all
others. The total number of letters written was
(a) 20 (b) 400 (c) 200 (d) 380
Ans. : (d)
Solution: This is a problem on permutation since the letter written by any one person A to B is
different from letter written by B to A . Thus the total number of letters written is
20 !
20
P2   19  20  380
 20  2 !
Q19. A person has to cross a square field by going from A to C. The person is only allowed to
move towards the east or towards the north or use a combination of these movements.
The total distance traveled by the person
(a) depends on the length of each step D C
NORTH
(b) depends on the total number of steps
(c) is different for different paths   EAST
(d) is the same for all paths

Ans. : (d)
Solution: Since the person is allowed to travel only along north and east. The person has to cover
the same distance AD   BC  and the same distance AB   DC  to reach from A to C .
Hence, the total distance is the `same for all paths.
NET DEC-2013
Q20. A cylinder of radius 1 cm and height 1 cm is broken into three pieces. Which of the
following MUST be true?
(a) At least one piece has volume equal to 1 cm 3
(b) At least two pieces have equal volumes.
(c) At least one piece has volume less than 1 cm 3
(d) At least one piece has volume greater than 1 cm 3

Ans. : (d)
Solution: The total volume of cylinder is
h
V   r 2 h or V   cm3  3
r
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Now, V1  V2  V3    3
This implies that at least one of the pieces has volume greater than 1 cm . Otherwise the
total volume will be less than or equal to 3 , which contradicts the question.
For real numbers x and y , x 2   y  4  0 . Then the value of x  y is
2
Q21.
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 4

Ans. : (d)
Solution: The sum of the squares of two real numbers is zero if and only if each of the numbers
themselves are zero
This means x  0 and y  4  0 or y  4
Thus x  y  0  4  4
Q22. Every time a ball falls to ground, it bounces back to half the height it fell from. A ball is
dropped from a height of 1024 cm . The maximum height from the ground to which it
can rise after the tenth bounce is
(a) 102.4 cm (b) 1.24 cm (c) 1 cm (d) 2 cm
Ans. : (c)
n
1
Solution: The ball rises to a height of 1024   after the nth bounce. Hence the ball rises to a
2
10
1
height of 1024    1 cm after the tenth bounce
2
Q23. A farmer gives 7 full, 7 half-full and 7 empty bottles of honey to his three sons and asks
them to share these among themselves such that each of them gets the same amount of
honey and the same number of bottles. In how many ways can this be done? (bottles
cannot be distinguished otherwise, they are sealed and cannot be broken).
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Since each son has to get equal number of bottles hence
x yz 7 (i)
where x, y and z are number of full, half-full and empty bottles
since each son has to get equal amount of honey and the honey is available in full and
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y
half-full bottles only, we obtain xt  t  3.5 t , where t is the amount of honey in full
2
bottle.
7 y
This gives 2 x  y  7  x  (ii)
2
when y  1, x  3 and from equation (i) z  3 .
when y  3, x  2 and from equation (i) z  2
when y  5, x  1 and from equation (i) z  1
These are the only combinations possible.
Q24. A car is moving along a straight track. Its speed is changing with time as shown below.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) The speed is never zero.
speed
(b) The acceleration is zero once on the path.
(c) The distance covered initially increases and then decreases.
0
(d) The car comes back to its initial position once. 0 Time
Ans. : (b)
Solution: From the group, it is seen that speed is zero at time t  0 .
From the group It is seen that the slope of the speed-time graph
is horizontal of a certain time. Hence acceleration at that time is
zero.
Q25. If a  b  c  d  e  10 (all positive numbers), then the time
maximum value of a  b  c  d  e is
(a) 12 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) 72
Ans. : (b)
Solution: If the sum of n positive numbers is X then for the maximum value of their product
X
each of the numbers must be .
n
In our case X  10, n  5 . Hence for the maximum value of the product a  b  c  d  e ,
10
each number must be equal to  2.
5
Hence the maximum value   2   32 .

5
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Q26. How many nine-digit positive integers are there, the sum of squares of whose digits is 2?
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For the sum of squares of digits to be 2 in a nine digit numbers, two digits should be
equal to one and seven digits should be equal to zero. Now the first digit must equal 1,
otherwise we cannot form a nine digit number under the given condition. Another 1......
1, can occupy any of the 8 places, hence the total number of nine-digit position integers
is 8 .
Q27. A circle of radius 7 units lying in the fourth quadrant touches the x -axis at 10, 0  . The
centre of the circle has coordinates
(a) 7, 7  (b)  10, 7  (c) 10,  7  (d) 7,  7 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The circle is located as shown in the figure.
y
10, 0 
x
 0, 0  7 cm
7 cm 10, 7 
From the diagram the co-ordinates of centre are 10 and 7 .

Q28. One of the four A, B, C and D committed a crime. A said, “I did it”, B said, “I didn’t”, C
said, “B did it’, D said, ‘A did it”. Who is lying?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
Ans. : (c)
Solution: According to A, A committed the crime. According to B either A, C or D committed
the crime.
According to C , B committed the crime
According to D, A committed the crime.
Thus according to three persons A, B and D the crime was commited by A . But
according to C , B committed the crime. Hence C is lying.
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Q29. A circle circumscribes identical, close-packed circles of unit diameter as shown in the
figure. What is the total area of the shaded portion?
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 1 / 2
(d)  / 2
Ans. : (d)
3
Solution: The radius of the bigger circle is unit as seen from the figure. 1/2
2
1/2
 3  9
2
Hence the area of the bigger circle      unit.

2 4 1/2
1 
2
Area of each smaller circle is     unit. Hence total area of 7

2 4
7
smaller circles is .
4
9 7 
Thus area of the shaded portion    units.
4 4 2
Q30. There are 2 hills, A and B, in a region. If hill A is located N30 o E of hill B, N A
what will be the direction of hill B when observed from hill A? ( N30 o E 0
30
W E
means 30 o from north towards east).
(a) S30 o W (b) S60 o W S
o o
(c) S30 E (d) S60 E
Ans. : (a)
Q31. What is the next number in the following sequence?
39, 42, 46, 50,….
(a) 52 (b) 53 (c) 54 (d) 55
Ans. : (c)
Solution: we see that
42  39  3 ; 46  39  7 ; 50  39  11
Hence the next number should be 39  15  54
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Q32. What is the perimeter of the given figure, where adjacent sides are at right angles to each
other? 5 cm
4 cm
1 cm
(a) 20 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 21 cm (d) cannot be determined
Ans. : (a) 5 cm
x
Solution: Let OA  x , then total perimeter O
A
4cm x
5cm
 5  x   5  2 x   5  x   5  20 cm 1cm
5cm
Q33. Three fishermen caught fishes and went to sleep. One of them woke up, took away one
fish and 1 / 3 rd of the remainder as his share, without others’ knowledge. Later, the three
of them divided the remainder equally. How many fishes were caught?
(a) 58 (b) 19 (c) 76 (d) 88
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let the number of fishes received by three persons finally be x . Then the total fishes
before division  3 x .
1
Number of fished before B takes up rd  3  3x   9 x . B also takes 1 fish initially.
3
Hence the total number of fishes  9 x  1 .
Thus 9 x  1  Total number of fishes
Total no. of fishes  1
 x
9
Thus (Total no. of fishes 1 ) should be divisible by 9 . Only option (b) satisfies this
condition.
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1 1 1 1 1
Q34. What is the arithmetic mean of , , , ,...., ?
1 2 2  3 3  4 4  5 100  101
1 1

(d) 49  50 50  51
1
(a) 0.01 (b) (c) 0.00111....
101 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Arithmetic mean of
1 1 1 1 1
, , , ... is
1 2 2  3 3  4 4  5 100  101
1 1 1
  ...
A.M  1 2 2  3 100 101
100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    ...    1
1 2 2 3 99 100 100 101  101  100  1
100 100 101 100 101
Q35. 25  5  3  2  4  16  4  3 
(a) 61 (b) 22 (c) 41/24 (d) 16
Ans. : (a)
Solution:  25  5  3  2  4   16  4  3   5  3  8    64  3  0  61  61
Q36. Consider the sequence of ordered sets of natural numbers:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,....
What is the last number in the 10 th set?
(a) 10 (b) 19 (c) 55 (d) 67
Ans. : (c)
10  11
Solution: The number of numbers is 1  2  3  ...  10   55
2
Q37. A student buys a book from an online shop at 20% discount. His friend buys another
copy of the same book in a book fair for Rs. 192 paying 20% less than his friend. What is
the full price of the book?
(a) Rs. 275 (b) Rs. 300 (c) Rs. 320 (d) Rs. 392
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let the full price of the book be x .
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4x 4x 4x
Price paid by first student  80% of x  . Hence,   192
5 5 25
16 x
  192  x  300
25
Q38. 366 players participate in a knock-out tournament. In each round all competing players
pair together and play a match, the winner of each match moving to the next round. If at
the end of a round there is an odd number of winners, the unpaired one moves to the next
round without playing a match. What is the total number of matches played?
(a) 366 (b) 282 (c) 365 (d) 416
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In the first round there will be 183 matches. In the second round there will be 91
matches and one player will move to the third round. In the third round there will be
 91  1  46 matches. In the fourth round there will be 23 matches. In the fifth round
2
there will be 11 matches and one player will move to the sixth round. In the sixth round
there will be
11  1  6 matches. In the seventh round there will be 3 matches. In the
2
eighth round there will be 1 match and one player will move to the ninth (and the last
round). In the ninth round there will be 1 match. Hence in all there will be
183  91  46  23  11  6  3  1  1  365 matches
Q39. What does the diagram below establish?
Note: The diagram is a circle inside a square.
(a)   3 (b)   2 2
(c)   4 (d)  is closer to 3 and 4.
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The diagram establishes that the area of circle is less than the area of square. Let a be
a
the side of the square, then the radius of the circle is .
2
Hence area of circle < area of square
 a2
2
a
or     a 2   a2   4
2 4
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NET JUNE-2014
Q40. The following diagram shows 2 perpendicularly inter-grown prismatic crystals (twins) of
identical shape and size. What is the volume of the object shown (units are arbitrary)?
10
2 2
(a) 60 (b) 65 (c) 72 (d) 80
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If we closely look at the figure we see that the common volume to the horizontal and
erect cuboids are 2  2  2  8 cubic unit.
Hence the total volume of the prismatic crystal
= sum of volume of erect and horizontal crystals – the common volume to two crystals
 2  2  2 10   8  80  8  72 cubic unit
Q41. Suppose in a box there are 20 red , 30 black, 40 blue and 50 white balls. What is the
minimum number of balls to be drawn, without replacement, so that you are certain about
getting 4 red, 5 black, 6 blue and 7 white balls?
(a) 140 (b) 97 (c) 104 (d) 124
Ans. : (d)
Solution: It is certain that even if we draw 120 balls, we can not be sure about 4 reds because
these 120 balls may consist of 30 black, 40 blue and 50 white balls. Drawing 4 more
balls will ensure that we have the desired combination. Hence we need to draw at least
124 balls.
Q42. Students in group A obtained the following marks: 40, 80, 70, 50, 60, 90, 30. Students in
group B obtained 40, 80, 35, 70, 85, 45, 50, 75, 60 marks. Define dispersion (D) =
(maximum marks – minimum marks) and Relative dispresion RD  

dispersion
. Then,
mean
(a) RD of group A = RD of group B (b) RD of group A > RD of group B
(c) RD of group A < RD of group B (d) D of group A < D of group B
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Dispersion of group A  90  30  60
Mean of Group A  60
60
Relative dispersion of Group A  1
60
Dispersion of Group B  85  35  50
Mean of Group B  60
50 5
Relative dispersion of Group B  
60 6
Q43. In 450 g of pure coffee powder, 50 g of chichory is added. A person buys 100 g of this
mixture and adds 5 g of chichory to that. What would be the rounded-off percentage of
chicory in this final mixture?
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 14 (d) 15
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In  450  50  g of initial mixture there is 50 g of chichory.
50
Hence in 100 g of mixture, chichory is   100  10 g
500
when 5 g of chichory is added, the amount of chichory in the final mixture becomes
15
 100  14.28%
105
Q44. The time gap between the two instants, one before and one after 12.00 noon, when the
angle between the hour hand and the minute hand is 66, is
(a) 12 min (b) 16 min (c) 18 min (d) 24 min
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The hour hand travels 0.50 per minute and the minute hand travels 60 per minute.
Hence the angle between the two after t minutes from 12.00 noon
0.5 t  6 t  66  0.5 t  66  t  12 minutes
Thus 12 minutes before and 12 minutes after the 12.00 noon the angles between the hour
hand and the minute hand is 660 . Hence the difference in time between the two instants is
24 minutes.
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xy  x  y  ; x o y   x  y 
2 2
Q45. Suppose
x * y  x  y  ; x  y  x  y
1
+, – and  have their usual meanings. What is the value of

197o315  197315 197 * 315 ?
(a) 118 (b) 512 (c) 2 (d) 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: 197o315  197315  197 *315
1
 197  315   197  315    197  315    512    118   
1 2 2
4
2 2
    197  315
Q46. If A  B  24, B  C  32, C  D  48 then A  D
(a) cannot be found (b) is a perfect square
(c) is a perfect cube (d) is odd
Ans. : (b)
Solution: A  B  24, B  C  32, C  D  48
Hence, A  B  B  C  C  D  24  32  48   A  D    B  C   24  32  48
2
24  32  48
 A  D   32   24  32  48  A  D 
2
 36  62
 32 
2
we see that A  D can be found and it is a perfect square.

Q47. If all horses are donkeys, some donkeys are monkeys, and some monkeys are men, then
which statement must be true?
(a) All donkeys are men (b) Some donkeys may be men
(c) Some horses are men (d) All horses are also monkeys
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The statement “some donkeys are monkeys” and some monkeys are men can be
pictorized as monkeys monkeys
donkeys
donkeys
men men
From the two figures we conclude that “some donkeys may be men”.
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Q48. A rectangular area of sides 9 and 6 units is to be covered by square tiles of sides 1, 2, and
5 units. The minimum number of tiles needed for this is
(a) 3 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 15
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In order to obtain the minimum number of tiles should be such that the tile with longest
side length occupies the largest area.
Hence there should be 1 tile of 5 units, 6 tiles with 2 units and 5 tiles with 1 units
We see that
1  5   6   2   5  1  54
2 4 2
we also see that the area of rectangular area is 9  6  54 .

thus total number of tiles  1  6  5  12
Q49. 
Suppose n is a positive integer. Then n 2  n 2n  1 
(a) may not be divisible by 2
(b) is always divisible by 2 but may not be divisible by 3
(c) is always divisible by 3 but may not be divisible by 6
(d) is always divisible by 6
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Any number a is said to be divisible by another number b if their exists a third
number c such that a  bc , where a, b and c are integers.
 
Now n 2  n  2n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
n  n  1 2n  1
We also have   n2
6
Thus n  n  1 2n  1  6  n  2
We see that n  n  1 2n  1 is an integer and n 2

is also an integer. Hence
n 2

 n  2n  1 is always divisible by 6 .
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Q50. There is a train of length 500 m, in which a man is standing at the rear end. At the instant
the rear end crosses a stationary observer on a platform, the man starts walking from the
rear to the front and the front to the rear of the train at a constant speed of 3 km/hr. The
speed of the train is 80 km/hr. The distance of the man from the observer at the end of 30
minutes is
(a) 41.5 km (b) 40.5 km (c) 40.0 km (d) 41.0 km
Ans. : (b)
Solution: In 30 minutes the distance covered by the person  1.5 km . Thus at the end of 30
minutes the person is at the front end of the train.
80 km / hr
At t  0
At t  30 minutes
500 m 40 km
The front end is initially at a distance of 0.5 km from the observer. In 30 minutes the
front end covers a distance of 40 km from its initial position.
Hence the distance of the man from the observer is 40  0.5  40.5 km
Q51. Three identical flat equilateral-triangular plates of side 5 cm each are placed together
such that they form a trapezium. The length of the longer of the two parallel sides of this
trapezium is
3
(a) 5 cm (b) 5 2 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 10 3 cm
4
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The three plates will be placed in such a way that they form a 5 cm
trapezium. This will be done as shown in the figure.
From the figure we see that the length of the longer of two sides
of the trapezium is 10 cm . 5 cm 5 cm
Q52. An archer climbs to the top of a 10 m high building and aims at a bird atop a tree 17 m
away. The line of sight from the archer to the bird makes an angle of 45 to the horizontal.
What is the height of the tree?
(a) 17 m (b) 27 m (c) 37 m (d) 47 m
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Ans. : (b) A
Solution: The diagram shows the various quantities involved in the question
450
O 450 tree's height=?

B
Since AOB  OAB . Hence OB  AB  17 m 17 m
10 m
Hence height of tree  10  17  27 m
Q53. Consider a right-angled triangle ABC where AB = AC = 3. A rectangle APOQ is drawn
inside it, as shown, such that the height of the rectangle is twice its width. The rectangle
is moved horizontally by a distance 0.2 as shown schematically in the diagram (not to
area of  ABC C
scale). What is the value of the ratio
area of  OST
(a) 625 O S
Q
(b) 400 T
(c) 225
(d) 125 A P B
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The triangle, rectangle and angles are shown below. Since the rectangle is shifted by
0.2 units, the length OS is 0.2 units. In triangle OST C
SOT  STO 450 O
Q S
Hence ST  OS .
T
1
Area of triangle ABC   3  3
2 A 450
P B
1
Area of triangle OST   0.2  0.2
2
1
 3 3
Area of triangle ABC 2
Hence  225
Area of triangle OST 1  0.2  0.2
2
Q54. 80 gsm paper is cut into sheets of 200 mm  300 mm size and assembled in packets of
500 sheets. What will be the weight of a packet? (gsm = g/m2)
(a) 1.2 kg (b) 2.4 kg (c) 3.6 kg (d) 4.8 kg
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: The area of one sheet   200  103 m    300  103 m   0.06 m 2
Area of 500 sheets  500  0.06 m 2  30 m 2
Since the mass of 1 m 2 is 80 gm . Hence the area of
30 m 2   80 g / m 2  30 m 2   2400 g  2.4 kg
Q55. Find the missing letter

A B C D
F I L O
K P U Z
P W D ?
(a) P (b) K (c) J (d) L
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The first column each letter below a letter is the fifth letter after the above letter. In the
second column each letter below a letter is the seventh letter after the above letter. In the
third column each letter below a letter is the ninth letter after the above letter. The pattern
of the fourth column suggest that each letter below is the eleventh letter after the above
letter. Hence the missing letter is the eleventh letter after z . Thus it is K .
Q56. A merchant buys equal numbers of shirts and trousers and pays Rs 38000. If the cost of 3
shirts is Rs. 800 and that of a trouser is Rs. 1000, then how many shirts were bought?
(a) 60 (b) 30 (c) 15 (d) 10
Ans. : (b)
800
Solution: The price of a shirt  Rs. ; The price of trouser  Rs.1000
3
Let n be the number of shirts and trouser each.
 800   3800 
Then n   1000   38000  n    38000  n  30
 3   3 
Q57.  
Consider the set of numbers 171 , 17 2 , .....17 300 . How many of these numbers end with
the digit 3?
(a) 60 (b) 75 (c) 100 (d) 150
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: When the power of 17 is either 3, 7,11,15 etc. we obtain a number ending with 3 . The
last number having 3 as the end digit is 17 299 . Thus we have the arithmetic series.
3, 7, 11, 15,....., 299
first term 3 , common difference  4
299  3
Hence 3   n  1  4  299  n  1   74  n  75
4
Q58. Find the missing number in the triangle,
7 1 8
90 13 ?
3 5 6 4 2 6
(a) 16 (b) 96 (c) 50 (d) 80
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The number inside the triangle is obtained by the difference of product of numbers of
the three vertices and the sum of numbers of the three vertices.
First triangle:  3  5  7    3  5  7   90
Second triangle:  6  4  1   6  4  1  13
Third triangle:  2  6  8   1  6  8   80
NET DEC-2014
Q59. Two locomotives are running towards each other with speeds of 60 and 40 km/h. An
object keeps on flying to and fro from the front tip of one locomotive to the front tip of
the other with a speed of 70 km/h. After 30 minutes, the two locomotives collide and the
object is crushed. What distance did the object cover before being crushed?
(a) 50 km (b) 45 km (c) 35 km (d) 10 km
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Since the fly is continuously in motion for 30 minutes with a speed of 70 km / hr ,
1
hence the distance covered by the fly  70   35 km
2
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Q60. A sphere is made up of very thin concentric shells of increasing radii (leaving no gaps).
The mass of an arbitrarily chosen shell is
(a) equal to the mass of the preceding shell (b) proportional to its volume
(c) proportional to its radius (d) proportional to its surface area
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The mass of arbitrarily chosen shell is
dM   dV
r
If density of the sphere is constant, then dM  dV
Hence, the mass is proportional to its volume.
Q61. Find the missing letter:
A ? Q E
C M S C
E K U A
G I W Y
(a) L (b) Q (c) N (d) O
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In fourth column, each letter is the second letter if counted from bottom to top. In the
third column, each letter is the second letter if counted from top to bottom. In the first
column each letter is the second letter if counted from top to bottom. Hence in the second
column, each letter should be the second letter if counted from bottom to top.
Q62. A person sells two objects at Rs. 1035/- each. On the first object he suffers a loss of 10%
while on the second he gains 15%. What is his net loss/gain percentage?
(a) 5% gain (b) < 1% gain (c) < 1% loss (d) no loss, no gain
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let the cost price of first object be x . For the first object
x  10% of x  1035
9x
  1035  x  1150
10
Hence loss on first object  1150  1035  Rs.115
For the second object, let cost price be y
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23 y
y  15% of y  1035   1035  y  900
20
Hence gain on second object  1035  900  Rs.135
Hence net gain  135  115  20
total gain  100 20  100 20  100
Hence gain %     0.97%  1%
total cost price 1150  900 2050
Q63. A bank offers a scheme wherein deposits made for 1600 days are doubled in value, the
interest being compounded daily. The interest accrued on a deposit of Rs. 1000/- over the
first 400 days would be Rs.
(a) 250 (b) 183 (c) 148 (d) 190
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let r be the rate of interest per day
Then according to question
4
 r 
1600
 r 
1600
 r  
400
 r 
400
2 p  p 1    1     1     2   1   2
1/ 4
 100   100    100    100 
Now the amount for Rs. 1000 after 400 days would be
400
 r 
1000 1    1000  21/ 4
 100 
Hence interest  190
Q64. What is the next number of the following sequence?
2, 3, 4, 7, 6, 11, 8, 15, 10, ……
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 17 (d) 19
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The given series is a mixture of two arithmetic series
2 4 6 8 10..... and 3 7 11 15 19.....
Hence the next number is 19
Q65. 20% of students of a particular course get jobs within one year of passing. 20% of the
remaining students get jobs by the end of second year of passing. If 16 students are still
jobless, how many students had passed the course?
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 25 (d) 100
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let x be the total number of students.
x
Then number of students getting job in the first year  20% of x 
5
 x  4x
Number of students getting job in the second year 20% of  x   
 5  25
The total number of students getting job
x 4x 9x
  
5 25 25
9 x 16 x
Number of students not getting jobs  x  
25 25
According to question
16 x
 16  x  25
25
Q66. A rectangle of length d and breadth d / 2 is revolved once completely around its length
and once around its breadth. The ratio of volumes swept in the two cases is
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:3 (d) 1:4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: When the rectangle is revolved around its length the volume of the cylinder formed is
2
d  d
V1     d , where the radius of the cylinder formed is d
2 2
and d is its height. 2
d3 d
Hence V1 
4
When the rectangle is revolved around its breath, the volume of
d
cylinder formed is
d
 d  d
3
V2    d 
2
  2
2 2
d
Here d is the radius of cylinder formed and is its height.
2
d3
V1
  4  1: 2
V2  d 3
2
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Q67. Average yield of a product in different years is shown in the histogram. If the vertical
bars indicate variability during the year, then during which year was the percent
variability over the average of that year the least?
400
350
300 ( 250 
250 75) ( 200 
(150  75)
200 (100 
50 )
150 50)
100
50
2000 2001 2002 2003
(a) 2000 (b) 2001 (c) 2002 (d) 2003

Ans. : (b)
Solution: Percentage variability for a year is calculated by
variability 100
% variability 
Average yield
50
For 2000 % variability   100  33.33%
150
75
For 2001 % variability   100  30.00%
250
75
For 2002 % variability   100  37.50%
200
50
For 2003 % variability   100  50.00%
100
Thus percentage variability over the average is least for the year 2001 .
Q68. A long ribbon is wound around a spool up to a radius R . Holding the tip of the ribbon, a
boy runs away from the spool with a constant speed maintaining the unwound portion of
R
the ribbon horizontal. In 4 minutes, the radius of the wound portion becomes . In what
2
further time, it will become R / 2 ?
(a) 2 min (b) 2 min (c) 2 2 min (d) 4 min
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Ans. : (c)
R
Solution: Radius is proportional to time. Let x be the time in which radius becomes ,
2
R/2 x
therefore,   x  2 2 min .
R/ 2 4
Q69. A ladder rests against a wall as shown. The top and the bottom ends of the ladder are
marked A and B . The base B slips. The central point C of the ladder falls along
A
B
(a) a parabola (b) the arc of a circle
(c) a straight line (d) a hyperbola
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let h, k be the coordinate of point C , then
x 2 y 2 AB 2
h2  k 2   
4 4 4
Since AB is a constant, hence
2
 AB 
x  y 
2 2
 , this represents a circle.
 2 
Q70. Binomial theorem in algebra gives 1  x n  a 0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  ......  a n x n where
a0 , a1 ,......, an are constants depending on n . What is the sum a 0  a1  a 2  .....  a n ?
(a) 2 n (b) n (c) n 2 (d) n 2  n

Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given 1  x   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  .....an x n putting x  1 , this becomes

n
1  1
n
 a0  a1  a2 ....  an
Thus a0  a1  a2  ....  an  2n
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Q71. Continue the sequence

2, 5, 10, 17, 28, 41, _, _, _
(a) 58, 77, 100 (b) 64, 81, 100 (c) 43, 47, 53 (d) 55, 89, 113
Ans. : (a)
Solution: 5  2  3, 10  5  5, 17  10  7, 28  17  11, 41  28  13 .
Here we see that difference between consecutive term is a prime number. Hence the next
three number are obtained by adding 17, 19 and 23 to the preceding term respectively.
41  17  58 ; 58  19  77 ; 77  23  100
Q72. A code consists of at most two identical letters followed by at most four identical digits.
The code must have at least one letter and one digit. How many distinct codes can be
generated using letters A to Z and digits 1 to 9?
(a) 936 (b) 1148 (c) 1872 (d) 2574
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The number of codes will be
One letter one digit  26  9
One letter two digit  26  9
One letter three digit  26  9
One letter four digit  26  9
One letter one digit  26  9
One letter two digit  26  9
One letter three digit  26  9
One letter four digit  26  9
1872
Q73. Two solid iron spheres are heated to 100 0 C and then allowed to cool. One has size of a
football; the other has the size of a pea. Which sphere will attain the room temperature
(constant) first?
(a) The bigger sphere (b) The smaller sphere
(c) Both spheres will take the same time (d) It will depend on the room temperature
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: According to Newton’s law of cooling the rate of cooling of body is directly
proportional to the surface area exposed. Hence the bigger sphere will attain the room
temperature at first.
Q74. Weights (in kg) of 13 persons are given below:
70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94
Two new persons having weights 100 kg and 79 kg join the group. The average weight of
the group increases by
(a) 0 kg (b) 1 kg (c) 1.6 kg (d) 1.8 kg
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The initial average weight
70  72  74  76  78  80  82  84  86  88  90  92  94
  82 kg
13
Final average weight
82 13  79  100
  83 kg
15
Thus the average weight increases by 83  82  1 kg
Q75. If n is a positive integer, then
nn  1n  2 n  3n  4 n  5n  6 
is divisible by
(a) 3 but not 7 (b) 3 and 7 (c) 7 but not 3 (d) neither 3 nor 7
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The product of n consecutive numbers is always divisible by n ! .
Q76. The area (in m 2 ) of a triangular park of dimensions 50 m, 120 m and 130 m is
(a) 3000 (b) 3250 (c) 5550 (d) 7800
Ans. : (a)
50  120  130
Solution: The semiperimeter of the triangle is s   150 m
2
Hence the area of the triangle
  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
 150 150  50 150  120 150  130   150 100  30  20  3000 m 2
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NET JUNE-2015
Q77. By reading the accompanying graph, determine the liquid
INCORRECT statement out of the following.
Pressure
solid gas
(a) Melting point increases with pressure
(b) Melting point decreases with pressure
(c) Boiling point increases with pressure
Temperature
(d) Solid, liquid and gas can co-exist at the same pressure and
temperature
Ans. : (a)
Solution: From the graph we see that the dashed line to the left shows
liquid
melting point at different temperatures and pressures. Thus as
pressure
the pressure increasing, melting point decreases. The dashed solid gas
line to the right shows boiling point increases. From the graph,
we also see that there is a value of temperature and pressure at
Temperature
which all three phases can co-exist.
Q78. A float is drifting in a river 10 m downstream of a boat that can be rowed at a speed of
10 m / minute in still water. If the boat is rowed downstream, the time taken to catch up
with the float
(a) will be 1 minute
(b) will be more than 1 minute
(c) will be less than 1 minute
(d) can be determined only if the speed of the river is known
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let v be the speed of the river. Then the speed of the boat downstream is
10 m / min  v  . The speed of the boat will be the same as the speed of the river. Hence
speed of the float is v . Let t be the time taken by the boat to catch up with the float.
10 m / min  v  v
10 m
Hence 10 m / min  v  t  10 m  vt  t  1min
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Q79. Consider a series of letters placed in the following way:

U _G_C _C _ S _ I _ R
Each letter moves one step to its right and the extreme right letter takes the first position,
completing one operation. After which of the following numbers of operations do the Cs
not sit side by side?
(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 19 (d) 25
Ans. : (b)
Solution: After 10 operations we get C S I R G C. Here we see that C’s do not sit side by side.
Q80. If you change only one observation from a set of 10 observations, which of the following
will definitely change?
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Standard deviation
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let x1 , x2 , x3 ...., x10 be 10 observations.
x  x  ....  x10
Then, mean  1 2 . If any one of x1 , x2 , x3 ...., x10 is changed, mean would
10
definitely change.
Median is the middle value, hence it may or may not change.
Mode is the observation that occurs with maximum frequency. Hence it may or may not
change.
Q81. An inclined plane rests against a horizontal cylinder of radius R . If the plane makes an
angle of 300 with the ground, the point of contact of the plane with the cylinder is at a
height of
(a) 1.500 R (b) 1.866 R (c) 1.414 R (d) 1.000 R
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Consider a cross section of the circle and inclined P
plane all lying in the same plane. Draw a line parallel 600
M C
to OC and passing through centre. From geometry 300 B A
0 R
PCA  600 . Hence in triangle PCA O 30 C
3
h  R sin 600  R  0.866 R .
2
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Hence the height of the point of contact of the cylinder with the ground is at a height
 R  0.866 R   1.866 R .
Q82. What is the maximum number of parallel, non-overlapping cricket pitches (length 24 m ,
width 3 m ) that can be laid in a field of diameter 140 m , if the boundary is required to be
at least 60 m from the centre of any pitch?
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: From the condition given in the problem the center of any pitch
60 cm 60 cm
will lie between P and Q . Thus the center of the pitch can be at a A B
PCQ
distance of 60 m, 63 m, 66 m, 69 m, 72 m, 75 m, 78 m from A .
Q83. The product of the perimeter of a triangle, the radius of its in-circle, and a number gives
the area of the triangle. The number is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
4 3 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If a, b and c be the length of the sides of a triangle and r be the radius of its incircle,
1 1
then area of triangle ABC   a  b  c  r   perimeter  radius of incircle .
2 2
1
Thus we conclude that the number is
2
Q84. The maximum number of points formed by intersection of all pairs of diagonals of
convex octagon is
(a) 70 (b) 400 (c) 120 (d) 190
Ans. : (d)
n  n  3
Solution: The number of diagonals of a polygon is given by , where n is the number of
2
8  8  3
sides of polygon. Hence there are  20 diagonals of an octagon. When two
2
diagonals intersect we obtain a required point. Hence the maximum number of points is
obtained by intersection of these 20 diagonals with each other. Since the intersection of
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any two diagonals (say 2 and 3 or 3 and 2) gives us the same point, hence maximum
20 19
number of points formed by intersection  20C2   190 .
2
Q85. Each of the following pairs of words hides a number, based on which you can arrange
them in ascending order. Pick the correct answer:
I. Cloth reel J. Silent wonder
K. Good tone L. Bronze rod
(a) L, K, J, I (b) I, J, K, L (c) K, L, J, I (d) K, J, I, L
Ans. 86: (a)
Solution: Here we see that if we pick some letters from the given pairs of words we obtain a
number.
I. Cloth reel = three
J. Silent wonder = two
K. Good tone = one
L. Bronze rod = zero
Hence the ascending order is L, K, J, I.
22
Q87. Which of the following values is same as 22 ?
(a) 26 (b) 28 (c) 216 (d) 2222
Ans. : (c)
22
Solution: Working from top to bottom 22  22  216
4
Q88. If
2a
 b2
c6
84
8d 6
Here a, b, c and d are digits. Then a  b 

(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 16
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: 2a
x b 2__
c 6
8 4____
8 d 6__
From the given multiplication, we see that the unit digit of the product a  2 is 6 .
Thus, a can be 3 or 8 .
If a  3 , then 2a  b  23  b  84
 b is not a digit but it is a fraction. Hence a  8 .
This implies b  3 . Thus a  b  8  3  11
Q89. A 12 m  4 m rectangular roof is resting on 4 m tall thin poles. Sunlight falls on the roof
at an angle of 450 from the east, creating a shadow on the ground. What will be the area
of the shadow?
(a) 24 m2 (b) 36 m2 (c) 48 m 2 (d) 60 m2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Suppose the length of the rod lies in the east-west direction. Since the sunlight strikes
then the shadow will be parallelogram with base length 12 m and height 4 m . Hence the
shadow will have an area
1 1
  base  height  12  4  24 m2
2 2
Q90. Find the height of a box of base area 24 cm  48 cm , in which the longest stick that can be
kept is 56 cm long.
(a) 8 cm (b) 32 cm (c) 37.5 cm (d) 16 cm
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The longest length connecting any two points of the cuboids is the diagonal of the
cuboids. Since the length of the longest stick that can be kept is 56 cm , hence the
diagonal of the cuboid is 56 cm .
Now the diagonal of the cuboids is given by d  l 2  b 2  h 2

where l , b and h are respectively the length, breadth and height.
 24    48   h 2 , which gives h  16 cm
2 2
Hence 56 
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Q91. An infinite row of boxes is arranged. Each box has half the volume of the previous box.
If the largest box has volume of 20 cc , what is the total volume of all the boxes?
(a) Infinite (b) 400 cc (c) 40 cc (d) 80 cc
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let the volume of the largest box be V0 .
V0 V0 V0
Then the volumes of other box are , , and so on.
2 4 8
V0 V0
Hence the total volume of all the boxes V  V0    .....
2 8
1
We see that this is a geometric series with common ratio .
2
a
We know that the sum of an infinite geometric series is S  , where a is the first
1 r
term and r is the common ratio.
V0
Hence V   2V0 . Now, given V0  20 cc . Hence V  40 cc
1
1
2
Q92. Find the missing element based on the given pattern
1  2  3
1  2  3
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The ellipse rotates by 1800 and the line moves down and then up. Similarly the
rectangle rotates by 1800 and the bar moves up and then down. Hence the rectangle
should again rotate by 1800 and line should go up.
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Q93. A man starts his journey at 0100 Hrs local time to reach another country at 0900 Hrs
local time on the same date. He starts a return journey on the same night at 2100 hrs
local time to his original place, taking the same time to travel back. If the time zone of his
country of visit lags by 10 hours, the duration for which the man was away from his
place is
(a) 48 hours (b) 20 hours (c) 25 hours (d) 36 hours
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The man starts his journey at 0100 hrs his country local time. He reaches another
country of 0900 hrs that country local time. This means the man reaches another country
at 1900 hrs according to his country local time. Thus time of travel from his place to
another country  1900  0100  1800 hrs. He stays in that country for 12 hrs. According
to question time of return journey is also 18 hrs. Thus the total time for which the man is
away from his place  18  12  18  48 hrs.
 1   1 
   
Q94. Let r be a positive number satisfying r  1234 
r  1234 
 2 . Then
r 4321  r 4321  ?
 4321 
 
 1234 
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 23087 (d) 21234
Ans. : (a)
Solution: r1/1234  r 1/1234  2
1
Let r1/1234  a , then a  2
a
 a 2  2a  1  0   a  1  0  a  1
2
Thus r1/1234  1  r  1
Thus r  1 , hence any power of r will also be 1
Thus r 4321  r 4321  1  1

4321 4321
 11  2
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Q95. ABC is right angled triangle inscribed in a semicircle. Smaller semicircles are drawn on
sides BC and AC . If the area of the triangle is a , what is the total area of the shaded
lumes? B
A
C
 a a
(a) a (b) (c) (d)
a  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let BC  x and AC  y , then area of semicircle having AB as diameter is
2
B
 x2  y2  x2  y 2
 
 
x
 2   x 2
 y 2
   y
2 8 C A
Area of triangle is a , hence the area of the semicircle excluding the area of triangle is
  x2  y2 
a
8
2
x
 
 x2
   
2
Now the area of semicircle with AB as diameter
2 8
2
 y
 
 y2
Area of semicircle with BC as diameter    
2
2 8
 x2  y2 x2  y2 
Hence area of shaded portion     a  a
8 8  8 8 
Q96. An ant can lift another ant of its size whereas an elephant cannot lift another elephant of
its size, because
(a) ant muscle fibres are stronger than elephant muscle fibres
(b) ant has proportionately thicker legs than elephant
(c) strength scales as the square of the size while weight scales as cube of the size
(d) ants work cooperatively, whereas elephants work as individuals
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: The square-cube law which holds in many physical cases states that the strength scale
varies as the square of the size while weight scale varies as cube of the size. Hence on
strength scale an ant scores over an elephant. Thus an ant can lift another ant of the same
size while an elephant can not lift another elephant of its size.
NET DEC-2015
Q97. In each of the following groups of words is a hidden number, based on which you should
arrange them in descending order. Pick the correct answer:
E. Papers I Xeroxed
F. Wi-Fi veteran
G. Yourself ourselves
H. Breaks even
(a) H, F, G, H (b) E, G, F, H (c) H, F, G, E (d) H, E, F, G
Ans. : (b)
Solution: E.Paper I Yeroxed
F.Wi-Fi Veteran
G. Yourself ourselves
H. Breaks even
Q98. The number of squares in the figure is
(a) 30
(b) 29
(c) 25
(d) 20
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Squares are formed by small squares and when four adjoining squares are connected.
Hence number of squares  29
Q99. A shopkeeper purchases a product for Rs. 100 and sells it making a profit of 10% . The
customer resells it to the same shopkeeper incurring a loss of 10% . In these dealings the
shopkeeper makes
(a) no profit, no loss (b) Rs. 11 (c) Re. 1 (d) Rs. 20
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: At the end, the product is with the customer. When he sells it, he gets Rs. 110 and
purchase it at Rs, 99 . Hence, profit in the transaction is Rs. 11.
Q100. Five congruent rectangles are drawn inside a big rectangle of perimeter 165 as shown.
What is the perimeter of one of the five rectangles?
(a) 37
(b) 75
(c) 15
(d) 165
Ans. : (b)
Solution: since the rectangles are congruent the length and breadth of each rectangle are the same.
From the question x y
4 x  5 y  165 (i) y x
The area of five rectangles should be equal to area of the bigger rectangle. y
Hence 5 xy   x  y  2 x y x
x y
3
or x y (ii)
2
putting this value in equation (i) gives
11 y  165 or y  15  x  22.5 3y 2x
Hence perimeter of single rectangle
2  x  y   2 15  22.5   75
Alternatively equation (ii) can also be obtained as seen from the figure 2 x  3 y
Q101. A person walks downhill at 10 km / h , uphill at 6 km / h and on the plane at 7.5 km / h . If
the person takes 3 hours to go from a place A to another place B , and 1 hour on the
way back, the distance between A and B is
(a) 15 km
(b) 23.5 km
(c) 16 km
(d) Given data is insufficient to calculate distance.
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: The distance A to B does not lie entire on the plane. Similarly A to B does not lie
entirely on the incline as 6  3  10 1 . Hence, we can assume that one part of the distance
lie on the plane and rest part on the hill. B
Now, from the question
d1 d 2 d2
 3  4d1  5d 2  90 (i)
7.5 6
A
d d d1
and 1  2  1  4d1  3d 2  30 (ii)
7.5 10
Subtracting (ii) from (i) gives d 2  30
Putting this value in any equation gives d1  15 , which is impossible

Q102. A vessel is partially filled with water. More water is added to it at a rate directly
 dV 
proportional to time i.e.,  t  . Which of the following graphs depicts correctly the
 dt 
variation of total volume V of water with time t ?
(a) V (b) V
0 t 0 t
(c) V (d) V
0 t 0 t
Ans. : (b)
dV dV kt 2
Solution: since  t , hence  kt or V  C
dt dt 2
Now this equation represents a quadratic equation. Hence the graph will be a parabola.
Now at t  0 , the vessel is partially filled hence out of option (b) and (d) option (b) is
correct.
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Q103. At one instant, the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock are one over the other in
between the markings for 5 and 6 on the dial. At this instant, the tip of the minute hand
(a) is closer to the marking for 6
(b) is equidistant from the markings for 5 and 6
(c) is closer to marking for 5
(d) is equidistant from the markings for 11 and 12
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let x hours after 5 the minute and hour hand coincide.
In  5  x  hr , the angle rotated by hour hand  5  x   30  150  30 x degree
In  5  x  hours, the angle rotated by minute hand
5  360  60 x  6 which is equivalent to 360 x degree.

Thus 150  30 x  360 x
 30  5  x   30 12 x 
5
 x hr  x  27.27 minutes.
11
Thus the tip of minute hand is closer to the marking for 5 .
Q104. A bird leaves its nest and flies away. Its distance x from the nest is plotted as a function
of time t . Which of the following plots cannot be right?
(a) (b)
x x
nest t nest t
(c) (d)
x x
nest t nest t
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: The bird can not be at two distances at the same time. Hence (c) cannot be right
nest t
Q105. A cubical cardboard box made of 1 cm thick card board has outer side of 29 cm . A tight-
fitting cubical box of the same thickness is placed inside it, then another one inside it and
so on. How many cubical boxes will be there in the entire set?
(a) 29 (b) 28 (c) 15 (d) 14
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
14.5 13.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 13.5 14.5
The first box will be of a distance of 0.5 cm form the centre of the box and 1 cm . The
second box will be at a distance of 1.5 cm from the centre of the box and 1 cm thick.
Similarly the 13th box will be at a distance of 12 cm from the centre and 1 cm thick. Thus
there will be a total of 13 boxes inside the given box. Including the given box there will
be a total of 14 boxes.
Q106. Secondary colours are made by a mixture of three primary colours, Red, Green and Blue,
in different proportions; each of the primary colours comes in 8 possible levels. Grey
corresponds to equal proportions of Red, Green and Blue. How many shades of grey exist
ii this scheme?
(a) 83 (b) 8 (c) 38 (d) 8  3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Grey corresponds to equal proportions of Red, Green and Blue. Now there are
8 possible levels for each of the colors. Hence grey can be formed in
8  8  8 ways  83 ways Red Blue Green
8 8 8
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Q107. The triangle formed by the lines y  x, y  1  x and x  0 in a two dimensional plane is
( x and y axes have the same scale)
(a) isosceles and right-angled (b) isosceles but not right-angled
(c) right-angled but not isosceles (d) neither isosceles nor right angled
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The lines y  1  x and y  x intersect at 3
1 1 yx
1 x  x  x  ,  y 2
2 2 A 1
2 2 B (1/2,1/2)
 1  1 1
AB   0    1    3 2 1 O 1 2 3
 2  2 2 1 x
1 1
2 2
2
OB       
1 y  1 x
2 2 2 3
x0
 AB    OB   1   OA 
2 2 2
Thus the triangle formed is isosceles and right angled.

Q108. There are two buckets A and B . Initially A has 2 liters of water and B is empty. At
1
every hour 1 liter of water is transferred from A to B followed by returning liter back
2
to A from B half an hour later. The earliest A will get empty is in:
(a) 5 h (b) 4 h (c) 3 h (d) 2 h
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The amount of water after different hours for bucket A is shown below
After 1 hr. after 1.5 hr. After 2.5 hr After 3 hr after 4 hr
 2  1 1  0.5 1.5  1  0.5  0.5 1  1
1 1.5 0.5 1 0
Hence the bucket A will be emptied earliest after 4 hours.
Q109. Statement A: The following statement is true
Statement B: The preceding statement is false
Choose the correct inference from the following:
(a) Statements A and B are always true
(b) Statements A and B can be true if there is at least one statement between A and B
(c) Statements A and B can be true if there are at least two statements between A and B
(d) Statements A and B can never be true, independently
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: If there is no sentence between A and B then they are mutually inconsistent. If there
is only one statement between A and B , then again they are mutually inconsistent. If
there are two or more statements between A and B , then they can be true independent of
each other.
Q110. A car is moving at 60 km / h . The instantaneous velocity of the upper most points of its
wheels is
120 km / hr
(a) 60 km / h forward (b) 120 km / h forward
(c) 60 km / h backward (d) 120 km / h backward 60 km / hr
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Assuming that car is rolling without slipping, the instantaneous speed of the top most
point is twice the speed of the car.
Q111. If D  I  M  1501
C  I  V  I  L  157
L  I  V  I  D  557
C  I  V  I  C  207
What is V  I  M  ?
(a) Cannot be found (b) 1009 (c) 1006 (d) 509
Ans. : (a)
Solution: when we calculate the values of V  I  M , the result comes out to be an expression
which involves one of the unknowns. For example in terms of unknown L , the answer is
V  I  M  944  L
Hence the value of V  I  M cannot be found
Q112. Density of a rice grain is 1.5 g / cc and bulk density of rice heap is 0.80 g / cc . If a 1 litre
container is completely filled with rice, what will be the approximate volume of pore
space in the container?
(a) 350 cc (b) 465 cc (c) 550 cc (d) 665 cc
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The mass of 1 litre of rice  1000 cc  0.80 g / cc   800 g
Let n be the total numbers of rice grains and V be the value of a rice grain
Then nV  density of rice grain =800 g  V  1.5 g / cc  800 g
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where V  is the total volume actually occupied by the rice grains. Hence V   533.33 cc .
Hence volume of pore space in the contains  1000 cc  533.33  466 cc  465 cc
Q113. A turtle starts swimming from a point A located on the circumference of a circular pond.
After swimming for 4 meters in a straight line it hits point B on the circumference or
the pond. From there it changes direction and swims for 3 meters in a straight line and
arrives at point D diametrically opposite to point A . How far is point D from A ?
(a) 3 m (b) 4 m (c) 7 m (d) 5 m
Ans. : (d)
A
Solution: The location of the turtle at different times is shown in the figure.
The triangle ABD formed is a right angle because angle in a semi-circle 4m
B
 AB    BD   16  9  5 m
3m
2 2
is a right angle. Hence AD 
D
Q114. Four circles of unit radius each are drawn such that each one touches
two others and their centres lie on the vertices of a square. The area of the region
enclosed between the circles is
(a)   1 (b)   2 (c) 3   (d) 4  
Ans. : (d)
Solution: If we join the centres of the four circles we get a square of side 2 units.
The area of the square formed is 4 square units. The area of four
circular portions enclosed within the square
  12 
 4  

4 

Hence area enclosed within the circles  4   units.
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NET JUNE 2016

1
Q115. An infinite number of identical circular discs, each of radius are tightly packed such
2
that the centers of the discs are at integer values of coordinates x and y . The ratio of the
area of the uncovered patches to the total area is
 
(a) 1  (b) (c) 1   (d) 
4 4
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The whole region can be divided into mutually
exclusive squares. One of the representative square is
B C
darkened in the figure. The area of uncovered region
of this square  4r 2   r 2   4    r 2 A D
The area of the square  4r 2

Hence the ratio of area of uncovered patch to the total
area 
 4   r2
 1

2
4r 4
Q116. It takes 5 days for a steamboat to travel from A to B along a river. It takes 7 days to
return from B to A . How many days will it take for a raft to drift from A to B (all
speeds stay constant)?
(a) 13 (b) 35 (c) 6 (d) 12
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let u be the speed of the steamboat and v be the speed of the stream. Then
d
A B
d d
5 (i) and 7 (ii)
uv uv
d
From (i) and (ii) u  6v ; Putting this value in either equation gives
 35
v
Q117. “My friend Raju has more than 1000 books” said Ram “Oh no, he has less than 1000
books”, said Shyam. “Well Raju certainly has at least one book” said Geeta. If only one
of these statements is true, how many books does Raju have?
(a) 1 (b) 1000 (c) 999 (d) 1001
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: Only Gita statement can be correct. In that case Raju will have exactly 1000 books
Q118. Of the following, which is the odd one out?
(a) Cone (b) Torus (c) Sphere (d) Ellipsoid
Ans. : (b)
Solution: In torus, there is an empty space while other are completely closed figures.
Q119. A student appearing for an exam is declared to have failed the exam if his/her score is
less than half the median score. This implies
1
(a) of the students appearing for the exam always fail.
4
1
(b) if a student scores less than of the maximum score, he/she always fails.
4
1
(c) if a student score more than of the maximum score, he/she always passes
2
(d) it is possible that no one fails
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Suppose each of the students scored equal marks X , then the median is also X . Since
no student scores less than half of the median score, hence it is possible that no one fails.
Hence the correct option is (d)
Q120. Find the next figure “D”
(A) (B) (C) (D) ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ans. : (b)
Q121. N is a four digit number. If the leftmost digit is removed, the resulting three digit
1
number is th of N . How many such N are possible?
9
(a) 10 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 7
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let the four digit number be xyzw . Then 9  yzw   1000 x  yzw  yzw  125 x
Now, yzw is a three digit number and x can take values from 1 to 9 . But x  8 or x  9
is not possible because in that case yzw will be a four digit number
Q122. AB and CD are two chords of a circle subtending 60o and 120o respectively at the same
point on the circumference of the circle. Then AB : CD is
(a) 3 :1 (b) 2 :1 (c) 1:1 (d) 3 : 2
Ans. : (c)
1200
Solution: From the diagram we can conclude that both chords AB and
CD make an angle of 120o at the centre. We know that if two C 600
D
1200
chords of a circle make equal angles at the centre, they are equal.
Hence the ratio AB : CD  1:1
1200
A B
Q123.
 2014   2015
 10  10
10
8
5
5
year
5
10
10 10
Physics Chemistry Biology
Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above graph?
(a) The total number of students qualifying in physics in 2015 and 2014 is the same
(b) The number of students qualifying in Biology in 2015 is less than in 2013
(c) The number of Chemistry students qualifying in 2015 must be more than the number
of students who qualified in Biology in 2014
(d) The number of students qualifying in physics in 2015 is equal to the number of
students in Biology that qualified in 2014
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Suppose the number of students qualifying in Biology in 2013 is 100, then the number
of students qualifying in 2014 is 90 and the number of students qualifying in 2015 is 99.
Q124. What is the minimum number of moves required to transform figure1 to figure 2 ? A
move is defined as removing a coin and placing it such that it touches two other coins in
its new position
Fig -1 Fig -2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution:
Thus two moves are required

Q125. The relationship among the numbers in each corner square is the same as that in the other
corner squares. Find the missing number.
9 10
7 13 8 12
15 14
5 
3 11 4 16
25 18
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 12
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The sum of numbers at each corner is 44 . Hence the missing number is
44   4  16  18   6
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Q126. Which of the following best approximates sin 0.50 ?  

  
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.5  (c) 0.5  (d) 0.5 
90 180 360
Ans. : (c)
Solution: sin    when  is small and in radians.
   
Thus sin 0.50  sin  0.5    0.5 
 180  180
Thus the correct option is (c)
Q127. What comes next in the sequence?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Each figure is half of alphabets starting from A . Thus the next figure will be half of E
Q128. Which of the following statements is logically incorrect?
(a) I always speak the truth (b) I occasionally lie
(c) I occasionally speak the truth (d) I always lie
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The statement (d) is logically incorrect because it can not be inferred whether he is
lying or not.
Q129. How many times starting at 1.00 pm would the minute and hour hands of a clock make
an angle of 400 with each other in the next 6 hours?

(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) 12
Ans. : (c)
1 20
Solution: An angle of 400 is equivalent to a difference of  40  minutes.
6 3
20
Between 1 pm and 2 pm the minute and hour hand will differ by minute once.
3
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In each of the intervals 2 pm - 3Pm,3Pm  4Pm, 4Pm-5Pm, 5Pm - 6Pm, 6Pm-7Pm , the
20
minute hand and hour hand will differ by minutes two time. In each of the same
3
20
intervals the minute hand will be once behind the hour hand by minutes and once
3
20
ahead of the hour hand by minutes. Thus the total number of times, the angles
3
between the hour hand and the minute hand is 400 is, 1  2  2  2  2  2  11 times
Q130. Brother Santa and Chris walk to school from their house. The former takes 40 minutes
while the latter, 30 minutes. One day Santa started 5 minutes earlier than Chris. In how
many minutes would Chris overtake Santa?
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let d be the distance between the house and the school. Then the speeds of Santa and
d d
Chris are and respectively.
40 30
d d
Now from the question .t   t  5 
30 40
t t 5 t 5
      t  15 minutes
3 4 4 12 4
Q131. The set of numbers  5, 6, 7, m, 6, 7,8, n  has an arithmetic mean of 6 and mode (most
frequently occurring number) of 7 . Then m  n 

(a) 18 (b) 35 (c) 28 (d)14
Ans. : (d)
Solution: By definition
567 m678 n
6  mn 9
8
Since the mode is 7 , then either m or n or both are 7 . But both m and n can not be 7
because then m  n would be greater than 9 .
Thus either m  7 or n  2
or m  2 or n  7
Thus mn  7  2  2  7  14
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Q132. The diagram shows a block of marble having the shape of 50 cm

a triangular prism. What is the maximum number of slabs
of 10  10  5 cm3 size that can be cut parallel to the face on
which the block is resting? 50 cm
(a) 50 (b) 100 900
(c) 125 (d) 250 50 cm
Ans. : (b)
Solution: First consider squares of side 10 cm that can be placed in the triangular 50 cm region.
The equation of line AB is y   x  50 y
50 cm
50 cm
900
x
50 cm A
From this equation we see that only those squares can be
placed whose y coordinates are less than or equal to that
given by the above equation.
50 cm
Thus a total of 4  3  2  1  10 squares can be placed. The
thickness of each square is 5 cm . Thus the number of slabs
50 50 cm
 10   10  10  100
5
Q133. A solid contains a spherical cavity. The cavity is filled with a liquid and includes a
spherical bubble of gas. The radii of cavity and gas bubble are 2 mm and 1 mm ,
respectively. What proportion of the cavity is filled with liquid?
1 3 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 8
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: The cavity and the air bubble are shown in the figure.
4
The volume of cavity (including that of air bubble) 
3

8mm3 
4 1mm
The volume of air bubble 
3

1 mm3  2 mm
4
3
7 mm3
7  
The proportion of cavity that is filled with the liquid  
4
3
8 mm3 8
 
Q134. Fill in the blank: F 2, ___, D8, C16, B32, A64
(a) C 4 (b) E 4 (c) C 2 (d) G16
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The alphabet decreases by one and the number becomes two times.
Q135. Fill in the blank: F 2, ___, D8, C16, B32, A64

(a) C 4 (b) E 4 (c) C 2 (d) G16
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The alphabet decreases by one and the number becomes two times.
NET DEC 2016

Q136. Find out the missing pattern.
 18 2
5 7 ? 3 6  9
2  7
2 7 14 14
(a) 7  (b)  2 (c) 7  (d) 2 7
14 14 2 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: From the figure it is clear that mathematical sign changed clockwise in the adjacent
triangle and the third number has been given on the addiacation of the same mathematical
sign.
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Q137. Seeds when soaked in water gain about 20% by weight and 10% by volume. By what
factor does the density increase?
(a) 1.20 (b) 1.10 (c) 1.11 (d) 1.09
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let the volume of the seed is V and weight is W , so that the density of the seed is
W
D (i)
V
11V 6W
According to the question, the new volume and the weight of the seed is and
10 5
Hence the new density of the seed is
6W 11V  12  W
D    (ii)
5 10  11  V
12
Here, the nearest value of  1.09 , hence the option (d) is the right option.
11
Q138. Retarding frictional force, f , on a moving ball, is proportional to its velocity, V . Two
identical balls roll down identical slopes  A & B  from different heights. Compare the
retarding forces and the velocities of the balls at the bases of the slopes.
A B
(a) f A  f B ;VA  VB (b) f A  f B ; VB  VA
(c) f B  f A ; VB  VA (d) f B  f A ; VA  VB
Ans. : (a)
Solution: When a body moves down an incline under the influence of a resistive force FR  kv .
Then its velocity as a function of distance down the incline is given by
x
mg sin    k  
x
v 1  e   
k   m   k /2
mg

where m is the mass of the body and  is the angle of incline.
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Both balls have the same mass and the same angle of incline, but the ball A travels more
distance hence its speed at the bottom of the incline will be more. Hence the force acting
on the ball A at the bottom of the incline will also be greater.
Q139. The bar chart shows number of seats won by four political parties in a state legislative
assembly. 50
35 35
seats
20
party
Which of the following pie-charts correctly depicts this information?

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ans. : (b)
Solution: From the figure, total number of seats
 50  35  20  35  140
now we change the state into  chart
50
(i)  3600  128.57 0
140
35
(ii)  3600  900
140
20
(iii)  3600  51.420
140
35
(iv)  3600  900
140
Hence the pie-chart which has two right angles and an obtuse angle correctly depicts the
given information. So option (b) is the right option
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Q140. In how many distinguishable ways can the letters of the word CHANCE be arranged?
(a) 120 (b) 720 (c) 360 (d) 240
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Total number of distinguishable words made by the word “CHANCE” is:-
npr 6 p6 6!
   360
2! 2! 2!
Q141. Which of the following graphs correctly shows the speed and the corresponding distance
covered by an object moving along a straight line?
speed distance
(a) (b)
speed, distance
speed, distance
0, 0 time 0, 0 time
(c) (d)
speed, distance
speed, distance
0, 0 time 0, 0 time
Ans. : (a)
Q142. A normal TV screen has a width to height ratio of 4 : 3 , while a high definition TV screen
has a ratio of 16 : 9 . What is the approximate ratio of their diagonals, if the heights of the
two types of screens are the same?
(a) 5 : 9 (b) 5 :18 (c) 5 :15 (d) 5 : 6
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The width and the height of normal TV are 4 x and 3x
While the width and height of a high definition TV are 16 y and 9 y
From the question
3x  9 y or x  3 y
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so, diagonal of normal TV   4 x    3x   5x

2 2
The diagonal of high definition TV is  16 y    9 y   256 y 2  81y 2

2 2
x x 337
 337 y 2  337    x  6.12 x (approx)
3 3 9
so, the right answer will be (d)
Q143. Comparing numerical values, which of the following is different from the rest?
(a) The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
(b) The sum of the three angles of a plane triangle expressed in radians.
22
(c)
7
(d) The net volume of a hemisphere of unit radius, and a cone of unit radius and unit
height
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From the choice (a), 2 r : 2r   :1  
From the choice (b), 180   radian
22
From the choice (c), , a number
7
2 3 1 3
 r   r   r 3   1   (where r  1 unit )
3
From the choice (d),
3 3
So, the option (c) is the right answer
1 1
Q144. A river is 4.1km wide. A bridge built across it has of its length on one-bank and of
7 8
its length on the other bank. What is the total length of the bridge?
(a) 5.1km (b) 4.9 km (c) 5.6 km (d) 5.4 km
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let the length of bridge is x km
According to question 4.1km x km
x x  x x
km  4.1 km  km  x km or  x    km  4.1
7 8  7 8
41x
or  4.1 or x  5.6 km
56
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Q145. OA, OB , and OC are radii of the quarter circle shown in the figure. AB is also equal to
A
the radius.
B
?
O C
what is angle OCB ?
(a) 600 (b) 750 (c) 550 (d) 650
Ans. : (b)
Solution: From the figure: AOC  900
From the above figure, OAB is an equilateral triangle, hence
AOC  AOB  BOC
or BOC  AOC  AOB  900  600  300
From the figure OB  OC (Radius of a circle)
Hence, OBC is isosceles triangle
So OBC  OCB  x 0 (Property of isosceles triangle)
In OBC ,
BOC  OBC  OCB  1800
300  x 0  x 0  1800 or x  750
Q146. Intravenous (IV) fluid has to be administered to a child of 12 kg with dehydration, at a
dose of 20 mg of fluid per kg of body weight, in 1 hour. What should be the drip rate (in
drops/min of IV fluid? ( 1mg  20 drops)
(a) 7 (b) 80 (c) 120 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to question, total Intravenous (IV) fluid administered to the child
 20 mg  12  240 mg
In a 60 minute, 240 mg of intravenous (IV) went to the body of child
240
Therefore, in a one minute,  4 mg of intravenous (IV) went to the body of child
60
As 1 mg  20 drops. So 4 mg  4  20  80 drops.
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Q147. A hall with a high roof is supported by an array of identical columns such that, to a
person lying on the floor and looking at the ceiling, the columns appear parallel to each
other. Which of the following designs conforms to this?
ROOF ROOF
(a) (b)
FLOOR FLOOR
ROOF ROOF
(c) (d)
FLOOR FLOOR
Q148. The sum of digits of a two-digit number is 9 . If the fraction formed by taking 9 less than
3
the number as numerator and 9 more than the number as denominator is , what is the
4
number?
(a) 36 (b) 63 (c) 45 (d) 54
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let the two digit number be:
10 y  x
and from the question
x y 9 (i)
According to the second part of the question:
10 y  x  9 3 9y  y  x 9 3 9y  9 9 3
    
10 y  x  9 4 9y  y  x  9 4 9y  9  9 4
9y 3
or  or 36 y  27 y  54 or 4 y  3 y  6  y  6
9 y  18 4
So, x  3
Therefore, the number  10 y  x  60  3  63
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Q149. The distance between X and Y is 1000 km . A person flies from X at 8 A.M. local time
and reaches Y at 10 A.M. local time. He flies back after a halt of 4 hours at Y and
reaches X at 4 P.M. local time on the same day. What is his average speed for the
duration he is in the air?
(a) 500 km/hour
(b) 250 km/hour
(c) 750 km/hour
(d) cannot be calculated with the given information
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The average speed of the person
Total distance travelled by the person in the air

Total time taken by him in air
1000 km  1000 km 2000 km
   500 km
4 hrs. 4hrs.
Total time = 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. = 8 hrs.
In his 8 hrs. he took 4 hrs. rest, so he only travelled 4 hrs. in the air.
Q150. If a person travels x% faster than normal, he reaches y minutes earlier than normal.
What is his normal time of travel?
 100   x 
(a)   1 y minutes (b)   1 y minutes
 x   100 
 y   100 
(c)   1 x minutes (d)   1 x minutes
 100   y 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the normal time of travel is T and the normal speed is P km/minute .
According to question:
Distance  PT
 Px  PTx Pxy
PT   P   T  y  or, PT  PT  Py  
 100  100 100
Tx xy  x  100  100 
or,   y  T  y 1    y 1   minute
100 100  100  x  x 
Hence option (a) is the right choice
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Q151. A and B walk up an escalator one step at a time, while the escalator itself moves up at a
constant speed. A walks twice as fast as B . A reaches the top in 40 steps and B in 30
steps. How many steps of the escalator can be seen when it is not moving?
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let the speed of escalator is x step/second. The speed of A is 2 y step/second while
from the question, the speed of B is y step/second.
Let the total steps of escalator, when it is not moving is z steps.
P
Let A takes seconds to reach the top while B will take P seconds to reach the top
2
(according to their speed)
 Px 
z  steps  40 (i)
 2 
 z  Px  steps  30 (ii)
Px
or  10 or Px  20 . So, z  30  20  50
2
Q152. Two iron spheres of radii 12 cm and 1cm are melted and fused. Two new spheres are
made without any loss of iron. Their possible radii could be
(a) 9 and 4 cm (b) 9 and10 cm
(c) 8 and 5 cm (d) 2 and11cm
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Total volume of two iron spheres
4 4 4
  12cm3  1 cm     1728  1 cm3    1729 cm3
3
3   3 3
Now from the option (b), we get
4 4 4
 93  103  cm3  729  1000 cm3  1729 cm3
3 3 3
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Q153. A man buys alcohol at Rs 75 / cL , adds water, and sells it at Rs. 75 / cL making a profit of
50 % . What is the ratio of alcohol to water?
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1: 2 (c) 3: 2 (d) 2 : 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the price of 1CL  1000 ml is Rs 75 , so, the price of 2 CL is Rs. 150
To sell the alcohol at the profit of 50% , the price of 2000 ml should be Rs. 225
But for the profit of 50% , we must mix water of Rs. 75 ,
So, In a Rupees 225 we get 2000 ml of mixed alcohol,
2000 2000 2000
So, In a Rs. 75 , we get  75  ml of alcohol; so, this, ml must be water
225 3 3
in the mixture.
2000 4000
In 2000 ml of the mixture amount of alcohol  2000   ml
3 3
4000 2000
So the ratio is :  4 : 2 or 2 :1
3 3
NET JUNE 2017
Q154. An ant starts at the origin and moves along the y -axis and covers a distance l . This is its
first stage in its journey. Every subsequent stage requires the ant to turn right and move a
distance which is half of its previous stage. What would be its coordinates at the end of
its 5th stage?
 3l 13l   13l 3l   13l 3l   3l 13l 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  , 
 8 16   16 8   8 16   16 8 
Ans. : (a)
l l 13l y
Solution: y - coordinate at 5th stage l   
4 16 16 l
2
l l 3l l
x - coordinate    l
4
2 8 8 16 l
l
8
0 x
 0,0
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Q155. In a group of siblings there are seven sisters and each sister has one brother. How many
siblings are there in total?
(a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 8 (d) 7
Ans. : (c)
Solution: All 7 sisters are siblings, so brother of one sister will be brother of all sisters.
So, total siblings 7  1  8
Q156. What is the average value of y for the range of x shown in the following plot?
y
2
1 0 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d) 2

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Total y is equal to the area of shaded region, which is equal to 3 .
y
Range of x  2 2
1 0 1
3
So, any value of y for the range of x   1.5
2
Q157. A bread contains 40 % (by volume) edible matter and the remaining space is filled with
air. If the density of edible matter is 2 g/cc, what will be the bulk density of the bread (in
g/cc)?
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.6
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let volume of bread  1000 cc
Volume of edible matter  400 cc
Weight of edible matter  400  2  800 gm
800 gm
So, bulk density   0.8 gm / cc
1000 cc
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Q158. A board has 8 rows and 8 columns. A move is defined as two steps along a column
followed by one step along a row or vice-versa. What is the minimum number of moves
needed to go from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner?
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 9
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Total moves as shown in figure  6
6 D
4
3
2
1
S
Q159. A job interview is taking place with 21 male and 17 female candidates. Candidates are
called randomly. What is the minimum number of candidates to be called to ensure that at
least two males or two females have been interviewed?
(a) 17 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 21
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Total male  21 , total female  17
Even in worst case, if two selected individuals are from either of two groups, third
selection will always ensure interview of two males or females.
Q160. The graph shows cumulative frequency % of research scholars and the number of papers
published by them. Which of the following statements is true? 100
(a) Majority of the scholars published more than 4 papers. 80
(b) 60 % of the scholars published at least 2 papers. 60
(c) 80 % of the scholars published at least 6 papers. 40
(d) 30% of scholar’s have not published any paper. 20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: No. of Persons Paper Published

20 1
20 2
20 4
20 6
10 8
10 10
It is obvious from table that option (b) is correct.
Q161. A tells only lies on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday and speaks only the truth for the
rest of the week. B tells only lies on Thursday; Friday and Saturday and speaks only the
truth for the rest of the week. If today both of them state that they have lied yesterday,
what day is it today?
(a) Monday (b) Thursday (c) Sunday (d) Tuesday
Ans. : (b)
Solution:
M T W T F S
A L L L T T T
B T T T L L L
If today both state that they lied yesterday. It means one is telling truth and other one
telling a lie today.
Suppose A is telling truth today i.e. on Thursday, it means A lied yesterday. Also, B is
telling a lie on Thursday, and say he lied yesterday, it means he spoke truth yesterday.
This implies today is Thursday.
Q162. A fair die was thrown three times and the outcome was repeatedly six. If the die is thrown
again, what is the probability of getting six?
(a) 1/ 6 (b) 1/ 216 (c) 1/1296 (d) 1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: 4th throw is independent of the outcomes of all previous three outcomes. So probability
1
of getting six in 4th thrown  .
6
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Q163. Which is the odd one out based on a divisibility test?

154, 286, 363, 474, 572, 682
(a) 474 (b) 572 (c) 682 (d) 154
Ans. : (a)
Solution: All are divisible by eleven except 474.
Q164. My birthday is in January. What would be a sufficient number of questions with
‘Yes/No’ answers that will enable one to find my birth date?
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: January has total 31 days. 31 days can be bisected in 5 ways to ensure the exact date of
birth.
1 5th 2  4th 3 4 3rd 5 6 7  2nd 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 1st 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
at every  , we can ask – Does your birth-date fall on the right part, and we get answer –
No, doing so we could, for example, ensure his birth-date is 1st of January.
1 2 3….. 15  16……………30 31
No
1 2 3….. 7  8……………..15
No
1 2 3 4  5 6 7
No
1 2  3 4
No
1  2
No
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Q165. A square is drawn with one of its sides as the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle as
shown in the figure. What is the area of the shaded circle?
3cm
4 cm
25 25 25 25
(a) cm 2 (b) cm 2 (c) cm 2 (d) cm 2
1 2 3 4
Ans. : (d)
5
Solution: Radius of circle  cm
2
2
5 25
Area of circle       cm 2
2 4
Q166. What should be added to the product of the two numbers 983713 and 983719 to make it
a perfect square?
(a) 9 (b) 13 (c) 19 (d) 27
Ans. : (a)
Solution: 983713 = 983716 – 3
983719 = 983716 + 3
983713  983719   983716  3 983716  3
 9837162  32
so, adding 32  9 , we get a perfect square.
Q167. In  ABC , AB  AC and BAC  900 ; EF  AB and DF  AC . The total area of the
shaded region is A
D
E
B C
F
(a) AF 2 / 2 (b) AF 2 (c) BC 2 / 2 (d) BC 2
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: F is variable point on BC , such that DF  AC and EF  AB .

In a limiting case when F merges to B , area of total shaded region (b) will be equal to
AB 2 A A
area of  ABC i.e. D
2
E
C
If F  B B F B, F
C
(a) (b)
AF 2 AB 2
 , so option (a) is correct.
2 2
Q168. Consider a circle of radius r . Fit the largest possible square inside it and the largest
possible circle inside the square. What is the radius of the innermost circle?
r
(a) r / 2 (b)  r / 2 (c) (d) r / 2
2 2
Ans. : (a)
2r
Solution: Side of square   2r
2
2r r
Radius of inner-circle  
2 2
Q169. In how many ways can you place N coins on a board with N rows and N columns
such that every row and every column contains exactly one coin?
(a) N (b) N  N  1 N  2  ....2  1
(c) N 2 (d) N N
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We can place N - coins along diagonal, by doing so each row and each column will
have exactly one coin. So, number of ways of doing it  N  N  1 N  2  ....2  1 .
Q170. Two identical wheels B and C move on the periphery of circle A . Both start at the same
point on A and return to it, B moving inside A and C outside it. Which is the correct
statement? A C
(a) B wears out  times C B
(b) C wears out  times B
(c) B and C wear out about equally
(d) C wears out two times B
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Both wheels B and C will revolve same number of times while reaching their starting
point. So, B and C will wear out equally.
Q171. Which of the following is the odd one out?
(a) Isosceles triangle (b) Square
(c) Regular hexagon (d) Rectangle
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Except isosceles triangle, all shapes have all internal angles either 900 or greater than
900 , besides all internal angles are equal except in case of isosceles triangle.
Q172. Find the missing word: A, AB,...... , ABBABAAB
(a) AABB (b) ABAB (c) ABBA (d) BAAB
Ans. : (c)
Solution: A AB ABBA ABBA BAAB
Q173. A 100 m long train crosses a bridge 200 m long and 20 m wide bridge in 20 seconds.
What is the speed of the train in km/hr?
(a) 45 (b) 36 (c) 54 (d) 57.6
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Speed of train 

100  200   3600 km / hr
20 1000
 54 km / hr
NET DEC-2017
Q174. A leaf appears green in daylight. If this leaf were observed in red light, what colour
would it appear to have?
(a) Green (b) Black-Brown (c) Red (d) Blue
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We know that no object have their own colour, the colour reflected by any object
appears its own colour. An object which is black in colour does not reflect any colour of
the sun light.
So, the leaf which appears green in day light will be observed in red light would be black
in colour.
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Q175. The distance from Nehrunagar to Gandhinagar is 27 km . A and B start walking from
Nehrunagar towards Gandhinagar at speeds of 5 km / hr and 7 km / hr , respectively. B
reaches Gandhinagar, returns immediately, and meets A at Indiranagar. What is the
distance between Nehrunagar and Indiranagar? (Assume all three cities to be in one
straight line)
(a) 12.5 km (b) 22.5 km (c) 4.5 km (d) 13.5 km
Ans. : (b)
27 km Gandhinagar
Solution:
 27  x  km x km
Nehrungar
Total distance covered by B to reach Indiranagar after reaching Gandhinagar from
Nehrunagar  27 km  x km
 27  x 
The time taken by B to cover this distance:   hour
 7 
 27  x 
The time taken by A to reach Indiranagar from Nehrunagar    hour
 5 
According to question:
27  x 27  x
 , or 135  5 x  189  7 x
7 5
54
or, 12 x  189  135  x   4.5 km
12
Hence, the distance between Nehrunagar and Indiranagar is 27  4.5  22.5km
Q176. A sphere G of radius b is fixed mid-air and several spheres identical to the first one are
shot at it with their velocities parallel to each other. If the shot spheres fall within an
imaginary cylinder of radius a  b  a  , then the fraction of spheres that will hit G is
(a) 2b / a (b) 4b 2 / a 2 (c)  a  b  /  a  b  (d) 8b3 / a 3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The area of sphere G of radius b  4 b 2
Let, the number of sphere shot, which is similar to sphere G be N , then total
Area of N space  N .4 b 2
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As, the shot sphere fall in an imaginary cylinder of radius a , then

Area of cylinder   a 2
The fraction of spheres that will hit
Area of total sphere falling in cylinder N  4 b 2
G 
N .Area of cylinder N   a2
4b 2
Fraction 
a2
Q177. Five persons A, B, C , D and E are sifting in a row with C in the middle of the group. If
D is at an extreme end and there are at least two persons between B and E , then which
of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) E can be on extreme left (b) E can be on extreme right
(c) A cannot be on extreme left (d) A is always a neighbour of B or D
Ans. : (d)
Solution: According to the question, there may be two cases, which are:
Case-1 D B C A E
E A C B D
Case -2
E would be either in extreme left or extreme right position. A cannot be on extreme left.
A is always neighbour of E and C .
Q178. In a group of students, 30 % play only cricket, 20 % play only football and 10 % play
only basketball. 20 % of the students play both football and cricket, 15 % play both
basketball and cricket, 10 % play both football and basketball. 15 students play no
games, while 5 % of the students play all three games. What is the total number of
students?
(a) 300 (b) 250 (c) 350 (d) 400
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Total percentage of students, who likes games:
 10%  30%  20%  5%  5%  10%  15%  95%
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Hence the number of students who do not participate in the games  5% of the total
number of students 10% 10% 30% Cricket
Basketball
 Total number of students 5%
5% 15%
15 100 Football
 300 20%
5
Q179. When Ramesh was at the age of 8 years, he hammered a nail into a large tree to mark his
height. If the tree grows 2 cm/year, how much higher would the nail be after 5 years?
(a) 5cm higher (b) 0 cm higher (c) 10 cm higher (d) 8cm higher
Ans. (b)
Solution: Even if tree grows upwards, the position of nail will remain same after
5 years Nail Tree
Q180. Find the missing number
17 15 13 12 25 24 41 40
8 5 7 ?
(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 3 (d) 6

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The number system is based on following patterns:-
17 2  152  17  15 17  15   32  2  64  82
132  122  13  12 13  12   25  1  25  52
252  242   25  24  25  24   49  1  49  7 2
412  402   41  40  41  40   81 1  81  92
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Q181.
A
B won
lost
C
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120130140150
Number of seats
The bar chart above shows number of seats won by four political parties A, B, C and D .
Which party won the largest proportion of seats it contested?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The proportion of seats of party A , out of total number of seats contested by it
100

150
The proportion of seats of party B , out of total number of seats contested by it
56 8 120
 
70 10 150
The proportion of seats of party C , out of total number of seats contested by it
72 18 108
  
100 25 150
The proportion of seats of party D , out of total number of seats contested by it
20 1 75
  
40 2 150
B wins 120 seats if she will fight on 150 seats, hence, the largest proportion of seats
was won by B
Q182. The molar fraction of hydrochloric acid in an extremely dilute’ aqueous solution is
doubled. The pH of the resulting solution is
(a) approximately doubled (b) approximately halved
(c) increased (d) reduced
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Since PH is defined by the formula PH   log  H  
Hence the new PH , after doubling the molar fraction, becomes
 PH new   log  2 H     log 2  log  H  

we see that PH is reduced but it does not become half of its previous value.
Q183. Approximately how much blood flows per day through a normal human heart beating 70
times per minute, having a relaxed volume of 110 cc and compressed volume of 70 cc ?
(a) 7150 litres (b) 4000 litres (c) 28000 litres (d) 11100 litres
Ans. : (b)
Solution: In question, it is given during heart beating 70 times per minute,
Relaxed volume of blood  110 cc
And compressed volume of blood  70 cc
Since, during compression of heart, the left blood, flow  40 cc
So, during 70 times beating of heart i.e., in one minute, the quantity of blood flowing
 70  40 cc
Therefore, in 1 day  70  40  60  24  4032000 cc
Volume of blood flow  4000 litre
Q184. The number of three English letter words, having at least one consonant, but not having
two consecutive consonants, is
(a) 2205 (b) 3780 (c) 2730 (d) 3360
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Number of vowels  5
Number of consonant  21
Here, our condition is to take atleast one consonant, but not consecutive, so we are left
with two cases-
Case I: Only one consonant-
Number of ways 3  21 5  5  1575
 21 5  4  3  1260
Case II: Two consonant, but at alternate position,
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Number of ways  21 21 5  2205

Therefore, total number of ways  1575  2205  3780
Q185. Which one of the following graphs represents f  x   sin x cos x ?
1 0.5
(a) 0.5 (b)
0 0
0.5
1 0.5
0  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
1 0.5
(c) 0.5 (d)

0 0
0.5
1 0.5
0  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: This is the graph of sin 2 x
2
1 1 1 1
Now, 1  sin 2 x  1    sin 2 x    0.5  sin 2 x  0  5
2 2 2 2
Q186. There are two gas parcels of equal volume, A and B at the same temperature and
pressure. Parcel A is one mole of water vapour, while parcel B is one mole of dry air.
Which of the following is TRUE?
(a) Parcel A is heavier then Parcel B
(b) Parcel B is heavier than Parcel A
(c) Both parcels are equally heavy
(d) Without temperature and pressure data, their relative masses cannot be determined
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Water vapour content  H 2O
 Mass of one mole of water vapour  2 1  16  18
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Dry air content  79% of N 2  20% of oxygen  1% some other gases
 Mass of one mole of dry air  14  32  some quantity = 46 (nearly)

Since, mass of one mole of dry air is more than mass of one mole of water vapour,
therefore parcel B carrying dry air will be more heavier than parcel A
Q187. For which of the following numbers is its positive square root closest to the number
itself’?
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.99 (c) 0.89 (d) 0.10
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Take square root of respective options-
(1) For 0.33 , square root value  0.57
(4) For 0.10 , square root value 0.31
From above, we can see, the square root of  0.99 most closest to the number itself.
Q188. Find the next pattern in the following sequence:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The arrow of first part of the figure changed alternately. The point on rectangular part
follow the series of 1, 2, 2, 4 and changes its position alternately.
The square under triangle comes out and it will be covered by triangle
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Q189. DRQP is a small square of side a in the corner of a big square D R C

ABCD of side A. What is the ratio of the area of the quadrilateral P Q
PBRQ to that of the square ABCD , given A / a  3 ?
(a) 2 / 9 (b) 1/ 6
(c) 1/ 3 (d) 2 / 7 A B
Ans. : (a)
Solution: According to the question, let the side of D xR C
x x
AB  3 x  BC  CD  AD and the side of P x Q
DP  PQ  RQ  DR  x 3x 3x
2x
The area of the quadrilateral PBRQ  The area of square
A B
ABCD  Area of square PDRQ  Area of right angle triangle
ABP  Area of Right angle triangle BCR .
1 1
 3x  3x  x  x   3x  2 x   3x  2 x
2 2
 9 x 2  x 2  3x 2  3x 2  2 x 2
The area of the square  3x3x  9 x 2
Hence, the ratio of the area of the quadrilateral PBRQ to that of the square ABCD
2
 2 x2 : 9x2 
9
Q190. A 100 m long fence is to be made by fixing a wire mesh on steel poles. Each pole has a
1 m vertical portion and a 1 m portion tilted at 450 to the vertical. What will be the area
of wire mesh required?
(a) 200 m 2 (b) 241.4 m 2 (c) 400 m 2 (d) 170.7 m 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The area of the fence lying on tilted portion  100 1  100 m 2
The area of the fence lying on untilted portion  100 1  100 m 2
Hence total area of fence 100  100  200 m 2 1m
1m
100 m
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Q191. The average staff salary of a company is Rs. 8000 / - . A new guard and a new manager
are recruited with salaries of Rs. 5000 / - and 20000 / - , respectively. What is the current
staff strength if the new average salary is Rs. 4000 / - more than that of the guard?
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let the current staff strength be x . Then the total salary of the staff Rs. 8000 x .
After a new managers, the sum of the salary of the staff is new
 Rs.8000 x  Rs.5000  Rs.20000  Rs.8000 x  Rs.25000
The new average of the salary of the staff
Rs.8000 x  Rs.25000

x
According to the question
Rs.8000 x  Rs.25000
   Rs.5000  Rs.4000
x2
or, 8000 x  25000  9000 x  18000
or, 1000 x  7000
 x7
And hence, strength of current staff  7  2  9
Thus option (b) is correct.
Q192. A bird flies along the three sides of a field in the shape of an equilateral triangle at speeds
of 2, 4,8 km / hr , respectively. The average speed of the bird is
24 14 22
(a) km / hr (b) km / hr (c) km / hr (d) 4 km / hr
7 3 7
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the side of a field of in the shape of an equilateral triangle  x km
A
Total distance travelled by the bird   x  x  x  km  3 x km
 x x x 7x x km x km
Total time to cover 3x km by the bird      hour  hour
2 4 8 8
3x 24 B x km C
Hence, the average speed  km / hour  km / hour
7x / 8 7
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Q193. A buys n copies of a book at 20 % discount. B gets the same book at 30 % discount.
What is the minimum value of it for which B can buy one extra copy of the book,
spending the same amount as A ?
(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) This problem cannot be solved unless the marked price of the book is known.
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the price on n copies of book is Rs. x . After getting discount of 20% , then
4x
A pay Rs. for n copies of books. While B after getting discount of 30% , he will
5
7x
pays Rs. for n copies of books.
10
7x
B buys n books after paying Rs.
10
10n 4 x 4x
B buys  books after paying Rs. (The amount which A spent to buy n
7x 5 5
copies of books )
According to question
8n
 n  1 (The condition is given in the second part of the question)
7
n
or 1 or n  7
7
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NET JUNE-2018
Q194. When a farmer was asked as to how many animals he had, he replied that all but two
were cows, all but two were horses and all but two were pigs. How many animals did he
have?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
Ans. : (a)
Solution: When the farmer has just 3 animals, then all but two can be cows, all but two can be
horses and all but two can be pigs. In this case the farmer has 1 cow, 1 horse and 1 pig.
All other options violates the statement of the question.
Q195. Nine eleventh of the members of a parliamentary committee are men. Of the men, two-
thirds are from the Rajya Sabha. Further, 7 /11 of the total committee members are from
the Rajya Sabha. What fraction of the total number are women from the Lok Sabha?
(a) 1/11 (b) 6/11 (c) 2/11 (d) 3/11
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the total number of member in the committee be x .Then
9x
Number of men in the committee 
11
2x
and, number of women in the committee 
11
9x 2 6x
Number of men from Rajya Sabha   
11 3 11
9 x 6 x 3x
Number of men from Lok Sabha   
11 11 11
7x
From the question members are from Rajya Sabha. Hence the number of committee
11
7 x 4x 3x
members from Lok Shabha  x   . In the Lok Sabha since members are men,
11 11 11
4 x 3x x
hence   members are women. Hence the fraction of women from Lok Sabha
11 11 11
x /11 1
out of the total members of committee  
x 11
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Q196. A librarian is arranging a thirteen-volume encyclopedia on the shelf from left to right in
the following order of volume numbers: 8,11,5, 4,9,1, 7, 6,10,3,12, 2 . In this pattern,
where should the volume 13 be placed?
(a) Leftmost (b) Rightmost
(c) Between 10 and 3 (d) Between 9 and 1
Ans. : (c)
Q197. Pick the correct statement:
(a) The sky is blue because Sir C.V. Raman gave the correct explanation.
(b) Copernicus believed that the Sun, and not the Earth, was at the centre of the Solar
system.
(c) The sky appears blue when seen from the Moon..
(d) No solar eclipse is visible for an astronaut standing on the Moon.
Ans. : (b)
Solution: In Copernician model of the solar system the solar system was considered
Heleiocentric which means the Sun being at the centre of the solar system.
Q198. What is the last digit of  2017 
2017
?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9

Ans. : (c)
504
Solution: The last digit of 7 4 is 1 . Hence  2017  
4
.2017 has its last digit 1 7  7 . Thus the
 
last digit of  2017 

2017
is 7
Q199. What is the value of 1  3  5  7  ......  4033  7983  2017 ?
(a) 20170000 (b) 20172017 (c) 20171720 (d) 20172020

Ans. : (a)
Solution: The number of terms in 1  3  5  7  ...4033 is 2017 . Hence
1  3  5  7  ...4033  7983  2017
1  4033
  2017  7983  2017  2017  2017  7983  20170000
2
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Q200. Path of a ray of light between two mirrors is shown in the diagram. If the length of each
mirror is ‘ l ’, what is the total path length of the ray between the mirrors?
300
l
3 4 3
(a) l (b) l (c) l (d) 2l
4 3 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
A C E
300 x
B D
l
If we assume AB  x then it can be proved that BC , CD and DE have the same length x .
l l
From geometry 4 x sin 300  l  4 x   4x   2l
sin 30 1/ 2
Q201. In a group of 11 persons, each shakes hand with every other once and only once. What is
the total number of such handshakes?
(a) 110 (b) 121 (c) 55 (d) 66
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The total number handshakes is equal to the total number of combinations of 11
objects by taking 2 at a time. Thus total number of handshakes
11! 10 11
 11C2    55
2!9! 2
Q202. Suppose (i) “ A  B ” means “ A is the father of B ”, (ii) “ A  B ” means “ A is the husband
of B ”, (iii) “ A B ” means “ A is the wife of B ”, (iv) “ A  B ” means “ A is the sister of
B ”. Which of the following represents “ C is the father-in-law of the sister of D ”
(a) C  E  F  D (b) C  E F  D (c) C  E * F  D (d) C  E F  D
Ans. : (d)
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Solution:
Father
E F D
Husband Sister
Using the code given in the question we have shown the diagram. Here we see that “ C is
the father-in-law of sister of D .
Q203. In a 100 m race A beats B by 10 m . B beats C by 5 m . By how many meters does A
beat C ?
(a) 15.0 m (b) 5.5 m (c) 10.5 m (d) 14.5 m
Ans. : (d)
Solution: When A runs 100 m , B runs 90 m . When B runs 100 m , C runs 95 m .
85.5 4.5 10
100 m
95
When B runs 90 m, C runs  90  85.5
100
So in a 100 m race A will be ahead of C by 100  85.5  14.5 m
Q204. If all the angles of a triangle are prime numbers, which of the following could be one
such angle?
(a) 89o (b) 79o (c) 59o (d) 29o
Ans. : (a)
Solution: If one angle is 890 , the other two possible angles are 20 and 890 . No other angles are
possible.
If we take possible angle as 790 then the sum of other two angles must be 1010 . But we
can not find any two prime angles whose sum is 1010 .
Similarly, if we take the possible angle to be 590 then the sum of other two angles must
be 1210 . But we can not find any two prime angles whose sum is 1210 .
Finally, if we take the possible angle to be 290 , the sum of other two angles must be 1510 .
Again we cannot find any two prime angles whose sum is 1510 .
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Q205. A water tank that is 40% empty holds 40 L more water than when it is 40% full. How
much water does it hold when it is full?
(a) 100 L (b) 75 L (c) 120 L (d) 200 L
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The water tank is 40% empty means it is 60% full. From the questions
60% of total volume - 40% of total volume  40L
 100% of total volume  200 L
Q206. How much gold and copper (in g), respectively, are required to make a 120 g bar of 22
carat gold?
(a) 90 and 30 (b) 100 and 20
(c) 110 and 10 (d) 120 and 0
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In 22 carat gold, the ratio of the gold and copper is 22 : 2 , that is 11:1 . Hence in
11 1
120 g bar of 22 craft gold, the amount of gold is  120  110 g and 120  10 g is
12 12
the amount of copper.
Q207. Which of the following be the correct pattern in the empty square?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ans. : (c)
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Q208. Areas of the three rectangles inside the full rectangle are given in the diagram
8
12 4
What is the area of the full rectangle?
(a) 36 (b) 48 (c) 72 (d) 96
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Rectangle B has the same length as rectangle A but its area is twice. Hence width of
rectangle B is twice the width of A .
D B8
C 12 A4
From the figure we also see that width of D is twice the width of C . Hence area of
rectangle D is 2 12  24 . Thus the total area of all the rectangles is 24  12  8  4  48
Q209. The university needs to appoint a new Vice Chancellor which will be based on seniority.
Ms. West is less senior to Mr. North but more senior to Ms. East. Mr. South is senior to
Ms. West but junior to Mr. North. If the senior most declines the assignment, then who
will be the new vice Chancellor of the University?
(a) Mr. North (b) Ms. East (c) Ms. West (d) Mr. South
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Using the seniority statements we can draw the seniority diagram
East  West  South  North
If the senior most declines thee assignment then the next person in thee seniority list will
be Mr. south and will be the new vice chancellor.
Q210. The prices of diamonds having a particular colour and clarity are tabulated below:
Weight of diamond (in carats) Price of diamond (in rupees / carat)
0.25 1 lakh
0.5 2 lakh
1 4 lakh
2 8 lakh
How many 0.25 carat diamonds can be purchased for the price of a 2 carat diamond?
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: The price of a 2 craft diamond is 0.25 1 lakh  0.25lakh
Hence the number of 0.25 carat diamond that can be purchased for the price of a 2 carat
16 lakh
diamond   64
0.25lakh
Q211. In a sequence of 24 positive integers, the product of any two consecutive integer is 24 .
If the 17th member of the sequence is 6 , the 7th member is
(a) 24 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 17
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The only possible numbers of the sequence can be those integers which are divisors of
24 . Thus 1, 2,3, 4, 6,8,12 and 24 can be members of the series. From the question the
17th member will be 6 hence 16th and 18th member will be 4 . Using the same reasoning
we see that the sequence is
6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4
Hence, we conclude that the 7th member of the series is 6 .
Q212. Mohan lent Geeta as much money as she already had, she then spent Rs. 10 . Next day, he
again lent as much money as Geeta now had, and she spent Rs. 10 again. On the third
day, Mohan again lent as much money as Geeta now had, and she again spent Rs. 10 .If
Geeta was left with no money at the end of third day, how much money did she have
initially?
(a) Rs. 11.25 (b) Rs. 10 (c) Rs. 7.75 (d) Rs. 8.75
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let the amount with Geeta be x . When Mohan gives Geeta money for the first time
Geeta has 2x rupees and after expenditure she has 2 x  10 . When Mohan again lents
Geeta, she has 4 x  20 and after expenditure she has 4 x  30 .
On the third day the amount of money with Geeta is 2  4 x  30   10  8 x  70
From the question 8 x  70  0  x  8.75

Thus initially Geeta had rupees 8.75
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Q213. The distribution of marks of students in a class is given by the following chart:
100
90
No. of Students
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Marks
If 3.30 marks is the passing score in a 10 mark question paper, which of the following is
false?
(a) Majority of the students have scored above the pass mark
(b) mode of the distribution is 3
(c) Average marks of passing students is above 55%
(d) Average marks of students who have failed is below 20%
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From the diagram we see that 100 students have scored below the pass marks while
180 students have scored more than 3 marks, hence ,majority of students have scored
above pass marks.
There are 80 students who have scored 3 marks hence 3 is the mode of distribution.
30  4  5  6  7  8  9 
The average marks obtained by passing students   6.5
180
Hence average marks obtained by passing students is above 55% .
10  1  10  2  80  3
Average marks obtained by failed students   2.7
100
We see that average marks obtained by failed students is above 20% , hence (d) is
incorrect.
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NET DEC-2018
Q214. A rectangular photo frame of size 30 cm  40 cm has a photograph mounted at the centre
leaving a 5 cm border all around. The area of the border is
(a) 600 cm 2 (b) 350 cm 2 (c) 400 cm 2 (d) 700 cm 2

Ans. : (a)
A 40
B
Solution: ar   ABCD   40  30 E F
30
20 30
ar   EFGH   30  20
H G
ar  border   1200  600  600 cm 2 D C
Q215. At a birthday party, every child gets 2 chocolates, every mother gets 1 chocolate, while
no father gets a chocolate. In total 69 persons get 70 chocolates. If the number of children
is half of the number of mothers and fathers put together, then how many fathers are there?
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 69
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let numbers of child, mother and father be C , M and F respectively.
Given, C  M  F  69
2C  M  F
2C  M  70
Solving above we get
C  23 M  29 F  22
Q216. What is the value of 12  22  32  42  52  ....  17 2  182  192 ?
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 95 (d) 190
Ans. : (d)
Solution: S  12  22  32  42  52  62  ...  17 2  182  192
S  1  2 1  2    3  4    3  4    5  6  5  6   ...  17  18 17  18   19
9
  3  7  ...  35  192    3  35  192  190
2
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Q217. The curves of y  2 x 2 and y  4 x intersect each other at

(a) only one point (b) exactly two points
(c) more than two points (d) no point at all
Ans. : (b)
Solution: At the point of intersections
2 x2  4 x
or, x  2 x  4   0
or, x  0 , or x  2
so, two points of Intersections.
Q218. The diameters of the pinholes of two otherwise identical cameras A and B are 500  m
and 200  m , respectively. Then the image in camera A will be
(a) sharper than in B (b) darker than in B
(c) less sharp and brighter than in B (d) sharper and brighter than in B
Ans. : (c)
Solution: smaller the aperture diameter, greater the sharpness of an image.
Q219. If D  ABC BCA  CAB , where A, B and C are decimal digits, then D is divisible by
(a) 37 and 29 (b) 37 but not 29
(c) 29 but not 37 (d) neither 29 nor 37
Ans. : (b)
Solution: D  100 A  10 B  C   100 B  10C  A   100C  10 A  B 
 111A  111B  111C  111 A  B  C 
 37  3   A  B  C 
Q220. For the following set of observed values

60, 65, 65, 70, 70, 70, 70,82,85,90,95,95,100,160,160
which of the statements is true?
(a) mode < median < mean (b) mode < mean < median
(c) mean < median < mode (d) median < mode < mean
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given set of observed values is:
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60, 65, 65, 70, 70, 70, 70,82,85,90,95,95,100,160,160

Total observed values  15
Median  82 (21 8th position)
Mode  70 (observed values with highest frequency)
1337
Mean   89
15
Q221. A circular running track has six lanes, each 1 m wide. How far ahead (in meters) should
the runner in the outermost lane start from, so as to cover the same distance in one lap as
the runner in the innermost lane?
(a) 6  (b) 10  (c) 12  (d) 36 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let 1st track radius = r m
Then last track radius  r  5 m
So, required lead  2  r  5   2 r m  10
Q222. In an examination 100 questions of 1 mark each are given. After the examination, 20
questions are deleted from evaluation, leaving 80 questions with a total of 100 marks.
Student A had answered 4 of the deleted questions correctly and got 40 marks, whereas
student B had answered 10 of the deleted questions correctly and got 35 marks. In this
situation
(a) A and B were equally benefited (b) A and B lost equally
(c) B lost more than A (d) A lost more than B
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Out of 80 questions,
40
A ’s correct numbers of solutions   32
100
35
B ’s correct numbers of solution   28
100
Had 20 questions not been deleted,
A ’s total correct solutions  32  4
B ’s total correct solution  28  10  38
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Q223. A tourist drives 20 km towards east, turns right and drives 6 km , then drives 6 km
towards west. He then turns to his left and drives 4 km and finally turns right and drives
14 km . Where is he from his starting point?
(a) 6 km towards east (b) 20 km towards west
(c) 14 km towards north (d) 10 km towards south
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From figure, it is evident that he is 10 km towards south
20 km
S
6 km 6 km
4 km
F
14 km
Q224. If ‘SELDOON’ means ‘NOODLES’ then what does ‘SPUOS’ mean?
(a) SALAD (b) SOUPS (c) RASAM (d) ONION
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Interchanging first alphabet with last one, we get NOODLES from SELDOON.
Similarly,
S PU O S S OU P S
Q225. An ideal pendulum oscillates with angular amplitude of 300 from the vertical. If it is
observed at a random instant of time, its angular deviation from the vertical is most likely
to be
(a) 00 (b) 100 (c) 200 (d) 300
Ans. : (d)
Q226. In the context of tiling a plane surface, which of the following polygons is the odd one
out?
(a) Equilateral triangle (b) Square
(c) Regular pentagon (d) Regular hexagon
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: While tiling a plane surface, there must be n polygons all of item meeting at each
2
vertex point, this implies the interior angle of each of them must be , when n is a
n
positive integer
For n  5 (Pentagons)
2
We have interior angle  , which is not possible
5
For a regular polygon: Not possible.
For n  3 (hexagons)
This will need to have three regular hexagons meeting at each vertex: Possible
For n  4 (squares)
This has four squares meeting at each vertex: Possible
For n  6 (equilateral triangle)
2 
In this case polygons need to have angles  
6 3
So, this tiling will have six triangles meeting at each vertex.
Q227. Scatter plots for pairs of observations on the variables x and y in samples A and B are
y y
A B
x x
Which of the following is suggested by the plots?
(a) Correlation between x and y is stronger in A than in B
(b) Correlation between x and y is absent in B
(c) Correlation between x and y is weaker in A than in B
(d) y and x have a cause - effect relationship in A but not in B
Ans. : (a)
Solution: As there is positive correlation in sample A while little or no in sample B .
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Q228. Two solutions X and Y containing ingredients A, B and C in proportions a : b : c and

c : b : a , respectively, are mixed. For the resultant mixture to have A, B and C in equal
proportion, it is necessary that
ca ab a b ca
(a) b  (b) c  (c) c  (d) b 
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let x unit of X 2nd y units of Y are mixed together.
Then in resultant solution:
ax  cy
A (i)
abc
bx  by
B (ii)
abc
cx  ay
C (iii)
abc
If A, B and C are equal, then solving (i) and (iii), we get x  y
Also, as A  B  C , this implies
ax  cy bx  by

abc abc
ac
purity x   , we obtain, a  c  b  b or, b 
2
Q229. Find the missing figure in the following sequence.
     
?
  
 
(a) (b)
 
(c) (d)
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: It is obvious from the trend in figures that missing figure will have one ' ' and  .
So correct choice is (c).
Q230. In triangle ABC , AB  11, BC  61, AC  60 , and O is the mid-point of BC . Then AO
A
is
B C
O
(Not to scale)
(a) 18.5 (b) 24.0 (c) 30.5 (d) 36.0

Ans. : (c)

Solution: It is obvious the given triangle is a right triangle as 102  602  612 , with A  .
2
From the property of a right angled triangle: A
60
AO  OB  OC
If O is mid-point of hypotenuse. B C
O
61 61
So, AO   30.5
2
Q231. Areas of three parts of a rectangle are given in unit of cm2 . What is the total area of the
rectangle?
(a) 18
3 9
(b) 24
(c) 36 6
(d) 108
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From figure:
xy  3 (i) 3 9
l  x  y  9 (ii) 6
b  y  x  6 (iii)
 l  x  b  x   Area of missing portion

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Multiply (ii) by (iii)   l  x  b  x  xy  54
from (i), xy  3
so,  l  x  b  y   18 (Area of missing portion)
So, Total area  3  9  6  18  36

2nd method:
3 9

6 area of missing portion
9 6
or, area of missing portion   18
3
So, Total area  3  9  6  18  36
Q232. A student is free to choose only Chemistry, only Biology or both. If out of 32 students,
Chemistry has been chosen by 16 and Biology by 25, then how many students have
chosen Biology but not Chemistry?
(a) 9 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) 7
Ans. : (b)
Solution: n  C   16  number of chemistry students
n  B   25  number of biology students
n C  B   n C   u  a   n C  B 
or 32  16  25  n  C  B  C  16 B  25
or n  C  B   9 7 9 16
so, number of students with biology but not chemistry

 n  B   n  C  B   25  9  16
Q233. The lift (upward force due to air) generated by the wings and engines of an aircraft is
(a) positive (upwards) while landing and negative (downwards) while taking off.
(b) negative (downwards) while landing and positive (upwards) while taking off
(c) negative (downwards) while landing as well as while taking off
(d) positive (upwards) while landing as well as while taking off
Ans. : (d)
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PART-A (Solution)
GATE-2010
Q1. Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence:
His rather casual remarks on politics ___________ his lack of seriousness about the
subject.
(a) masked (b) belied (c) betrayed (d) suppressed
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Hence the word bleary has been used in the sense “ to reveal unintentionally”.
Q2. Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word below?
Circuitous
(a) cyclic (b) indirect (c) confusing (d) crooked
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Circuitous means “ round about ” or “indirect”.
Q3. Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence:
If we manage to ___________ our natural resources, we would leave a better planet
for our children.
(a) uphold (b) restrain (c) cherish (d) conserve
Ans. : (d)
Q4 25 persons are in a room. 15 of them play hockey, 17 of them play football and 10 of
them play both hockey and football. Then the number of persons playing neither hockey
nor football is:
(a) 2 (b) 17 (c) 13 (d) 3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Number of people playing either football or hockey.
N  HUF   N  H   N  F    H  F   15  17  10  22
Thus out of 25 persons the number of persons playing neither hockey nor
football  25  22  3
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Q5 The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of words.
Select the pair that best expresses the relation in the original pair:
Unemployed: Worker
(a) fallow: land (b) unaware: sleeper
(c) wit: jester (d) renovated : house
Ans. : (a)
Solution: A water who is not being used is unemployed. Similarly a land which is not being used
is fallow.
Q6. Modern warfare has changed from large scale clashes of armies to suppression of civilian
populations. Chemical agents that do their work silently appear to be suited to such
warfare; and regretfully, there exist people in military establishments who think that
chemical agents are useful tools for their cause.
Which of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above passage:
(a) Modern warfare has resulted in civil strife
(b) Chemical agents are useful in modern warfare
(c) Use of chemical agents in warfare would be undesirable
(d) People in military establishments like to use chemical agents in war.
Ans. : (d)
Solution: According to the passage the use of chemical agents in warfare would be undesirable.
Q7. 5 skilled workers can build a wall in 20 days, 8 semi-skilled workers can build a wall in
25 days; 10 unskilled workers can build a wall in 30 days. If a team has 2 skilled, 6 semi-
skilled and 5 unskilled workers, how long will it take to build the wall?
(a) 20 days (b) 18 days (c) 16 days (d) 15 days
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let S , S  and U denote the skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled worker. Then in order
to complete the work in 1 day.
5  20  100 skilled workers are required.
8  25  200 semi-skilled workers are required.
10  30  300 unskilled are workers required.
3
Thus, 100S  200S 1  300U  S  3U , S '  U
2
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Thus, there are skilled worker is equivalent to 3 unskilled worker and are semi-skilled
3
worker is equivalent to unskilled worker.
2
Hence, if n is the time required to build the wall then
 3 
 2  3  6  5   n  300
 2 
 20n  300  n  15 days.
GATE-2011
Q8 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence.
If you are trying to make a strong impression on your audience, you cannot do so by
being understated, tentative or __________
(a) hyperbolic (b) restrained (c) argumentative (d) indifferent
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The words ‘understated’ and ‘tentative’ indicate that you are not clearly expressing
your idea. Hence the next word should be restrained.
Q9. Choose the most appropriate word(s) from the options given below to complete the
following sentence.
I contemplated _________ Singapore for my vacation but decided against it.
(a) to visit (b) having to visit (c) visiting (d) for a visit
Ans. : (c)
Q10. If log  P   1/ 2  log  Q   1/ 3 log  R  , then which of the following options is TRUE?
(a) P 2  Q 3 R 2 (b) Q 2  PR (c) Q 2  R 3 P (d) R  P 2 Q 2

Ans. : (b)
1 1
Solution: log  P   log  Q   log  R   
2 3
Hence P  e , Q  e 2 , R  e3
We have Q 2  e 4 , PR  e  e3  e 4
Q 2  PR
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Q11. Which of the following options is the closest in the meaning to the word below:
Inexplicable
(a) Incomprehensible (b) Indelible (c) Inextricable (d) Infallible
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Inexplicable means ‘that cannot be explained’
Indelible means ‘that cannot be deleted or removed’
Inextricable means ‘that cannot be separated’.
Infallible means ‘unfailing’.
Hence the correct option is (a).
Q12. Choose the word from the options given below that is most nearly opposite in meaning to
the given word: “Amalgamate”
(a) merge (b) split (c) collect (d) separate
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Amalgamate means ‘ to mix things’ ‘ merge’ has the same meaning,
Q13. A transporter receives the same number of orders each day. Currently, he has some
pending orders (backlog) to be shipped. If he uses 7 trucks, then at the end of the 4th day
he can clear all the orders. Alternatively, if he uses only 3 trucks, then all the orders are
cleared at the end of the 10th day. What is the minimum number of trucks required so that
there will be no pending order at the end of the 5th day?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let x be the number of pending orders. Suppose a truck can clear k order per day. Let
m be the number of orders received per day. Then from the question,
7 k  4  4m  x  x  28k  4m
Also from the question (i)
3k 10  10m  x  30k  10m (ii)
From (i) and (ii), 28k  4m  30k  10m  2k  6m  k  3m
From equation (i) x  80m
In 5 days, 5 m more orders will be received. Thus a total of 80 m + 5 m = 85 m orders
85 m 17
will have to be cleared. Thus the minimum number of days  
3m5 3
(Since this is not an integer minimum no of days  6 )
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Q14. The variable cost (V) of manufacturing a product varies according to the equation V = 4q,
where q is the quantity produced. The fixed cost (F) of production of same product
reduces with q according to the equation F = 100/q. How many units should be produced
to minimize the total cost (V + F)?
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 6
Ans. : (a)
100
Solution: The total cost of production of product is T  V  F or T  4q 
q
In order to minimize the cost the derivative of T with respect to q should be zero.
dT 100
Implies  0  4  2  0  4q 2  100  0  q 2  25  0  q   5 .
dq q
Since negative value of q is not allowed, hence q  5units.
Q15. P, Q, R and S are four types of dangerous microbes recently found in a human habitat.
The area of each circle with its diameter printed in brackets represents the growth of a
single microbe surviving human immunity system within 24 hours of entering the body.
The danger to human beings varies proportionately with the toxicity, potency and growth
attributed to microbe shown in the figure below:
1000
Q50mm
(milligrams of microbe required to destroy
half of the body mass in kilograms)
800
600
Q40mm
Toxicity
400
R30mm S 20mm
200
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Potency
(Probability that microbe will overcome human immunity system
A pharmaceutical company is contemplating the development of a vaccine against the

most dangerous microbe. Which microbe should the company target in its first attempt?
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Since the danger to human being is proportional to toxity (t) potency (P) and growth
(g) . Hence d ptg
Using this information we see that product tpg is highest for microbe.
Q. Hence the company should the tangier microbe Q.
Q16. Few school curricula include a unit on how to deal with bereavement and grief, and
yet all students at some point in their lives suffer from losses through death and
parting.
Based on the above passage which topic would not be included in a unit on bereavement?
(a) how to write a letter of condolence
(b) what emotional stages are passed through in the healing process
(c) what the leading causes of death are
(d) how to give support to a grieving friend
Ans. : (a)
Solution: According to passage it is clear that the passage does not clear with how to write a
letter of condolence.
Q17. A container originally contains 10 litres of pure spirit. From this container 1 litre of spirit
is replaced with 1 litre of water. Subsequently, 1 litre of the mixture is again replaced
with 1 litre of water and this process is repeated one more time. How much spirit is now
left in the container?
(a) 7.58 litres (b) 7.84 litres (c) 7 litres (d) 7.29 litres
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The amount of spirit left in the container is given by amount
Where n is the number of times the proves is repeated. Thus final amount of spirit.
3
 1
10  1    7  29 liters.
 10 
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GATE-2012
Q18. Choose the grammatically INCORRECT sentence:
(a) They gave us the money back less the service charge of three hundred rupees.
(b) This country’s expenditure is not less than that of Bangladesh.
(c) The committee initially asked for a funding of fifty lakh rupees, but later settled for a
less sum.
(d) This country’s expenditure on educational reforms is very less.
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Hence the funding is being compared, hence we should use “lesser” instead of “less”
Q19. Which one of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word given below?
Mitigate
(a) Diminish (b) Divulge (c) Dedicate (d) Denote
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Mitigate means to reduce the effect of something. Hence option is (a).
Q20. Choose the most appropriate alternative from the options given below to complete the
following sentence:
Despite several _________ the mission succeeded in its attempt to resolve the conflict.
(a) attempts (b) setbacks (c) meeting (d) delegations
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Setback means ‘obstruction’.
Q21. The cost function for a product in a firm is given by 5q2, where q is the amount of
production .The firm can sell the product at a market price of Rs. 50 per unit. The number
of units to be produced by the firm such that the profit is maximized is:
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 25
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The cost of amount q is 5 q 2 the selling price of amount q  50q
Hence profit P is given by P  50q  5q 2
dp
For maximum value  0  50  10q  0  q  5.
dq
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Q22. Choose the most appropriate alternative from the options given below to complete the
following sentence:
Suresh’s dog is the one________ was hurt in the stampede.
(a) that (b) which (c) who (d) whom
Q.61 – Q.65 carry two marks each.
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We are picking ‘one of the dogs’. Hence the correct answer is ‘which’
Q23. Which of the following assertions are CORRECT?
P. Adding 7 to each entry in a list adds 7 to the mean of the list
Q. Adding 7 to each entry in a list adds 7 to the standard deviation of the list
R. Doubling each entry in a list doubles the mean of the list
S. Doubling each entry in a list leaves the standard deviation of the list unchanged
(a) P, Q (b) Q, R (c) P, R (d) R, S
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The mean of n entries is given by
x1  x2 .......xn
x
n
where x1  x2 .......xn are the values of entries. Adding 7 to each entry adds 7 to the mean.
 x1  7    x2  7   ..............  xn  7  x1  x2  .......xn 7 n
   x 7
n n n
Doubling each entry in the list double the mean as
2 x1  2 x2  .........  2 xn
 2x
x
The standard deviation  is defined by
 x1  x    x2  x  .........  xn  x 
2 2

n
When 7 is added to each entry the differences  x1  x  ,  x2  x  .......... xn  x  remains

unchanged.
From the definition, we can conclude that when each entry is doubled, then the standard
deviation becomes twice.
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Q24. A political party orders an arch for the entrance to the ground in which the annual
convention is being held. The profile of the arch follows the equation y  2 x  0.1x 2
where y is the height of the arch in meters. The maximum possible height of the arch is
(a) 8 meters (b) 10 meters (c) 12 meters (d) 14 meters
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Given y  2 x  0  1x 2 , where y is the height in meters. For maximum height attained by
the arch.
dy
 0  2  0  2 x  0  x  10m.
dx
when x  10m, y  2  10  0  1  10  or y  10m.

2
Q25. Wanted Temporary, Part-time persons for the post of Field Interviewer to conduct
personal interviews to collect and collate economic data. Requirements: High
School-pass, must be available for Day, Evening and Saturday work.
Transportation paid, expenses reimbursed.
Which one of the following is the best inference from the above advertisement?
(a) Gender-discriminatory
(b) Xenophobic
(c) Not designed to make the post attractive
(d) Not gender-discriminatory
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Nothing has been said in the advertisement about the benefit to the people. We expect
the advertisement should contain benefit to the people joining as field interviewer.
Q26. Given the sequence of terms, AD CG FK JP, the next term is
(a) OV (b) OW (c) PV (d) PW
Ans. : (a)
Solution: 2 3 4
AD C G F K J P
3 4 5
From the diagram, the next term would be OV.
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GATE-2013
Q27. A number is as much greater than 75 as it is smaller than 117. The number is:
(a) 91 (b) 93 (c) 89 (d) 96
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let x be the amount by which the number is greater than 75 and les than 117 .
 x  75  117  x  2 x  192  x  96
Q28. The professor ordered to the students to go out of the class.
I II III IV
Which of the above underlined parts of the sentence is grammatically incorrect?
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The verb order in a transitive verb. Hence it will directly take an object. Hence the use
of   0  is incorrect.
Q29. Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word given below:
Primeval
(a) Modern (b) Historic (c) Primitive (d) Antique
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The word closest in meaning to primeval is “primitive”.
Q30. Friendship, no matter how ___________it is, has its limitations.
(a) cordial (b) intimate (c) secret (d) pleasant
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Intimate means “ very close ”.
Q31. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the pair:
Medical: Health
(a) Science: Experiment (b) wealth: Peace
(c) Education: Knowledge (d) Money: Happiness
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Medical is related to improvement of health. Education is related to improvement of
knowledge.
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Q32. X and Y are two positive real numbers such that 2 X  Y  6 and X  2Y  8. for
which of the following values of  X , Y  the function f  X , Y   3 X  6Y will give
maximum value?
(a) 4 / 3,10 / 3 (b) 8 / 3, 20 / 3 (c) 8 / 3,10 / 3 (d) 4 / 3, 20 / 3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: This is linear programming problem. The maximum value can occur only of the corner
point of the feasible region. There are four corner points. We calculate the value of F
 X , Y  of each of these corner points. Y

( X ,Y ) F ( X ,Y )  0, 6   4 20 
 , 
   3 3  X  2Y  8

(0,0) (0)  0, 4  
(3,0)   X
(9)
(4,0)  0, 0   3, 0   8, 0 
(24)
 4 20  fearible
 ,  (44)
3 3  region
X  2Y  8
From the table, we conclave that the maximum value occurs of point  4 3 2013 .
Q33. If 4 X  7  5 then the value of 2 X   X is
(a) 2,1 / 3 (b) 1 / 2, 3 (c) 3 / 2, 9 (d) 2 / 3, 9

Ans. : (b)
Solution: 4 X  7  5  4 X  7  5
1
 4 X  12 or 4 X  2  X  3 or X 
2
When X  3 , then
2 X  X  2 3  3  3
1
When X 
2
1 1 1
2   
2 2 2
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Q34. Following table provides figures (in rupees) on annual expenditure of a firm for two
years-2010 and 2011.
Category 2010 2011
Raw material 5200 6240
Power & fuel 7000 9450
Salary &wages 9000 12600
Plant &machinery 20000 25000
Advertising 15000 19500
Research & Development 22000 26400
In 2011, which of the following two categories have registered increase by same
percentage?
(a) Raw material and Salary & wages
(b) Salary & wages and Advertising
(c) Power & fuel and Advertising
(d) Raw material and Research & Development
Ans. : (d)
Solution: When 2011 the percentage increase in annual expenditure is 20% for both Raw
material and Research and Development.
Q35. A firm is selling its product at Rs. 60 per unit. The total cost of production is Rs. 100 and
firm is earning total profit of Rs. 500. Later, the total cost increased by 30%. By what
percentage the price should be increased to maintained the same profit level.
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 30
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Let the number of units produced is x . Then according to question,
60 x  100  500 or x  10
Thus the firm is selling 10 units.
Suppose that.
In order to maintain the same profit level the company increases the price to Rs. Y per
unit.
Hence 10  Y  130  500
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Or Y  63 increase in price per unit = Rs. 3. Hence, the percentage increase in price
3
  100  5%
60
Q36. Abhishek is elder to Savar.
Savar is younger to Anshul.
Which of the given conclusions is logically valid and is inferred from the above
statements?
(a) Abhishek is elder to Anshul
(b) Anshul is elder to Abhishek
(c) Abhishek and Anshul are of the same age
(d) No conclusion follows
Ans. : (d)
Solution: According to first statement.
Abhishek > Savar
According to second statement.
Savar < Anshul
From those two statement we made conclave that ‘ Anshul may be elder than Savar than
Abhishek’ . Or Anshul may be the eldest’. Hence no conclusion can be drawn.
GATE - 2014
Q37. A student is required to demonstrate a high level of comprehension of the subject,
especially in the social sciences.
The word closest in meaning to comprehension is
(a) understanding (b) meaning (c) concentration (d) stability
Ans. : (a)
Q38. choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence.
One of his biggest _______was his ability to forgive
(a) vice (b) virtues (c) choices (d) strength
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Ability to forgive is definitely a virtue.
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Q39. Rajan was not happy that Sajan decided to do the project on his own on observing his
unhappiness. Sajan explained to Rajan that he preferred to work independently.
Which one of the statements below is logically valid and can be inferred from the above
sentences?
(a) Rajan has decided to work only in a group
(b) Rajan and Sajan were formed into a group against their wishes
(c) Sajan had decided to give in to Rajan’s request to work with him
(d) Rajan had believed that Sajan and he would be working together
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Since Rajan was not happy with rajan working alone. Hence if can be cancelled they
rajan had believed that rajan and he would work together.
Q40. If y  5 x 2  3 , then the tangent at x  0, y  3
(a) passes through x  0, y  0 (b) has a slope of +1
(c) is parallel to the x  axis (d) has a slope of -1
Ans. : (c)
dy
Solution: The slope of y  5 x 2  3 is  10 x
dx
dy
At x  0, y  3  10  0  0
dx  0,3
Thus the tangent of x  0, y  3 is in parallel to the x - axis

Q41. A foundry has a fixed daily cost of Rs 50,000 whenever it operates and a variable cost of
Rs 800 Q , where Q is the daily production in tonnes. What is the cost of production in Rs
per tonne for a daily production of 100 tonnes?
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The cost of production in Rs per tonn is
50,000+800×100
=Rs.1300
100
Q42. Find the odd one in the following group: ALRVX , EPVZB, ITZDF , OYEIK
(a) ALRVX (b) EPVZB (c) ITZDF (d) OYEIK
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: A L R V X
+11 +6 +4 +2
E P V Z B
+11 +6 +4 +2
I T Z D F
+11 +6 +4 +2
O Y E I K
+10 +6 +4 +2
The first three items of the group follow the same pattern but the last one does not follow
the same pattern, hence it is incorrect.
Q43. Anuj, Bhola, Chandan, Dilip, Eswar and Faisal live on different floors in a six-storeyed
building ( the ground floor is numbered 1, the floor above it 2, and so on). Anuj lives on
an even numbered floor, Bhola does not live on an odd numbered floor. Chandan does
not live on any of the floors below Faisal’s floor. Dilip does not live on floor number 2.
Eswar does not live on a floor immediately above or immediately below Bhola. Faisal
lives three floors above Dilip. Which of the following floor-person combinations is
correct?
Anuj Bhola Chandan Dilip Eswar Faisal
(a) 6 2 5 1 3 4
(b) 2 6 5 1 3 4
(c) 4 2 6 3 1 5
(d) 2 4 6 1 3 5
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Let us denote the statements by letters.
A : Anuj lives on an even numbered floor.
B : Bhola does not live on an odd numbered floor.
C : Chandan does not live on any floor below faisal’s floor.
D : Dilip does not live on floor number 2.
E : Eshwar does not live on a floor immediately above or immediately below Bhola.
F : Faisal’ s lives three floors above Dilip.
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From F, Dilip and Faisal can live on floors

1  4, 2  5,3  6
From D and C we see that 2  5and 3  6 are not possible. Hence only 1  4 remains.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dilip Anuj Eshwar Faisal Chandan Bhola
According to statements A and B only Anuj and Bhola are of floors 2 and 4. Using
statement C, Chandan lives on floor 5.
Using statement A,B and E we cancelled that Anuj lives on floor 2, Bhola on floor 6 and
Eshwar on floor 3.
Q44. The smallest angle of a triangle is equal to two third of the smallest angle of quadrilateral.
The ratio between the angles of the quadrilateral is 3:4:5:6. The largest angle of the
triangle is twice its smallest angle. What is the sum, in degrees, of the second largest
angle of the triangle and the largest angle of the quadrilateral?
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Given that ratio of angles of quadrilateral  3: 4 : 5 : 6 Hence angles of quadrilateral are
600 , 800 ,1000 ,1200 , respectively.
2 2
The smallest angle of triangle   smallest angle of quadrilateral   600  400
3 3
The largest angle of the triangle  2  smallest angle of triangle  2  400  800 hence the
second largest angle of the triangle  1800  400  800  600 the sum of the second largest
angle of the triangle and the largest angle of the quadrilateral  600  1200  1800
Q45. One percent of the people of country X are taller than 6 ft. two percent of the people of
country Y are taller than 6 ft. There are thrice as many people in country X as in country
Y . Taking both countries together, what is the percentage of people taller than 6ft?
(a) 3.0 (b) 2.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.25
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let the number of people in country X is 300 . Then from the question number of
people in country Y is 100 .
The number of people in country X above 6Ft  two percent of 100  02
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Taking both countries together, the percentage of people taller than 6Ft
3  2
  100  1  25
 300  100 
Q46. The monthly rainfall chart based on 50 years of rainfall in Agra is shown in the following
figure. Which of the following are true? ( k percentile is the value such that k percent of
the data fall below the value)
800
Average
700 5percentile
95percentile
600
Rainfall (mm)
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
(i) On average, it rains more in July than in December

(ii) Every year, the amount of rainfall in August is more than that in January
(iii) July rainfall can be estimated with better confidence than February rainfall
(iv) In August, there is at least 500 mm of rainfall
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. : (b)
Solution: If the average of variable X is greater than variable Y , Then we cannot conclave that
all values of X are greater than all values of Y . Hence we cannot conclave that the
amount of rainfall of angle is more than that in January. It is also clear from graph that
the rainfall in July is greater than that in December. From the percentage curve it is clear
that July rainfall can be estimated with better confidence than February rainfall.
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GATE 2015
Q47. Choose the appropriate word/phrase out of the four options given below, to complete the
following sentence:
Apparent lifelessness __________dormat life.
(a) harbours (b) leads to (c) supports (d) affects
Ans. : (b)
Q48. Fill in the blank with the correct idiom/phrase:
The boy from the town was a _____________in sleepy village
(a) dog out of herd (b) sheep from the heap
(c) fish out of water (d) bird from the flock
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If someone in a fish out of water, he / she is restless
Q49. Choose the statement where underlined word is used correctly.
(a) When the teacher eludes to different authors, he is being elusive
(b) When the thief keeps eluding the police he is being elusive
(c) Matters that are difficult to understand, identify or remember are allusive
(d) Mirages can be allusive but a better way to express them is illusory
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Since the thief keeps eluding (giving escape to) the police, being elusive.
Q50. Tanya is older than Eric. Cliff is older than Tanya. Eric is older than Cliff
If the first two statement are true, then the third statement is:
(a) True (b) False (c) Uncertain (d) Data insufficient
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to the first two statements the ages in ascending order are
Eric < Tanya < Cliff
Thus if the first two statements are true, then the third statements is false.
Q51. Five teams have to compete in a league, with every team playing every other team
exactly once, before going to the next round. How many matches will have to be held to
complete the league round of matches?
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 5
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: Since in the league round every team has to play with every other team, hence the
number of materials to be played is 5C  10 2
Q52. Select the appropriate option in place of underlined part of the sentence.
“Increased productivity necessary reflects greater efforts made by the employees”.
(a) Increase in productivity necessary (b) Increase productivity is necessary
(c) Increase in productivity necessarily (d) No improvement required
Ans. : (c)
Q53. Given below are two statement followed by two conclusions. Assuming these statements
to be true, decide which one logically follows.
Statements:
I. No manager is a leader
II. All leaders are executives
Conclusions:
I No manager is an executive.
II No executive is a manager.
(a) Only conclusion I follows (b) Only conclusion II follows
(c) Neither conclusion I nor II follows (d) Both conclusions I and II follow
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From the diagrams we see that ‘Some managers may be
executives’ and ‘ some executives may be managers’ leader
manager
Hence both options are false. executives
Q54. In the given figure angle Q is a right angle, R
PS : QS  3 :1, RT : QT  5 : 2 and PU : UR  1:1 . If area of

U T
triangle QTS is 20 cm 2 , then the area of triangle PQR in cm 2
is_________. P S Q
Ans. : 280cm 2
R
Solution: Given PS: QS = 3:1 Hence we can write PS = 3x ,QS = x .
Also, RT : QT = 5 : 2 . Hence we can write RT  5 y, QT  2 y 
U
1 T
The area of triangle QTS =  x  2 y  xy
2
P Q
S
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1
The area of triangle PQR   4 x  7 y  14 xy
2
But from the Question area of triangle QTS is 20cm 2 , Hence xy  20cm 2
 Area of  PQR 14  20  280cm 2
Q55. Right triangle PQR is to be constructed in the xy  plane so that the right angle is at
P and line PR is parallel to the x-axis. The x and y coordinates of P, Q and R are to be
integers that satisfy the inequalities:  4  x  5 and 6  y  16 . How many different
triangles could be constructed with these properties?
(a) 110 (b) 1,100 (c) 9,900 (d) 10, 000
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Given that PR is parallel to  x axis . The side PQ will be parallel to the y  axis. Then
the triangle furred will be as shown in the figure.
y
From the Question x can take 10 values and y can 11 values
and let  x0 , y0  be the coordinates of P, then the coordinates of  x 0 , y1 
Q
R will be as shown.
x1 can take all values other than x0 and y1 can take all values
P R
other than y0   x 0 , y0   x1 , y0 
x
We first pick  x0 , y0   This can be done in 10  11  110 ways.
Corresponding to each of these ways. y1 can be picked in 10 ways and x1 can be 

picked in 9 ways. Hence the number of triangles furred will be
110  10  9  9900
Q56. A coin is tossed thrice. Let X be the event that head occurs in each of the first two tosses.
Let Y be the event that a tail occurs on the third toss. Let Z be the event that two tails
occur in three tosses. Based on the above information, which one of the following
statements is TRUE?
(a) X and Y are not independent (b) Y and Z are dependent
(c) Y and Z are independent (d) X and Z are independent
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The sample space of the experiment consist of 2  2  2  8 elements.
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X= HHT,HHH , Y= HHT,HTT,THT,TTT and Z= TTH,HTT,THT

2 1 4 1 4 1
Px   , P  y    and P  Z   
8 4 8 2 8 2
1 2 1
P  X  Y  = ,P  X  Y  = = P  X  Z  =0
8 8 4
1 1 1
P  X   P  Y  = , = =P  X  Y 
4 2 8
Thus X and Y are independent.
1
P  Y  ×P  Z  = But P  Y  Z  =0  Thus Y and Z are not Independent. They are dependent.
4
1
P  X   P  Z   , P  X  Z   0  Thus X and Z are dependent.
8
GATE 2016
Q57. The volume of a sphere of diameter 1 unit is ________ than the volume of a cube of side
1 unit.
(a) least (b) less (c) lesser (d) low
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The correct use is “less than”.
Q58. The unruly crowd demanded that the accused be _____________ without trial.
(a) hanged (b) hanging (c) hankering (d) hung
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The verb used after ‘ be’ is its V 3 form.
Q59. Choose the statement(s) where the underlined word is used correctly:
(i) A prone is a dried plum.
(ii) He was lying prone on the floor.
(iii) People who eat a lot of fat are prone to heart disease.
(a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (iii) only (c) (i) and (ii) only (d) (ii) and (iii) only
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Prove has two meanings.
(I). Likely or liable to suffer from do or experience something unpleasant .
(II) Lying flat especially face downloads.
Q60. Fact: If it rains, then the field is wet.
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Read the following statements:

(i) It rains
(ii) The field is not wet
(iii) The field is wet
(iv) It did not rain
Which one of the options given below is NOT logically possible, based on the given fact?
(a) If (iii), then (iv). (b) If (i), then (iii).
(c) If (i), then (ii). (d) If (ii), then (iv).
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Option (c) implies that it rain the field is not way which is just opposite to the given
fact.
Q61. A window is made up of a square portion and an equilateral triangle portion above it. The
base of the triangular portion coincides with the upper side of the square. If the perimeter
of the window is 6 m , the area of the window in m 2 is ___________.
(a) 1.43 (b) 2.06 (c) 2.68 (d) 2.88
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The figure shows the window made with a square portion above if. The perimeter of
6
window  6m. Hence, each of triangle and square   1  2m. Hence area of window
5
3  3
1  2   1  2   1  44  1    2  06m
2 2
4  4 
Q62. Students taking an exam are divided into two groups, P and Q such that each group has
the same number of students. The performance of each of the students in a test was
evaluated out of 200 marks. It was observed that the mean of group P was 105 , while
that of group Q was 85 . The standard deviation of group P was 25 , while that of group
Q was 5 . Assuming that the marks were distributed on a normal distribution, which of
the following statements will have the highest probability of being TRUE?
(a) No student in group Q scored less marks than any student in group P .
(b) No student in group P scored less marks than any student in group Q .
(c) Most students of group Q scored marks in a narrower range than students in group P .
(d) The median of the marks of group P is 100 .
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: Since the two curves extend indefinitely on both sides so options (a) and
85 110
(b) are incorrect. For the normal distribution the mean, median and mode are the same.
Hence option (d) is incorrect. Since the standard deviation of statements in group Q is
less than that of group P, Hence option (c) is correct.
Q63. A smart city integrates all modes of transport, uses clean energy and promotes sustainable
use of resources. It also uses technology to ensure safety and security of the city,
something which critics argue, will lead to a surveillance state.
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the above paragraph?
(i) All smart cities encourage the formation of surveillance states.
(ii) Surveillance is an integral part of a smart city.
(iii) Sustainability and surveillance go hand in hand in a smart city.
(iv) There is a perception that smart cities promote surveillance.
(a) (i) and (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (iv) only (d) (i) only
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From the critics arguments it seems that there is a perception that smart cities promote
surveillance.
Q64. Find the missing sequence in the letter series.
B, FH, LNP, _ _ _ _.
(a) SUWY (b) TUVW (c) TVXZ (d) TWXZ
Ans. : (c)
Solution: 4 4
B F  2  H L  2  N   2  P
From the figure we can conclude that the missing sequence will be TVXZ .
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Q65. The binary operation  is defined as a  b  ab   a  b  , where a and b are any two real
numbers. The value of the identity element of this operation, defined as the number x
such that a  x  a , for any a is………...
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 10
Ans. : (a)
Solution: By definition a b  ab   a  b  .........(i )
By definition of identity element a x  a..............  ii 
from equations (i) and (ii) ax  a  x  a  x 1  a   0 
Since a is any real number, (1  a) will not be zero for all values of a . Hence x  0.
  sin  x   
Q66. Which of the following curves represents the function, y  ln  e   for x  2 ?
 
Here, x represents the abscissa and y represents the ordinate.
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
(a) 2   2 (b)  2
0 2  0
0.5 0.5
1 1
1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2
1 1
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
2  0  2 2  0  2
Ans. : (c)
3
Solution: When x   , y  n  0 , when x   , y  log e e  1
2
We see that only figure in option (c) satisfies all the three conditions
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GATE 2017
Q67. The ninth and the tenth of this month are Monday and Tuesday………..
(a) figuratively (b) retrospectively (c) respectively (d) rightfully
Ans.: (c)
Solution: When we are talking about two consecutive days or numbers or events the term
respectively is used.
Q68. It is…………. to read this year’s textbook…………. the last year’s.
(a) easier, than (b) most easy, than (c) easier, from (d) easiest, from
Ans.: (a)
Solution: In the sentence comparative degree of an objective “easy” will be used as the degree of
the comparison is two objects.
Q69. A rule states that in order to drink beer, one must be over 18 years old. In a bar, there are
4 people. P is 16 years old, Q is 25 years old, R is drinking milkshake and S is
drinking a beer. What must be checked to ensure that the rule is being followed?
(a) Only P ’s drink (b) Only P ’s drink and S ’s age
(c) Only S ’s age (d) Only P ’s drink, Q ’s drink and S ’s age
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to the question
P  16 , (below 18 year) (1)
Q  25  18 (Above 18 year) (2)
R  18 (Either above 18 or below 18 year) , he is drinking milk shake. (3)
S is drinking beer but his age is not known hence the age of S should be checked.
Since P is less than 16 years his drink must be checked.
Hence the correct option is (b)
Q70. Fatima starts from point P , goes North for 3km and then East for 4 km to reach point Q .
She then turns to face point P and goes 15 km in that direction. She then goes North for
6 km . How far is she from point P and in which direction should she go to reach point
P?
(a) 8 km , East (b) 12 km , North (c) 6 km , East (d) 10 km , North
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Ans.: (a)
W
Solution:
6 km
N
8 km
10 km
S 3 km N
P
5 km 4 km
Q
E
Q71. 500 students are taking one or more courses out of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.
Registration records indicate course enrolment as follows: Chemistry (329) , Physics
(186) , Mathematics (295) , Chemistry and Physics (83) , Chemistry and Mathematics
(217) and Physics and Mathematics (63) . How many students are taking all 3 subjects?
(a) 37 (b) 43 (c) 47 (d) 53
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Let the number of students who has taken the subjects chemistry, physics, and
mathematics are represented by n  C  , n  P  and n  M  , respectively.
According to the question,

n  C   329, n  P   186 and n  M   295, n  P  M   63, h  C  P   83, n  C  M   217
and let the number of students who has taken all the subjects are n  C  P  M   x . We
know that total number of students is 500 , which can be written as n  C  P  M  we
know that
n C  P  M   n C   n  M   n  P   n C  M 
n  C  P   n  P  M   n  C  P  M 
or, 500  329  186  295  83  217  63  x

or, 500  810  363  x or 500  447  x  x  500  447  53
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Q72. “If you are looking for a history of India, or for an account of the rise and fall of the
British Raj, or for the reason of the cleaving of the subcontinent into two mutually
antagonistic parts and the effects this mutilation will have in the respective sections, and
ultimately on Asia, you will not find it in these pages; for though I have spent a lifetime
in the country, I lived too near the seat of events and was too intimately associated with
the actors, to get the perspective needed for the impartial recording of these matters.”
Which of the following statements best reflects the author’s opinion?
(a) An intimate association does not allow for the necessary perspective
(b) Matters are recorded with an impartial perspective
(c) An intimate association offers an impartial perspective
(d) Actors are typically associated with the impartial recording of matters
Ans.: (c)
Solution: From the author’s opinion being intimately associated with the events gives the
perspective needed for the impartial recording of these matters.
Q73. Each of P, Q, R, S , W , X , Y and Z has been married at most once. X and Y are
married and have two children P and Q . Z is the grandfather of the daughter S of P .
Further, Z and W are married and are parents of R . Which one of the following must
necessarily be FALSE?
(a) X is the mother-in-law of R
(b) P and R are not married to each other
(c) P is a son of X and Y
(d) Q cannot be married to R
Ans.: (b) From the given information, Z   w  X Y
From the free diagram we see that if the
married persons are from the given
persons, then P must be married to R . R P Q
S  
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Q74. 1200 men and 500 women can build a bridge in 2 weeks. 900 men and 250 women
will take 3 weeks to build the same bridge. How many men will be needed to build the
bridge in one week?
(a) 3000 (b) 3300 (c) 3600 (d) 3900
Ans.: (c)
Solution: 1200 men and 500 women can build a bridge in 2 weeks. The requirement of men and
women to build the bridge in a one week 1200 men  500 women   2 . From the second
part of the question 900 men and 250 women will be required to make a bridge in three
weeks.
Then the requirement of men and women to build the bridge in a one week -
 900 men  250 women   3
Hence, 1200 men  500 women   2   900 men  250 women   3
or, 2700 men  2400 men  1000 women  750 women

or, 300 men  250 women  6 men  5 women
6
or, 1women  men
5
The requirement of men and women to build the bridge in a one week
1200 men  500 women   2
 6 
or, 1200 men   500 men   2
 5 
or, 2400 men  1200 men  3600 men
Q75. The number of 3 - digit numbers such that the digit 1 is never to the immediate right of 2
is
(a) 781 (b) 791 (c) 881 (d) 891
Ans.: (c)
Solution: First we calculate the number of numbers in which the
2 1
digit 1 is to the immediate right of 2 .
10 ways
Thus the total number of three digit numbers in which
2 1
number 1 is to the immediate right of 2 is
9 ways
11 10  9 1 1  19
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Since the total number of three digit numbers is 900 , hence the number of numbers in
which digit 1 is to the immediate right of 2 is
900  19  881
Q76. A contour line joins locations having the same height above the mean sea level. The
following is a contour plot of a geographical region. Contour lines are shown at 25 m
intervals in this plot.
R
425
550
450
575
Q P S
575
550
500
T 500
475
0 1 2 km
Which of the following is the steepest path leaving from P ?
(a) P to Q (b) P to R (c) P to S (d) P to T
Ans.: (b)
Solution: On the contour curve we see that the steepest decrease occurs if we move from P to R .
GATE-2018
Q77. – Q81. carry one mark each.
Q77. “When she fell down the _________, she received many _______ but little help”.
The words that best fill the blanks in the above sentence are
(a) stairs, stares (b) stairs, stairs (c) stares, stairs (d) stares, stares
Ans. : (a)
Solution: stairs means steps while stares means to look someone continuously.
Q78. “In spite of being warned repeatedly, he failed to correct his__________ behaviour”
The word that best fills the blank in the above sentence is
(a) rational (b) reasonable (c) errant (d) good
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The most suitable option is errant as errant means irregular.
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Q79. For 0  x  2 , sin x and cos x are both decreasing functions in the interval________
     3   3 
(a)  0,  (b)  ,   (c)   ,  (d)  , 2 
 2 2   2   2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Graph of sin x and cos x is shown in the figure below
sin x cos x
3 / 2  /2 x
0  /2  2 x 0 3 / 2 2 
From the graph we see that sin x and cos x are both decreasing function in the interval
 
 , 
2 
Q80. The area of an equivalent triangle is 3 . What is the perimeter of the triangle?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Ans. : (c)
3 2
Solution: Let the side of equilateral triangle  a , then the area  a
4
3 2
or a  3 or a 2  4 or a  2
4
Hence, the perimeter of the equilateral triangle  3a  3  2  6
Q81. Arrange the following three-dimensional objects in the descending order of their volumes:
(i) A cuboid with dimensions 10 cm, 8 cm and 6 cm
(ii) A cube of side 8cm
(iii) A cylinder with base radius 7 cm and height 7 cm
(iv) A sphere of radius 7 cm
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (b) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(c) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv) (d) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The value of cuboid  10cm  8cm  6cm  480cm3
The volume of cube  8cm  8cm  8cm  512cm3
22
The volume of cylinder   r 2 h   7  7  7cm3  1078cm3
7
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4 4 22
The value of sphere   r 3    7  7  7  1437.3cm3
3 3 7
Hence the descending orders of volume will be 1437.3cm3 , 1078cm3 ,512cm3 and
480cm3
Q82. – Q86. carry two marks each.
Q82. An automobile travels from city A to city B and returns to city A by the same route. The
speed of the vehicle during the onward and return journeys were constant at 60 km / h and
90 km / h , respectively. What is the average speed in km / h for the entire journey?
(a) 72 (b) 73 (c) 74 (d) 75
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let the distance between A and B is xkm. Then
Total distance 2 xkm 360
Average speed    2x  km / h  72km / h
Total time  x x  10 x
   hour
 60 90 
Q83. A set of 4 parallel lines intersect with another set of 5 parallel lines. How many
parallelograms are formed?
(a) 20 (b) 48 (c) 60 (d) 72
Ans. (c)
Solution: Any two lines in one direction and any two parallel line in the other direction can form
a parallelograms.
So, number of parallelogram formed
5! 4! 4  5 3 4
 5C2  4C2      10  6  60
2!3! 2!2! 2 2
Q84. To pass a test, a candidate needs to answer at least 2 out of 3 questions correctly. A total
of 6,30,000 candidates appeared for the test. Question A was correctly answered by
3,30,000 candidates. Question B was answered correctly by 2,50,000 candidates.
Question C was answered correctly by 2,60,000 candidates. Both questions A and B were
answered correctly by 1,00,000 candidates. Both questions B and C were answered
correctly by 90,000 candidates. Both questions were A and C were answered correctly by
80,000 candidates. If the number of students answering all questions correctly is the same
as the number answering none, how many candidates failed to clear the test?
(a) 30,000 (b) 2,70,000 (c) 3,90,000 (d) 4,20,000
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let n  0  denote the number of students answering none of the questions and n  3 be
the number of students answering all questions, then

n  A  B  C   n  0   n  A   n  B   n  C   n  A  B   n  B  C   n  A  C   n  3
6,30, 000  n  0   3,30, 000  2,50, 000  2, 60, 000  1, 00, 000  90, 000  80, 000  n  3
 6,30, 000  n  0   5, 70, 000  n  3 A

B
Since, n  0   n  3
Hence, 2n  0   60, 000  n  0   30, 000

1, 80, 000
70, 000
90, 000
Using this fact and the information given, one fill the 30, 000
50, 000
Venn-diagram. It is obvious that the number of failed 60, 000
students will be, the sum of number the students who only
1, 20, 000
passed in one subject and the number of student answering C
none of the question. Hence, the number of students failed
to clear the test  1,80, 000  1, 20, 000  90, 000  30, 000  4, 20, 000
1
Q85. If x 2  x  1  0 , what is the value of x 4  ?
x4
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
Ans. : (c)
1 1
Solution: Given that x 2  x  1  0  x 1  x   1  1  x   x   1 ,
x x
1 1
x2  2
 3  x4  4  9  2  7
x x
Annual sale of crackers in India
Q86. In a detailed study of annual crow births in

Annual crow births in India
India, it was found that there was relatively

no growth during the period 2002 to 2004
and a sudden spike from 2004 to 2005. In
another unrelated study, it was found that
the revenue from cracker sales in India
which remained fairly flat from 2002 to
2004, saw a sudden spike in 2005 before
2001 2003 2005 2007
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declining again in 2006. The solid line in the graph below refers to annual sale of
crackers and the dashed line refers to the annual crow births in India. Choose the most
appropriate inference from the above data.
(a) There is a strong correlation between crow birth and cracker sales
(b) Cracker usage increases crow birth rate
(c) If cracker sale declines, crow birth will decline
(d) Increased birth rate of crows will cause an increase in the sale of crackers
Ans.: (a)
Solution: The growth pattern of crows and the growth in annual sales of fire crackers in nearly
the same. The two graphs are almost parallel to each other. Hence there is strong
correlation between crow birth and crackers sales.
GATE-2019
Q87 – Q91. carry one mark each.
Q87. The fishermen, __________ the flood victims owed their lives, were rewarded by the
government.
(a) whom (b) to which (c) to whom (d) that
Ans. : (c)
Q88. Some students were not involved in the strike.
If the above statement is true, which of the following conclusions is/are logically
necessary?
1. Some who were involved in the strike were students
2. No student was involved in the strike
3. At least one student was involved in the strike
4. Some who were not involved in the strike were students
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 and 4
Ans. : (c)
Q89. The radius as well as the height of a circular cone increases by 10 %. The percentage
increase in its volume is __________.
(a) 17.1 (b) 21.0 (c) 33.1 (d) 72.8
Ans. : (c)
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Q90 Five numbers 10, 7, 5, 4 and 2 are to be arranged in a sequence from left to right
following the directions given below:
1. No two odd or even numbers are next to each other
2. The second number from the left is exactly half of the left-most number
3. The middle number is exactly twice the right-most number
Which of the second number from the right?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 10
Ans. : (c)
Q91. Until Iran came along, India had never been _________ in kabaddi.
(a) defeated (b) defeating (c) defeat (d) defeatist
Ans. : (a)
Q92 – Q96. carry two marks each.
Q92. Since the last one year, after a 125 basis point reduction in repo rate by the Reserve Bank
of India, banking institutions have been making a demand to reduce interest rates on
small saving schemes. Finally, the government announced yesterday a reduction in
interest rates on small saving schemes to bring them on par with fixed deposit interest
rates.
Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the given passage?
(a) Whenever the Reserve Bank of India reduces the repo rate, the interest rates on small
saving schemes are also reduced
(b) Interest rates on small saving schemes are always maintained on par with fixed
deposit interest rates
(c) The government sometimes takes into consideration the demands of banking
institutions before reducing the interest rates on small saving schemes
(d) A reduction in interest rates on small saving schemes follow only after a reduction in
repo rate by the Reserve Bank of India.
Ans. : (c)
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Q93. In a country of 1400 million population 70% own mobile phones. Among the mobile
phone owners, only 294 million access the Internet. Among these Internet users, only
half buy goods from e-commerce portals. What is the percentage of these buyers in the
country?
(a) 10.50 (b) 14.70 (c) 15.00 (d) 50.00
Ans. : (a)
Q94. The nomenclature of Hindustani music has changed over the centuries. Since the
medieval period dhrupad styles were identified as baanis. Terms like gayaki and baaj
were used to refer to vocal and instrumental styles, respectively. With the
institutionalization of music education the term gharana became acceptable. Gharana
originally referred to hereditary musicians from a particular lineage, including disciples
and grand disciples.
Which one of the following pairings is NOT correct?
(a) dhupad, baani (b) gayaki, vocal (c) baaj, institution (d) gharana, lineage
Ans. : (c)
Q95. Two trains started at 7 AM from the same point. The first train travelled north at a speed
of 80 km / h and the second train travelled south at a speed of 100 km / h . The time at
which they were 540 km apart is __________A.M
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 11.30
Ans. : (b)
Q96. “I read somewhere that in ancient times the prestige of a kingdom depended upon the
number of taxes that it was able to levy on its people. It was very much like the prestige
of a head-hunter in his won community.”
Based on the paragraph above, the prestige of a head-hunter depended upon
_____________
(a) the prestige of the kingdom (b) the prestige of the heads
(c) the number of taxes he could levy (d) the number of heads he could gather
Ans. : (d)
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Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamics

IIT-JAM 2005
5
Q1. The molar specific heat of a gas as given from the kinetic theory is R. If it is not
2
specified whether it is CP or CV , one could conclude that the molecules of the gas
(a) are definitely monatomic (b) are definitely rigid diatomic
(c) are definitely non-rigid diatomic (d) can be monatomic or rigid diatomic
Ans. : (d)
5R
Solution: If molecule is mono atomic, then C p 
2
5R
And if molecule is rigid diatomic then CV 
2
Q2. The value of entropy at absolute zero of temperature would be
(a) zero for all the materials
(b) finite for all the materials
(c) zero for some materials and non-zero for others
(d) unpredictable for any material
Ans. : (a)
Solution: If system will achieve absolute zero then it is perfectly ordered system then entropy
will be zero.
Q3. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
(a) Indistinguishable particles obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics
(b) All particles of an ideal Bose gas occupy a single energy state at T  0
(c) The integral spin particles obey Bose-Einstein statistics
(d) Protons obey Fermi-Dirac statistics
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Distinguishable particles obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.
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IIT-JAM 2006
Q4. A solid melts into a liquid via first order phase transition. The relationship between the
pressure P and the temperature T of the phase transition is P  2T  P0 , where P0 is a
constant. The entropy change associated with the phase transition is 1.0 J mole 1 K 1 . The
 dP 
Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the latent heat is L  T  v . Here v  vliquid  v solid
 dT 
is the change in molar volume at the phase transition. The correct statement relating the
values of the volumes is
(a) vliquid  v solid (b) vliquid  v solid  1
1
(c) vliquid  v solid  (d) v quid  v solid  2
2
Ans. : (c)
dP
Solution: Since P  2T  P0   2
dT
 dP  dL
It is given L  T  v  L  2T v   2v
 dT  dT
dQ mdL 1
Since dS  1.0 Jmole -1 K -1 , dS    1  1  2v  v  
T dT 2
IIT-JAM 2007
Q5. Experimental measurements of heat capacity per mole of Aluminum at low temperatures
show that the data can be fitted to the formula, CV  aT  bT 3 , where
a  0.00135 JK 2 mole 1 , b  2.48  105 JK 4 mole 1 and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

The entropy of a mole of Aluminum at such temperatures is given by the formula
b aT b 3
(a) aT  T 3  c, where c  0 is a constant (b)  T  c, where c  0 is a constant
3 2 4
b aT b 3
(c) aT  T 3 (d)  T
3 2 4
Ans. : (a)
cv dT aT  bT 3 b
Solution: ds   s dT  aT  T 3  c
T T 3
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IIT-JAM 2008
Q6. The chemical potential of an ideal Bose gas at any temperature is
(a) necessarily negative (b) either zero or negative
(c) necessarily positive (d) either zero or positive
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The chemical potential of an ideal Bose gas at any temperature is either zero or
negative.(zero in case of photon ).
Q7. A thermodynamic system is maintained at constant temperature and pressure. In
thermodynamic equilibrium, its
(a) Gibbs free energy is minimum (b) enthalpy is maximum
(c) Helmholtz free energy is minimum (d) internal energy is zero
Ans. : (a)
Solution: A thermodynamic system is maintained at constant temperature and pressure can be
defined by Gibbs energy dG   SdT  VdP  0 i.e. Gibbs free energy is minimum.
IIT-JAM 2009
Q8. A box containing 2 moles of a diatomic ideal gas at temperature T0 is connected to
another identical box containing 2 moles of a monatomic ideal gas at temperature 5T0 .
There are no thermal losses and the heat capacity of the boxes is negligible. Find the final
temperature of the mixture of gases (ignore the vibrational degrees of freedom for the
diatomic molecules).
(a) T0 (b) 1.5T0 (c) 2.5T0 (d) 3T0
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Internal energy of the system remains conserve i.e. U monoatomic  U diatomic  U mixture
U monotomic  n1CV1T1 , U diatomic  n2CV2 T2
5R 3R
Cv1  , Cv  , n1  n2  2 , T1  T0 , T2  5T0
2 2
2
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n1CV1  n2CV2
Let the common temperature of mixture is T and specific heat is CV  and
n1  n2
number of moles of mixture is n  n1  n2 , then
n1CV1 T1  n2CV2 T2  nCV T  T  2.5T0
1  V 
Q9. Isothermal compressibility kT of a substance is defined as kT    . Its value for
V  P T
n moles of an ideal gas will be
1 n 1 n
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
P P P P
Ans. : (c)
1  V  1
Solution: PV  nRT and kT     .
V  P T P
IIT-JAM 2010
Q10. A gas of molecules each having mass m is in thermal equilibrium at a temperature T .

Let vx , v y , vz be the Cartesian components of velocity, v , of a molecules. The mean value
of v x  v y   v z  is
2
(a) 1   2   2  (b) 1   2   2 
k BT k BT
m m
(c)  2   2  (d)  2   2 
k BT k BT
m m
Ans. : (a)
Solution:  vx   v y   vz   vx2   2 v y2   2 v y2  2 vx v y  2  vz vx  2  v y vz
2
 vx   v y   vz     vx2    2  v y2    2  v y2   2  vx  v y   2   vz  vx   2   v y  vz 
2
k BT
 vx2    v y2    vz2   and  vx    v y    vz   0
m

 vx   v y   v z    1   2   2  kmT
2
B
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Q11. A trapped air bubble of volume V0 is released from a depth h measured from the water
surface in a large water tank. The volume of the bubble grows to 2V0 as it reaches just
below the surface. The temperature of the water and the pressure above the surface of
water ( 105 N / m 2 ) remain constant throughout the process. If the density of water is
1000 kg / m3 and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m / s 2 , then the depth h is
(a) 1m (b) 10 m (c) 50 m (d) 100 m
Ans. : (b)
Solution: At depth h pressure P1  P0   gh and volume V1  V0
At surface pressure P2  P0 and volume V2  2V0
1 1  PV
Then, PV 2 2
P0V0 P 1 105
 P0   gh V0  P0 2V0  h   0   10 m
 gV0  g 10 103
P0  105 N / m 2 , g  10m / s 2 ,   1000kg / m3  h  10m
IIT-JAM 2011
Q12. Consider free expansion of one mole of an ideal gas in an adiabatic container from
volume V1 to V2 . The entropy change of the gas, calculated by considering a reversible
process between the original state V1 , T  to the final state V2 , T  , where T is the
temperature of the system is denoted by S1 . The corresponding change in the entropy of
the surrounding is S 2 . Which of the following combinations is correct?
(a) S1  R ln V1 / V2  , S 2   R ln V1 / V2 
(b) S1   R ln V1 / V2  , S 2  R ln V1 / V2 
(c) S1  R ln V2 / V1  , S 2  0
(d) S1   R ln V2 / V1  , S 2  0
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: Free expansion is irreversible process when gas expand V1 to V2 which can be
explained by choosing any path between two state (because entropy is state function). So
one can choose reversible isothermal process.
V2
So, S1  R ln . Hence it is free expansion so entropy of surrounding is S2  0 .
V1
Q13. A gas of molecular mass m is at temperature T . If the gas obeys Maxwell-Boltzmann
velocity distribution, the average speed of molecules is given by
k BT 2 k BT 2 k BT 8k B T
(a) (b) (c) (d)
m m m m
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The velocity distribution function
 mv 2
3/ 2
 m 
f v     4 v 2 dv, 0v
 2 kT  2kT
Now,
 3/ 2  mv 2
 m 
v   v   e 2 kT
, 4 v 2 dv
0  2 kT 
3/ 2   mv 2 3/ 2 2
 m   m  1  2kT 
 4  v e dv  4 
3
    2
2 kT
 2 kT  0  2 kT  2 m 
2
m  m  1  2kT  m  2kT  8kT
 4     1  2  
2 kT  2 kT  2  m  2 kT  m  m
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IIT-JAM 2012
Q14. For a liquid to vapour phase transition at Ttr , which of the following plots between
specific Gibbs free energy g and temperature T is correct?
g
(a) (b) g
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
T T
Ttr Ttr
(c) g (d) g
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
T T
Ttr Ttr
Ans. : (a)
Solution: dG  VdP  SdT 
Q15. A tiny dust particle of mass 1.4 1011 kg is floating in air at 300 K . Ignoring gravity, its
rms speed (in  m / s ) due to random collisions with air molecules will be closest to
(a) 0.3 (b) 3 (c) 30 (d) 300
Ans. : (c)
3kT 3  1.38  1023  300

Solution: vrms   11
 30  106 m / s
m 1.4  10
Q16. When the temperature of a blackbody is doubled, the maximum value of its spectral
energy density, with respect to that at initial temperature, would become
1
(a) times (b) 8 times (c) 16 times (d) 32 times
16
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Ans. : (c)
U1 T14 T4
Solution: U  T 4   4  U 2  U1 24  16U1
U 2 T2 T1
IIT-JAM 2013
Q17. A blackbody at temperature T emits radiation at a peak wavelength  . If the temperature
of the blackbody becomes 4T , the new peak wavelength is
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
256 64 16 4
Ans. : (d)
1maxT1 T 
Solution: From wein Law, 1maxT1  2maxT2  2max   
T2 4T 4
Q18. Let N MB , N BE , N FD denote the number of ways in which two particles can be distributed
in two energy states according to Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac
statistics respectively. Then N MB : N BE : N FD is
(a) 4 : 3 : 1 (b) 4 : 2 : 3 (c) 4 : 3 : 3 (d) 4 : 3 : 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: N  2, g  2, n  2
N n 2 2
For Maxwell, Boltzmann, W  g  2 4
n 2
n  g 1 2  2 1
For Boson, N  2, g  2, n  2 ; W  3
n g 1 2 2 1
g 2
For Fermion, N  2, g  2, n  2 ; W   1
g g n 21
Q19. Two thermally isolated identical systems have heat capacities which vary as
C v  T 3 (where   0 ). Initially one system is at 300 K and the other at 400 K . The
systems are then brought into thermal contact and the combined system is allowed to
reach thermal equilibrium. The final temperature of the combined system is………….
Ans. : 357 K  T  360 K
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Solution: There is not a unique value of temperature rather range of temperature

The maximum temperature when work done is zero so dQ1  dQ2  0
Tmax T4  300   400 

Tmax 4 4
m  T dT  m  T dT  0  2 max 
3 3
 0
300 400 4 4 4
 Tmax
4

 300 4   400 4  T  360 K
max
2
The minimum temperature of system, when process is reversible so change in entropy of
system is zero
 S1  S0  0
Tmin
m T 3 Tmin
dT  
m T 3
dT  0  Tmin
3

 300    400   T  357 K
2 2
 min
300 T 400 T 2
So 357 K  T  360 K
IIT-JAM 2014
Q20. In 1 - dimension, an ensemble of N classical particles has energy of the form
2
P 1
E  x  kx 2 . The average internal energy of the system at temperature T is
2m 2
3 1
(a) Nk B T (b) Nk B T (c) 3 Nk B T (d) Nk B T
2 2
Ans. : (d)
 Pn2 1 2 
Solution: Since, E    kx 
 2m 2 
1 1 kT kT
Now, E  Px2  k x 2    kT
2m 2 2 2
And for N - classical particle, E  NkT
Q21. A solid metallic cube of heat capacity S is at temperature 300 K . It is brought in contact
with a reservoir at 600 K . If the heat transfer takes place only between the reservoir and
the cube, the entropy change of the universe after reaching the thermal equilibrium is
(a) 0.69 S (b) 0.54 S (c) 0.27 S (d) 0.19 S
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: Heat taken by cube  S  600  300   300 S J
Q 300
entropy change of res    S  0.5 S
T 600
600
entropy change of cube  5ln  0.69 S
300
Suniv  0.5 S  0.69 S  0.19 S
Q22. A real gas has specific volume V at temperature T . Its coefficient of volume expansion
and isothermal compressibility are  and k T , respectively. Its molar specific heat at
constant pressure C p and molar specific heat at constant volume C v are related as
Tv
(a) C p  C v  R (b) C p  C v 
kT
Tv 2
(c) C p  C v  (d) C p  C v
kT
Ans. : (c)
Q23. At atmospheric pressure  10 5 Pa , aluminium melts at 550 K . As it melts, its density
decreases from 3 10 3 kg/m 3 to 2.9  10 3 kg/m 3 . Latent heat of fusion of aluminium is
24  103 J/kg . The melting point of aluminium at a pressure of 10 7 Pa is closest to

(a) 551.3 K (b) 552.6 K (c) 558.7 K (d) 547.4 K
Ans. : (a)
dp L fu 24000
Solution:  
dT T V  Vi 
f
 1 1 
T  
 2900 3000 
1
As V 

dp 2088  106 dT
  dp  2088 106
dT T T
or p  2088  106 ln T  C
At 105 Pa , T  550 K
 105  2088  106 ln 550  C
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 C  13.18  109
At 107 Pa , 107  2088  106 ln T  13.18  109
T  antilog  6.31
On solving, T  550.1 K
IIT-JAM 2015
Q24. A system consists of N number of particles, N  1 . Each particle can have only one of
the two energies E1 or E1     0  . If the system is in equilibrium at a temperature T ,
the average number of particles with energy E1 is
N N N
(a) (b)  / kT
(c)   / kT
(d) Ne  / kT
2 e 1 e 1
Ans. : (d)
 E2  E1   E1    E1  
Solution: N  Ne kT
 Ne kT
 N  Ne kT
Q25. A rigid and thermally isolated tank is divided into two compartments of equal volume V ,
separated by a thin membrane. One compartment contains one mole of an ideal gas A
and the other compartment contains one mole of a different ideal gas B . The two gases
are in thermal equilibrium at a temperature T . If the membrane ruptures, the two gases
mix. Assume that the gases are chemically inert. The change in the total entropy of the
gases on mixing is
3
(a) 0 (b) R ln 2 (c) R ln 2 (d) 2R ln 2
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For A , number of microstate after mixing is 2
For A , number of microstate before mixing is 1 A B
 S A  R ln 2  R ln1  R ln 2
Similarly, for B  S B  R ln 2  S  S A  S B  2 R ln 2
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Q26. A rigid triangular molecule consists of three non-collinear atoms joined by rigid rods.
The constant pressure molar specific heat C p  of an ideal gas consisting of such
molecules is
(a) 6 R (b) 5 R (c) 4 R (d) 3R
Ans. : (c)
6 RT  U 
Solution: D.O.F  6  U   CV     3R  CP  CV  R  4 R
2  T V
Q27. As shown in the P  V diagram AB and CD are two isotherms at temperatures T1 and
T2 , respectively T1  T2  . AC and BD are two reversible adiabats. In this Carnot cycle,
which of the following statements are true?
P A Q1
Q Q
(a) 1  2
T1 T2 B
T1
(b) The entropy of the source decreases
(c) The entropy of the system increases C
Q2 D T2
(d) Work done by the system W  Q1  Q2
V
Ans. : (a), (b) and (d)
Q28. In the thermodynamic cycle shown in the figure, one mole of a monatomic ideal gas is
taken through a cycle. AB is a reversible isothermal
Pressure
expansion at a temperature of 800 K in which the volume of

the gas is doubled. BC is an isobaric contraction to the A
P1
original volume in which the temperature is reduced to 300 K .
C B
P2
CA is a constant volume process in which the pressure and
temperature return to their initial values. The net amount of V 2V Volume
heat (in Joules) absorbed by the gas in one complete cycle is…………….
Ans. : 452
Solution: Process A  B is isothermal expansion
PA
TA  800 K , VA , PA and TB  800 K , VB  2VA , PB  , R  8.314 J / K
2
Process B  C is isobaric
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PA 5
PC  PB  , VC  VA , TC  300 K , n  1,  
2 2
C  A is Isochoric
V 
For process A  B , Q1  nRTA ln  B   4610 J
 VA 
n RT   
Q2  nCP T   R  300  800 = 10392 J
  1    1
R R
Q3  800  300   500  6235.5 J
  1   1
Total heat exchange is Q1  Q2  Q3  452
Q29. One gram of ice at 0 o C is melted and heated to water at 39 o C . Assume that the specific
heat remains constant over the entire process. The latent heat of fusion of ice is
80 Calories/gm. The entropy change in the process (in Calories per degree) is………….
Ans. : 0.39
ML 1 80 302 dT 302
Solution: S1   , S2  MC   S2  11ln
T 273 273 T 273
80 302
 S  S1  S 2  S   1.1ln  0.29  0.1  0.39
273 273
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IIT-JAM 2016
Q30. A spherical closed container with smooth inner wall contains a monoatomic ideal gas. If
the collisions between the wall and the atoms are elastic, then the Maxwell speed-
 dn 
distribution function  v  for the atoms is best represented by:
 dv 
(a) (b)
dnv dnv
dv dv
0 v 0 v
(c) (d)
dnv dnv
dv dv
0 v 0 v
Ans. : (c)
dn  mv 2 
Solution:  v 2 exp   
dv  2kT 
Q31. For an ideal gas, which one of the following T - S diagram is valid?
(a) T (b) T
Isochor Isobar
Isobar Isochor
S S
(c) T Isochor (d) T Isochor

Isobar Isobar
S S
Ans. : (a)
 S   S 
Solution: CV  T   , CP  T   , CP  CV from the slope of T - S diagram one can plot
 T V  T  P
isochoric and isobaric plot.
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Q32. If U , F , H and G represent internal energy, Helmholtz free energy, enthalpy and Gibbs
free energy respectively, then which one of the following is a correct thermodynamic
relation?
(a) dU  PdV  TdS (b) dH  VdP  TdS
(c) dF   PdV  SdT (d) dG  VdP  SdT
Ans. : (b)
Solution: H  U  PV  dH  dU  PdV  VdP  TdS  PdV  PdV  VdP  dH  VdP  TdS
Q33. One mole of an ideal gas with average molecular speed v0 is kept in a container of fixed
volume. If the temperature of the gas is increased such that the average speed gets
doubled, then
(a) the mean free path of the gas molecule will increase
(b) the mean free path of the gas molecule will not change
(c) the mean free path of the gas molecule will decrease
(d) the collision frequency of the gas molecule with wall of the container remains
unchanged.
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For fixed volume if temperature is increased then pressure is also increased by same
amount so mean free path will not change.
kT

2 d 2 P
Q34. The P  V diagram below shows three possible paths for an ideal
gas to reach the final state f from an initial state i . Which among i
P 3
the following statements  s  is (are) correct? 2
1 f
(a) The work done by the gas is maximum along path - 3 .
V
(b) Minimum change in the internal energy occurs along path - 2 .
(c) Maximum heat transfer is for path - 1
(d) Heat transfer is path independent
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: Work done is area under curve so it is maximum in path 3 Hence change in internal
energy is same in all path so heat exchange is also maximum in path 3
Q35. A cylinder contains 16 g of O2 . The work done when the gas is compressed to 75% of
the original volume at constant temperature of 270 C is………………. J .

[Universal gas constant R  8.31 J /  mole K  ]
16
n  0.5, T  300 K
32
Ans. : 358
.75V dV 75 1
Solution: W  PdV  nRT   nRT ln   8.31 300  ln 0.75  358 J
V V 100 2
Q36. An aluminum plate of mass 0.1 kg at 950 C is immersed in 0.5 litre of water at 200 C
kept inside an insulating container and is then removed. If the temperature of the water is
found to be 230 C , then the temperature of the aluminum plate is………… 0 C
(The specific heat of water and aluminum are 4200 J / kg  K and 900 J / kg  K
respectively, the density of water is 1000 kg / m3 ).

Ans. : 94.36
   
Solution:  M a Sa Ta f  Tai  M w Sw Tw f  Twi  0.1 4200 Taf  368   0.5  900  296  293
  
  2100 Taf  368  450  3  Taf  368   450
700
 0.64
 Taf  368  .64  367.36  367.36  273  94.36
Q37. If there is a 10% decrease in the atmospheric pressure at a hill compared to the pressure
at sea level, then the change in the boiling point of water is………………. 0 C
(Take latent heat of vaporisation of water as 2270 kJ / kg and the change in the specific
volume at the boiling point to be 1.2 m3 / kg )

Ans. : 2
dP 1 L V  V 0.1 1.01 105  373 1.2
Solution:   dT  dP  T  2 1   0.02  102  20 C
dT T V2  V1 L 2270  103
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IIT-JAM 2017
Q38. Consider a system of N particles obeying classical statistics, each of which can have an
energy 0 or E . The system is in thermal contact with a reservoir maintained at a
temperature T . Let k denote the Boltzmann constant. Which one of the following
statements regarding the total energy U and the heat capacity C of the system is correct?
NE NE e E / kT
(a) U  and C  k
1  e E / kT kT 1  e E / kT 2
NE E NE e E / kT
(b) U  and C  k
kT 1  e E / kT kT 1  e  E / kT 2
NE NE 2 e E / kT
(c) U  and C  k
1  e E / kT  kT  1  e E / kT 
2 2
NE NE 2 e E / kT
(d) U  and C  k
1  e E / kT  kT  1  e E / kT 
2 2
Ans. : (c), (d)
Solution: Since, E1  0, E2  E , For one particle,

 E   E   E 
E1  exp   1   E2  exp   2  E  exp   
U  kT   kT    kT   E
 E   E   E   E 
exp   1   exp   2  1  exp    1  exp  
 kT   kT   kT   kT 
NE  dU  NE 2 e E / kT
So for N Particle U  C     k
 E   dT V  kT  1  e E / kT 
2 2
1  exp  
 kT 
Q39. Consider two identical, finite, isolated systems of constant heat capacity C at
temperature T1 and T2 T1  T2  . An engine works between them until their temperatures
become equal. Taking into account that the work performed by the engine will be
maximum   Wmax  if the process is reversible (equivalently, the entropy change of the
entire system is zero), the value of Wmax is:
C T1  T2 
(a) C T1  T2     
2
(b) (c) C T1  T2  T1T2 (d) C T1  T2
2
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Ans. : (d)
 T f2 
Solution: For maximum, dS  C  ln   0  T f  T1T2
 T1T2 
 
   
dWmax  C T1  T f  C T2  T f  C T1  T2  2T f  
   
2
 C T1  T2  2 T2T1  C T1  T2
Q40. A white dwarf star has V and contains N electrons so that the density of electrons is
N
n . Taking the temperature of the star to be 0 K , the average energy per electron in
V
3 2
 3 2 n  , where m is the mass of the electron. The electronic
2/3
the star is  0 
10 m
pressure in the star is:
1 2
(a) n 0 (b) 2n 0 (c) n 0 (d) n 0
3 3
Ans. : (d)
3 2 3 2
   3N 2 
2/3 2/3 1
Solution: Since,  0  3 2
n  and U  N  0
10 m 10m V 2/3
d 3 2 2/3   2   2
P
dU
 N 0  N  3N  2      V 5/ 3   n 0
dV dV 10m  3  3
Q41. In the radiation emitted by a black body, the ratio of the spectral densities at frequencies
2 and  will vary with  as:
1 1
(a)  e h / kBT  1 (b)  e h / kBT  1 (c) eh / kBT  1 (d) eh / kBT  1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The ratio of spectral density at the frequencies 2 and 
1
2h h h
exp  1 exp 1 exp 1 1
kT kT kT 1
    eh / kBT  1
2h h h h
 1  exp    
1
exp  1 exp  1  exp  1
h kT  kT  kT   kT 
exp 1
kT
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Q42. An isolated box is divided into two equal compartments by a partition (see figure). One
compartment contains a van der Waals gas while the other compartment is empty. The
partition between the two compartments is now removed. After the gas has filled the
entire box and equilibrium has been achieved, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?
(a) Internal energy of the gas has not changed
(b) Internal energy of the gas has decreased
(c) Temperature of the gas has increased
(d) Temperature of the gas has decreased
Ans. : (a) and (d)
Solution: It is the example of free expansion, so Internal energy of the gas has not changed
a
dU  CV T  dV
V
a
For van der Waal gas, dU  CV dT  2 dV
V
For keeping internal energy constant, if dV increases then dT must decrease
Q43. Consider a Carnot engine operating between temperature of 600 K and 400 K . The
engine performs 1000 J of work per cycle. The heat (in Joules) extracted per cycle from
the high temperature reservoir is…………..
Ans. : 3000
T2 W 400 1000 1000 2
Solution:   1    1     Q1  3000 J
T1 Q1 600 Q1 Q1 6
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IIT-JAM 2018
Q44. Two boxes A and B contain an equal number of molecules of the same gas. If the
volumes are VA and VB and A and B denote respective mean free paths, then
A B A B
(a) A  B (b)  (c) 1/ 2
 (d) AVA  BVB
VA VB V A VB1/ 2
Ans. : (b)
kT 1 V N
Solution:        V , where n 
2 d P
2
2 d n
2
2 d N
2
V
A  KVA , B  KVB
A B

VA VB
Q45. Which one of the figures correctly represents the T  S diagram of a Carnot engine?
T T
(a) (b)
S S
T T
(c) (d)
Ans. : (b) S S
Solution:
P A T
B A B
D C C
D
V S
A  B Isothermal expansion
B  C Adiabatic expansion
C  D Isothermal compression
D  A Adiabatic compression
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 B
Q46. The equation of state for one mole of a non-ideal gas is given by PV  A 1   , where
 V
the coefficient A and B are temperature dependent. If the volume changes from V1 to V2
in an isothermal process, the work done by the gas is
1 1 V 
(a) AB    (b) AB ln  2 
 V1 V2   V1 
V  1 1  V V 
(c) A ln  2   AB    (d) A ln  2 1   B
 V1   V1 V2   V1 
Ans. : (c)
 B  A AB 
Solution: PV  A 1    P    2 
 V V V 
1 1
V2 2 V
A AB V
W  PdV   dV   2 dV  A ln 2  AB    
V1
V V1
V V1  V1 V2 
Q47. An ideal gas consists of three dimensional polyatomic molecules. The temperature is
such that only one vibrational mode is excited. If R denotes the gas constant, then the
specific heat at constant volume of one mole of the gas at this temperature is
7 9
(a) 3R (b) R (c) 4R (d) R
2 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For a polyatomic gas

CP   4  f  R
CV   3  f  R
As, f  1, CV  4 R
Q48. Consider an ensemble of thermodynamic systems each of which is characterized by the
same number of particles, pressure and temperature. The thermodynamic function
describing the ensemble is
(a) Enthalpy (b) Helmholtz free energy
(c) Gibbs free energy (d) Entropy
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: The variable
G  H  TS
dG  dH  TdS  SdT
 TdS  VdP  TdS  SdT
dG  VdP  SdT
Q49. Which of the following relations is (are) true for thermodynamic variables?
 P   V 
(a) TdS  CV dT  T   dV (b) TdS  CP dT  T   dP
 T V  T  P
(c) dF   SdT  PdV (d) dG   SdT  VdP
Ans. : (b), (d)
 S   S 
Solution: S  S T , V   dS    dT    dV
 T V  V T
 P 
TdS  CV dT  T   dV (a) is correct.
 T V
 S   S 
S  S T , P   dS    dT    dP
 T  p  P T
 S   S 
TdS  T   dT  T   dP
 T  P  P T
 V 
 C p dT  T   dP , (b) is correct.
 T  P
dF   SdT  PdV so (c) is incorrect
dG   SdT  PdV so (d) is correct
P
Q50. Consider a monoatomic ideal gas operating in a closed cycle as
P2
P
shown in the P  V diagram given below. The ratio 1 is _______. adiabatic
P2
P1
(Specific your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 0.16
V
5 V1 3V1
Solution: For monoatomic gas r 
3
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1 1  PV
r r
For adiabatic problems PV 2 2
P
5/ 3
P1  V1  
5 S1
   3 3
 0 16
P2  V1  3 
P2
V1 3V1
V
IIT-JAM 2019
Q51. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function  n     is
( k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature and  F is the Fermi energy)
1 1
(a) n       F
(b) n      F 
e k BT  1 e k BT  1
1 1
(c) n       F
(d) n      F 
e k BT  1 e k BT  1
Ans. : (c)
Q52. In a heat engine based on the Carnot cycle, heat is added to the working substance at
constant
(a) Entropy (b) Pressure
(c) Temperature (d) Volume
Ans. : (c)
Q53. Isothermal compressibility is given by
1  V  1  P  1  V  1  P 
(a)   (b)   (c)    (d)   
V  P T P  V T V  P T P  V T
Ans. : (c)
Q54. A red star having radius rR at a temperature TR and a white star having radius rw at a
temperature Tw , radiate the same total power. If these stars radiate as perfect black bodies,
then
(a) rR  rw and TR  Tw (b) rR  rw and TR  Tw
(c) rR  rw and TR  Tw (d) rR  rw and TR  Tw
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: E   AT 4  1    4 rW2 TW4    4  rR2  TR4 as rW  rR
2
r 
TW  TR   R  TW  TR
 rW 
Q55. During free expansion of an ideal gas under adiabatic condition, the internal energy of the
gas.
(a) Decreases (b) Initially decreases and then increases
(c) Increases (d) Remains constant
Ans. : (d)
Solution: As W  U  Q
Q  0  W  U
Work is done at the expense of internal energy.
Q56. In the given phase diagram for a pure substance regions I, II, III, IV, P
respectively represent Critical
Point
(a) Vapour, Gas, Solid, Liquid (b) Gas, Vapour, Liquid, solid III
IV
II I
(c) Gas, Liquid, Vapour, solid (d) Vapour, Gas, Liquid, Solid
T
Ans. : (b)
Solution: IV – Solid
III – Liquid
II – Vapour
I – Gas (superheated dry vapour)
Q57. A thermodynamic system is described by the P, V , T coordinates. Choose the valid
expression(s) for the system.
 P   V   P   P   V   P 
(a)        (b)      
 V T  T  P  T V  V T  T  P  T V
 V   T   V   V   T   V 
(c)        (d)      
 T  P  P V  P T  T  P  P V  P T
Ans. : (a), (c)
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Q58. Two gases having molecular diameters D1 and D2 and mean free paths 1 and 2 ,
respectively, are trapped separately in identical containers. If D2  2 D1 , then
1
 _______.
2
(Assume there is no change in other thermodynamic parameters)
Ans. : 4
2
1 x d 
Solution: x  2  1   2   4
d x2  d1 
Q59. A di-atomic gas undergoes adiabatic expansion against the piston of a cylinder. As a
result, the temperature of the gas drops from 1150 K to 400 K . The number of moles of
the gas required to obtain 2300 J of work from the expansion is ______. (The gas
constant R  8.314 J mol-1 K 1 .)

Ans. : 0.1475
7
Solution:  
5
nR T2  T1 
W
1V
 400  1150 
 2300  n  8.314   n  0.1475
1  1.4
1 1
 
2 d N / V
2
d2
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THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. Consider the transition of liquid water to steam as water boils at a temperature of 1000 C
under a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Which one of the following quantities does not change
discontinuously at the transition?
(a) The Gibbs free energy (b) The internal energy
(c) The entropy (d) The specific volume
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In first order transition Gibbs free energy is continuous.
Q2. A particle is confined to the region x  0 by a potential which increases linearly as
u x   u 0 x . The mean position of the particle at temperature T is
k BT k BT
(b) k B T  / u 0
2
(a) (c) (d) u 0 k B T
u0 u0
Ans. : (a)
p2 u x
1   0
Solution: Partition function Z   e 2 mkBT dp  e kBT dx and x   xp  x dxdpx
h
 0 x 2 
p2 u0 x   k BT 
 xe  te
k BT t
 
dx  u  dt
 xe dp  e
2 mk BT k BT
dx k BT
 x   0
 x  0 0



p2 u x
 0
  0  k BT  u0
e e
t
 e dt
k BT
2 mk BT
dp  e k BT
dx dx  u 
0 0 0
Q3. A cavity contains blackbody radiation in equilibrium at temperature T. The specific heat
per unit volume of the photon gas in the cavity is of the form CV  T 3 , where  is a
constant. The cavity is expanded to twice its original volume and then allowed to
equilibrate at the same temperature T. The new internal energy per unit volume is
T 4
(a) 4T 4
(b) 2T 4
(c) T 4
(d)
4
Ans. : (d)
T 4
Solution: du  C v dT   T 3dT  u 
4
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Q4. Consider a system of N non-interacting spins, each of which has classical magnetic
moment of magnitude  . The Hamiltonian of this system in an external magnetic field
 N
  
H is   i .H , where  i is the magnetic moment of the i th spin. The magnetization per
i 1
spin at temperature T is
 2H   H  k B T 
(a) (b)  coth    
k BT   k B T  H 
 H   H 
(c)  sinh  (d)  tanh 
 k BT   k BT 
Ans. : (b)
2 
 H cos 
   cos exp kT
sin  d d
Solution: For classical limit M  0 0
 H cos 
 exp kBT sin  d d
  H  k BT 
M   coth   
  k BT  H 
Q5. Consider an ideal Bose gas in three dimensions with the energy-momentum relation
  p s with s  0 . The range of s for which this system may undergo a Bose-Einstein
condensation at a non-zero temperature is
(a) 1  s  3 (b) 0  s  2 (c) 0  s  3 (d) 0  s  
Ans. : (a)
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
bS 3
Q6. The internal energy E of a system is given by E  , where b is a constant and other
VN
symbols have their usual meaning. The temperature of this system is equal to
2
bS 2 3bS 2 bS 3 S
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)  
VN VN V N N
Ans. : (b)
 E  3bS 2
Solution: TdS  dE  PdV  dE  TdS  PdV     T  T 
 S V VN
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Q7. Consider a Maxwellian distribution of the velocity of the molecules of an ideal gas. Let
Vmp and Vrms denote the most probable velocity and the root mean square velocity,
respectively. The magnitude of the ratio Vmp / Vrms is
(a) 1 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 2/3 (d) 3 / 2

Ans. : (c)
2kT 3kT V 2
Solution: For Maxwellian distribution Vmp  , Vrms   mb 
m m Vrms 3
Q8. If the number density of a free electron gas in three dimensions is increased eight times,
its Fermi temperature will
(a) increase by a factor of 4 (b) decrease by a factor of 4
(c) increase by a factor of 8 (d) decrease by a factor of 8
Ans. : (a)
2
 3N   2 3 N
Solution: Fermi energy E F    , where is number density and g is degeneracy
 4Vg  2m V
2 2
n n 
TF1 n1
EF  TF K  TF     TF  n  
3 2 3
3   1   4 since  8.
V  TF2  n2  n2
1
Q9. A system of N non-interacting spin - particles is placed in an external magnetic field H.
2
The behavior of the entropy of the system as a function of energy is given by
(a) S (b) S
E 
 BH BH  B H E  B H
S
(c) S (d)
 B H E BH  B H E
Ans. : (a)
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S  N  U  N  U  N  U  N  U 
Solution:  ln   ln   , where   H . S is symmetrical
Nk 2N  2  2 N  2N 
about E .
Q10. A gas of N non-interacting particles is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . Each
particle can be in any of the possible non-degenerate states of energy 0, 2 and 4 . The
average energy per particle of the gas, when   1 , is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 / 3 (d) 
Ans. : (a)
0  e  o  2 e2  4 e4
Solution: E1  0, E 2  2 , E 3  4 , Z  e 0   e 2   e 4   E 
e 0   e 2  e 4 1
2e 2   4e 4  2 1  2....  4 1   4  .... 2  4 6

 E      2
1  e  2   e  4  1  1  2....  1  4..... 111 3
where   1 .
Q11. A one-dimensional chain consists of a set of N rods each of length a . When stretched
by a load, each rod can align either parallel or perpendicular to the length of the chain.
The energy of a rod is  when perpendicular to it. When the chain is in thermal
equilibrium at temperature T , its average length is
(a) Na / 2 (b) Na 
(c) Na / 1  e 2 / k BT  
(d) Na 1  e 2 / k BT 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Let n1 no. of rods are parallel and n2 no. of rods are perpendicular.
Energy of rod when it is perpendicular  
Energy of rod when it is parallel is  .
e      e e  
P     and P   
e      e   e  e  e   e  
n1ae   n2 ae  Nae  Na
Average length  n1aP     n2 aP       
   

e e e e 1  e 2 
Since P    P  so n2  N , n1  0 .
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Q12. The excitations of a three-dimensional solid are bosonic in nature with their frequency 
and wave-number k are related by   k 2 in the large wavelength limit. If the chemical
potential is zero, the behavior of the specific heat of the system at low temperature is
proportional to
(a) T 1/ 2 (b) T (c) T 3 / 2 (d) T 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If dispersion relation is   k s ,
At low temperature specific heat  T 3/ s
Q13. Gas molecules of mass m are confined in a cylinder of radius R and height L
(with R  L ) kept vertically in the Earth’s gravitational field. The average energy of the
gas at low temperatures (such that mgL  k BT ) is given by
(a) Nk B T / 2 (b) 3Nk B T / 2 (c) 2 Nk B T (d) 5 Nk B T / 2

Ans. : (d)
1 H
h3 
Solution: Z  e dpx dp y dpz dxdydz
  px2   p 2y   p z2 L mgz

Z e e e dpz  dx dy  e
2 mk BT 2 mk BT 2 mk BT k BT
dpx dp y dz
   0
 
mgL 
 
3 3
mgz
 mk T  1  e B
k T
 mk T  2 L  2
Z   R2  B 2   e k BT
dz  Z   R 2  B 2   
 2   0  2    mg 
 k T 
 B 
ZN  Z N ,
 ln z 5 Nk BT
 E  k BT 2  , since mgL  k BT
T 2
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Q14. Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion

relation   Ak s , where  is the energy, k is the wave vector; s is an integer and A is
constant. The density of states, N    , is proportional to
s d d s
1 1 1 1
(a)  d
(b)  s
(c)  s
(d)  d
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We can solve this problem with intuition for example   Ak 2
1 3
1
Density of state in 3-dimensional N(ε)    
2 2
2
1
0 2
1 1
1
2 2
d
1
Density of state in d-dimensional, where   Ak  N     
s s
Q15. The number of ways in which N identical bosons can be distributed in two energy levels,
is
N  N  1 N  N  1
(a) N  1 (b) (c) (d) N
2 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Number of boson  N , Number of energy level  g
N  g 1
So number of ways to distribute N boson into g level is, W  cN  N  1 since
g  2.
Q16. The free energy of the gas of N particles in a volume V and at a temperature T is

F  Nk B T ln a0V k B T 
5/ 2

/ N , where a 0 is a constant and k B denotes the Boltzmann
constant. The internal energy of the gas is
3 5
(a) Nk B T (b) Nk B T
2 2

(c) Nk B T ln a 0V k B T 
5/ 2

/N 
3
2
Nk B T 
(d) Nk B T ln a0V / k BT 
5/ 2

Ans. : (b)
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
Solution: F  Nk B T ln a0V k B T 
5/ 2

/ N , F  U  TS , U  F  TS
 F   F   F 
dF   SdT  PdV      S or S     U  F T 
 T V  T V  T V
F  Nk B T ln C T  a 0Vk B5 / 2
5/ 2
where C 
N
 F   F 
   Nk B ln CT
5/ 2

 Nk B T 
C 5 3/ 2
T  T   Nk B T ln CT
5/ 2 5
 Nk B T  
 T V CT  T V
5/ 2
2 2
 F  5  F  5
T   F  Nk B T  U  F  T     Nk B T .
 T V 2  T V 2
Q17. A system has two normal modes of vibration, with frequencies 1 and  2  21 . What
is the probability that at temperature T , the system has an energy less than 41 ?
[In the following x  e   1 and Z is the partition function of the system.]
(a) x 3 / 2 x  2 x 2  / Z (b) x 3 / 2 1  x  x 2  / Z
(c) x 3 / 2 1  2 x 2  / Z (d) x 3 / 2 1  x  2 x 2  / Z
Ans. : (d)
Solution: There is two normal mode so there is two degree of freedom.
 1  1
Energy of harmonic oscillator is E   n1  1   n2   2 .
 2  2
 1  1
E   n1  1   n2   21 where n1  0,1,2,3.... and n 2  0,1,2,3....
 2  2
31 51
Ground state energy E  , first excited state energy E  . Second excited state
2 2
71
energy E  which is doubly degenerate state so g  2 , other state have more
2
energy than 41 .
3  1 5  1 7  1
PE  41  
e

2
e

2
 2e

2

x
3
2
1  x  2 x 
2
where x  e   1 .
Z Z
Q18. Bose condensation occurs in liquid He 4 kept at ambient pressure at 2.17 K . At which
temperature will Bose condensation occur in He 4 in gaseous state, the density of which
is 1000 times smaller than that of liquid He 4 ? (Assume that it is a perfect Bose gas.)
(a) 2.17 mK (b) 21.7 mK (c) 21.7  K (d) 2.17  K
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Ans. : (b)
2
 N 3
Solution: For bosons T   
V 
Q19. Consider black body radiation contained in a cavity whose walls are at temperature T .
The radiation is in equilibrium with the walls of the cavity. If the temperature of the walls
is increased to 2T and the radiation is allowed to come to equilibrium at the new
temperature, the entropy of the radiation increases by a factor of
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
Ans. : (c)
 8 5 k B4T 4  F   32 5 k B4  3
Solution: For Black Body, energy is given by F  V , S       VT .
45 2C 3  T V  45 C 
3 3
 S  T 3 , If temperate increase from T to 2T then entropy will incase S to 8S .
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q20. The entropy of a system,  S  , is related to the accessible phase space volume  by
S  k B ln E , N , V  where E , N and V are the energy, number of particles and volume
respectively. From this one can conclude that 
(a) does not change during evolution to equilibrium
(b) oscillates during evolution to equilibrium
(c) is a maximum at equilibrium
(d) is a minimum at equilibrium
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Entropy is maximum at equilibrium.
Q21. Let W be the work done in a quasistatic reversible thermodynamic process. Which of
the following statements about W is correct?
(a) W is a perfect differential if the process is isothermal
(b) W is a perfect differential if the process is adiabatic
(c) W is always a perfect differential
(d) W cannot be a perfect differential
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Work done is perfect differential in adiabatic process.
Q22. The free energy difference between the superconducting and the normal states of a

material is given by F  f S  f N      where  is an order parameter and
2 4
2
 and  are constants s.t.   0 in Normal and   0 in the super conducting state,
while   0 always, minimum value of F is
2 2 3 2 5 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
 F 4
Solution: F        2   
2 4 3
2  2

2   2   0   
3 2

 2
 2 2
Putting the value, F     2  F 
 2  min
2
Q23. A given quantity of gas is taken from the state A  C reversibly, by two P
A
paths, A  C directly and A  B  C as shown in the figure.
During the process A  C the work done by the gas is 100 J and the heat
absorbed is 150 J . If during the process A  B  C the work done by the B C
gas is 30 J , the heat absorbed is V
(a) 20 J (b) 80 J (c) 220 J (d) 280 J
Ans. : (b)
Solution: During path AC , dU  dQ  dW  150  100  50 J
Since, internal energy is point function, so dU will same in all path
In path ABC , dQ  dU  dW  50  30  80 J .
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Q24. Consider a one-dimensional Ising model with N spins, at very low temperatures when
almost all spins are aligned parallel to each other. There will be a few spin flips with each
flip costing an energy 2 J . In a configuration with r spin flips, the energy of the system
is E   NJ  2rJ and the number of configuration is N C r ; r varies from 0 to N . The
partition function is
N N N
 J   J   J 
(a)   (b) e  NJ / k BT
(c)  sinh  (d)  cosh 
 k BT   k B T   k B T 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Let us consider only three energy levels, E r  2 J  2rJ i.e. E 0  2 J , E1  0 and
E2  2J .
Q2 
Ce
2
0
  E0
 2C1e  E1  2C 2 e  E2   e  2J
 2e 0  e  2 J  

e J  e J  2

4 4
2
Cr
r 0
2
 e J  e J 
Q2     cosh  J 2  cosh  J 2  Q N  cosh  J  N .
 2 
Q25. Consider a system of three spins S1, S2 and S3 each of which can take values +1 and -1.
The energy of the system is given by E   J S1 S 2  S 2 S 3  S 3 S1  where J is a positive
constant. The minimum energy and the corresponding number of spin configuration are,
respectively,
(a) J and 1 (b) 3 J and 1 (c) 3 J and 2 (d) 6 J and 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If we take S1  S2  S3  1 i.e.   
S1 S2 S3
Then energy, E   J 1  1  1  1  1  1  3J
Again S1  S2  S3  1 , then   
Energy  E   3J
So, minimum energy is  3J  and there are two spin configuration.
If we take   
S1 S2 S3
Then we get Maximum energy E  J .

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Q26. Ten grams of ice at 00 C is added to a beaker containing 30 grams of water at 250 C .
What is the final temperature of the system when it comes to thermal equilibrium? (The
specific heat of water is 1 cal / gm / 0 C and latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal / gm )
(a) 00 C (b) 7.50 C (c) 12.50 C (d) 1.250 C

Ans. : (a)
Solution: The amount of heat required to melt the ice of mass 10 gm at 00 C is
Q  m  L  10  80  800Cal , where L is the latent heat of melting of ice and m is the
mass of the ice. The amount of heat available in water of mass 30 gm at 250 C is
Q  m  Cv  T  30 1 25  750Cal
Since the heat available is less than the heat required to melt the ice therefore ice will not
melt as a result the temperature of the system will be at 00 C only.
Q27. A vessel has two compartments of volume V1 and V2 , containing an ideal gas at pressures
p1 and p 2 , and temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. If the wall separating the
compartments is removed, the resulting equilibrium temperature will be
p1T1  p 2T2 V1T1  V2T2 p1V1  p 2V2
(d) T1T2 
1/ 2
(a) (b) (c)
p1  p 2 V1  V2  p1V1 / T1    p 2V2 / T2 
Ans. : (c)
p1V1 p2V2
Solution: V  V1  V2 , n  n1  n2   , U1  U 2  U , n1CvT1  n2CvT2  nCvT ,
T1 T2
p1V1  p2V2
n1T1  n2T2  nT  T 
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
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Q28. For temperature T1  T2 , the qualitative temperature dependence of the probability

distribution F v  of the speed v of a molecule in three dimensions is correctly
represented by the following figure:
T2
T1
F(v)
F(v)
(a) T1 (b)
T2
v v
T1
T2 T1
F(v)
F(v)
(c) (d)
T2
Ans. : (a)
v v
Solution: Area under the F  v  is conserve and the mean velocity shift towards right for higher
temperature.
Q29. A system of non-interacting spin- 1/ 2 charged particles are placed in an external magnetic
field. At low temperature T , the leading behavior of the excess energy above the ground
state energy, depends on T as: ( c is a constant)
(a) cT (b) cT 3 (c) e  c / T (d) c (is independent of T )
Ans. : (c)
 kTB H  H
 B 
 H  e  e kT 
Solution: U    B H tanh B    B H   B H BH 
kT  e kT  e  kT 
 
Excess energy from the ground level
 kTB H  H
 B    B H  H
 B    H
 B 
e  e   (  H )   H 1   e  e    H  e
   B H  B H 
kT kT kT kT
2
  BH  B B   B  H  H  B  B H B H 
 e kT  e kT  
  e kT
e
 B
kT   e kT  e kT 
    
C
At low temperature, the lower value, U  e T
, where C   B H .
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Q30. Consider a system of two Ising spins S1 and S 2 taking values  1 with interaction energy
given by    JS1 S 2 , when it is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . For large T , the
average energy of the system varies as C / k B T , with C given by
(a)  2 J 2 (b)  J 2 (c) J 2 (d) 4 J

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The interaction energy is given by E   J S1 S 2 where S1 and S 2 taking values  1 .
Possible values of the Energy of the system are
E1   J 11   J , E 2   J  1 1   J
E3   J 1  1   J , E 4   J  1  1   J
E
 r  J  J 
E g e r r
kT
2 Je
J
kT
 2 Je

J
kT
 kTJ
 e  e kT

J
 1  kT
  J 
 1 
 kT  

U  r
  J
E J J  J J   J   J 
 r 
 e kT  e  kT 
 gr e
r
kT
2e kT
 2e kT
  1 
 kT
 1 


 kT 
J2 J
 U   C   J 2 (For large T ,  1 )
kT kT
Q31. Consider two different systems each with three identical non-interacting particles. Both
have single particle states with energies  0 ,3 0 and 5 0 ,  0  0 . One system is populated
1
by spin  fermions and the other by bosons. What is the value of E F  E B where E F
2
and EB are the ground state energies of the fermionic and bosonic systems respectively?
(a) 6 0 (b) 2 0 (c) 4 0 (d)  0

Ans. : (b)
Solution: Energy of Fermion = 2 1 0  3 0  5 0
Energy of boson = 3 1 0  3 0
E F  E B = 5 0  3 0  2 0
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1
Q32. Three identical spin- fermions are to be distributed in two non-degenerate distinct
2
energy levels. The number of ways this can be done is
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Total number of degeneracy
g  (Number of energy state (n))  (Number of degeneracy due to spin ( 2 s  1 ))
1 1
n  2, s  , g  2  (2.  1)  4
2 2
Number of particle, N  3 . So number of ways, g cN  4 c3  4
Q33. Consider the melting transition of ice into water at constant pressure. Which of the
following thermodynamic quantities does not exhibit a discontinuous change across the
phase transition?
(a) Internal energy (b) Helmholtz free energy (c) Gibbs free energy (d) Entropy
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Ice to water: 1st order phase transition.
So Gibbs free energy is continuous, so it doesn’t exhibit discontinuous change.
Q34. Two different thermodynamic systems are described by the following equations of state:
1 3RN 1 1 5RN 2 
1  1 and 2    2  where T
1, 2 
, N 1, 2  and U 1, 2  are respectively, the
T 2U T 2U
temperatures, the mole numbers and the internal energies of the two systems, and R is
the gas constant. Let U tot denote the total energy when these two systems are put in
U 1
contact and attain thermal equilibrium. The ratio is
U tot
5 N 2  3N 1 N 1 N 2 
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 1
3N 1  5 N 2  3N 1  5 N 2  N  N 2  N  N 2 
Ans. : (b)
1 3RN 1 1 5RN 2 
Solution:  and 
T 1 2U 1 T 2  2U 2 
3 5
Now U tot  U (1)  U  2  RN 1T 1  RN  2T  2
2 2
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1
3RN 1T 1 
U 1 2  3 N 1T 1
  
U tot 1 3N 1T 1  5 RN  2T  2  3N 1T 1  5 N  2T  2
2 
3N 1
At thermal equilibrium T 1  T  2 , thus
3N 1  5 N 2 
Q35. The speed v of the molecules of mass m of an ideal gas obeys Maxwell’s velocity
distribution law at an equilibrium temperature T . Let  vx , v y , vz  denote the components
 
2
of the velocity and k B the Boltzmann constant. The average value of  vx   v y , where
 and  are constants, is


(a)  2   2 k B T / m   
(b)  2   2 k B T / m
(c)     k B T / m (d)     k B T / m
2 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Ideal gas obeys Maxwell velocity distribution law at equilibrium temperature. Then
 
2
average value of  vx   v y
 v 
2
Now x  v y   2 v x2   2 v y2  2  v x v y
k BT
v x  0, v y  0 and vx2   v y2  vz2
m
 v 
2
Then x  v y   2 v x2   2 v y2  2 v x v y
 v    2 B   2   2 
2 k BT kT kT
x  v y  2
m m m
Q36. The entropy S of a thermodynamic system as a function of energy S
C
E is given by the following graph. The temperatures of the phases B
A
A, B and C denoted by T A , TB and TC respectively.
E
Satisfy the following inequalities:
(a) TC  TB  T A (b) T A  TC  TB (c) TB  TC  T A (d) TB  T A  TC
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Temperatures of phase are: TA , TB , TC
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 dS  1 S
Since,   C
 dE  T B
dS A
Hence, will be slope, then it will be zero for B - phase
dE E
So TB   and in C and A phases, internal energy of C phase is more, so TC  T A
Now TB  TC  T A
Q37. A system of N classical non-interacting particles, each of mass m , is at a temperature T

and is confined by the external potential V r   Ar 2 (where A is a constant) in three
1
2
dimensions. The internal energy of the system is
A  k BT 
(c) N 2mA k B T
3
ln 
3/ 2
(a) 3 Nk B T (b) Nk B T (d) N
2 m  m 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: V r  
1 2 1
2
 
Ar  A x 2  y 2  z 2 it is harmonic oscillator.
2
3N
1  kT 
So its partition function will be z N   
N   
 ln Z N
Internal energy, U  kT 2  3 NkT
T
Q38. A Carnot cycle operates as a heat engine between two bodies of equal heat capacity until
their temperatures become equal. If the initial temperatures of the bodies are T1 and T2 ,
respectively and T1  T2 , then their common final temperature is
(a) T12 / T2 (b) T22 / T1 (c) T1T2 (d)

1
T1  T2 
2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For heat Carnot engine the change in entropy for source and sink
TF dT  T TF dT T 
dS1   and dS 2  
 log  F
  log  F 
T1 T   T1 T2 T
 T2 
T T
S  dS1  dS 2  log F  log F .
T1 T2
T 
2
Since, Carnot engine is reversible in nature, so log F  0  TF  T1T2

T1T2
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Q39. Which of the graphs below gives the correct qualitative behaviour of the energy density
E r   of blackbody radiation of wavelength  at two temperatures T1 and T2 T1  T2  ?
(a) (b)
T2
T2
Er  
Er  
T1
 
(c) (d)
T2
T2
Er   Er  
T1
T1
Ans. : (c)  
Q40. A system can have three energy levels: E  0,   . The level E  0 is doubly degenerate,
while the others are non-degenerate. The average energy at inverse temperature  is
 e   e      
(a)   tanh   (d)   tanh  
(b)
1  e 
e  
 (c) 0
 2 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: E  0,   , E  0 doubly degenerate
z   gi e   Ei  2  e   0  e    e 

z  2  e   e   ln z  ln 2  e   e  
   
Now E  

ln  z   


ln 2  e   e     
1

2 e  e

 
   e    e    

      

   
  e 2
 e 2

 e e
E   

         tanh   
 2    
  
  2 
  e 2  e 2     e 2
 e 2
 
  
   
  
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Q41. The free energy F of a system depends on a thermodynamic variable  as
F  a 2  b 6
with a, b  0 . The value of  , when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, is
(b)  a / 6b  (c)  a / 3b  (d)  a / b 

1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
(a) zero
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Frequency F  a 2  b 6 , a, b  0
2 F F
F is equilibrium i.e.  0 , now  2a  6b 5
 2

F
1/ 4
a  a 
 0  2a  6b 5   4    
 3b  3b 
Q42. For a particular thermodynamic system the entropy S is related to the internal energy U
and volume V by
S  cU 3 / 4V 1 / 4
where c is a constant. The Gibbs potential G  U  TS  PV for this system is
3PU cU US
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
4T 3 4V
Ans. : (c)
Solution: S  cU 3/ 4V 1/ 4 , dU  TdS  PdV
 S  1  S  1 c  3 1/ 4 1/ 4 4 U 1/ 4
        U V  T 
 U V T  U V T 4 3c V 1/ 4
1
5 / 4
 U  SV U S V 5 / 4 1/ 4
4
    P    P  U
 V  S c 3 c 3
4 U 1/4 S V 5/4 1/4 4 1

G U   cU V
3/4 1/4
 U V  U  U  U  0
3c V 1/4
c 3 3 3
Q43. The pressure of a non-relativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T  0 ,
on the density of fermions n as
(a) n 5 / 3 (b) n1 / 3 (c) n 2 / 3 (d) n 4 / 3
Ans. : (a)
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2
Solution: Pressure P  nEF , EF  n 2 / 3 , at T  0
3
2 2
P  n  n 2 / 3  n 5 / 3  P  n5 / 3
3 3
Q44. The vander Waals’ equation of state for a gas is given by
 a 
 P  2 V  b   RT
 V 
where P, V and T represent the pressure, volume and temperature respectively, and a
and b are constant parameters. At the critical point, where all the roots of the above
cubic equation are degenerate, the volume is given by
a a 8a
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3b
9b 27b 2 27bR
Ans. : (d)
 a   P   2 P 
Solution:  P  2  V  b   RT , for critical volume    0,  2   0
 V   V   V 
a ab
PV   Pb  2  RT
V V
P a 2ab 2 P 2a 6ab 2a 6ab
 0  P  2  3  0,  0  3  4  0  3  4  Vc  3b
V V V V 2
V V V V
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Q45. The pressure P of a fluid is related to its number density  by the equation of state
P  a  b 2
where a and b are constants. If the initial volume of the fluid is V0 , the work done on
the system when it is compressed, so as to increase the number density from an initial
value of  0 to 2  0 is
(a) a 0V0 (b) a  b 0  0V0
 3a 7  b 
(c)   0   0V0 (d) a ln 2  b 0  0V0
 2 3 
Ans. : (d)
n n2 n
Solution: P  a  b 2  P  a b 2  
V V V
V2 dV V2 dV n n
W   P  dV  an  bn 2  , where V1  , V2 
V1 V V1 V 2 0 2 0
 W   n  a ln 2  b 0    0V0  a ln 2  b0  ,  n  0V0
Work done on the system  W   a ln 2  b0  0V0
Q46. An ideal Bose gas is confined inside a container that is connected to a particle reservoir.
Each particle can occupy a discrete set of single-particle quantum states. If the probability
that a particular quantum state is unoccupied is 0.1 , then the average number of bosons
in that state is
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
Ans. : (b)
Q47. In low density oxygen gas at low temperature, only the translational and rotational modes
of the molecules are excited. The specific heat per molecule of the gas is
1 3 5
(a) kB (b) k B (c) kB (d) kB
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Total D.O.F. = 3 transition + 2 rotation i.e. f  5
k B T 5k B T U 5
U f   CV   kB
2 2 T 2
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Q48. When a gas expands adiabatically from volume V1 to V2 by a quasi-static reversible

process, it cools from temperature T1 to T2 . If now the same process is carried out
adiabatically and irreversibly, and T2 is the temperature of the gas when it has
equilibrated, then
V V  T2V1
(a) T2  T2 (b) T2  T2 (c) T2  T2  2 1  (d) T2 
 V2  V2
Ans. : (b)
Q49. A random walker takes a step of unit length in the positive direction with probability 2 / 3
and a step of unit length in the negative direction with probability 1 / 3 . The mean
displacement of the walker after n steps is
(a) n / 3 (b) n / 8 (c) 2n / 3 (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
2 1
Solution: P  1   P  1 
3 3
2 1 1 n
For one step  1    , for n step 
3 3 3 3
Q50. A collection N of non-interacting spins S i , i  1, 2, ....., N , S i  1 is kept in an
external magnetic field B at a temperature T . The Hamiltonian of the system is
B
H   B i S i . What should be the minimum value of for which the mean value
k BT
1
Si  ?
3
1 1
(a) N ln 2 (b) 2 ln 2 (c) ln 2 (d) N ln 2
2 2
Ans. : (c)
B B

e kT
e kT
Solution: P  Si  1  B B
, P  Si  1  B B
 
e kT
e kT e kT
 e kT
B B
 
1e kT
e kT
 B 
Si   Si    tanh 

B B
 kT 
e kT
 e kT
B
For N particle Si   N tanh
kT
S 1  B  1 B 1
According to question, i    tanh     ln 2
N 3  kT  3 kT 2
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Q51. A system of N non-interacting classical particles, each of mass m is in a two
dimensional harmonic potential of the form V  r    x 2  y 2 where  is a positive  
 1 
constant. The canonical partition function of the system at temperature T is    :
 k BT 
N N
   2    2m 
2N
  
N
 2m 2 
(a)    (b)   (c)   (d)  2 
 2m        2m     
Ans. (d)

Solution: V  r    x 2  y 2 
 px2  p 2y  x 2  y 2
1    
z1  2
h 
e 2 mkT dpx  e 2 mkT dp y  e
 
kT
dx  e

kT
dy
2 mkT 2 mkT 1 1 1 
 z1  2  2
h2 h 2
2  2 
kT kT
N
 2 2 m   2 2 m 
z1   2   kT   z N   2 2 
2
 h   h  
Q52. A system of N distinguishable particles, each of which can be in one of the two energy
levels 0 and  , has a total energy n  , where n is an integer. The entropy of the system
is proportional to
 N !  N! 
(a) N ln n (b) n ln N (d) ln 
 n ! N  n  ! 
(c) ln  
 n!   
Ans. : (d)
Solution: No of ways for above configuration is  N Cn
N N
W   Entropy=k ln
n N n n N n
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Q53. The condition for the liquid and vapour phases of a fluid to be in equilibrium is given by
dP Q
the approximate equation  1 (Clausius-Clayperon equation) where vvap is the
dT Tvvap
volume per particle in the vapour phase, and Q1 is the latent heat, which may be taken to
be a constant. If the vapour obeys ideal gas law, which of the following plots is correct?
ln P ln P
(a) (b) (c) ln P (d) ln P
O T O T O T O T
Ans. (c)
dP Q RT dP Ql P dP Ql dT C
Solution:  l , vap 
dT Tvap P
 
dT RT 2

P

R T 2
 ln P  
T

Q54. Consider three Ising spins at the vertices of a triangle which interact with each other with
a ferromagnetic Ising interaction of strength J . The partition function of the system at
 1 
temperature T is given by    :
 k BT 
(a) 2e3 J  6e   J (b) 2e 3 J  6e  J
(c) 2e3 J  6e 3 J  3e  J  3e   J (d)  2 cosh  J 

3
Ans. (b)
Solution: H  J  S1S 2  S1S3  S 2 S3 
S1 S2 S3 E
1 1 1 3J
1 1
1

1 1 1   J
1 1 1 
1 11

1 1 1  J
1 1 1
1 1 1 3J
 z  2e3 J  6e  J
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Q55. A large number N of Brownian particles in one dimension start their diffusive motion
from the origin at time t  0 . The diffusion coefficient is D . The number of particles
crossing a point at a distance L from the origin, per unit time, depends on L and time t
as
 L2 4 Dt  L2 4 Dt
N NL N
(a) e  4 Dt  (b) e L2
(c) e  4 Dt 
(d) Ne L2
4 Dt 4 Dt 16 Dt 3
Ans. (a)
Solution: From Einstein Smoluchowski theory
dx   x2 
p  x  dx  exp  
4 Dt  4 Dt 
N   L2 
Number of particle passing from point L at origin  .exp  
4 Dt  4 Dt 

Q56. An ideal Bose gas in d -dimensions obeys the dispersion relation  k  Ak s , where A  
and s are constants. For Bose-Einstein condensation to occur, the occupancy of excited
states
d s

 s
Ne  c  d
0 e 
   
1 
where c is a constant, should remain finite even for   0 . This can happen if
d 1 1 d 1 d 1 d
(a)  (b)   (c) 1 (d)  1
s 4 4 s 2 s 2 s
Ans. (c)
d s
  s
Solution: Ne  c  d
0
e      1
B.E. condensation is possible in 3-D
d s 1 d 3
1
For materlistic particle g  2    
s 2 s 2
d  s d
For massless particle g  2  2 3
s s
d
In both cases  1
s
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Q57. The heat capacity of the interior of a refrigerator is 4.2 kJ / K . The minimum work that
must be done to lower the internal temperature from 18o C to 17o C , when the outside
temperature is 27o C will be

(a) 2.20 kJ (b) 0.80 kJ (c) 0.30 kJ (d) 0.14 kJ
Ans. : (b)
Q58. For a system of independent non interacting one-dimensional oscillators, the value of the
free energy per oscillator, in the limit T  0 , is
1 3
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 0
2 2
Ans. : (a)
N
       
Solution: For the given system Z N   2sinh   F  kT ln Z N  NkT ln  2sinh  
 2kT    2kT  
   


 
2 e 2 kT
 e 2 kT

       

 
 


 NkT ln  NkT ln  e 1  e    NkT ln e  NkT ln 1  e kT 
2 kT kT 2 kT
 

2
      
 

F      
  kT ln 1  e kT   0   kT  0 
N 2   2 2
Q59. The partition function of a system of N Ising spins is Z  1N  2N where 1 and 2 are
functions of temperature, but are independent of N . If 1  2 , the free energy per spin
in the limit N   is
 
(a)  k BT ln  1  (b)  k BT ln 2 (c)  k BT ln  12  (d)  k BT ln 1
 2 
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: Z  1N  2N , F   kT ln 1N  2N , it is given 1  2
     N  2
 F  kT ln 1N  1   2    , 0
   1    1
 
F
F   kT ln 1N   NkT ln 1   kT ln 1
N
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1
Q60. The Hamiltonian of a system of N non interacting spin particles is H   0 B  Siz ,
2 i
where Siz  1 are components of i th spin along an external magnetic field B . At a

0 B
temperature T such that e kBT  2 . the specific heat per particle is

16 8 16
(c) k B  ln 2  k B  ln 2 
2 2
(a) kB (b) k B ln 2 (d)
25 25 25
Ans. : (d)
0 B
Solution: For the given system E   0 B tanh
kT
 B B
2
CV   0  Nk sec 2 h 0
 kT  kT
0 B
CV  0 B  0 B
2
4
  k e kT  2   ln 2
N  kT   0 B  B
 0 
2
kT
 e kT
 e kT

 
CV  0 B    B  16
2 2
4 2 16k 16
  ln 2  k  ln 2 
2
  k  0  k 
N  kT   1
2
 kT  25 25 25
 2  
 2
1
Q61. An ensemble of non-interacting spin - particles is in contact with a heat bath at
2
temperature T and is subjected to an external magnetic field. Each particle can be in one
of the two quantum states of energies  0 . If the mean energy per particle is  0 / 2 ,
then the free energy per particle is
(a) 2 0

ln 4 / 3  (b)  0 ln  3 / 2  (c) 2 0 ln 2 (d)  0
ln 2
ln 3 ln 3
Ans. : (a)
0
Solution: For the given system, partition function, Z n  2 N cosh
kT
   
Mean energy per unit particle    0    0 tanh 0
 2 kT
 
 1 e e 1
put 0    tanh     

kT 2 e e 2
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1  1 2 0
 e 2  3    ln 3  0  ln 3  kT 
2 kT 2 ln 3
F   
 kT ln  2 cosh 0    kT ln  2 cosh   b  4ac
2
It is given,
N  kT 
 e  e  
  kT ln  2 2
 
  kT ln e e  1   kT ln  e  3  1   kT ln e 4 
  
 2 
0 2
 kT ln e   ln 4   kT   kT ln 4  kT  kT ln 4  0  0 ln 4
kT ln 3
  3    16  
 ln     ln  3  
 ln 3  2 ln 4   16 
0   0     0    
 ln 3   ln 3   ln 3 
   
  4 2   4   4 
 ln    ln   ln  
F   3   3  3
   0  2 0  2 0
N  ln 3  ln 3 ln 3
 
 
Q62. Which of the following graphs shows the qualitative dependence of the free energy
f  h, T  of a ferromagnet in an external magnetic field h , and at a fixed temperature
T  TC , where TC is the critical temperature?

f f f f
h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
h h h
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For super conductor state one will find two local minima
f
Option (c) is correct.
h
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Q63. The specific heat per molecule of a gas of diatomic molecules at high temperatures is
(a) 8k B (b) 3.5k B (c) 4.5 k B (d) 3k B
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For high temperature all number are excited so degree of freedom for diatomic
molecule is 7 .
fk BT 7k T  U 
Internal energy is , U  B , CV     3.5k B
2 2  T V
Q64. When an ideal monoatomic gas is expanded adiabatically from an initial volume V0 to
T
3V0 , its temperature changes from T0 to T . Then the ratio is
T0
2 1
1  1 3  1 3
(a) (b)   (c)   (d) 3
3 3 3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For adiabatic process PV   k , T0V0 1  k
 1 v 1
V  1
 T  3V0 
 1  1
T0V0  T  T0  0   T  T0  
 3V0  3
5
For monoatomic gas  
3
5 2
1 2/3
 1 3  1 3 T 1
T  T0    T0      
3 3 T0  3 
Q65. A box of volume V containing N molecules of an ideal gas, is divided by a wall with a
V
hole into two compartments. If the volume of the smaller compartment is , the
3
variance of the number of particles in it, is
N 2N N
(a) (b) (c) N (d)
3 9 3
Ans. : (b)
V 1
Solution: Probability that one particle is in smaller compartment having volume , so p 
3 3
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There are only two options either particle is in left half or right half, so for one particle
distribution is Bernoulli for Bernoulli’s distribution  2  p 1  p  . For N particle
distribution is
1  1 2N
 2  Np 1  p   N  1   ,  2 
3  3 9
Q66. A gas of non-relativistic classical particles in one dimension is subjected to a potential
 1 
V  x    x (where  is a constant). The partition function is    
 k BT 
4m 2m 8m 3m
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 h
3 2 2
 h
3 2 2
 h
3 2 2
 3 2 h 2
Ans. : (c)
 p2  x  x
1  x  1 
Solution: z   e 2 mkT dpx  e kT dx   2 mkT   e kT dx
1/ 2
h  
h 
1/ 2  x
 2 mkT  
 z 
 h
2 
 
e kT
dx
 x 0 x  x
   kT kT 2kT
e kT
dx  e kT
dx   e kT
dx   
  0
  
1
 2 mkT   2kT   8 m  2
1/ 2
1
z      2 3 2  , put  
 h     h    kT
2
Q67. The internal energy E T  of a system at a fixed volume is found to depend on the
temperature T as E T   aT 2  bT 4 . Then the entropy S T  , as a function of temperature,
is
1 2 1 4 4
(a) aT  bT (b) 2aT 2  4bT 4 (c) 2aT  bT 3 (d) 2aT  2bT 3
2 4 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: From first law of thermodynamics,
TdS  dE  PdV , dE  TdS  PdV , it is given dV  0
1
dE  TdS  dS  dE
T
E  aT 2  bT 4  dE  2aTdT  4bT 3 dT
4bT 3
dS 
1
T

2aTdT  4bT dT  2adT  4bT dT  2aT 
3 2
3

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Q68. Consider a gas of Cs atoms at a number density of 1012 atoms/cc. when the typical inter-
particle distance is equal to the thermal de Broglie wavelength of the particles, the
temperature of the gas is nearest to (Take the mass of a Cs atom to be 22.7 1026 kg )
(a) 1 109 K (b) 7  105 K (c) 1 103 K (d) 2 108 K

Ans. : (d)
Solution: When de Broglie wavelength = thermal wavelength
g3 / 2  z   2.61
2/3
N h3 N h2
 2 mkT 3 / 2   2 mkT   
V 2.61 V   2.612 / 3
   
2/3 2
1 h2 1 1012 6.6  1034
T n 2/3

2 mk  2.612 / 3 2  3.14  22.7 1026 1.38 1023   2.612 / 3
 6.6  108 1064  1049
2
 6.6 2  107
 
6.28  22.7  1.38   2.61 6.28  22.7  1.38   2.61
2/3 2/3
0.221 107 0.221

   107  0.116  107  1.16 108
 2.61 2/3
1.895
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q69. The partition function of a two-level system governed by the Hamiltonian
  
H 
 
is
 

(a) 2sinh   2   2
(b) 2 cosh       2 2
(c) cosh        sinh   

 2   2 
1 2 2
2 
(d) cosh        sinh   
1 2 2
 2  2
2 
Ans. : (b)
  
Solution: H  
   
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The eigen value is given by E1    2   2 and E2    2   2
Z  trace  e   H   e   E1  e  E2  e    2  2
e

    2  2   2 cosh   2  2
Q70. Consider a gas of N classical particles in a two-dimensional square box of side L . If the
total energy of the gas is E , the entropy (apart from an additive constant) is
 L2 E   LE  L E  E
(a) Nk B ln   (b) Nk B ln   (c) 2 Nk B ln   (d) L2 k B ln  
 N   N   N  N
Ans. : (c)
N
1  2 mkTL2  E
Solution: Z N    kT 
N h2  N
N
1  L2 E  2 m
ZN  1
N  N 
Assume
h2
 L2 E   L2 E 
ln Z   ln N  N ln     N ln N  N  N ln  
 N   N 
 L2 E 
 F  kT ln Z  NkT ln N  NkT  NkT ln  
 N 
E  NkT
U F EF  L2 E 
S   Nk  Nk ln N  Nk  Nk ln  
T T  N 
2
 L2 E  L E L E 
 Nk ln  2   Nk ln    2 Nk ln  
 N   N   N 
Q71. Consider a random walk on an infinite two-dimensional triangular lattice, a part of which
is shown in the figure below.
If the probabilities of moving to any of the nearest neighbour sites are equal, what is the
probability that the walker returns to the starting position at the end of exactly three steps?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 216 18 12
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: For walker to return to starting position it must move along an equivalent triangle in
three steps.
For steps one any movement can result in equilateral triangle.
For step two, two out of six options will form equilateral triangle.
For step three, only one out of six options will form equilateral triangle
6 2 1 1
Total probability    
6 6 6 18
Q72. An atom has a non-degenerate ground-state and a doubly-degenerate excited state. The
energy difference between the two states is  . The specific heat at very low temperatures
   1 is given by
(a) k B    (b) k B e   (c) 2k B    e  
2
(d) k B
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Assume energy at ground state is 0 and energy at first excited state is  . The partition
function is Z  1  2e   
2 e   
Energy 
1  2e  
 
 1 2
 U 
2e kT
   2  e kT  2
kT 
2
kT
Specific heat, CV    
 T V  
  2
 
1  2e 
kT
1  2e 
kT
   
 

2   1  2e
kT

2    1  2e 
 
   kT  
 2k   e  2k    e
 kT  1  2e    
2 2
 

 1  2e 
kT
 
CV  2k    e    ,   
2
Q73. The electrons in graphene can be thought of as a two-dimensional gas with a linear
 
energy-momentum relation E  p v , where p   px , p y  and v is a constant. If  is the
number of electrons per unit area, the energy per unit area is proportional to
(a)  3/ 2 (b)  (c)  1/ 3 (d)  2
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: The number of k state in range k to k  dk :
2
 L 
In 2D , it is given by g  k  dk    2 kdk
 2 
Since, dispersion relation is E  P v  kv
2
 L  EdE L2
g  E  dE  2    2 
 2   v    v
2 2 2
The number of electron at T  00 K is

EF EF
L2 L2 N
N  g Ed E   EdE  EF2  2  2 v 2 . 2  EF2
0
 2v2 0
2  v
2 2
L
 N
EF2  2  2 v 2    2 
 L 
The average energy at T  0 K is
EF
 E  g  E  dE L2
EF
L2 EF3
Eav  0
N

N  2v 2 
0
E 2 dE 
3N  2v 2
L 2
2 L2
Eav   2  v  2  v  
2 2 2 2 1/ 2
2 v  3/ 2
3N  v
2 2
3N
E NEa v 2 E
 2  2 v  3/ 2    3/ 2
L2
L 3 L2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q74. A thermodynamic function
G T , P, N   U  TS  PV
is given in terms of the internal energy U , temperature T , entropy S , pressure P ,

volume V and the number of particles N . Which of the following relations is true? (In
the following  is the chemical potential.)
G G G G
(a) S   (b) S  (c) V   (d)   
T N ,P T N ,P P N ,T N P ,T
Ans. : (a)
Solution: G  U  TS  PV
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dG  dU  Tds  sdT  PdV  VdP  TdS  PdV  TdS  SdT  PdV  VdP
dG   SdT  VdP
 G  G
    S and V
 T  N , P P N ,T
Q75. A box, separated by a movable wall, has two compartments filled by a monoatomic gas
CP
of   . Initially the volumes of the two compartments are equal, but the pressures are
CV
3P0 and P0 respectively. When the wall is allowed to move, the final pressures in the two
compartments become equal. The final pressure is
  
2 2  31/  
(c) 1  31/   P0
1 
(a)   P0 (b) 3   P0 (d)  1/  
P0
3 3 2  1 3 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: V1  V2  2V , V2  2V  V1 ,

3PV
0  PV1 , PV
0

 PV2
 P  2V  V1 
 
PV
0
From (i) and (ii)


 V1  1/  V1 1 2V  V1 2V 2V
3  3   1/     1  V1 
 2V  V1  2V  V1 3 V1 V1 1  1/ 31/  
put the value of V1 in (i)

 2V  3P0 P0
3PV
0

 P 1/ 
 1  1/ 3 
  P 
2
1  1/ 3 
1/  

2
1  3 
1/  
Q76. A gas of photons inside a cavity of volume V is in equilibrium at temperature T . If the

temperature of the cavity is changed to 2T , the radiation pressure will change by a factor
of
(a) 2 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For 3 dimensional system P  T 4
4
P2  2T 
   P2  P1 2  p1 16  16 P1
4
P1  T 
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Q77. In a thermodynamic system in equilibrium, each molecule can exist in three possible
states with probabilities 1/ 2, 1/ 3 and 1/ 6 respectively. The entropy per molecule is
1 2
(a) k B ln 3 (b) k B ln 2  k B ln 3
2 3
2 1 1 1
(c) k B ln 2  k B ln 3 (d) k B ln 2  k B ln 3
3 2 2 6
Ans. : (c)
Solution: S  k B  Pi ln Pi
i
1
P1  , P2  1/ 3 and P3  1/ 6 
2
1 
S  k B  ln1/ 2  1/ 3ln1/ 3  1/ 6 ln1/ 6  
2 
1 1 1
 kb   ln1  ln 2    ln1  ln 3   ln1  ln 6 
2 3 6
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
 k B  ln 2  ln 3  ln 2  ln 3  k B  ln 2  ln 2  ln 3  ln 3
2 3 6 6  2 6 3 6 
 3ln 2  ln 2 2ln 3  ln 3   4 ln 2 3ln 3  2 1 
S  kB     kB     k B  ln 2  ln 3
 6 6   6 6  3 2 
Q78. The single particle energy levels of a non-interacting three-dimensional isotropic system,
labelled by momentum k , are proportional to k 3 . The ratio P /  of the average pressure
P to the energy density  at a fixed temperature, is
(a) 1/ 3 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: E  p s , where p is momentum
sE
P    , where P is pressure
3V 
P s
 .
E 3
In problem, E  k 3 , so, s  3
3 E  E
pressure P     P    at fixed T .
3V  V 
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Q79. The Hamiltonian for three Ising spins S0 , S1 and S2 , taking values 1 , is
H   JS0  S1  S 2 
If the system is in equilibrium at temperature T , the average energy of the system, in
terms of    k BT  , is
1
1  cosh  2 J 
(a)  (b) 2 J 1  cosh  2 J  
2  sinh  2 J 
sinh  2 J 
(c) 2 /  (d) 2 J
1  cosh  2  J 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: H   JS0  S1  S 2    J  S0 S1  S0 S2  S0  1 S1   S 2  1
S0 S1 S2 E
1 1 1 2J
1 1 1 2J
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 2J
1 1 1 2 J
E1  2 J g1  2
E2  2 J g2  2
E3  0 g3  4
E g e
  Ei
U i i
g e  i
 Ei
0  2 J 2e 2  J   2 J  2e 2  J 4 J  e 2  J  e 2  J  8 J   sinh 2 J 
U  
4  2 e e 
2  J 2 J
4  2e  2e 2  J 2 J
4  4 cosh 2  J
2 J sinh 2 J
U 
1  cosh 2 J
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Q80. A monoatomic gas ‘of volume V is in equilibrium in a uniform vertical cylinder, the
lower end of which is closed by a rigid wall and the other by a frictionless piston. The
piston is pressed lightly and released. Assume that the gas is a poor conductor of heat and
the cylinder and piston are perfectly insulating. If the cross-sectional area of the cylinder
is A , the angular frequency of small oscillations of the piston about the point of
equilibrium, is
5
(a) 5 gA /  3V  (b) 4 gA /  3V  (c) gA / V (d) 7 gA /  5V 
3
Ans. : (a)

 P    V 
Solution: PV    P  P V  V   PV   P 1 

V 1  
 P   V 
 
 P  V   P  V   P  V 
 PV   PV  1  1    1  1    1  1  1   1
 P  V   P  V   P  V 
V P P V
1    1 (i)
V P P V
P V
For small oscillation, also neglect
P V
F mg
From equilibrium P  
A A
P V mg A dx
From (i), we get   , P  A   mg. V , P  A   . A.
P V A V
mgdx  mg
P  A   A F  Adx
V V
 gA 5 5 gA
 and      .
V 3 3 V
Q81. The relation between the internal energy U , entropy S , temperature T , pressure p ,
volume V , chemical potential  and number of particles N of a thermodynamic system
is dU  TdS  pdV   dN . That U is an exact differential implies that
p T U U
(a)   (b) p S
S V , N V S ,N T S ,N V S ,
U 1 U p T
(c) p  (d) 
T S ,N T V S , S V , N V S ,N
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: df  Adx  Bdy  Cdz

If f is perfect differential then, A  T , B   p, C  
x  S y V, z  N
 A   B 
   
 y  x , z  x  y , z
 A   C   B   C 
    ,   
 z  x , y  x  y , z  z  x , y  y  x , z
 T   P 
    
 V  S , N  S V , N
Q82. The number of microstates of a gas of N particles in a volume V and of internal energy
U , is given by
3N / 2
 aU 
 U , V , N   V  Nb  
N

 N 
(where a and b are positive constants). Its pressure P , volume V and temperature T ,
are related by
 aN   aN 
(a)  P   V  Nb   Nk BT (b)  P  2  V  Nb   Nk BT
 V   V 
(c) PV  Nk BT (d) P V  Nb   Nk BT
Ans. : (d)
3N
 aU  2
Solution:   u , v, N   V  Nb  
N

 N 
 3  aU 
S  k ln   Nk ln V  Nb   ln  
 2  N 
1 P
dS  dU  dV
T T
 S  1 3
    U  NkT
 U V T 2
 S  P P Nk
    
 V U T T V  Nb 
P V  Nb   NkT
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Q83. A closed system having three non-degenerate energy levels with energies E  0,   , is
at temperature T . For  2k BT , the probability of finding the system in the state with
energy E  0 , is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) cosh 2 (d)
1  2 cosh 2   2 cosh 2  2 cosh 2
Ans. : (a)
  

 kT
 
 e e
kT kT
  1  2 cosh 
Solution: Partition function is z  1   e  e kT   z  1  2 
  kT
   2 
 
Probability that system has energy, E  0
1
P  E  0 

1  2 cosh
kT
put  2kT
1
P  E  0 
1  2 cosh 2
Q84. Two non-degenerate energy levels with energies 0 and  are occupied by N non-
interacting particles at a temperature T . Using classical statistics, the average internal
energy of the system is
N N 3
(a) (b) (c) N  e/ kBT (d) Nk BT

1  e/ kBT  
1  e/ kBT  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For one particle
 
exp   
Quantum mechanical energy is, U   kT 

1 e kT
 
N exp   
 kT   U  N
For N particle, U 
   
1  exp    1  exp  
 kT   kT 
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Q85. Consider a quantum system of non-interacting bosons in contact with a particle bath. The
probability of finding no particle in a given single particle quantum state is 106 . The
average number of particles in that state is of the order of
(a) 103 (b) 106 (c) 109 (d) 1012
Ans. : (b)
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q86. Which of the following statements concerning the coefficient of volume expansion 
and the isothermal compressibility  of a solid is true?
(a)  and  are both intensive variables
(b)  is an intensive and  is an extensive variable
(c)  is an extensive and  is an intensive variable
(d)  and  are both extensive variables
Ans. : (a)
1  dV  1  P 
Solution:    ,      both are intensive property
V  dT  V  V T
Q87. The number of ways of distributing 11 indistinguishable bosons in 3 different energy
levels is
(a) 311 (b) 113 (c)

13! (d)
11!
2!11 ! 3!8!
Ans. : (c)
Solution: n  11 g  3
n  g 1 11  3  1 13
w  
n g 1 11 2 11 2
 a 
Q88. The van der Waals equation for one mole of a gas is  p  2  V  b   RT . The
 V 
corresponding equation of state for n moles of this gas at pressure P , volume V and
temperature T , is
 an 2   a 
(a)  P  2  V  nb   nRT (b)  P  2  V  nb   nRT
 V   V 
 an 2   a 
(c)  P  2  V  nb   nRT (d)  P  2  V  nb   nRT
 V   V 
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: For n mole gas van der Wall equation is
 an 2 
 p   V  nb   nRT
 V 
Q89. In a system of N distinguishable particles, each particle can be in one of two states with
energies 0 and  E , respectively. The mean energy of the system at temperature T is
1

(a)  N 1  e / kBT
2
 (b)  NE 1  e / kBT  
1
(c)  NE
2
(d)  NE 1  e  / kBT 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For one particle system
0
0  e k BT    E  e  E / k BT  E e E / k BT E  NE
E     E / k BT
E 
e 0 / k BT
e E / k BT
1  e E / k BT e 1 1  e  E / k BT
Q90. The pressure P of a system of N particles contained in a volume V at a temperature T
1 1
is given by P  nk B T  an 2  bn3 , where n is the number density and a and b are
2 6
temperature independent constants. If the system exhibits a gas-liquid transition, the
critical temperature is
a a a2 a2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
bk B 2b k B 2bk B b kB
Ans. : (c)
1 1 N
Solution: P  nk BT  an 2  bn3 n
2 6 V
P 2P
For critical condition  0 and 0
V V 2
N 1 N2 1 N3
P k BT  a 2  b 3
V 2 V 6 V
P aN 2 bN 3
 0  Nk BT   2 (i)
V V 2V
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2 P 3aN 2 2bN 3
 0  2 Nk B T   2 (ii)
V 2 V V
From equation (i) and (ii)
bN
VC 
a
b
put the value of VC  N in equation (i)
a
a2
T
2k B b
Q91. Consider a particle diffusing in a liquid contained in a large box. The diffusion constant
of the particle in the liquid is 1.0  102 cm 2 / s . The minimum time after which the root-
mean-squared displacement becomes more than 6 cm is
(a) 10 min (b) 6 min (c) 30 min (d) 6 min

Ans. : (a)
Solution: r 2  6 Dt
r 2   r.m.s    6 c.m  D  1102 c.m 2 / sec

2 2
r2 6
2
t   600 sec  10 min

60 6 1102
Q92. A thermally insulated chamber of dimensions  L, L, 2 L  is partitioned in the middle. One
side of the chamber is filled with n moles of an ideal gas at a pressure P and
temperature T , while the other side is empty. At t  0 , the partition is removed and the
gas is allowed to expand freely. The time to reach equilibrium varies as
L P, T
2L
(a) n1/ 3 L1T 1/ 2 (b) n 2 / 3 LT 1/ 2 (c) n0 LT 1/ 2 (d) n L1T 1/ 2
Ans. : (c)
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m v2 m 3kT
Solution: From kinetic theory of gases F   MLt 2  where nM  m M is
L L M
molecular mass
t 2  L2T  t  LT 1/ 2
o
Q93. The maximum intensity of solar radiation is at the wavelength of s u n ~ 5000 A and
corresponds to its surface temperature Tsun ~ 104 K . If the wavelength of the maximum
o
intensity of an X -ray star is 5 A , its surface temperature is of the order of
(a) 1016 K (b) 1014 K (c) 1010 K (d) 107 K
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From Vein’s law, Tmax sun  constant
0
5000 A00 104  5 A  T
5000  104
T T  107 K
5

Q94. The heat capacity CV at constant volume of a metal, as a function of temperature, is
 T   T 3 , where  and  are constants. The temperature dependence of the entropy at

constant volume is
1
(a)  T   T 3 (b)  T   T 3
3
1 1 1 1
(c) T   T 3 (d) T   T 3
2 3 2 4
Ans. : (a)
Solution: CV   T   T 3
dQ CV dT
dS  
T T
 dS      T dT
2
1
S  T   T 3
3
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2
Q95. The rotational energy levels of a molecule are E      1 , where   0,1, 2,... and
2I0
I 0 is its moment of inertia. The contribution of the rotational motion to the Helmholtz
free energy per molecule, at low temperatures in a dilute gas of these molecules, is
approximately
2
 2  
(a)  k BT 1   (b) k BTe I 0 k BT
 I 0 k BT 
2

(c) k BT (d) 3k BTe I 0 k BT
Ans. : (d)
2
Solution: E      1   0,1, 2,...
2I0
   2    1

z    2  1 e 2 I0
 0
  2    1

z  1    2  1 e 2 I 0 k BT
 0
     1  2

F  k BT ln z   k BT ln  1    2  1 e 2 I0 kBT 
  1 
 
x2
ln 1  x   x   ...
2
For low temperature, higher temperature can be neglected
  2    1   2
  2
  
F   k BT   2  1 e 2 I 0 k BT
  k B T 3 e I 0 k BT
 ...  3k B T e I 0 k BT
 1  
 
Q96. The vibrational motion of a diatomic molecule may be considered to be that of a simple
harmonic oscillator with angular frequency  . If a gas of these molecules is at
temperature T , what is the probability that a randomly picked molecule will be found in
its lowest vibrational state?
 
     1   
(a) 1  e k BT
(b) e 2 k BT
(c) tanh   (d) cosec h  
 k BT  2  2 k BT 
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Ans. : (a)
 1
Solution: E   n    n  0,1, 2,..
 2
  3  5 
 k BT
ze 2 k BT
e 2 k BT
e
   
 
e 2 k BT e 2 k BT 1
P  G.S .    3 
    
  1  e k BT
  1
e 2 k BT
e 2 k BT
 ... e 2 kBT 1  e kBT  ...   
 
  1 e k BT
Q97. Consider an ideal Fermi gas in a grand canonical ensemble at a constant chemical
potential. The variance of the occupation number of the single particle energy level with
mean occupation number n is
1
(a) n 1  n  (b) n (c) n (d)
n
Ans. : (a)
1  z  1
Solution: n  k BT       / kBT
z   V ,T e 1
 dn 
Variance  k BT    n 1  n 
 d  V ,T
Note: This may also be divided using simple Bernoulli distribution.
Q98. The Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional Ising model of N spins ( N large) is

N
H   J   i i 1
i 1
1
where the spin  i  1 and J is a positive constant. At inverse temperature   ,
k BT
the correlation function between the nearest neighbor spins  i i 1  is
e  J
(a) (b) e 2  J
 e  J  e  J 
(c) tanh   J  (d) coth   J 
Ans. : (c)
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Solution:  i   i 1 
 i   i 1

 i   i 1
N  1 
11
(i)
N 1 N  JN
For such an Ising model for N  1
z   cosh  J 
N

Average Energy  ln z

1
 N sinh  J  J
cosh  J
  NJ tanh  J (ii)
 Nj tanh  j
 i   i 1   tanh  j
 jN
Q99. A particle hops on a one-dimensional lattice with lattice spacing a . The probability of
the particle to hop to the neighboring site to its right is p , while the corresponding
probability to hop to the left is q  1  p . The root-mean squared deviation
x  x2  x
2
in displacement after N steps, is
q p
O
(a) a Npq (b) aN pq (c) 2a Npq (d) a N
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The standard deviation of Binomial distribution  Npq
Step size  2a (L & R)

Mean square displacement  2a Npq
Q100. The energy levels accessible to a molecule have energies E1  0, E2   and E3  2

(where  is a constant). A gas of these molecules is in thermal equilibrium at
temperature T . The specific heat at constant volume in the high temperature limit
 k BT    varies with temperature as
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
T 3/ 2
T3 T T2
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Ans. : (d)

Solution: z  e0  e  / kBT  e 2  / kBT  1
kBT
z  1  e  / kBT  e 2  / kBT
A  k BT ln z  k BT ln 1  e  / kBT  e 2  / kBT 
  2 
A   k B T ln 1  1  ....  1  ...
 kBT kBT 
 3 
  k BT ln 3  
 k BT 
 
   3  1 3 
  k B 1ln 3    T   
T   kBT  3 k B T 2 
3
 kBT 
 
 
  2  1 3 1 3 3  3  3 
2
  k      1  3   
 3  3 k BT 3 k BT 2 k BT
B
T 2 2
3  k B T  k B T 2

 k BT k BT 
kB  2 kB  2
 
T  k BT    T  k B2T 2
2
2 A 1
CV  T  2
T 2
T
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Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics

JEST-2012
Q1. A monatomic ideal gas at 1700 C is adiabatically compressed to 1/ 8 of its original
volume. The temperature after compression is
(a) 2.10 C (b) 17 0C (c) 200.5 0C (d) 887 0C
Ans. : (d)
Solution: PV   costant , PV  RT
TV 
 costant
V
 TV  1  costant
x
 V1  5
   443   8   443  4
 1  1 1
 TV 
2/3
1 1 T V
2 2  T2  T1   443 8 3
 V2 
Temperature in 0 C  1772  273  1499
 Most appropriate answer is option (d)

Q2. Consider a system of particles in three dimensions with momentum p and energy

E  c p , c being a constant. The system is maintained at inverse temperature  , volume
V and chemical potential  . What is the grand partition function of the system?
(a) exp e  8 V /   ch   (b) e  6V /  ch 

3 2
 
(c) exp e  6 V /   ch   (d) e  8V /  ch 

3 2
 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Canonical partition function,
1  H
h3 
zN  e dpx dp y dpz dxdydz , E  pc
 
V V 4 V 3 8 V
zN  3 
4 p 2 e  E dp  3  4 p 2 e   pc dp   
  c    hc 
3 3 3
h 0 h 0 h
     8V 
Grand canonical partition function, z u  exp e kT z N   exp e kT  
   hc 3 
 8V 
 exp e  
 hc 3 
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Q3. Consider a system maintained at temperature T, with two available energy states E1 and
E2 each with degeneracies g1 and g2. If p1 and p2 are probabilities of occupancy of the two
energy states, what is the entropy of the system?
(a) S  k B  p1 ln  p1 / g1   p 2 ln  p 2 / g 2 
(b) S  k B  p1 ln  p1 g1   p 2 ln  p 2 g 2 
  
(c) S   k B  p1 ln p1g1  p2 ln p2 g2  
(d) S  k B 1 / p1  ln  p1 / g1   1 / p 2  ln  p 2 / g 2 
Ans. : (a)
gi e   Ei
Solution: pi  , where z is partition function
z
 ln pi  ln gi   Ei  ln z
pi F
 ln    Ei   F  kT ln z 
gi kT
pi
 ln    Ei   F
gi
pi
 ln   F U   F  U  TS 
gi
pi  1 
ln
gi
    TS ,    kT 
pi  p   p p 
S  k ln  k   pi ln i    k  p1 ln 1  p2 ln 2 
gi  gi   g1 g2 
Q4. Efficiency of a perfectly reversible (Carnot) heat engine operating between absolute
temperature T and zero is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.75 (d) 1
Ans. : (d)
T2 0
Solution:   1   1  1
T1 T
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Q5. Consider an ideal gas of mass m at temperature T1 which is mixed isobarically (i.e. at
constant pressure) with an equal mass of same gas at temperature T2 in a thermally

insulated container. What is the change of entropy of the universe?
 T  T2   T  T2 
(a) 2mC p ln 1  (b) 2mC p ln 1 
2 TT  2 TT 
 1 2   1 2 
 T  T2   T  T2 
(c) 2mC p ln 1  (d) 2mC p ln 1 
 2T1T2  2 TT 
 1 2 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let us consider final temperature will be T
T1  T2
mC T1  T   mC T  T2   T 
2
T
S1  mC p
T
T T
dT dT
Now, S  S1  S 2  S  mC p   mC p 
T1
T T2
T
T  T 
 S  mC p ln    mC p ln  
 T1   T2 
2
T  T T   T T 
 S  2mC p ln  mC p ln  1 2   S  2mC p ln  1 2 
T1T2  2 TT   2 TT 
 1 2   1 2 
Q6. A collection of N two-level systems with energies 0 and E  0 is in thermal
equilibrium at temperature T . For T   , the specific heat approaches to,
3Nk B
(a) 0 (b) Nk B (c) (d) 
2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Z   e  Ei  e   0  e  Ei  Z  1  e  E  ln z  ln 1  e  E 
  Ee   E
U  E 

ln z  

 
ln 1  e   E  
1
1  e  E
 e  E
  E  
1  e  E
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 
E

 U    Ee kT

Now,    CV 
 T V T  
E 

 1 e 
kT
 E 2 kTE E 2 kT2 E E 2 kT2 E  E 2 kT

E
 2e  2e  2e  e
 CV     C  kT 2
kT kT kT
V  CV T 
0
E 2 E 2
   
1  e 
kT 1  e kT 
 
 
 
Q7. A thermally insulated ideal gas of volume V1 and temperature T expands to another
enclosure of volume V2 through a porous plug. What is the change in the temperature of
the gas?
V  V   V V 
(a) 0 (b) T ln  1  (c) T ln  2  (d) T ln  2 1 
 V2   V1   V2 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: dH  TdS  VdP , for porous plug Joul Thomshon dH  0 and TdS  0 since it is
thermally insulated ideal gas
VdP  0
nRTdV
 VdP  0  nRdT  pdV  nRdT 
V
dV V2 dV V
dT  T  dT  T   dT  T ln 2
V V1 V V1
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JEST-2013
Q8. Consider a system of two particles A and B . Each particle can occupy one of three
possible quantum states 1 , 2 and 3 . The ratio of the probability that the two particles
are in the same state to the probability that the two particles are in different states is
calculated for bosons and classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann) particles. They are respectively
1 1 1
(a) 1, 0 (b) ,1 (c) 1, (d) 0,
2 2 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For two particle in same state:
AB 3 AB
3 3 3 3 3
AB 2 AB
2 2 2 2 2
AB AB
1 1 1 1 1 1
Boson Classical (Maxwell - Boltzman)
1/ 3
Probability ratio: 1
1/ 3
For two particle in different states
B B B A B A
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B A B A A B
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A A 1 A B A B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boson Classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann)
1/ 3 1
Probability ratio: 
2/3 2
Q9. For a diatomic ideal gas near room temperature, what fraction of the heat supplied is
available for external work if the gas is expanded at constant pressure?
1 5 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 4 7
Ans.: (d)
Solution: It is isobaric process (constant pressure). Then  Q  nC p T  W  nRT
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In this process  Q is heat exchange during process.

Function of heat supplied
W nRT R  1 1
     1
Q nC p T R   
 1
1  Cp R 
 1     Cp  
 2  CV   1
1  
 f 
f
 1 [ f  degree of freedom, for diatomic molecule f  5 ]
f 2
5 2
 1 
5 2 7
Q10. A metal bullet comes to rest after hitting its target with a velocity of 80 m / s . If 50% of
the heat generated remains in the bullet, what is the increase in its temperature? (The
specific heat of the bullet  160 Joule / kg / 0 C )
(a) 140 C (b) 12.50 C (c) 100 C (d) 8.20 C

Ans.: (c)
1 2 1 80  80
Solution: Conservation of momentum 50% of mv  mcT   160 T
2 2 2
80  80 1
 T    100 C
4 160
Q11. Consider a particle with three possible spin states: s  0 and 1 . There is a magnetic
field h present and the energy for a spin state s is  hs . The system is at a temperatureT .
Which of the following statements is true about the entropy S T  ?
(a) S T   ln 3 at T  0, and 3 at high T (b) S T   ln 3 at T  0, and 0 at high T
(c) S T   0 at T  0, and 3 at high T (d) S T   0 at T  0, and ln 3 at high T
Ans.: (d)
Solution: S  k ln  , where   number of microstates
S  k ln 3   3 , at height T and at T  0 , it is perfect ordered i.e. S  0
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Q12. Consider three situations of 4 particles in one dimensional box of width L with hard
walls. In case (i), the particles are fermions, in case (ii) they are bosons, and in case (iii)
they are classical. If the total ground state energy of the four particles in these three cases
are EF , EB and Ecl respectively, which of the following is true?
(a) EF  EB  Ecl (b) EF  EB  Ecl
(c) EF  EB  Ecl (d) EF  EB  Ecl

Ans.: (b)
Solution: For fermions, in 1-D box of width L , the ground state energy for single particle is
 2 2
written as, 0
2ml 2
 10 1 4 0 1 9 0 116 0  30 0
For Boson  40 , For Maxwell  40
EF  EB  Ecl
JEST-2014
Q13. A monoatomic gas consists of atoms with two internal energy levels, ground state E 0  0
and an excited state E1  E . The specific heat of the gas is given by
3 E 2 e E / kT
(a) k (b)
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 
2
3 E 2 e E / kT 3 E 2 e E / kT
(c) k (d) k
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 
2
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: E0  0, E1  E
Then partition function is

z   e   Ei  z  e  0  e  E  ln z  ln 1  e   E1

  Ee   E
ln 1  e    1
U E  ln z   E
  E  e  E
    kBT 
  1  e  E  1  e  E
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 
E
  kET  E  
E

E
 E 
1  e k BT
 E.e . 
B
2 
 Ee k BT
e k BT
 2 
   k BT   k BT 
 U   
   C 
 T v
V 2
 
E

1  e k BT

 
 
E 2E 2E
E 2  k BT E 2  k BT E 2  k BT
 
E E
e e e 
k BT 2 k BT
k BT 2 k BT 2 k BT 2 E e 2
E e
CV  2
 2
 2
 
E
  
E
  E

 1  e k BT  k BT  1  e k BT
2
 k BT  1  e k B T
2

     
     
3
If gas will classically allowed, then CV  kB
2
E
2 k BT
E e
and quantum mechanically, CV  2
 E

k BT  1  e
2 k BT

 
 
3 E 2 e E / kT
 CV  kB 
 
2
2 kT 2 1  e E / kT
Q14. The temperature of a thin bulb filament (assuming that the resistance of the filament is
nearly constant) of radius r and length L is proportional to
(a) r 1 / 4 L1 / 2 (b) L2 r (c) L1 / 4 r 1 (d) r 2 L1
Ans.: (a)
Q15. Ice of density 1 melts at pressure P and absolute temperature T to form water of
density  2 . The latent heat of melting of 1 gram of ice is L . What is the change in the
internal energy U resulting from the melting of 1 gram of ice?
 1 1   1 1 
(a) L  P   (b) L  P  
  2 1    2 1 
 1 1   1 1 
(c) L  P   (d) L  P  
 1  2   1  2 
Ans.: (d)
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Solution: dU  dQ   W  dQ  PdV
2
 1  1 1 
dU  mL  PdV  dU  L  P    2 d  L  P  
1     1  2 
1 1
 V   dV   d
 2
Q16. What is the contribution of the conduction electrons in the molar entropy of a metal with
electronic coefficient of specific heat?
(a) T (b) T 2 (c) T 3 (d) T 4
Ans.: (a)
Solution: CV  BT 3  AT
Q17. Consider a system of 2N non-interacting spin 1 / 2 particles each fixed in position and
carrying a magnetic moment  . The system is immersed in a uniform magnetic field B .
The number of spin up particles for which the entropy of the system will be maximum is
(a) 0 (b) N (c) 2 N (d) N / 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Let us consider n number of spin out of 2 N particle have spin up remaining 2 N  n is
down.
 N 1
2 Cn for spin 2 (up)
Number of ways,    ,
2 NC 1
2 N  n for spin (down)
 2
Entropy, S  k ln   S  k ln 2N
C2 N  n  k ln 2N
Cn
  2N !   2N !  
S  k  ln   ln 
   n ! 2 N  n  !   n ! 2 N  n  ! 
S  2k ln 2 N ! ln n! ln 2 N  n !
S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  2 N  n ln n  n   2 N  n  ln  2 N  n    2 N  n 
 ln N !  N ln N  N !
S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  2 N  n ln n  n  2 N ln  2 N  n   n ln  2 N  n    2 N  n  
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S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  n ln n  2 N ln  2 N  n   n ln  2 N  n  
1
Now for maximum entropy at equilibrium for spin up particle,
2
dS
0
dn
 n
 1  ln  2 N  n 
dS 2N n
 2k    1  ln n   1 
dn  n 2N  n 2N  n 
 2N n 
 2k  1  ln n    ln  2 N  n  
 2N  n 2N  n 
 2N  n   2N  n 
 2k  1   ln  2 N  n   ln n   2k  1  1  ln 0
 2N  n   n 
 2k  0
 2N  n  2N  n
 ln 0  1  2 N  2n  n  N
 n  n
Q18. For which gas the ratio of specific heats C p / C v  will be the largest?
(a) mono-atomic (b) di-atomic (c) tri-atomic (d) hexa-atomic

Ans.: (a)
CP  2
Solution:    1   , where f is degree of freedom.
CV  f 
For monoatomic: f  3 , For diatomic: f  6 , For Triatomic: f  9
For hexaatomic: f  18
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JEST-2015
Q19. For a system in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath at temperature T , which one of the
 1 
following equalities is correct?    
 k BT 
 
E  E  E2 E  E2  E
2 2
(a) (b)
 
(c)


E  E2  E
2
(d)


E   E2  E  2

Ans.: (a)
i Ei e  Ei
Solution:  E 
 e  Ei i
 E E e  i
2  Ei
E e i
2  Ei
 e  Ei E e  i
2  Ei
E e i
2 2  Ei
 i
 i
 i
 i
 e   Ei
   Ei 
2
e   Ei
   Ei 
2
i e  i e 
 i   i 
 E
  E  E2
2

Q20. An ideal gas is compressed adiabatically from an initial volume V to a final volume V
and a work W is done on the system in doing so. The final pressure of the gas will be
 C 
   P 
 CV 
W 1  W  1 W 1  W  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
V     V     V   V  
Ans.: (c)
Solution: Work done in adiabatic process,
2 2  PV
PV
W 1 1
1 

 V2 
  P1  P2  
  
2 2  PV
 PV 1 1  P1  P2 
 V1 
P2V  P2  V W 1   
W  P2 
1    V     
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Q21. A particle in thermal equilibrium has only 3 possible states with energies  , 0,  . If

the system is maintained at a temperature, T  , then the average energy of the
kB
particle can be approximated to,
2 2 2 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
3k BT 3k BT k BT
Ans.: (b)


  kT
 

e  0  e 
  
kT kT kT
e e
Solution: E       

e kT  1  e kT  1  e  kT  e kT 
 
     
1  kT   1  kT   2 2
   
 E   
    3kT
1  1    1  
 kT   kT 
Q22. The blackbody at a temperature of 6000 K emits a radiation whose intensity spectrum
peaks at 600 nm . If the temperature is reduced to 300 K , the spectrum will peak at,
(a) 120m (b) 12  m (c) 12 mm (d) 120 mm
Ans.: (b)
1T1 600  6000
Solution: 1T1  2T2  2    12000 nm  12  m
T2 300
Q23. The entropy-temperature diagram of two Carnot engines, A and B , are shown in the
figure 4. The efficiencies of the engines are  A and  B respectively. Which one of the
following equalities is correct? S
B
(a)  A 
2 A B
(b)  A   B
(c)  A  3 B
(d)  A  2 B
T
Ans. : (d)
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W
Solution:   , where W = area under the curve , Q1 = area under high temperature
Q1
A 
 2T  T  3S  0   T 
1
and  B 
 4T  3T   3S  0   T  1
2T  3S  0  2T 2 4T  3S  0  4T 4
 A 1/ 2
   2   A  2B
 B 1/ 4
Q24. Electrons of mass m in a thin, long wire at a temperature T follow a one-dimensional
Maxwellian velocity distribution. The most probable speed of these electrons is,
 kT   2kT   8kT 
(a)   (b)   (c) 0 (d)   .
 2m   m   m 
Ans.: (c) f  vx 
1/ 2 mvx2
 m  
Solution: f  vx     e 2 kT
dvx ;   vx  
 2 kT 
Most probable speed vx  0 vx
JEST-2016
Q25. An ideal gas with adiabatic exponent  undergoes a process in which its pressure P is
related to its volume V by the relation P  P0  V , where P0 and  are positive
constants. The volume starts from being very close to zero and increases monotonically
P0
to . At what value of the volume during the process does the gas have maximum

entropy?
P0  P0  P0 P0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 1     1     1     1   
Ans.: (c)
nRdT
Solution: TdS  nCV dT  PdV  TdS   PdV
  1
For maximum entropy, dS  0
For Ideal gas, PV  nRT  PdV  VdP  nRdT
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PdV  VdP PV  VdP

 TdS   PdV  dS  PdV 
   1 nR    1   1
Since, P  P0  V  dP   dV
PV  VdV dS  nRP nR
dS  PdV     V
nR   1    1 dV    1 PV   1 PV
dS
For maximum entropy,  0   P  V  0    P0  V   V
dV
 P0
V 
 1   
CP
Q26. An ideal gas has a specific heat ratio  2 . Starting at a temperature T1 the gas under
CV
goes an isothermal compression to increase its density by a factor of two. After this an
adiabatic compression increases its pressure by a factor of two. The temperature of the
gas at the end of the second process would be:
T1 T1
(a) (b) 2T1 (c) 2T1 (d)
2 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: During the isothermal process, T  T1 is constant
Let us assume, the adiabatic process started at point A  P1 , T1  and at point B the
1 1 2
P   P  2
coordinate is  P2 , T2  , it is given P11 T1  P21 T2  T2   1  T1  T2   1  T1
 P2   2 P1 
 T2  2T1
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N 1
Q27. A two dimensional box in a uniform magnetic field B contains localised spin-
2 2
N
particles with magnetic moment  , and free spinless particles which do not interact
2
with each other. The average energy of the system at a temperature T is:
1  B  1  B 
(a) 3 NkT  N  B sinh   (b) NkT  N  B tanh  
2  k BT  2  k BT 
1 1  B  3 1  B 
(c) NkT  N  B tanh   (d) NkT  N  B cosh  
2 2  k BT  2 2  k BT 
Ans.: (c)
N N N
Solution: For free particles in two dimension, average energy is kT and for localized
2 2 2
1 1  B 
spin- particle, the average energy is  N  B tanh  
2 2  k BT 
Then average energy of system at temperature T is
NkT 1  B 
E   N  B tanh  .
2 2  k BT 
Q28. A gas of N molecules of mass m is confined in a cube of volume V  L3 at temperature
T . The box is in a uniform gravitational field  gzˆ . Assume that the potential energy of a
molecule is U  mgz where z   0, L  is the vertical coordinate inside the box. The
pressure P  z  at height z is:
  L   L
 mg  z  2    mg  z  2  
exp     exp    
 k B T   k B T 
   
(a) P  z  
N mgL   (b) P  z  
N mgL  
V 2  mgL  V 2  mgL 
sinh   cosh  
 2 k BT   2 k BT 
k BTN N
(c) P  z   (d) P  z   mgz
V V
Ans.: (c)
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Solution: The partition function of a system is given by,

3N N
 k BTV    mgl  
N
 2 mk BT  2
ZN      1  exp    
 h 
2
 mgL    k BT  
Helmohtz free energy is given by, F  kBT ln Z N
 F  k TN
Pressure is given by P      B
 V T , N V
 1
Q29. For a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator with energies, En   n    , where
 2
n  0,1, 2... , the partition function is:
 
k BT   2 k BT
e e
(a) 
(b) e 2 k BT
1 (c) e 2 k BT
1 (d) 
e 2 k BT
1 e k BT
1
Ans.: (d)
    3   5   7 
Solution: z  exp     exp     exp     exp    ......
 2kT   2kT   2kT   2kT 
       2  
z  exp    1  exp     exp    ..... 
 2kT   kT   kT  
     
exp    exp  
z  2kT   1
  2kT 
           
1  exp   exp    exp    exp   1
 kT   2kT   2kT   kT 
JEST 2017
Part-A: 1-Mark Questions
Q30. After the detonation of an atom bomb, the spherical ball of gas was found to be of 15
meter radius at a temperature of 3  105 K . Given the adiabatic expansion coefficient
  5 / 3 , what will be the radius of the ball when its temperature reduces to 3  103 K ?
(a) 156 m (b) 50 m (c) 150 m (d) 100 m
Ans. : (c)
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1
3/ 2
 1  T   1 T 
Solution: TV
1 1  T2V2 1  V2   1  V1  V2   1  V1
 T2   T2 
1 1
 T 2  3 105  2
 R   1  V1  R   3 
15  150
 2
T  3  10 
Q31. If the mean square fluctuations in energy of a system in equilibrium at temperature T is
proportional to T  , then the energy of the system is proportional to

(a) T   2 (b) T 2 (c) T  1 (d) T 
Ans. : (c)
 U 
Solution:  E   kT 2CV  T  2  CV  T  2    1
2
 U T
 T V
Q32. Suppose that the number of microstates available to a system of N particles depends on
N and the combined variable UV 2 , where U is the internal energy and V is the volume
of the system. The system initially has volume 2m3 and energy 200 J . It undergoes an
isentropic expansion to volume 4m3 . What is the final pressure of the system in SI units?
Ans. : 25
Solution: Here,   UV 2  N  S  Nk ln UV 2 
From law of thermodynamics,

TdS  dU  PdV
S 1
   U  NkT …….(1)
U V T
S P
and   PV  2 NkT …….(2)
V U T
From equation (1) and (2),
PV  2U …….(3)
Now, from equation (3),
2U i 2  200
i i  2U i  Pi 
PV   200 atm …….(4)
Vi 2
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As the given process is isoentropic,

U
 TdS  0  dU  PdV   P
V S
and from equation (3),

U P V P V P 3P P V
   P     3
V S 2 2 V S 2 V 2 P V
On solving above equation, we have
PV 3  K (constant)
PV 3
200  23
 Pf V f 3  PV
i i  Pf 
3 i i
  25 atm
Vf 3 43
Q33. A cylinder at temperature T  0 is separated into two compartments A and B by a free
sliding piston. Compartments A and B are filled by Fermi gases made of spin 1/ 2 and
3 / 2 particles respectively. If particles in both the compartments have same mass, the
ratio of equilibrium density of the gas in compartment A to that of gas in compartment
B is
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
3 2/5
2 2/5
22 / 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Follow Pathria Page 198 equation 20 for  f
And equation (38) at pages 200

From equation (38) at T  0
2
p n f
5
2/3
2  6 2 n  2
 n  (using equation (24))
5  g  2m
for equilibrium  A   B
2/3 2/3
n  n 
 nA  A   nB  B 
 gA   gB 
5/ 3 2/3
 nA  g 
   A 
 nB   gB 
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1 5
g A  25  1  2   1  2 , g B  25  1  2   1  4
2 2
2 / 3 2 / 3
 gA   1 
2/3
n 1
    A  
 gB   2  nB  2 
nA 1
 2/5
nB 2
Q34. Two classical particles are distributed among N   2  sites on a ring. Each site can
accommodate only one particle. If two particles occupy two nearest neighbour sites, then
the energy of the system is increased by  . The average energy of the system at
temperature T is
2  e   2 N  e 
(a) (b)
 N  3  2e    N  3  2e  
 2  e  
(c) (d)
N  N  2   2e  
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since two particle two nearest neighbour sites, which energy of system increased by ,
and remaining  N  3 particle has zero energy, then particle function is given
1
z  2e      N  3 e   .0   N  3  2e     
N 2

then E  KT 2  ln z 
T
KT 2         KT 2      
 . 0  2e .     .2e  2 
z  T  KT   z  KT 
2  e  
E 
 N  3  2e    
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JEST-2018
Q35. When a collection of two-level systems is in equilibrium at temperature T0 , the ratio of
the population in the lower and upper levels is 2 :1 . When the temperature is changed to
T , the ratio is 8 :1 . Then
(a) T  2T0 (b) T0  2T (c) T0  3T (d) T0  4T
Ans. : (c)
 E  N1  E  E1   E2  E1 
Solution: N  N 0 exp     exp  2   2  exp   , and
 k BT  N2  k BT0   kT0 
 E  E1  ln 2 T
8  exp  2    T0  3T
 kT  ln 8 T0
Q36. A collection of N interacting magnetic moments, each of magnitude  , is subjected to a
magnetic field H along the z direction. Each magnetic moment has a doubly degenerate
level of energy zero and two non-degenerate levels of energies   H and  H respectively.
The collection is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . The total energy E T , H  of
the collection is
 H 
 HN sinh  
 k BT   HN
(a)  (b) 
 H    H 
1  cosh   2  1  cosh  
 k bT    kbT  
 H   H 
 HN cosh   sinh  
(c)   k BT 
(d)   HN  k BT 
 H   H 
1  cosh   cosh  
 kbT   kbT 
Ans. : (a)
  0    H   H   H 
Solution: Z1   2  exp     exp     exp      Z1   2  2 cosh 
  k BT   k BT   k BT   k BT 
 H 
N N  H sinh  
 H  2   ln Z N   k BT 
Z N   2  2 cosh  U  k BT   
H
 k BT   T  N ,V 1  cos
k BT
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Q37. In a thermodynamic process the volume of one mole of an ideal is varied as where
V  aT 1 a is a constant. The adiabatic exponent of the gas is  . What is the amount of
heat received by the gas if the temperature of the gas increases by T in the process?
RT RT 2
(a) RT (b) (c) (d) RT
1  2  1
Ans. : (d)
a a
Solution: V   dU   dT
T T2
PV  RT
RT RT 2  a 
W   PdV   dV  W      2  dT  W    RdT   RT
V a  T 
R
U  CV T  T
 1
R T  1   2 
Q  W  U   R T  RT   1  RT  
 1   1    1 
Q38. For a classical system of non-interacting particles in the presence of a spherically
symmetric potential V  r    r 3 , what is the mean energy per particle?  is a constant.
3 5 3 3
(a) k BT (b) k BT (c)  k BT (d)  k BT
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
 r3

Solution: V   e k BT
4 r 2 dr
  r3   r3
 
 r e 4 r dr  r e
3 k BT 2 5 k BT
dr
 0
 r3
 0
 r3
put u  r 3 and solve the integral
   
e 4 r 2 dr r e
k BT 2 k BT
dr
0 0
1
 2  
 3a    k BT  k BT
1 a 
3a
Put u  r 3 or r  u1/ 3
 
5/ 3  au 1 2 / 3 1 13 1 1
0 u e
3
u dudr 
3
x 
3 0
ue au du
1 3 5
dr  u 2 / 3 du  k BT  k BT  k BT
3 2 2
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Q39. An ideal fluid is subjected to a thermodynamic process described by   CV  and
P  n  where  is energy density and P is pressure. For what values of n and  the
process is adiabatic if the volume is changed slowly?
(a)     1, n  1 (b)   1   , n  
(c)   1, n    1 (d)    , n  1  
Ans. : (c)
U
Solution: As    U  V  CV 1
V
  n      n  CV    ne V  
 
TdS  dU  PdV
TdS  0 , hence dU  PdV  0
dU  C 1    V  dV
PdV  neV  dV  C 1    V  dV  neV  dV  0
 CV  1    V 1    ne1  dV  0
This is true only if   1 and for   1 , 1    n  0

 n    1 . Therefore, correct option is (c).
Q40. A frictionless heat conducting piston of negligible mass and heat capacity divides a
vertical, insulated cylinder of height 2 H and cross sectional area A into two halves.
Each half contains one mole of an ideal gas at temperature T0 and pressure P0
corresponding to STP. The heat capacity ratio   C p / Cv is given. A load of weight W
is tied to the piston and suddenly released. After the system comes to equilibrium, the
piston is at rest and the temperatures of the gases in the two compartments are equal.
What is the final displacement y of the piston from its initial position, assuming
yW  T0Cv ?
2H H 2H
(a) (b) H  (c) (d)
  
Ans. : (c)
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P0V0 P2V2
Solution: 
T0 T2
P0 A  H P2  A  H  y  

T0 T2
T2  P0 H
Px  ….(i)
T0  H  y 
P0 A  H A H  y T PH
  P1 P1  2  0 ….(ii)
T0 T2 T0  H  y 
Total change in internal energy of the system = Net energy input = wy
2 xCV T2  T0   wy
As wy  CV T0 and n  1 mole
wy
T2  (A)
2CV
R
CV 
 1
w
Also as equilibrium, P2  P1 
A
Put the value of T2 in (i) and (A) and substitute (ii) from (i)
wy P0 H wy P0 H w
 
2CV T0  H  y  2CV T0  H  y  A
HP0 y  1 1  1
  
2CV T0  H  y H  y  A
A  H  P0 y  Hy  H  y 
   1 AH  V0
R  H 2  y2 
2 T
 1 0
P0V0 y 2 y   1 R  y 2   1
   1  1
T0 2 R  H 2  y 2  R  H 2  y2 
H
y 2  y 2  H 2  y 2  y 

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Q41. A theoretical model for a real (non-ideal) gas gives the following expressions for the
internal energy U  and the pressure  P  ,
2 5/ 3 2 1/ 3 2
U T , V   aV 2 / 3  bV 2 / 3T 2 and P T ,V  
aV  bV T
3 3
where a and b are constants. Let V0 and T0 be the initial volume and initial temperature
respectively. If the gas expands adiabatically, the volume of the gas is proportional to
(a) T (b) T 3/ 2 (c) T 3/ 2 (d) T 2
Ans. : (c)
2 5/ 3 2 1/ 3 2
Solution: U T , V   aV 2 / 3  bV 2 / 3T 2 and P T ,V   aV  bV T
3 3
TdS  dU  PdV
dU   PdV  ds  0 
U U 2 2 
dU  dT  dV    aV 5 / 3  bV 1/ 3T 2  dV
T V 3 3 
2
2  1 2 2 2
 2bV 2 / 3TdT aV 3 dV  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV   aV 5/ 3 dV  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV
3 3 3 3
T 2 2
2bV 2 / 3 2 dT  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV   bV 1/ 3T 2 dV
T 3 3
1/ 3
dT 4 bV
 dV
T 3 2bV 2 / 3
dT 2
  V 1dV
T 3
ln T  ln V 2 / 3
T  V 2 / 3  V  T 3 / 2
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Q42. In an experiment, certain quantity of an ideal gas at temperature T0 pressure P0 and
volume V0 is heated by a current flowing through a Wire for a duration of t seconds. The
volume is kept constant and the pressure changes to P1 . If the experiment is performed at
constant pressure starting with the same initial conditions, the volume changes from V0 to
V1 . The ratio of the specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume is
P1  P0 V0 P1  P0 V1 PV
1 1 PV
0 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
V1  V0 P0 V1  V0 P1 PV
0 0 PV
1 1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: (I) Constant volume heating
P0 P1 P
  T1  1 T0
T0 T1 P0
P 
Q  CV T1  T0   CV  1  1 T0
 P0 
(II) Constant pressure heating
V0 V1 V
  T1  1 T0
T0 T1 V0
V 
Q   CP T1  T0   CP T0  1  1
 V0 
PdV  VdP  RdT
PdV  RdT
P P
dTP  dV  0  V1  V0 
R R
V V
dTV  dP  0  P1  P0 
R R
V0 P
CV   P1  P0   CP  0 V1  V0 
R R
CP V0  P1  P0   P1  P0  V0
  
CV P0 V1  V0   V1  V0  P0
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JEST-2019
Q43. Consider a system of N distinguishable particles with two energy levels for each particle,
a ground state with energy zero and an excited state with energy   0 . What is the
average energy per particle as the system temperature T   ?

(a) 0 (b) (c)  (d) 
2
Ans. : (b)
e  Ei
Solution: E   PE
i i  Pi 
i z
01 1
E  0  
 
1 e 1  e  
 
   / k BT
 at T  
1 e 2
Q44. Consider a diatomic molecule with an infinite number of equally spaced non-degenerate
energy levels. The spacing between any two adjacent levels is  and the ground state
energy is zero. What is the single particle partition function Z ?
1 1
(a) Z  (b) Z 
 
1 1 e k BT
k BT

1
1 kBT
(c) Z  (d) Z 
2

1 e k BT 1
kBT
Ans. : No option is matched

Solution: Z   gi e  i
i
gi  1
Z  1  e    e 2   ......
1
Z
1  e  
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Q45. Consider a grand ensemble of a system of one dimensional non-interacting classical

harmonic oscillators (each of frequency  ). Which one of the following equations is
correct? Here the angular bracket  indicate the ensemble average. N , E and T
represent the number of particles, energy and temperature, respectively. k B is the

Boltzmann constant.
k BT k BT
(a) E  N (b) E  N
2 2
(c) E  Nk BT (d) E  N k BT
Ans. : (d)
Px2 1 2
Solution: E  K .E.  P.E.  E   kx 1D 
2m 2
1 1
E kBT  kBT  kBT (Equiportion)
2 2
E  N k BT
Q46. Consider a non-relativistic two-dimensional gas of N electrons with the Fermi energy
EF . What is the average energy per particle at temperature T  0 ?
3 2 1
(a) EF (b) EF (c) EF (d) EF
5 5 2
Ans. : (c)
Q47. The energy spectrum of a particle consists of four states with energies 0,, 2 ,3  . Let
Z B T  , Z F T  and Z C T  denote the canonical partition functions for four non-
interacting particles at temperature T . The subscripts B, F and C corresponds to bosons,
  
fermions and distinguishable classical particles, respectively. Let y  exp    .
 k BT 
Which one of the following statements is true about Z B T  , Z F T  and Z C T  ?
(a) They are polynomials in y of degree 12, 6 and 12 , respectively.

(b) They are polynomials in y of degree 16,10 and 16 , respectively
(c) They are polynomials in y of degree 9, 6 and 12 , respectively.
(d) They are polynomials in y of degree 12,10 and 16 , respectively.
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Ans. : (a)
Solution:
oooo
3
Bose 2

0
y  e   / kBT
Number of particle N  4 

 ni  gi !
i ni ! gi !
Maximum energy  12
Z B  e 12 / kBT  
 y12   degree  12

Fermions
oo
3
oo
2

0
Maximum energy e 6 / kBT  4 / kBT  e  

Z F  y 6   degree  6
Classical oooo
3
2
Z C  y12  .....
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Q48. A diatomic ideal gas at room temperature, is expanded at a constant pressure P0 . If the
heat absorbed by the gas is Q  14 Joules, what is the maximum work in Joules that can
be extracted from the system?
Ans. : 4
5 7
Solution: Diatomic gas has Cv  R, C p  R
2 2
7
Q  C p T  14  RT
2
(Constant pressure process)
14  2 5
 T   0.481 0 c and U  Cv T  R  T
7  8.314 2
5
  8.314  0.481  9.99 J and Wmax  Q  U
2
Wmax  14  9.99  4 J
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THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS SOLUTIONS

GATE 2010
Q1. A system of N non-interacting classical point particles is constrained to move on the two-
dimensional surface of a sphere. The internal energy of the system is
3 1 5
(a) Nk BT (b) Nk BT (c) Nk BT (d) Nk BT
2 2 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: There are 2 N degree of freedom.
Nk BT Nk BT
The internal energy of the system is   Nk BT
2 2
Q2. Which of the following atoms cannot exhibit Bose-Einstein condensation, even in
principle?
(a) 1H1 (b) 4H2 (c) 23Na11 (d) 30K19
Ans: (d)
Solution: For Bose-Einstein condensation:
Number of electron + number of proton + number of neutron = Even
For 30 K19
Number of proton = 19, Number of electron = 19, Number of neutron = 11.
19 + 19 + 11 = 49 this is odd. So it will not exhibit Bose-Einstein condensation.
Q3. For a two-dimensional free electron gas, the electronic density n, and the Fermi energy EF,
are related by
 2mEF 
3/ 2
mE F
(a) n (b) n 
3 
2 3
 2
 2mEF 
3/ 2
mE F
(c) n  (d) n
2 2 
Ans: (c)
EF
2m
Solution: n   g ( E ) f ( E )dE ,
0
g ( E )dE 
h2
dE
1, if E  EF 2mE F mE
At T=0 , f  E    n  2 F2
0, if E  EF h 2
2 
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Q4. Which among the following sets of Maxwell relations is correct? (U-internal energy,
H-enthalpy, A-Helmholtz free energy and G-Gibbs free energy)
 U   U   H   H 
(a) T    and P    (b) V    and T   
 V  S  S V  P  S  S  P
 G   G   A   A 
(c) P    and V    (d) P    and S   
 V T  P  S  S T  P V
Ans: (b)
 H   H 
Solution: dH  TdS  VdP     T,  V
 S  P  P  S
 2V  k BT 
3
Q5. Partition function for a gas of photons is given as, ln Z  . The specific heat
453C 3
of the photon gas varies with temperature as
(a) (b)
CV CV
T T
(c) (d)
CV CV
T T
Ans: (a)
 ln z  U 
Solution: U  K B T 2 , CV     CV  T .
3
T  T  v
Q6. From Q. no. 5, the pressure of the photon gas is
 2 k B T 3  2 k B T 4  2 k B T 4  2 k B T 3 / 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 3 C 3 8 3 C 3 45 3 C 3 45 3 C 3
Ans: (c)
  ln z    k0T 
4
F
2
Solution: Since, P    P  KT   
V  V T 453C 3
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GATE 2011
Q7. A Carnot cycle operates on a working substance between two reservoir at temperatures T1
and T2 with T1 > T2. During each cycle, an amount of heat Q1 is extracted from the
reservoir at T1 and an amount Q2 is delivered in the reservoir at T2. Which of the
following statements is INCORRECT?
(a) Work done in one cycle is Q1 – Q2
Q1 Q2
(b) 
T1 T2
(c) Entropy of the hotter reservoir decreases

(d) Entropy of the universe (consisting of the working substance and the two reservoirs)
increases
Ans: (c)
Solution: Entropy of hotter reservoirs decreases.
Q8. In a first order phase transition, at the transition temperature, specific heat of the system
(a) diverges and its entropy remains the same
(b) diverges and its entropy has finite discontinuity
(c) remains unchanged and its entropy has finite discontinuity
(d) has finite discontinuity and its entropy diverges
Ans: (b)
Q9. A system of N non-interacting and distinguishable particle of spin 1 is in thermodynamic
equilibrium. The entropy of the system is
(a) 2kB ln N (b) 3kB ln N (c) NkB ln 2 (d) NkB ln 3
Ans: (d)
Solution: S  k B  ln  ,  =3 is number of microstate. S  1; Sz  1, 0, 1
i
The entropy of the system is NkB ln 3.
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Q10. A system has two energy levels with energies ε and 2ε. The lower level is 4-fold
degenerate while the upper level is doubly degenerate. If there are N non-interacting
classical particles in the system, which is in thermodynamic equilibrium at a temperature
T, the fraction of particles in the upper level is
1 1
(a) (b)
1  e  / k BT 1  2e  / k BT
1 1
(c)  / k BT
(d)
2e  4e 2  / k B T 2e  / k BT
 4e 2  / k B T
Ans: (b)
2e2/ kT 1
Solution: Partition function Z  4e / kT  2e / kT  P  2   / kT 2/ kT

4e  2e 1  2e/ kT
GATE 2012
Q11. The isothermal compressibility,  of an ideal gas at temperatures T0 and V0 is given by
1 V 1 V P P
(a)  (b) (c)  V0 (d) V0
V0 P T0 V0 P T0 V T0 V T0
Ans: (c)
 P 
Solution: Isothermal compressibility   V  
 V T
Q12. For an ideal Fermi gas in three dimensions, the electron velocity VF at the Fermi surface
is related to electron concentration n as,
(a) VF  n 2 / 3 (b) VF  n (c) VF  n1 / 2 (d) V F  n1 / 3
Ans: (d)
1
Solution: E F  mV F2  E F  n 2 / 3  VF2  n 2 / 3  VF  n1 / 3 .
2
Q13. A classical gas of molecules, each of mass m, is in thermal equilibrium at the absolute
temperature T. The velocity components of the molecules along the Cartesian axes are
v x , v y and v z . The mean value of v x  v y  is
2
k BT 3 k BT 1 k BT 2k B T
(a) (b) (c) (d)
m 2 m 2 m m
Ans: (d)
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Solution: Vx  Vy 
2k B T
 vx2  v y2  2 vx  v y  vx2  v y2  2 vx    v y 
2
m
2 k BT
 vx    v y  0 and Vx2  Vy2  .
m
Q14. The total energy, E of an ideal non-relativistic Fermi gas in three dimensions is given by
N 5/3
E , where N is the number of particles and V is the volume of the gas. Identify the
V 2/3
CORRECT equation of state (P being the pressure),
1 2 5
(a) PV  E (b) PV  E (c) PV  E (d) PV  E
3 3 3
Ans: (b)
5 5
 E  2  N 3 2N 3 2
Solution: P         PV   E.
 V  N 3  V  3 V23 3
Q15. Consider a system whose three energy levels are given by 0, ε and 2ε. The energy level ε
is two-fold degenerate and the other two are non-degenerate. The partition function of the
1
system with   is given by
k BT
(a) 1  2e   (b) 2e    e 2  (c) (1  e   ) 2 (d) 1  e    e 2 

Ans: (c)
Solution: E1  0, E 2   , E 3  2 ; g1  1, g 2  2, g 3  1 where g1 , g 2 and g 3 are degeneracy.

The partition function Z  g1e   E1  g 2 e   E2  g 3 e   E3  1  2e    e   2  1  e   
2
GATE 2013
Q16. If Planck’s constant were zero, then the total energy contained in a box filled with
radiation of all frequencies at temperature T would be ( k is the Boltzmann constant and
T is nonzero)
3
(a) zero (b) Infinite (c) kT (d) kT
2
Ans: (d)
Solution: If Planck’s constant were zero, then the system behaved as a classical system and the
energy is kT .
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Q17. Across a first order phase transition, the free energy is

(a) proportional to the temperature
(b) a discontinuous function of the temperature
(c) a continuous function of the temperature but its first derivative is discontinuous
(d) such that the first derivative with respect to temperature is continuous
Ans: (c)
Q18. Two gases separated by an impermeable but movable partition are allowed to freely
exchange energy. At equilibrium, the two sides will have the same
(a) pressure and temperature (b) volume and temperature
(c) pressure and volume (d) volume and energy
Ans: (a)
Q19. The entropy function of a system is given by S E   aE E0  E  where a and E0 are
positive constants. The temperature of the system is
(a) negative for some energies (b) increases monotonically with energy
(c) decreases monotonically with energy (d) Zero
Ans: (a)
Solution: From first and second law of thermodynamics
S
 dU  PdV       E  U
1 1
TdS  dU  PdV  dS 
T  E V T
 S 
S E   aE E0  E   
1
  a  E0  E   aE  a  E0  2 E   T  .
 E V a  E0  2 E 
Q20. Consider a linear collection of N independent spin ½ particles, each at a fixed location.
The entropy of this system is ( k is the Boltzmann constant)
(d) Nk ln 2 
1
(a) zero (b) Nk (c) Nk
2
Ans: (d)
particle, so entropy is given by Nk ln 2  .
1
Solution: There are two microstates possible for spin
2
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Q21. Consider a gas of atoms obeying Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. The average value of
   
e a p over all the moments p of each of the particles (where a is a constant vector and a
is the magnitude, m is the mass of each atom, T is temperature and k is Boltzmann’s
constant) is,
1 3
 a 2 mkT  a 2 mkT
(a) one (b) zero (c) e 2
(d) e 2
Ans: (c)
  
f  px , p y , pz e p.a dpx dp y dpz where f  px , p y , pz  is Maxwell probability
   
Solution:  e   
p.a
  
distribution at temperature T.
 p x2  p 2y  p z2
    
 Ae  Ae  Ae
py ay
e  
p.a
x
2 mkT
e px ax
dpx y
2 mkT
e dp y z
2 mkT
e pz az dpz
  
 ( a x2  a 2y  a z2 ) mkT  ( px  mkTax )2  ( p y  mkTa y )2  ( pz  mkTa z ) 2

    
e   e  Ae  Ae  Ae
p.a 2
x
2 mkT
dpx y
2 mkT
dp y z
2 mkT
dpz
  
 ( ax2  a 2y  a z2 ) mkT 1
   a 2 mkT
e p .a
e 2
.1.1.1 = e 2
Common Data for Questions 22 and 23: There are four energy levels E , 2E , 3 E and
4 E (where E  0 ). The canonical partition function of two particles is, if these particles
are
Q22. Two identical fermions
(a) e 2 E  e 4 E  e 6 E  e 8 E (b) e 3 E  e 4 E  e 5 E  e 6 E  e 7 E
(c) e  E  e  2 E  e 3 E  e  4 E  (d) e 2 E  e 4 E  e 6 E  e 8 E
2
Ans: (b)
Solution: The possible value of Energy for two Fermions
E1  3E, E2  4 E , E3  5E, E4  6 E , E5  7 E
The partition function is Z  e 3E  e 4 E  2e 5 E  e 6 E  e 7 E , then the answer may

be option (b).
Q23. Two distinguishable particles
(a) e 2 E  e 4 E  e 6 E  e 8 E (b) e 3 E  e 4 E  e 5 E  e 6 E  e 7 E
(c) e  E  e  2 E  e 3 E  e  4 E  (d) e 2 E  e 4 E  e 6 E  e 8 E
2
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Ans: (c)
Solution: When two particles are distinguishable then minimum value of Energy is 2 E and
maximum value is 8 E .
So from checking all four options Z  e  E  e 2 E  e 3 E  e 4 E 

2
GATE 2014
Q24. For a gas under isothermal condition its pressure P varies with volume V as P  V 5 / 3 .
The bulk modules B is proportional to
(a) V 1 / 2 (b) V 2 / 3 (c) V 3 / 5 (d) V 5 / 3
Ans: (d)
dP
Solution: P  KV 5 / 3 , B  V B  V 5 / 3
dV
Q25. At a given temperature T , the average energy per particle of a non-interacting gas of
two-dimensional classical harmonic oscillators is _________ k B T
( k B is the Boltzmann constant)

Ans: 2
Q26. Which one of the following is a fermion?
(a)  particle (b) 4 Be 2 nucleus (c) Hydrogen atom (d) deuteron
Ans (d)
Solution: If total number of particles i.e., electron, proton and neutron is odd, then it is a
fermions: P  N  E  3
Q27. For a free electron gas in two dimensions the variations of the density of states. N E  as a
function of energy E , is best represented by
(a) N E  (b) N E 
E E
N E 
(c) (d) N E 
E E
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: N E   E 0
Q28. For a system of two bosons each of which can occupy any of the two energy levels 0 and
1
 . The mean energy of the system at temperature T with   is given by
k T
 e     2 e 2   1   e   2 e     e 2    e     2 e 2  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1  2e     e  2   2e     e  2   2  e    e 2   2  e    e  2  
Ans. : None of the options are matched.
Solution: If both particle will in ground state the energy will 0 , which is non-degenerate. If one
particle is in ground state and other is in first excited state then energy is  and non
degenerate. If both particles will in first excited state, then energy will 2 , which is
non-degenerate.
Then partition function is Z  1  exp      exp  2  
exp    2 exp  2 
Average value of energy 
1  exp    exp  2 
No one answer is correct, but answer may be (a).
Q29. Consider a system of 3 fermions which can occupy any of the 4 available energy states
with equal probability. The entropy of the system is
(a) k B ln 2 (b) 2k B ln 2 (c) 2k B ln 4 (d) 3k B ln 4
Ans: (b)
Solution: Number of ways that 3 fermions will adjust in 4 available energy is 4 C3  4 so
entropy is k B ln 4 = 2k B ln 2
GATE 2015
Q30. In Boss-Einstein condensation, the particles
(a) have strong interparticle attraction
(b) condense in real space
(c) have overlapping wavefunctions
(d) have large and positive chemical potential
Ans.: (c)
Solution: In Bose- Einstein condensates, the particles have overlapping wave function.
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Q31. For a black body radiation in a cavity, photons are created and annihilated freely as a
result of emission and absorption by the walls of the cavity. This is because
(a) the chemical potential of the photons is zero
(b) photons obey Pauli exclusion principle
(c) photons are spin-1 particles
(d) the entropy of the photons is very large
Ans.: (a)
Solution: The chemical potential of photon is zero
1
Q32. Consider a system of N non-interacting spin  particles, each having a magnetic
2

moment  , is in a magnetic field B  Bzˆ . If E is the total energy of the system, then
number of accessible microstates  is given by
 E 
 N  !
N! B 
(a)   (b)   
1 E  1 E   E 
 N   !  N  !  N  !
2 B  2  B   B 
1 E  1 E  N!
(c)    N  !  N  ! (d)  
2 B  2  B   E 
 N  !
 B 
Ans.: (a)
1
Solution: Number of microstate is N
Cn1 , where n1 is number of particle in  state and
2
1
n2   N  n1  is number of state in  state.
2
1 E  1 E 
where n1   N   , n2   N 
2 B  2  B 
N
So, number of microstate 
1 E  1 E 
 N   N
2 B  2   B 
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Q33. The average energy U of a one dimensional quantum oscillator of frequency  and in
contact with a heat bath at temperature T is given by
1 1  1 1 
(a) U   coth    (b) U   sinh    
2 2  2 2 
1 1  1 1 
(c) U   tanh    (d) U   cosh   
2 2  2 2 
Ans.: (a)
  1
 Ei    n   
 1 1
Solution:  Z   e  e  2
where E   n     Z 
i 0  2    
2sinh  
 2 
 
   1      
U  ln Z   ln   coth  
        2  2 
2sinh  
  2  
Q34. The entropy of a gas containing N particles enclosed in a volume V is given by
 aVE 3 / 2 
S  Nk B ln  , where E is the total energy, a is a constant and k B is the
 N
5/ 2

Boltzmann constant. The chemical potential  of the system at a temperature T is given
by
  aVE 3 / 2  5   aVE 3 / 2  3
(a)    k B T ln    (b)    k B T ln   
  N   N
5/ 2 5/ 2
 2  2
  aVE 3/ 2  5    aVE 3 / 2  3
(c)   k BT ln  3/ 2 
  (d)   k B T ln   
  N   N
3/ 2
 2  2
Ans.: (a)
 G   aVE 3/ 2   aVE 3/ 2 
Solution:     S   Nk B ln  5/ 2 
 S  Nk B ln  5/ 2 
 T  P  N   N 
 aVE 3/ 2 
 G   Nk BT ln  5/ 2 
 ln A
 N 
  
 G    aVE 3/ 2  N 5 / 2  5 / 2  
  aVE 3/ 2  5 
      k BT ln  5/ 2 
 Nk BT . aVE    k BT ln
3/ 2

 N    N  aVE 3 / 2 N 7 / 2    5
 2
  N 2
 
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GATE-2016
Q35. The total power emitted by a spherical black body of radius R at a temperature T is P1 .
R
Let P2 be the total power emitted by another spherical black body of radius kept at
2
P1
temperature 2T . The ratio, is _______. (Give your answer upto two decimal places)
P2
Ans.: 0.25
P1 R12T14 R 2T 4 4 1
Solution: P  AT   2 4 
4
   0.25
P2 R2 T2  R  2
16 4
   2T 
4
2
Q36. The entropy S of a system of N spins, which may align either in the upward or in the
downward direction, is given by S   k B N  p ln p  1  p  In(1  p)  . Here k B is the
Boltzmann constant. The probability of alignment in the upward direction is p. The value
of p, at which the entropy is maximum, is _______. (Give your answer upto one decimal
place)
Ans.: 0.5
Solution: S   k B N  p ln p  1  p  In(1  p) 
dS 1 1
For maximum entropy,  0  ln p  p   ln 1  p   1  p    1  0
dp p 1 p
 p 
ln p  1  ln 1  p   1  0  ln    0  p  1  p  p  0.5
 1 p 
Q37. For a system at constant temperature and volume, which of the following statements is
correct at equilibrium?
(a) The Helmholtz free energy attains a local minimum.
(b) The Helmholtz free energy attains a local maximum.
(c) The Gibbs free energy attains a local minimum.
(d) The Gibbs free energy attains a local maximum.
Ans.: (a)
Solution: dF   SdT  PdV
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Q38. N atoms of an ideal gas are enclosed in a container of volume V . The volume of the
container is changed to 4V , while keeping the total energy constant. The change in the
entropy of the gas, in units of Nk B ln 2 , is _______, where k B is the Boltzmann constant.
Ans.: 2
1
Solution: S1   Nk B ln1, S2   Nk B ln  S  S2  S1  Nk B ln 4  2 Nk B ln 2
4
Q39. Consider a system having three energy levels with energies 0, 2 and 3 ,with
respective degeneracies of 2,2 and 3 . Four bosons of spin zero have to be
accommodated in these levels such that the total energy of the system is 10  . The
number of ways in which it can be done is ______.
Ans.: 18
Solution: The system have energy 10  , if out of four boson two boson are in energy level
2 and two boson are in energy level 3 and
ni  gi  1
W  , n1  2, g1  2 and n2  2, g 2  3
i ni gi  1
2  2 1 2  3 1
W   3  6  18
2 2 1 2 3 1
Q40. A two-level system has energies zero and E . The level with zero energy is non-
degenerate, while the level with energy E is triply degenerate. The mean energy of a
classical particle in this system at a temperature T is
E E E E
k BT k BT k BT k BT
Ee Ee 3Ee 3Ee
(a) E
(b) E
(c) E
(d) E
1  3e k BT
1 e k BT
1 e k BT
1  3e k BT
Ans.: (d)
Ei
 0 E E
 gi Ei e kT  
k BT
0e kT  3 E  e kT 3Ee
Solution: E  i
E
 0 E
 E
 i  
 gi e kT e kT  3 e kT
1  3e k BT
i
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GATE 2017
Q41. Consider a triatomic molecule of the shape shown in the figure in three
dimensions. The heat capacity of this molecule at high temperature
(temperature much higher than the vibrational and rotational energy scales
of the molecule but lower than its bond dissociation energies) is:
3 9
(a) kB (b) 3k B (c) kB (d) 6k B
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: If given molecules are at lower temperature i.e. atoms are attached to rigid rod then
6 k BT
degree of freedom is 6 , so internal energy is , but at high temperature, vibration
2
mode will active, so there are three extra vibration mode will active, so total energy
U  3k BT  3k BT  6k BT
 U 
CV     6k B
 T V
Q42. A reversible Carnot engine is operated between temperatures T1 and T2 T2  T1  with a
photon gas as the working substance. The efficiency of the engine is

3/ 4 4/3
3T T T  T 
(a) 1  1 (b) 1  1 (c) 1   1  (d) 1   1 
4T2 T2  T2   T2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Efficiency of Carnot engine does not depends on nature of working substance rather
depends on temperature of source and sink
T1
  1
T2
Q43. Water freezes at 00 C at atmospheric pressure 1.01105 Pa  . The densities of water and
ice at this temperature and pressure are 1000 kg / m3 and 934 kg / m3 respectively. The
latent heat of fusion is 3.34 105 J / kg . The pressure required for increasing the melting
temperature of ice by 100 C is…………… GPa . (up to two decimal places)

Ans. : 0.01102
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p2
 dP  L L T2 dT L T
Solution:      dP    P2  P1  ln 2
 dT V T  v2  v1  P1  v2  v1  T1 T  v2  v1  T1
L T
 P2  P1  ln 2  1 105 Pa  0.01 102 GPa
 v2  v1  T1
Q44. Consider N non- interacting, distinguishable particles in a two-level system at
temperature T . The energies of the levels are 0 and  , where   0 . In the high
temperature limit  k BT    , what is the population of particles in the level with energy
?
N N 3N
(a) (b) N (c) (d)
2 4 4
Ans. : (a)

exp 
Solution: P     kT , population of particle in the level with energy  is

1  exp
kT
 
exp exp 
kT kT 1 N
NP     N , for  k BT    , NP     N N 
  11 2
1  exp 1  exp
kT kT
u
Q45. The energy density and pressure of a photon gas are given by u  aT 4 and P  . Where
3
T is the temperature and a is the radiation constant. The entropy per unit volume is given
by  aT 3 . The value of  is…………… (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 1.33
 S   U 
Solution: TdS  dU  PdV  T     P
 V T  V T
 S  1  U  P aT 4 aT 4 4 3
         aT  1.33
 V T T  V T T T 3T 3
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Q46. Consider two particles and two non-degenerate quantum levels 1 and 2. Level 1 always
contains a particle. Hence, what is the probability that level 2 also contains a particle for
each of the two cases:
(i) when the two particles are distinguishable and (ii) when the two particles are bosons?
1 1 1 1
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (ii)
2 3 2 2
2 1
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i) 1 and (ii) 0
3 2
Ans. : (c)
B A
2
Solution: (I): For distinguishable particle: A B AB , P  2 
3
A 1
(II): For indistinguishable particle (Bosons): , P  2 
A AA 2
GATE-2018
Q47. A microcanonical ensemble consists of 12 atoms with each taking either energy 0 state,
or energy  state. Both states are non-degenerate. If the total energy of this ensemble is
4  , its entropy will be _________ k B (up to one decimal place), where k B is the
Boltzmann constant.
Ans. : 6.204
Solution: The number of ways having total energy 4  , out of 12 atom is
12 12 1110  9
 12C4    495
48 4  3 2
Hence, entropy, S  k B ln w  k B ln  495   k B  6.204   6.204 k B
Q48. An air-conditioner maintains the room temperature at 270 C while the outside temperature
is 470 C . The heat conducted through the walls of the room from outside to inside due to
temperature difference is 7000 W . The minimum work done by the compressor of the
air-conditioner per unit time is__________ W .
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Ans. : 466.67
Solution: Q2  W  Q1 T1  47  273  323 k
Q2
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator  AC   Q1
W
T2
Also, coefficient of performance of refrigerator,  W
T1  T2
Q2  7000 J / S
300 7000
  Q2  Heat coming in room 
47  27 W
T2  27  273  300 k
7000  20 1400
W  J /s   466.67 W
300 3
Q49. Two solid spheres A and B have same emissivity. The radius of A is four times the
radius of B and temperature of A is twice the temperature of B . The ratio of the rate of
heat radiated from A to that from B is __________.
Ans. : 256
Rate of heat radiation from solid sphere  A  4 RA2TA4
Solution: 
Rate of heat radiation from solid sphere  B  4 RB2TB4
 RA  4 RB and TA  2TB
4 RA2TA4  4 RB    2TB 
2 4
   16  16  256
4 RB2TB4  RB   TB 
2 4
Q50. The partition function of an ensemble at a temperature T is

N
  
Z   2 cosh 
 k BT 

where k B is the Boltzmann constant. The heat capacity of this ensemble at T  is
kB
X Nk B , where the value of X is __________ (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 0.42
N
   
Solution: The partition function, z   2 cosh  
  k BT  
  ln z 
The average energy, E  k BT 2
T
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       
Nk BT 2  2sinh    2 
  k B T    k BT    
   N  tanh  
    k BT 
2 cosh  
 k BT 
d E      
C   N  sec h 2   . 2 
dT  k BT   k B T 
 N 2
At T  , C  sec h 2 1  Nk sec h 2 1  0.42 Nk B
k k   / k 
2 2
GATE-2019
Q51. Consider a one-dimensional gas of N non-interacting particles of mass m with the
Hamiltonian for a single particle given by
p2 1
H  m 2  x 2  2 x 
2m 2
The high temperature specific heat in units of R  Nk B ( k B is the Boltzmann constant) is
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 2 (d) 2.5

Ans. : (c)
p2 1 1 NkT NkT
Solution: H   m 2 x 2  m 2 2 x    U0
2m 2 2 2 2
H  NkT
H
CV   NkT
T
Q52. A large number N of ideal bosons, each of mass m , are trapped in a three-dimensional
m 2 r 2
potential V  r   . The bosonic system is kept at temperature T which is much
2
lower than the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature TC . The chemical potential   
satisfies
3 3
(a)    (b) 2    
2 2
(c) 3    2 (d)   3
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Ans. : (a)
Q53. At temperature T Kelvin  K  , the value of the Fermi function at an energy 0.5 eV
above the Fermi energy is 0.01 . Then T , to the nearest integer, is __________
( k B  8.62 105 eV / K )
Ans.: 1262
1 1
Solution: F  E    e
E  EF  / k BT
1 
e  E  EF  / k B T
1 F E
  E  EF  / k B T 1 F E  EF  1 F  E  EF
e    ln   T 
F k BT  F   1 F 
k B ln  
 F 
0.5 0.5
 T 
 0.99  8.62  ln  99 
8.62 105 ln  
 0.01 
0.5 105
  1262.3 K
8.62  4.595
Q54. In a thermally insulated container, 0.01 kg of ice at 273 K is mixed with 0.1 kg of
water at 300 K . Neglecting the specific heat of the container, the change in the entropy
of the system in J / K on attaining thermal equilibrium (rounded off to two decimal
places) is____________
Ans. : 1.03
Solution: Teq  290.29 K (Heat gain  Heat lost)
mice L  miceC T  273  m C  300  T 
T  290.29 K
s   sice  swater
mice L T
 s ice   miceC ln i  14.85 J / K
Tice Tice
290.29
 S water  m C ln  13.82 J / K
300
S  1.03 J / K
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Q55. Consider two system A and B each having two distinguishable particles. In both the
systems, each particle can exist in states with energies 0,1, 2 and 3 units with equal
probability. The total energy of the combined system is 5 units. Assuming that the
system A has energy 3 units and the system B has energy 2 units, the entropy of the
system is k B ln  . The value of  is__________
Ans. : 12
Solution: EA  3 EB  2
A B 3
A B A B
  4  3  12 2
B A AB
1
S  ln   k B ln12 B A B A
0
  12 .
A  4 B  3
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ELECTRONICS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. A signal of frequency 10 k Hz is being digitalized by an A/D converter. A possible

sampling time which can be used is
(a) 100  s (b) 40  s (c) 60  s (d) 200  s
Ans. : (b)
1 1
Solution: f S  2 f  TS    50 s  TS  50 s
2 f 20  103
Q2. Consider the digital circuit shown below in which the input C is always high (1).
A
B Z
C
(high)
The truth table for the circuit can be written as

A B Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 1
The entries in the Z column (vertically) are

(a) 1010 (b) 0100 (c) 1111 (d) 1011
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Z  A.B  B  1
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Q3. A time varying signal Vin is fed to an op-amp circuit with output signal Vo as shown in
10 K
the figure below.
The circuit implements a
(a) high pass filter with cutoff frequency 16 Hz 1K

Vo
(b) high pass filter with cutoff frequency 100 Hz V in 
1K 10 K
10 K
(c) low pass filter with cutoff frequency 16 Hz 1 F
(d) low pass filter with cutoff frequency 100 Hz 


Ans. : (c)
Solution: Since circuit has R and C combination, its a Low Pass filter and cutoff frequency
1
  16 Hz.
2RC
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q4. In the operational amplifier circuit below, the voltage at point A is
5V
1K A
1V 
1V 
1K
1K 5V
(a) 1.0 V (b) 0.5V (c) 0 V (d) 5.0V

Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: V A   1  0.5V .
11
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Q5. A counter consists of four flip-flops connected as shown in the figure:

A0 A1 A2 A3
J Q J Q J Q J Q
CLK
K Q K Q K Q K Q
If the counter is initialized as A0 A1 A2 A3  0110 , the state after the next clock pulse is
(a) 1000 (b) 0001 (c) 0011 (d) 1100

Ans. : (b)
A 0 0 A1 1 A 2 1 A 3 0
Solution:
0 J Q J Q 0 J Q J Q
CLK
1 K Q K Q 0 1 K Q K Q
1 0 1
Q6. The pins 0, 1, 2 and 3 of part A of a microcontroller are connected with resistors to drive
an LED at various intensities as shown in the figure. For V CC
VCC = 4.2 V and a voltage drop of 1.2 V across the LED, 
the range (maximum current) and resolution (step size)
A3
of the drive current are, respectively, 0 . 75 k
A2
(a) 4.0 mA and 1.0 mA C 1 .5 k
A1
(b) 15.0 mA and 1.0 mA 3k
(c) 7.5 mA and 0.5 mA A0
6k
(d) 4.0 mA and 0.5 mA
Ans. : (c)
A3 , A2 , A1 , A0
Solution: For Maximum current
0, 0, 0, 0
4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2
Thus, I max      7.5mA
0.75k 1.5k 3k 6k
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A3 , A2 , A1 , A0 4.2  1.2
For Step size . Thus I 0   0.5mA
0, 0, 0, 1 6k
Q7. The figure below shows a voltage regulator utilizing a Zener diode of breakdown voltage
5 V and a positive triangular wave input of amplitude 10 V.
500 12
Vi 10
i 8
i(mA)
6
1K 4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (s)
For Vi > 5V, the Zener regulates the output voltage by channeling the excess current
through itself. Which of the following waveforms shows the current i passing through the
Zener diode?
(a) 12 (b) 12
10
10
8
i(mA)
8
6
i(mA)
6
4
4
2
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (s) t (s)
(c) 12 (d) 12
10 10
8 8
i(mA)
i(mA)
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (s) t (s)
Ans. : (a)
Solution: When zener is OFF zener current is zero when zener is ON zener current will flow.
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q8. In the op-amp circuit shown in the figure below, the input voltage is 1V. The value of the
1K
output V0 is
1K
 1K Vo
Vi  1V

1K
(a) -0.33 V (b) -0.50 V (c) -1.00 V (d) -0.25 V

Ans. : (b)
R F Vin 1 11 1
Solution: V0     V  0.05 where R F   K and R1  1K .
R1 2 11 2
Q9. An LED operates at 1.5 V and 5 mA in forward bias. Assuming an 80% external
efficiency of the LED, how many photons are emitted per second?
(a) 5.0 x 1016 (b) 1.5 x 1016 (c) 0.8 x 1016 (d) 2.5 x 1016
Ans. : (d)
i Pin i 5  103
Solution: Pin  ext hf , number of photon   ext  0.8  19
 2.5  1016
e hf e 1.6  10
Q10. The transistor in the given circuit has hfe = 35Ω and hie = 1000Ω. If the load resistance
RL = 1000Ω, the voltage and current gain are, respectively.
(a) -35 and + 35 VO
RL
(b) 35 and - 35

(c) 35 and – 0.97
VI 
(d) 0.98 and - 35
Ans. : (a)
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Q11. The output, O, of the given circuit in cases I and II, where
Case I: A, B = 1; C, D = 0; E, F = 1 and G = 0
Case II: A, B = 0; C, D = 0: E, F = 0 and G = 1
are respectively 

(a) 1, 0
(b) 0, 1 C
D
(c) 0, 0
(d) 1, 1
Ans. : (d) O
 
Solution: O  AB  CD E  F G  E F
G
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q12. A live music broadcast consists of a radio-wave of frequency 7 MHz, amplitude-
modulated by a microphone output consisting of signals with a maximum frequency of
10 kHz. The spectrum of modulated output will be zero outside the frequency band
(a) 7.00 MHz to 7.01 MHz (b) 6.99 MHz to 7.01 MHz
(c) 6.99 MHz to 7.00 MHz (d) 6.995 MHz to 7.005 MHz
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Spectrum consists of f c  f m and f c  f m .
Q13. In the op-amp circuit shown in the figure, Vi is a sinusoidal input signal of frequency 10
Hz and V0 is the output signal. The magnitude of the gain and the phase shift, respectively,
close to the values 0.01F
(a) 5 2 and  / 2
(b) 5 2 and   / 2 10 K
1K
(c) 10 and zero
Vi 
Vo
(d) 10 and π 
Ans. : (d)
v0 X C RF v
Solution:   0  10
vin R1 R1  R F  vin
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Q14. The logic circuit shown in the figure below Implements the Boolean expression
A
HIGH y
(a) y  A  B (b) y  A  B (c) y  A  B (d) y  A  B

Ans. : (a)
Solution: Output of each Ex-OR gate is A and B . Thus y  A  B  A  B

Q15. A diode D as shown in the circuit has an i-v relation that can be approximated by
v 2  2v D , for v D  0
iD   D
0, for v D  0 1
The value of v D in the circuit is iD



(a)  1  11 V  (b) 8 V 10 V

D vD
(c) 5 V (d) 2 V
Ans. : (d)
Solution:  10  v D2  2v D  1  v D  0  v D  2V
Q16. Band-pass and band-reject filters can be implemented by combining a low pass and a
high pass filter in series and in parallel, respectively. If the cut-off frequencies of the low
pass and high pass filters are  0LP and  0HP , respectively, the condition required to
implement the band-pass and band-reject filters are, respectively,
(a)  0HP   0LP and  0HP   0LP (b) 0HP  0LP and  0HP   0LP
(c)  0HP   0LP and 0HP  0LP (d)  0HP   0LP and 0HP  0LP
Ans. : (b)
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q17. A silicon transistor with built-in voltage 0.7 V is used in the circuit shown, with
V BB  9.7V , R B  300k, VCC  12V and RC  2k . Which of the following figures
correctly represents the load line and quiescent Q point?
RC
RB 
 
V CC
V BB

iC iC
    mA  
32 35 6 35
(a) 32 (b) 32
Q
30 Q
30
0 9 .7 VCE V  0 12 VCE V 
iC iC
mA   A  
6 35 32 Q 35
(c) Q
32 (d) 32
30 30
0 12 VCE V  0 9 .7 VCE V 
Ans. : (b)
VBB  VBE 9.7  0.7 V 12
Solution: I B    30 A and I C , sat  CC   6mA
RB 300  10 3
RC 2  10 3
Q18. If the analog input to an 8-bit successive approximation ADC is increased from 1.0 V to
2.0 V, then the conversion time will
(a) remain unchanged (b) double
(c) decrease to half its original value (d) increase four times
Ans. : (a)
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Q19. The input to a lock-in amplifier has the form Vi t   Vi sin  t   i  where Vi ,  ,  i are the
amplitude, frequency and phase of the input signal respectively. This signal is multiplied
by a reference signal of the same frequency  , amplitude Vr and phase  r . If the
multiplied signal is fed to a low pass filter of cut-off frequency  , then the final output
signal is
1  1 
(a) ViVr cos i   r  (b) ViVr cos i   r   cos  t   i   r 
2  2 
 1 
(c) ViVr sin  i   r  (d) ViVr cos i   r   cos  t   i   r 
 2 
Ans. : (a)
Vi V r
Solution: V  Vr sin  t   r   Vi sin  t   i   cos i   r   cos2 t   i   r 
2
Vi V r
Output of low pass filter= cos i   r 
2
Q20. Four digital outputs V , P, T and H monitor the speed v , tyre pressure p , temperature t
and relative humidity h of a car. These outputs switch from 0 to 1 when the values of the
parameters exceed 85 km/hr, 2 bar, 40 0 C and 50%, respectively. A logic circuit that is
used to switch ON a lamp at the output E is shown below.
Which of the following condition will not switch the lamp ON?
(a) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 0 C , h  50%
V
(b) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 C , h  50%
0
P
(c) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 0 C , h  50% E
(d) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  400 C , h  50% T
H
Ans. : (d)
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JRF/NET-(DEC-2013)
Q21. Consider the op-amp circuit shown in the figure.
If the input is a sinusoidal wave Vi  5 sin 1000t  , then 1 F
the amplitude of the output V0 is

1K
5 1K
(a) (b) 5 Vi  Vo
2 
5 2
(c) (d) 5 2
2
Ans. : (c)
vo X RF X C 10 3 1
Solution:   F , XF   where R F  1  10 3 , X C 
vin R1 RF  X C 1  j  j  10  10 6
3
vo 10 3 1 1 5 5 2
  3   vo  sin t  sin t
vin 2 10 2 2 2
Q22. If one of the inputs of a J-K flip flop is high and the other is low, then the outputs Q and
Q
(a) oscillate between low and high in race around condition
(b) toggle and the circuit acts like a T flip flop
(c) are opposite to the inputs
(d) follow the inputs and the circuit acts like an R  S flip flop
Ans. : (d)
Q23. A sample of Si has electron and hole mobilities of 0.13 and 0.05 m 2 /V- s respectively at
300 K. It is doped with P and Al with doping densities of 1.5  10 21 / m 3 and
2.5  10 21 / m 3 respectively. The conductivity of the doped Si sample at 300 K is
(a) 8  1 m 1 (b) 32  1 m 1 (c) 20.8  1 m 1 (d) 83.2  1 m 1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Resulting doped crystal is p-type and p p  2.5  1.5  10 21 / m 3  1  10 21 / m 3
  en p  n  p p  p   ep p  p  1.6  10 19  1  10 21  0.05  8  1 m 1
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Q24. Two identical Zener diodes are placed back to back in series and are connected to a
variable DC power supply. The best representation of the I-V characteristics of the circuit
is
(a) I (b) I
V V
(c) I (d) I
V V
Ans. : (d)
Q25. A 4-variable switching function is given by f   5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15  d 0, 1, 2  , where
d is the do-not-care-condition. The minimized form of f in sum of products (SOP) form

is
(a) A C  B D (b) AB  CD (c) AD  BC (d) B D  BD
Ans. : (d) CD CD CD CD
AB    BD
AB 1 1 BD
AB 1 1
AB 1 1
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q26. The inner shield of a triaxial conductor is driven by an (ideal) op-amp follower circuit as
shown. The effective capacitance between the signal-carrying conductor and ground is
Signal


(a) unaffected (b) doubled (c) halved (d) made zero

Ans. : (a)
Q27. An op-amp based voltage follower
(a) is useful for converting a low impedance source into a high impedance source.
(b) is useful for converting a high impedance source into a low impedance source.
(c) has infinitely high closed loop output impedance
(d) has infinitely high closed loop gain
Ans. : (b)
Q28. An RC network produces a phase-shift of 30 o . How many such RC networks should be
cascaded together and connected to a Common Emitter amplifier so that the final circuit
behaves as an oscillator?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Total phase shift must be 0 or 3600. Common Emitter amplifier has phase change of
1800 so we need 6 RC network for next 1800 phase shift.
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Q29. For the logic circuit shown in the below
X
B
A simplified equivalent circuit is A

(a) A (b) B
B X X
C
C
A A
(c) (d)
B B
X X
C C
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
A A
A.B  A  B  AC
B X
B
C
C
ABC
X   A  B  AC  ABC  AC  ABC  ABC  AC  AB  A  B  C 
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NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q30. Consider the amplifier circuit comprising of the two op-amps A1 and A2 as shown in the
figure. 1M
R
 10 K

 r
A1  V0
A2
If the input ac signal source has an impedance of 50 k  , which of the following

statements is true?
(a) A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much greater than r
(b) A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much less than R
(c) A1 can be eliminated from the circuit without affecting the overall gain
(d) A1 is required in the circuit if the output has to follow the phase of the input signal
Ans. : (a)
Solution: A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much greater than r
Q31. The I  V characteristics of the diode in the circuit below is given by
V  0.7  / 500 for V  0.7
I  
 0 for V  0.7
where V is measured in volts and I is measured in amperes.
1K I
10 V
The current I in the circuit is

(a) 10.0 mA (b) 9.3 mA (c) 6.2 mA (d) 6.7 mA
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Applying K.V.L. 10  1000  I  V  0  10  1000  V  0.7  / 500  V  0
 10  2 V  0.7   V  0  3V  11.4  V  3.8 Volts
Thus I  V  0.7  / 500   3.8  0.7  / 500  3.1/ 500  6.2 mA
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Q32. In a measurement of the viscous drag force experienced by spherical particles in a liquid,
the force is found to be proportional to V 1 / 3 where V is the measured volume of each
particle. If V is measured to be 30 mm 3 , with an uncertainty of 2.7 mm 3 , the resulting
relative percentage uncertainty in the measured force is
(a) 2.08 (b) 0.09 (c) 6 (d) 3
Ans. : (b)
2
 F  2
Solution: The relative percentage uncertainty in the measure force is    2

 V  V
F
 F 
F     V where  V is the uncertainty in the measurement of volume.
 V 
F 1 2 / 3
 F  V 1/3   V
V 3
1 1 1 1
F   V   2.7   2.7   2.7   F  0.09
3  30 3   900 3  9.7
2/3 2/3 1/ 3
3V
Q33. Consider a Low Pass (LP) and a High Pass (HP) filter with cut-off frequencies f LP and
f HP , respectively, connected in series or in parallel configurations as shown in the
Figures A and B below. 
fHP
(A) Input  L Output (B) Input Output
fHP fLP
L
Which of the following statements is correct? fLP
(a) For f HP  f LP , A acts as a Band Pass filter and B acts as a band Reject filter
(b) For f HP  f LP , A stops the signal from passing through and B passes the signal
without filtering
(c) For f HP  f LP , A acts as a Band Pass filter and B passes the signal without filtering
(d) For f HP  f LP , A passes the signal without filtering and B acts as a Band Reject filter
Ans. : (c)
Q34. The power density of sunlight incident on a solar cell is 100 mW / cm 2 . Its short circuit
current density is 30 mA / cm 2 and the open circuit voltage is 0.7 V . If the fill factor of
the solar cell decreases from 0.8 to 0.5 then the percentage efficiency will decrease from
(a) 42.0 to 26.2 (b) 24.0 to 16.8 (c) 21.0 to 10.5 (d) 16.8 to 10.5
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the fraction of incident power which is
converted to electricity and is defined as
Voc I sc FF
 and Pmax  Voc I sc FF
Pin
where Voc is the open circuit voltage, I sc is the short circuit current density , FF is the
Fill factor, Pin is the input power and  is the efficiency of the solar cell.
Given Pin  100 mW / cm2 , I sc  30 mA / cm 2 , Voc  0.7 V
Let 1 is the efficiency of solar cell when FF  0.8
 0.7 V    30  103 A / cm2   0.8 16.8

 1  3
  1  0.168
100  10 W / cm 2
100
Let 2 is the efficiency of solar cell when FF  0.5
 0.7 V    30  103 A / cm2   0.5 10.5

 2  3
  2  0.105
100  10 W / cm 2
100
Thus efficiency decreases from 1  16.8% to 2  10.5%
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q35. The concentration of electrons, n and holes p , for an intrinsic semiconductor at a
3
 E 
temperature T can be expressed as n  p  AT 2 exp   g  , where Eg is the band
 2 k BT 
3
gap and A is a constant. If the mobility of both types of carrier is proportional to T 2
,
then the log of the conductivity is a linear function of T 1 , with slope
Eg Eg  Eg  Eg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 2k B  kB  2k B  kB
Ans. (c)
3
  Eg  23   Eg 
Solution:  i  ni e  e   p   T 2 exp    T   i  C exp  
 2 k BT   2k B T 
E E
ln  i   g  ln C  slope is g
2 k BT 2k B
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 Pa 4
Q36. The viscosity  of a liquid is given by Poiseuille’s formula   . Assume that
8lV
l and V can be measured very accurately, but the pressure P has an rms error of 1% and
the radius a has an independent rms error of 3% . The rms error of the viscosity is
closest to
(a) 2% (b) 4% (c) 12% (d) 13%
Ans. (c)
Solution:   kPa 4
2
     
     p2     a2   a 4   p2   4 Pa 3   a2
2 2 2
n
 P   a 
2
 
2 2
   
  n  100    p 100   16  a  100   1  16  3  1  144  145
2 2
 n   p   a 
 
  n 100   12%
 n 
Q37. Consider the circuits shown in figures (a) and (b) below
2K 1K
10 K 10 K
10V 10V
10.7V 5V
(a) (b)
If the transistors in Figures (a) and (b) have current gain   dc  of 100 and 10 respectively,
then they operate in the

(a) active region and saturation region respectively
(b) saturation region and active region respectively
(c) saturation region in both cases
(d) active region in both cases
Ans. (b)
Solution: In both case input section is F.B.
10.7  0.7
For figure (a) I B   1 mA  I C  BI B  100 mA
10
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Thus VCB  VC  VB  10  2  100   0.7  ve
 output section is F.B.

since both section are F.B. so it is in saturation region.
5  0.7
For Figure (b) I B   0.43 mA  I C  BI B  4.3 mA
10
Thus VCB  VC  VB  10  4.3  0.7)   ve
 out put section is R.B.

Thus it is in active region
Q38. In the circuit given below, the thermistor has a resistance 3 k at 250 C . Its resistance
decreases by 150 per 0 C upon heating. The output voltage of the circuit at 300 C is
T
1V

1K
 Vout
(a) 3.75 V (b) 2.25 V (c) 2.25 V (d) 3.75 V

Ans. (c)
Solution: At 300 C , Resistance  3000  150  5  2250 
RF 2250
 V0   vi   1  V0  2.25 volts
R1 1000
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NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q39. If the reverse bias voltage of a silicon varactor is increased by a factor of 2 , the
corresponding transition capacitance
(a) increases by a factor of 2 (b) increases by a factor of 2
(c) decreases by a factor of 2 (d) decreases by a factor of 2
Ans. : (c)
1 CT V C V 1
Solution: CT     T   CT  CT
V CT V CT 2V 2
Q40. If the parameters y and x are related by y  log  x  , then the circuit that can be used to
produce an output voltage V0 varying linearly with x is
(a) y (b) y
 
Vo Vo
 
(c) (d)
y  y 
Vo Vo
 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: (1) Integrator
(2) Logarithmic Ampere V0  log y 
(3) Anti-log V0  e y  x 
(4) Differentiator
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Q41. The state diagram corresponding to the following circuit is
x D A
y
CLOCK
Flip Flop
00, 01,10 01,11
(a) 11 00 (b) 00,10 00,10
0 1 0 1
01,10,11 01,11
00,11 00, 01,10

(c) 01,10 00,10 (d) 11 11
0 1 0 1
00,11 00, 01,10

Ans. : (d)
Solution: DA  xy  A
Input Present Flip-Flop Next State

x y State A Input DA A
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
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Q42. A sinusoidal signal of peak to peak amplitude 1V and unknown time period is input to
the following circuit for 5 second’s duration. If the counter measures a value  3E 8  H in
hexadecimal, then the time period of the input signal is

0.1  F
 10 bit
Vi  counter
1K 10 K
(a) 2.5 ms (b) 4 ms (c) 10 ms (d) 5 ms

Ans. : (d)
Solution:  3E 8  H  3 162  14 16  8 1  1000 10
In 5 sec, number of counts is 1000 .

Then count per sec is  200 count/sec
1
So, T  sec  5ms
200
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q43. The dependence of current I on the voltage V of a certain device is given by
2
 V 
I  I 0 1  
 V0 
where I 0 and V0 are constants. In an experiment the current I is measured as the voltage
V applied across the device is increased. The parameters V0 and I 0 can be graphically
determined as
(a) the slope and the y -intercept of the I  V 2 graph
(b) the negative of the ratio of the y -intercept and the slope, and the y -intercept of the
I  V 2 graph
(c) the slope and the y -intercept of the I  V graph
(d) the negative of the ratio of the y -intercept and the slope, and the y -intercept of the
I  V graph
Ans. : (d)
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 V 
2
 V   I0 I
Solution: I  I 0 1    I  I 0 1    I  V  I0
 V0   V0  V0
 I0  I0
Slope    V0
V0  I0 V
V0
Intercept on y -axis  I 0
Q44. In the schematic figure given below, assume that the propagation delay of each logic gate
is t . 5 V
gate
The propagation delay of the circuit will be maximum when the logic inputs A and B
make the transition
(a)  0,1  1,1 (b) 1,1   0,1
(c)  0, 0   1,1 (d)  0, 0    0,1
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
Input Output
A B NOT OR AND OR
0 1 0 0 0 0
    3t
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
    3t
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1
    t
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
    4t
0 1 0 0 0 0
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Q45. Given the input voltage Vi , which of the following waveforms correctly represents the
output voltage V0 in the circuit shown below?
0.5 10 K
5K
Vi 0 Vi 
t
V0
0.5V 
5K 10 K
0.5
0
3.0 3.0
(a) 2.5 (b) 2.5
2.0 t V0 2.0
V0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 t
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
0 0
3.0 3.0
(c) 2.5 (d) 2.5
2.0 2.0 t
V0 1.5 V0 1.5
1.0 t 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.00
0
Ans. : (b)
 10  10 10
Solution: V0   1     0.5   Vi  V0  1  2Vi
 5  15 5
When Vi  0  V0  1V , when Vi  0.1V  V0  0.8 V , when Vi  0.5V  V0  0V
Q46. The decay constants f p of the heavy pseudo-scalar mesons, in the heavy quark limit, are
a
related to their masses m p by the relation f p  , where a is an empirical parameter
mp
to be determined. The values m p   6400  160  MeV and f p  180  15  MeV
correspond to uncorrelated measurements of a meson. The error on the estimate of a is

3 3 3 3
(a) 175  MeV  2 (b) 900  MeV  2 (c) 1200  MeV  2 (d) 2400  MeV  2
Ans. : (c)
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Solution: a  f p m1/p 2
2 2
 a  2  a  2 a a f
 
2
  f p     m p   m1/p 2 and  p1
a f p
   m p  f p m p
2m p2
1
f 2
  f
2 
2
 m 
2
  f 2
   mp 
2
2
  a2  m p 2f p   m2    p    a  a  p 
p
 p
a
    
4m p p
a  fp

2

 2m p 
   f p   2m p  
 
 a  f p m1/p 2  180 MeV  6400 MeV   180  80  MeV 

1/ 2 3/ 2
2 2
  fp   15  2 3
  mp   160  2 4
      6.9  10 and       1.56  10
 fp   180   2m p   2  6400 
   MeV 
1/ 2
 a  180  80  MeV 
3/ 2 1/ 2 3/ 2
6.9  103  1.56  104   180  80  7  103
  a  1204  MeV 
3/ 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q47. Which of the following circuits implements the Boolean function
F  A, B, C    1, 2, 4, 6  ?
C I0 C I0
(a) I1 4  1 (b) I1 4  1
I MUX
2
F I MUX
2
F
I 3 S1 S0 I 3 S1 S0
A B A B
C I0 0 I0
(c) I1 4  1 (d) I1 4  1
1
I MUX
2
F I MUX
2
F
I 3 S1 S0 C I 3 S1 S0
A B A B
Ans. : (b)
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Solution:
A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 F C
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 F C
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 F C
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 F C
  aV  
Q48. The I  V characteristics of a device can be expressed as I  I s exp    1 , where T
  T  
is the temperature and a and I s are constants independent of T and V . Which one of
the following plots is correct for a fixed applied voltage V ?

3 2
(a) (b) 1
2
0
log I
log I
1 1
2
0 3 3
1 2 3 0 1 2
aV / T aV / T
2 4
1 3
(c) (d)
2
0 1
log I
log I
1 0
1
2
2
3 3 3
0 1 2 0 1 2 3
aV / T aV / T
Ans. : (d)
av
Solution: Let  x For large x ; I  I s e x  log e I  log e Is  x  log e I  x
T
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Q49. The active medium in a blue LED (light emitting diode) is a Gax In1 x N alloy. The band
gaps of GaN and InN are 3.5 eV and 1.5 eV respectively. If the band gap of Gax In1 x N
varies approximately linearly with x , the value of x required for the emission of blue
light of wavelength 400 nm is (take hc  1200 eV -nm )
(a) 0.95 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.33
Ans. : (b)
Solution: EgGaN  3.5eV and EgInN  1.5eV E  eV 
Band Gap energy of Gax In1 x N is E  x . 3.5

3.0
For blue light of wavelength 400nm , the band gap
1.5
hc 1200 eV .nm
energy is    3.0 eV .
 400nm x
0 x? 1
 3.5 1.5   3.0 1.5 
Thus equating slopes we get;     2x  1.5  x  0.75
 1 0   x  0 
Q50. In the circuit below, the input voltage Vi is 2V ,Vcc  16 V , R2  2k  and RL  10 k 
VCC


Vi  R1 RL
R2
The value of R1 required to deliver 10 mW of power across RL is
(a) 12k (b) 4k (c) 8k (d) 14 k

Ans. : (c)
0  vi vi  v0 v0  0 
Solution: Apply kCL ; I 2  I1  I L    Vo
R2 R1 RL 
Vi I1
2
Vi
v R1 RL
pL  0
 10mW  v0  10V I2 R2
RL IL
0  2 2  10 10V 8
    1   R1  8 k 
2 R1 10k R1
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Q51. Two sinusoidal signals are sent to an analog multiplier of scale factor 1V 1 followed by a
low pass filter (LPF).
V1  5cos 100t 
LPF
Multiplier fC  5Hz
Vout
V2  20 cos 100t   / 3
If the roll-off frequency of the LPF is f c  5 Hz , the output voltage Vout is
(a) 5V (b) 25V (c) 100 V (d) 50V

Ans. : (b)
Solution: After multiplying
  1     
5cos 100t   20 cos 100t    1V 1  100  cos  200t    cos  
 3 2  3  3 
    1
 50 cos  200t    
  3  2
1
After pass L.P.F. v0  50   25V
2
Q52. The resistance of a sample is measured as a function of temperature, and the data are
shown below.
T  0C 2 4 6 8
R  90 105 110 115
The slope of R vs T graph, using a linear least-squares fit to the data, will be
6 4 2 8
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) 0
C C C C
Ans. : (b)
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q53. In the n -channel JFET shown in figure below, Vi  2V , C  10 pF , VDD  16 V and
RD  2k  . VDD
RD
D C
VO
Vi
G
S
If the drain D - source S saturation current I DSS is 10 mA and the pinch-off voltage VP is
8V , then the voltage across points D and S is

(a) 11.125 V (b) 10.375 V (c) 5.75 V (d) 4.75 V
Ans. : (d)
Solution: VGSQ  VGG  2V
2 2
 V   2 
I DQ  I DSS 1  GS   10mA 1    5.63mA
 VP   8 
VDS  VDD  I D RD  16  5.63  z  4.8V
1
Q54. The gain of the circuit given below is  .
 RC
C
R V
Vin 
a Vout
 b
V
ground
The modification in the circuit required to introduce a dc feedback is to add a resistor
(a) between a and b
(b) between positive terminal of the op-amp and ground
(c) in series with C
(d) parallel to C
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Ans. : (d)
Q55. A 2  4 decoder with an enable input can function as a
(a) 4 1 multiplexer (b) 1 4 demultiplexer
(c) 4  2 encoder (d) 4  2 priority encoder
Ans. : (b)
Q56. The experimentally measured values of the variables x and y are 2.00  0.05 and
3.00  0.02 respectively. What is the error in the calculated value of z  3 y  2 x from the
measurements?
(a) 0.12 (b) 0.05 (c) 0.03 (d) 0.07
Ans. : (a)
Solution: z  3 y  2 x
2 2
 z   z 
     y2     x2  9 y2  4 x2  0.12
2
z
 y   x 
Q57. Let I 0 be the saturation current,  the ideality factor and vF and vR the forward and
reverse potentials respectively, for a diode. The ratio RR / RF of its reverse and forward
resistances RR and RF , respectively, varies as (In the following k B is the Boltzmann
constant, T is the absolute temperature and q is the charge.)
vR  qv  vF  qv 
(a) exp  F  (b) exp  F 
vF   k BT  vR   k BT 
vR  qv  vF  qv 
(c) exp   F  (d) exp   F 
vF   k BT  vR   k BT 
Ans. : (a)
KT
Solution: I  I 0  eV /VT  1 , VT 
q
RR VR / I R VR I F
  
RF VF / I F VF I R
RR VR I 0 eVF /VT VR  qV 
   exp  F 
RF VF I0 VF  KT 
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Q58. In the figures below, X and Y are one bit inputs. The circuit which corresponds to a one
bit comparator is
X
X Y
(a) Y
X Y
X Y
X
X Y
(b)
X Y
Y X Y
X
(c) X Y
X Y
Y X Y
X
X Y
(d)
Y
X Y
Y X Y
Ans. : (c)
Solution: (a) 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  0
(b). 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  Y
(c) 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  XY  XY  X  Y (Equality comparator)
(d) 01  XY , 02  X  Y , 03  XY
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Q59. Both the data points and a linear fit to the current vs voltage of a resistor are shown in the
graph below. 1
I (amps)
0 V  volts  25
If the error in the slope is 1.255  103  1 , then the value of resistance estimated from the
graph is
(a)  0.04  0.8   (b)  25.0  0.8  
(c)  25  1.25   (d)  25  0.0125  
Ans. : (b)
I max  I min 1 0 1
Solution: Slope     m (let)
Vmax  Vmin 25  0 25
V 1 R 1
I   mV  R   25 where  2
R m m m
2
 R  2 1 2
Error in R is  R2    m  4 m  R m
4 2
 m  m
  R  R 2 m   25  1.255 103  0.8  R   25.0  0.8  

2
Q60. In the following operational amplifier circuit Cin  10 nF , Rin  20 k , RF  200 k  and
RF
CF  100 pF .
CF
Ri Ci

Vin
Vout

The magnitude of the gain at a input signal frequency of 16 kHz is

(a) 67 (b) 0.15 (c) 0.3 (d) 3.5
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Ans. : (d)
1  1 
RF  /  RF  
Vo z RF  X CF J  cF  J  cF 
Solution:  F  
Vin zi Ri  X Ci  1 
 Ri  
 J  ci 
Vo  RF /  J  cF RF  1  RF j ci
  
Vin  jci Ri  1 / jci  jcF RF  1 1  j Ri ci 
Vo  ci RF
  ,   2 f
Vin 1   cF RF  1   Ri ci 
2 2

V0

 2  16 103 10 109  200  103 
Vln 1  4 2 16 103   200 103  100  1012  1  4 2 16  103   20  103  10  109 
2 2 2 2 2 2
V0 64
   4.45
Vln 2.4  20.12

Q61. The full scale voltage of an n -bit Digital-to-Analog Convener is V . The resolution that
can be achieved in it is
V V V V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 2  1
n
 2  1
n
22 n n
Ans. : (a)
Q62. A Zener diode with an operating voltage of 10 V at 250 C has a positive temperature
coefficient of 0.07 % per 0 C of the operating voltage. The operating voltage of this
Zener diode at 1250 C is

(a) 12.0 V (b) 11.7 V (c) 10.7 V (d) 9.3 V
Ans. : (c)
Solution: With increase of 1000 C , the voltage increases by  7% of operating voltage
Thus at 1250 C , the operating voltage is
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Q63. In the circuit below the voltages VBB and VCC are kept fixed, the
VCC
voltage measured at B is a constant, but that measured at A
fluctuates between a few V to a few mV . 9V
From these measurements it may be inferred that the RC
(a) base is open internally B

(b) emitter is open internally VBB RB
(c) collector resistor is open 3V A
(d) base resistor is open
Ans. : (d)
Q64. In the circuit below, D1 and D2 are two silicon diodes with the same characteristics. If
the forward voltage drop of a silicon diode is 0.7 V then the value of the current I1  I D1
I1
is
1k  I D1 ID2
10V D1 D2 Vo
(a) 18.6 mA (b) 9.3 mA (c) 13.95 mA (d) 14.65 mA

Ans. : (c)
10  0.7
Solution: I1   9.3 mA
1k
I I 3
 
I D1  I D2  1  I1  I D1  I1  1  I1  13.95 mA
2 2 2
Q65. The sensitivity of a hot cathode pressure gauge is 10 mbar 1 . If the ratio between the
numbers of the impinging charged particles to emitted electrons is 1:10 , then the
pressure
(a) 10 mbar (b) 101 mbar (c) 102 mbar (d) 102 mbar
Ans. : (c)
I 1
Solution: Pressure, P   
I S
I
where  ratio between the number of the impinging charge particles to emitted
I
electrons
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S  Sensitivity of Gauge.
1 1 
 P  1 
 102 m bar
10  10 m bar 
Thus correct option is (c)

Q66. The circuit below comprises of D -flip flops. The output is taken from Q3 , Q2,Q1 and Q0 as
LSB Q Q1 Q2
MSB Q
0 3
D Q D Q D Q D Q
CLR CLR CLR CLR
CLK
RST
the binary number given by the string Q3 , Q2,Q1Q0 changes for every clock pulse that is
applied to the CLK input. If the output is initialized at 0000 , the the corresponding
sequence of decimal numbers that repeats itself, is
(a) 3, 2,1, 0 (b) 1,3, 7,14,12,8
(c) 1,3, 7,15,12,14, 0 (d) 1,3, 7,15,14,12,8, 0
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
Clock Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 1 1 3
3 0 1 1 1 7
4 1 1 1 1 15
5 1 1 1 0 14
6 1 1 0 0 12
7 1 0 0 0 8
8 0 0 0 0 0
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q67. A sinusoidal signal with a peak voltage V p and average value zero, is an input to the
following circuit.
Vp
Input voltage RL Output
voltage
C
Assuming ideal diodes, the peak value of the output voltage across the load resistor RL is
Vp
(a) V p (b) (c) 2V p (d) 2V p
2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: It’s a voltage doubler circuit
Peak value  2V p
Q68. In the following circuit, the value of the common-emitter forward current amplification
factor  for the transistor is 100 and VBE is 0.7 V .
VCC 20.7 V
500 k R1 R2
5k
Ib Output
Input
Ik
The base current I B is
(a) 40  A (b) 30  A (c) 44  A (d) 33  A

Ans. : (d)
Vcc  VBE 20.7  0.7 20 20 1000
Solution: I B      A  33.3 A
RB   RE 500  100 1 600 K 600
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Q69. In the following JK flip-flop circuit, J and K inputs are tied together to VCC . If the
input is a clock signal of frequency f , the frequency of the output Q is

VCC
I Q
Clock signal
K Q
f
(a) f (b) 2 f (c) 4 f (d)
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: It divides clock frequency by 2
Q70. Which of the following gates can be used as a parity checker?
(a) an OR gate (b) a NOR gate
(c) an exclusive OR (XOR) gate (d) an AND gate
Ans. : (c)
Q71. Two signals A1 sin  t  and A2 cos t  are fed into the input and the reference channels,
respectively, of a lock-in amplifier. The amplitude of each signal is 1 V . The time

constant of the lock-in amplifier is such that any signal of frequency larger than  is
filtered out. The output of the lock-in amplifier is
(a) 2 V (b) 1 V (c) 0.5 V (d) 0 V
Ans. : (d)
A1 A2
Solution: v  A1 sin t. A2 cos t  sin t  t   sin t  t  
2 
A1 A2
v sin 2t
2
This signal will be filtered out, so output is 0V .
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Q72. The full scale of a 3 -bit digital-to-analog (DAC) converter is 7 V . Which of the following
tables represents the output voltage of this 3 -bit DAC for the given set of input bits?
Input bits Output voltage Input bits Output voltage

(a) 000 0 (b) 000 0
001 1 001 1.25
010 2 010 2.5
011 3 011 3.75
Input bits Output voltage Input bits Output voltage

(c) 000 1.25 (d) 000 1
001 2.5 001 2
010 3.75 010 3
011 5 011 4
Ans. : (a)
Solution: (111)  7V ,  001  1V ,  010   2V ,  011  3V , 100   4V
Q73. The input Vi to the following circuit is a square wave as shown in the following figure
Vi
T /2 T C R
 0, 0  t 
V

Which of the waveforms V0 best describes the output?

Vo Vo
T /2 T
(a) 0, 0 (b)
  t  0, 0  T
T /2 t
Vo Vo
T /2 T T /2 T
(c) (d)
 0, 0  t
 0, 0  t
Ans. : (b)
Solution: It’s a differentiator circuit
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Q42. Consider the following circuit, consisting of an RS flip-flop and two AND gates.
J 1 A S Q
CLK
K 2 B R Q
Which of the following connections will allow the entire circuit to act as a JK flip-flop?
(a) connect Q to pin 1 and Q to pin 2
(b) connect Q to pin 2 and Q to pin 1
(c) connect Q to K input and Q to J input
(d) connect Q to J input and Q to K input

Ans. : (b)
Q43. The truth table below gives the value Y  A, B, C  where A, B and C are binary variables.
The output Y can be represented by A B C Y

(a) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
(b) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC
0 1 0 0
(c) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
(d) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC 1 1 0 0
Ans. : (b) 1 1 1 1
Solution: Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC

Q44. A sinusoidal signal is an input to the following circuit
VCC
v R R
Input Vo
C
 0, 0  t C
R
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Which of the following graphs best describes the output wave function?
V V
(a) (b)
 0, 0 t  0, 0 t
V V
(c) (d)
 0, 0 t  0, 0 t
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In CE transistor output has phase charge of 
Q45. A sinusoidal voltage having a peak value of V p is an input to the following circuit, in
which the DC voltage is Vb

R
V
Vp
Input D Output
t
Vb
Assuming an ideal diode which of the following best describes the output waveform?
Vp
(a) (b) Vb
t  0, 0  t
Vb
(c) (d)
Vb Vb
 0, 0  t  0, 0  t
Vb
Vp
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Ans. : (c)
Q64. The input Vi to the following circuit is a square wave as shown in the following figure.
Vi
T /2 T
Vi C R
 0,0  t 
Vo
which of the waveforms best describes the output?

Vo Vo
(a) (b)
 0, 0   0, 0  T /2 3T /2 5T /2 t
T /2 3T /2 5T /2 t
Vo
(c) (d) Vo
 0, 0  T /2 3T /2 t  0, 0  T /2 3T /2 5T /2 t
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Differentiator circuit.
Q65. The amplitude of a carrier signal of frequency f 0 is sinusoidally modulated at a
frequency f   f 0 . Which of the following graphs best describes its power spectrum?
Power Power
(a) (b)
f f
(f0 - 3f ')
(f0 - 2f ')
(f0 - 4f')
(f0 + 2f ')
(f0 + 4f')
(f0 + 3f ')
(f0 + f ')
(f0 + f ')
(f0 - f ')
f0
(f0 - f ')
f0
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Power Power
(c) (d)
(f0 - 2f ') f f
(f0 + 2f ')
(f0 + f ')
(f0 - f ')
f0
(f0 + f ')
f0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: 2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
C  t   A sin  2 ft  - Carrier wave
M  t   M cos  2 f 0t  -Modulation waveform
 M  t   Am cos  2 f 0t 
 M t  
Amplitude modulated wave y  t   1   C t 
 A 
Am Am
y  t   A sin  2 ft   sin  2  f  f 0    sin  2  f  f 0  
2 2
Q66. The standard deviation of the following set of data
10.0,10.0,9.9,9.9,9.8,9.9,9.9,9.9,9.8,9.9 is nearest to
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.04
Ans. : (b)
 xi  x 
2
Solution: x xi  x
10.0 0.1 0.01

10.0 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.8 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.8 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
99 0.04
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where x 
 x  99  9.9
N 10
and standard deviation is
  x  x
2
0.04
 i
  0.066
N 1 9
   0.07
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Electronics
JEST-2012
Q1. The ratio of maximum to minimum resistance that can be obtained with N 1-Ω resistors is
(a) N (b) N2 (c) 1 (d) ∞
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Resistance in series is maximum and minimum in parallel combination
Rs  1  1  1  1  .....N  N
1 1 1 1 1 1
     .....  N
Rp 1 1 1 1 1
Rs
 N  N  N2
Rp
Q2. The net charge of an n -type semiconductor is

(a) positive (b) zero (c) negative (d) dependent
Ans.: (b)
JEST-2014
Q3. Which of the following circuits will act like a 4-input NAND gate?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ans.: (d)
Solution: AB
A AB
B ABC
C ABCD
D
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A AB
B ABC
C
D ABCD
A AB
B
C ABCD
D CD
AB
A AB
B
ABCD
C
D CD
CD
F
Q4. The formula for normal strain in a longitudinal bar is given by   , where F is
AE
normal force applied, A is cross-sectional area of the bar and E is Young’s modulus. If
F  50  0.5 N , A  0.2  0.002 m 2 and E  210  10 9  1  10 9 Pa, the maximum error in
the measurement of strain is
(a) 1.0  10 12 (b) 2.95  10 11 (c) 1.22  10 9 (d) 1.19  10 9
Ans.: (b)
F  F A E 0.5 .002 1109
Solution:         
AE  F A E 50 0.2 210  109
 0.2476  50
 0.02476    0.2476     2.95 1011
 0.2  210 10 9
Q5. A 100 ohms resistor carrying current of 1 Amp is maintained at a constant temperature of
30 o C by a heat bath. What is the rate of entropy increase of the resistor?
(a) 3.3 Joules/K/sec (b) 6.6 Joules/K/sec
(c) 0.33 Joules/K/sec (d) None of the above
Ans.: (c)
W i 2 R t 1100
Solution: W  qV  W  itV  W  i R t . Now,
2
   0.33
T T 30  273
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JEST-2015
Q6. What is the voltage at the output of the following operational amplifier circuit. [See in the
10 k 
figure]?
(a) 1V 
1nA

(b) 1mV 

RL
(c) 1 V Vout
(d) 1nV 99 k
1 k
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Output of first Op-Amp v01   10  103 1109   105 volt
 99 
Output of first Op-Amp vout  1   105  103 volts  1 mV
 1 
Q7. The reference voltage of an analog to digital converter is 1 V . The smallest voltage step
that the converter can record using a 12 -bit converter is,
(a) 0.24V (b) 0.24 mV (c) 0.24V (d) 0.24 nV
Ans.: (b)
1
Solution: Smallest voltage step   0.24 mV
2 112
Q8. In Millikan’s oil drop experiment the electronic charge e could be written as k 1.5 ,where
k is a function of all experimental parameters with negligible error. If the viscosity of air
 is taken to be 0.4% lower than the actual value, what would be the error in the
calculated value of e ?
(a) 1.5% (b) 0.7% (c) 0.6% (d) 0.4%
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Electronic charge is proportional to the viscosity i.e. e  k 1.5  k 3/ 2
2
 e  2
Now error in the measurement of charge is    2
 
  
e
 e  e 3 1/ 2
 e      , where  k
    2
3  3  3   3 
 e   k 1/ 2     k 3/ 2   e   e 
2  2  2  e 2 
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
Given  0.4%

e3
   0.4%  0.6% . Thus correct answer is option (c).
e 2
Q9. For the logic circuit shown in figure, the required input condition  A, B, C  to
make the output  X   1 is, A
U1
B
(a) 1,0,1 XOR U3 X
(b) 0,0,1
AND
U2
(c) 1,1,1 C
XNOR
(d) 0,1,1
Ans.: (d)
Solution: XOR is inequality comparator and XNOR is equality comparator. In AND gate output
will be high when all the input is 1.
JEST-2016
Q10. It is found that when the resistance R indicated in the 10 k
figure below is changed from 1 k  to 10 k  the current
flowing through the resistance R does not change. What is 1k  R 1k
the value of the resistor R ?

R
(a) 5 k 
(b) 100 k  10 k
(c) 10 k 
5V
(d) 1 k 
Ans.: (b) R3  10 k
Solution: Apply Wheatstone bridge condition R4 

R1  1k  R 1 k
R1 R3 1 10  
   B
R2 R4 R 1 A
R2 R 
10 k
5V
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Q11. A transistor in common base configuration has ratio of collector current to emitter current
 and ratio of collector to base current  . Which of the following is true?
(a)  

(b)  
  1 (c)  

(d)  
  1
  1    1 
Ans.: (a)
IE I 1 1 
Solution:  I E  I C  I B   1 B   1   
IC IC   1 
JEST - 2017
Q12. Consider the circuit shown in the figure where D A
R1  2.07 k  and R2  1.93 k  . Current source I
I R2
delivers 10 mA current. The potential across the diode R1
D is 0.7V . What is the potential at A ?

(a) 10.35V (b) 9.65V
(c) 19.30V (d) 4.83V
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Apply KVL in loop I  D  A
0.7  I D R2  10  I D  R1  0  ID 
I R1 10  I D R2
 0.7  I D  1.93  10  I D   2.07  0 
I

 I D  5 mA  VA  I D R2  5 mA 1.93 k   9.65V
Q13. What is Y for the circuit shown below?
B Y
(a) Y   A  B  B  C  (b) Y   A  B   B  C 
(c) Y   A  B   B  C  (d) Y   A  B   B  C 
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Ans.: (a)
Solution: A A
A.B   
Y  A.B B.C
B Y
B.C
C
C
  
Y  A.B . B.C   A  B  B  C 
Q14. In the following silicon diode circuit VB  0.7 V  , determine the output voltage
waveform Vout  for the given input wave. Vin 3.5

0  /2  3 / 2 2
3.5
2.8 2.8
2.1 2.1
1.4 1.4
 0.7 0.7
Vin 0.0 0.0
Vout
0.7 0.7
1.4 1.4
2.1 2.1
2.8 2.8
3.5 3.5
0  /2  3 / 2 2
t
Vout 3.50  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
3.5 Vout 3.5 3.5
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
(a) 1.4 1.4 (b) 1.4 1.4
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
0  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
t t
0  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
Vout 3.5 3.5 Vout 3.5 3.5
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
(c) 1.4
0.7
1.4
0.7
(d) 1.4
0.7
1.4
0.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
0  /2  3 / 2 2 0  /2  3 / 2 2
t t
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Transition voltage VT  0.7 V
When diodes are ON, output voltage will be either 0.7 V and 0.7 V .
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Q15. Consider a 741 operational amplifier circuit as shown below, where VCC  VEE  15V
and R  2.2 k  . If vI  2mV , what is the value of v0 with respect to the ground?
R
R R
V CC
R

741
  vo
vl
V
EE
(a) 1mV (b) 2 mV (c) 3mV (d) 4 mV

R/2 R
Ans. : (c)
I2
Solution: Apply KCL; V CC
R
vi  0 0  v0 
I1  I 2   I1 741
R 3R / 2   vo
vl
3 3 V
 v0   vi    2  3 mV EE
2 2
Q16. What is the DC base current (approximated to nearest integer value in  A ) for the
following n - p - n silicon transistor circuit, given R1  75 , R2  4.0 k , R3  2.1 k ,
R4  2.6 k , R5  6.0 k , R6  6.8 k , C1  1 F , C2  2 F , VC  15V  dc  75 ?
C3 R1
R5
R4 C1
R6 R2 
 C2
VC R3
(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 16 (d) 32

Ans. : (a)
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Solution:
R5 I E  I B  IC
R4 IB
I
IE R2
I E  I1  I B
VC
II I E  I1 R3
I1
Apply KVL in Loop I; I E R2   I E  I1  R3  VBE  0
Apply KVL in Loop II; VC   I E  I1  I B  R4   I E  I1  R3  0
VC
VC   I E  I1  R4   I E  I1  R3  0  I E  I1  
R3  R4
VC VC R3
From Loop I;  I B R2  R3  0  I B  VBE  0
R3  R4 R3  R4  R2
15 2.1
 IB   21  A
2.1  2.6 75  4
JEST-2018
Q17. A Germanium diode is operated at a temperature of 27 degree C . The diode terminal
voltage is 0.3 V when the forward current is 10 mA . What is the forward current (in mA)
if the terminal voltage is 0.4 V ?
(a) 477.3 (b) 577.3 (c) 47.73 (d) 57.73
Ans. : (a)
 
Solution: I  I 0 eV / VT  1  I 0 eV / VT where VT 
kT
e
 0.026V
10
 10 mA  I 0 e0.3/ 0.026  I 0 e11.54  I 0  mA
102744
10
Thus, I  I 0 e0.4 / 0.026   4876800 mA  474.6 mA
102744
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Q18. In the circuit shown below, the capacitor is initially uncharged. Immediately after the key
K is closed, the reading in the ammeter is 27 mA .
2R
R
C A
K
4R 3R
What will the reading (in mA ) be a long time later?

Ans. : 30
Solution: Immediately after the key K is closed, capacitor is short circuited. Using KCL
R 2R
3R I1
I1   I  27 mA  I  45 mA .  
5R
I
2 R  3R R  4 R 4R 3R
Req    2R
5R 5R
Thus V  IReq  90 R
V
After long time, capacitor is open circuited.
R 2R
Using KCL
I1
3R  7 R 21  
Req   R
10 R 10
I
V 90 R 300 4R 3R
I    mA
Req 21R /10 7
7 R 300
I1   mA  30 mA . V
10 R 7
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Q19. Consider the transistor circuit shown in the figure. iC

Assume VBEQ  0.7 V , VBB  6V and the leakage
RC
current is negligible. What is the required value of
C
RB in kilo-ohms if the base current is to be 4  A ? V
 CC
Ans. : 1325 RB B 
VCE
Solution: Apply LVL in input section iB 

V E
VBB  I B RB  VBE  0  BB iE
VBB  VBE 6V  0.7V
 RB    k    1325 k 
IB 4 103 mA
JEST-2019
Q20. Analyse the ideal op-amp circuit in the figure. Which one of the following statements is
true about the output voltage Vout , when terminal ‘ C ’ is connected to point ‘ A ’ and then
to point ‘ B ’? R R

Vin  Vout
C
A R B
(a) Vout  Vin and Vout  Vin when ‘ C ’ is connected to ‘ A ’ and ‘ B ’, respectively
(b) Vout  Vin and Vout  Vin when ‘ C ’ is connected to ‘ A ’ and ‘ B ’, respectively
(c) Vout  Vin when ‘ C ’ is connected to either ‘ A ’ or ‘ B ’
(d) Vout  Vin when ‘ C ’ is connected to either ‘ A ’ or ‘ B ’

Ans. : (a)
Solution: When terminal ‘ C ’ is connected to point ‘ A ’
 1 1
Vout   1   Vin  Vin  Vin
 1 1
When terminal ‘ C ’ is connected to point ‘ B ’
1
Vout   Vin  Vin
1
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Q21. The circuit given below is fed by a sinusoidal voltage Vin  V0 sin t . Assume that the
cut-in voltage of the diode is 0.7 volts and V1 is a positive dc voltage smaller than V0 .
Which one of the following statements is true about Vout ?

R1
Vin Vout
V1
R1
R2
R2
(a) Positive part of Vout is restricted to a maximum voltage of 0.7  V1
R1  R2
R2
(b) Negative part of Vout is restricted to a maximum voltage of 0.7  V1
R1  R2
R1
(c) Positive part of Vout is restricted to a maximum voltage of 0.7  V1
R1  R2
R1
(d) Negative part of Vout is restricted to a maximum voltage of 0.7  V1
R1  R2
Ans. : (a)
R2  R2 
Solution: Reference voltage VR  V1 and diode will be ON when Vin   0.7  V1  .
R1  R2  R1  R2 
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ELECTRONICS SOLUTIONS
GATE-2010
Q1. The voltage resolution of a 12-bit digital to analog converter (DAC), whose output varies
from  10 V to  10 V is, approximately
(a) 1 mV (b) 5 mV (c) 20 mV (d) 100 mV
Ans: (b)
20V
Solution: Voltage resolution=  4.8 mV
212  1
Q2. The figure shows a constant current source charging a capacitor that is initially uncharged.
Vout
If the switch is closed at t = 0, which of the following plots depicts correctly the output
voltage of the circuit as a function of time?
(a) (b)
Vout Vout
t t
(c) (d)
Vout Vout
t t
Ans: (d)
CdV0 I
Solution: I 0   V0  0 t
dt C
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Q3. In one of the following circuits, negative feedback does not operate for a negative input.
Which one is it? The opamps are running from ± 15 V supplies.
(a) (b)
 
 
(c) (d)
 
 
Ans: (c)
Q4. For any set of inputs, A and B, the following circuits give the same output, Q, except one.
Which one is it?
(a)  (b) 
Q
 Q 
(c)  (d) 
Q
 Q 
Ans. : (d)
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GATE-2011
Q5. Which of the following statements is CORRECT for a common emitter amplifier circuit?
(a) The output is taken from the emitter
(b) There is 180o phase shift between input and output voltages
(c) There is no phase shift between input and output voltages
(d) Both p-n junctions are forward biased
Ans: (b)
Q6. For an intrinsic semiconductor, me* and mh* are respectively the effective masses of
electrons and holes near the corresponding band edges. At a finite temperature the
position of the Fermi level
(a) depends on me* but not on mh* (b) depends on mh* but not on me*
(c) depends on both me* and mh* (d) depends neither on me* nor on mh*
Ans: (c)
Q7. In the following circuit, the voltage across and the current through the 2 kΩ resistance are
500 1k
20V 10V
2k
30V
(a) 20 V, 10 mA (b) 20 V, 5 mA (c) 10 V, 10 mA (d) 10 V, 5 mA

Ans: (d)
Q8. In the following circuit, Tr1 and Tr2 are identical transistors having VBE = 0.7 V. The
current passing through the transistor Tr2 is
100
Tr2
5V
Tr1
(a) 57 mA (b) 50 mA (c) 48 mA (d) 43 mA
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Ans: (d)
5  0.7
Solution: Current through 100 , I   43 mA
100
I  I C  2 I B  I C  43 mA .
Q9. Consider the following circuit 1k 4k
 10V

 Vout
Vin
 10V
Which of the following correctly represents the output Vout corresponding to the input Vin?
 5V  5V
(a) (b)
 2V  2V
Vin Vin
 2V time  2V time
 5V  5V
 10V
 10V Vout
Vout time
- 10V
time
- 10V
 5V  5V
(c) (d)
 2V  2V
Vin Vin
 2V time  2V time
 5V  5V
 10V
 10V Vout
Vout time
- 10V
time
- 10V
Ans: (a)
 1   1 
Solution: Vut     10  2V , Vlt     10  2V .
1 4  1 4 
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Q10. The following Boolean expression

Y  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D can
be simplified to
(a) A  B  C  A  D (b) A  B  C  A  D
(c) A  B  C  A  D (d) A  B  C  A  D
Ans: (c)
CD CD CD CD
AD
AB 1 1
AB 1 1
AB
AB 1 1
AB C
GATE-2012
Q11. If the peak output voltage of a full wave rectifier is 10 V, its d.c. voltage is
(a) 10.0 V (b) 7.07 V (c) 6.36 V (d) 3.18 V
Ans: (c)
2Vm 2  10 14  10 70
Solution: Vdc      6.36V
 22 / 7 22 11
Q12. A Ge semiconductor is doped with acceptor impurity concentration of 1015 atoms/cm3.
For the given hole mobility of 1800 cm2/V-s, the resistivity of the material is
(a) 0.288 Ω cm (b) 0.694 Ω cm (c) 3.472 Ω cm (d) 6.944 Ω cm
Ans: (c)
1 1 1
Solution:     15  3.47 cm
 N A e u h 10  1.6  10 19  1800
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Q13. Identify the CORRECT energy band diagram for silcon doped with Arsenic. Here CB,
VB, ED and EF are conduction band, valence band, impurity level and Fermi level,
respectively.
(a) (b)
CB CB
ED
ED
EF
EF
VB VB
(c) (d)
CB CB
EF EF
ED ED
VB VB
Ans: (b)
Solution: N-type material ( Si doped with AS ).
Q14. In the following circuit, for the output voltage to be V0   V1  V2 / 2  the ratio R1/R2 is
(a) 1/2 R
(b) 1
 VCC
(c) 2 R
V1 
(d) 3
Vo
Ans: (d) 
V2
R1
Solution: When V2  0, v 01  V1 - VCC
R2
 R   R2 
when V1  0, v02  1     V2
 R   R1  R2 
V2 R2 1 R
Since V0  V1   2   1 3
2 R1  R2 2 R2
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Q15. Consider the following OP-AMP circuit.  10V

Which one of the following correctly represents the output Vout
Vin 
corresponding to the input Vin?
5V Vout

4k
- 10V
1k
(a)  5V (b)  5V
Vin Vin
 1V  1V
0V t 0V t
 10V  10V
Vout Vout
t t
 10V  10V
 5V  5V
(c) Vin (d) Vin
0V t 0V t
 10V  10V
Vout Vout
t t
 10V  10V
Ans: (a)
 1 
Solution: Voltage at inverting input V2     5  1V .
1 4 
When vin  1V , v 0  VCC and when vin  1V , v0  VCC
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Q16. Consider the following circuit in which the current gain βdc of the transistor is 100.
 15 V
100 k 900 
100 
Which one of the following correctly represents the load line (collector current IC with
respect to collector-emitter voltage VCE) and Q-point of this circuit?
15 mA Q - point 13 mA Q - point
(a) (2 V, 13 mA) (b) (2 V, 10 mA)
IC →
IC →
VCE  15 V VCE  15 V
15 mA 13 mA
(c) (d)
Q - point Q - point
(7.5 V, 7.5 mA) (7.5 V, 6.5 mA)
IC →
IC →
VCE  15 V VCE  15 V
Ans: (a)
VCC  V BE 15  0.7 14.3
Solution: I B    mA.
RB  RE 100  10  100 100
3
I C  I B  14.3mA  13mA , VCE  VCC  I C RC  RE   15  900  100  13  10 3  2V .
VCC 15
I C , Sat    15 mA.
R C  R E 1000
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Q17. In the following circuit, the voltage drop across the ideal diode in forward bias condition
is 0.7V. The current passing through the diode is
(a) 0.5 mA
12k
(b) 1.0 mA
 24 Volt
(c) 1.5 mA

(d) 2.0 mA
6k 3.3 k
Ans: (b)
Solution: Let current through 12k is I and through diode is I D
Then 0 .7  I D  3 .3   I  I D   6 (1)
and  24  I  12  I  I D   6  0 (2)
From (1) and (2) I D  1mA.
GATE-2013
Q18. What should be the clock frequency of a 6  bit A / D converter so that its maximum
conserved time is 32s ?
(a) 1 MHz (b) 2 MHz (c) 0.5 MHz (d) 4 MHz
Ans: (c)
Q19. A phosphorous doped silicon semiconductor (doping density: 1017/cm3) is heated from
100C to 200C. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
(a) Position of Fermi level moves towards conduction band
(b) Position of dopant level moves towards conduction band
(c) Position of Fermi level moves towards middle of energy gap
(d) Position of dopant level moves towards middle of energy gap
Ans: (c)
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Consider the following circuit
Q20. For this circuit the frequency above which the gain will decrease by 20 dB per decade is
(a) 15.9 kHz (b) 1.2kHz 10 k 
Vin  
(c) 5.6 kHz (d) 22.5 kHz Vout 
1000pF 
Ans: (a)
1 1 k
Solution: f H   16kHz
2RC
2 k
Q21. At 1.2 kHz the closed loop gain is
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 3 (d) 0.5
1  R F 
v0  R1 

Ans: (b)   1 .5
v in 2
1   f 

 fH 
GATE-2014
Q22. The input given to an ideal OP-AMP integrator circuit is
V
V0
t
t0
The correct output of the integrator circuit is
(a) V (b) V
V0 V0
t0 t t0 t
(c) V (d) V
V0
V0
t0 t
t0 t
Ans: (a)
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Q23. The minimum number of flip-flops required to construct a mod-75 counter is

__________
Ans: 7
Q24. The donor concentration in a sample of n -type silicon is increased by a factor of 100.
The shift in the position of the Fermi level at 300K, assuming the sample to non
degenerate is ________ meV . k BT  25meV at 300 K 
Ans: 115.15
N   Nc   Nc 
Solution: EC  EF  kT ln  c  and EC  EF  kT ln    kT ln    kT ln 100 
 Nd   100 N d   Nd 
Thus shift is E  kT ln 100   25ln 100  meV  115.15 meV
Q25. The current gain of the transistor in the following circuit is  dc  100 . The value of
collector current I C is_________ mA 12V
3k  20  F
V0
150 k 
Vi
20  F
3k 
Ans: 1.6
VCC  VBE 12  0
Solution: I B    0.016 mA  I C   I B  1.6 mA
RB    RC  RE  150  100  3  3
Q26. In order to measure a maximum of 1V with a resolution of 1mV using a n  bit

A
converter working under the principle of ladder network the minimum value of n
D
is________
Ans: 10
1
Solution: 1103   n  10
2 1
n
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Q27. A low pass filter is formed by a resistance R and a capacitance C . At the cut-off angular
1
frequency C  the voltage gain and the phase of the output voltage relative to the
RC
input voltage respectively are
(a) 0.71and 45 o (b) 0.71and  45 o (c) 0.5 and  90 o (d) 0.5 and 90 o
Ans: (b)
v0 XC 1 1
Solution:   
 1 1  jCR
vin R  X C R
XC
1 v 1 1 1  j 450
At   C   0    e
RC vin 1 j 2e j 450
2
GATE-2015
Q28. The band gap of an intrinsic semiconductor is E g  0.72 eV and mh*  6mn* . At 300 K , the
Fermi level with respect to the edge of the valence band (in eV ) is at _______(upto three
decimal places) k B  1.38  10 23 JK 1
Ans.: 0.395
Ec  E 3  m* 
Solution: Ei   kT ln  h* 
2 4  mn 
  Ei  Ev  / kT  Ei  Ev  / kT N c  Eg / 2 kT N v Eg / 2 kT
 e i v  
 Eg / 2 kT E  E / kT
ni  NV e  Nc Nv e e  e e
Nv Nc
3
Ei  Ev  N v  Eg  mh*  4 Eg 3 E
 ln     ln  *    Ei  Ev  kT ln  6   g
kT  N c  2kT  me  2kT 4 2
3 0.72
 Ei  Ev   0.026 1.7917   0.3949eV  0.395 eV
4 2
Q29. Which one of the following DOES NOT represent an exclusive OR operation for inputs
A and B ?
(a)  A  B AB (b) AB  BA (c)  A  B A  B  (d)  A  B AB
Ans.: (d)
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Solution: (a) ( A  B) AB  ( A  B)( A  B)  AB  AB
(b) AB  AB
(c) AB  AB
(d)  A  B  AB  AB
Q30. Consider the circuit shown in the figure, where RC  1 . For an input signal Vi shown
below, choose the correct V0 from the options:

R
Vi
C
Vi 
V0 1

R
1 2 3 t
V0 V0
(a) (b)
1 1
1 2 3 t 1 2 3 t
1 1
(c) V0 (d) V
0
0 .1
1
1 2 3 t
 0 .1 3 t
1 2
Ans.: (b)
dvi 0  v0 dv dv
Solution: C   v0   RC in   in  vin  v0t
dt R dt dt
vin  t  v0  1V and vin  t  v0  1V
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Q31. In the simple current source shown in the figure, Q1 and Q2 are identical transistors with
current gain   100 and VBE  0.7 V Vice  30 V
5 k I0
Q1 Q2
The current I 0 in mA is __________ (upto two decimal places)

Ans.: 5.86
30  0.7 29.3
Solution: VCC  I C RC  VBE  0 , I C    5.86 mA
5 5
Q32. In the given circuit, if the open loop gain A  10 5 the feedback configurations and the
closed loop gain A f are Vi 
V0

9 k
1 k RL
(a) series-shunt, A f  9 (b) series-series, A f  10
(c) series-shunt, A f  10 (d) shunt-shunt, A f  10
Ans.: (c)
 R 
Solution: AF  1  F   1  9   10.
 R1 
Q33. In the given circuit, the voltage across the source resistor is1 V . The drain voltage (in V )
is ___________ 25V
5k 
2 M
500 
Ans.: 15
1 1
Solution: VS  I D RS  I D  A  VD  VDD  I D RD  25   5000  VD  15V
500 500
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GATE-2016
Q34. The number density of electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor at a given
temperature is 2  1019 m 3 . Upon lightly doping this semiconductor with donor
impurities, the number density of conduction electrons at the same temperature
becomes 4  10 20 m 3 . The ratio of majority to minority charge carrier concentration
is________.
Ans : 400
Solution: Intrinsic carrier concentration is ni  2 1019 m 3
Majority carrier concentration is n  4 1020 m 3
ni2  2  10 
19 2
Minority carrier concentration is p    1018 m 3

n 4  10 20
n 4  1020
The ratio of majority to minority charge carrier concentration is   400
p 1018
Q35. For the digital circuit given below, the output X is
X
B
C
(a) A  B.C (b) A . B  C  (c) A . B  C  (d) A  B.C 

Ans.: (b)
Q36. For the transistor shown in the figure, assume V BE  0.7V and  dc  100 . If Vin  5V , Vout
(in Volts) is _________. (Give your answer upto one decimal place)
10V
3 k
Vin Vout
200 k 
1k 
Ans.: 5.7
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Vin  VBE 5  0.7 4.3

Solution: I B    mA , I C   I B  1.433 mA
RB   RE 200  100 300
Vout  VCC  I C RC  Vout  10  1.433  3  5.7 V
GATE-2017
Q37. The best resolution that a 7 bit A/D convertor with 5V full scale can achieve
is…………… mV . (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 39.37
5
Solution: Resolution   39.37 mV
2 1
7
Q38. In the figure given below, the input to the primary of the transformer is a voltage varying
sinusoidally with time. The resistor R is connected to the centre tap of the secondary.
Which one of the following plots represents the voltage across the resistor R as a
function of time?
V V
(a) 0 (b) 0
t t
(c) V (d) V
0 0
t t
Ans. : (a)
Solution:
Full wave rectifier with RC filter.
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Q39. The minimum number of NAND gates required to construct an OR gate is:
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 3
Ans. : (d)
Q40. For the transistor amplifier circuit shown below with R1  10 k , R2  10 k , R3  1 k  ,
and   99 . Neglecting the emitter diode resistance, the input impedance of the amplifier
looking into the base for small ac signal is…………. k  . (up to two decimal places)
VCC
R1
C
Vin B
E Vout
R2 R3
Ans. : 4.75
Solution: Z i  Z b  R where Z b   R3  99k  and R  R1  R2  5k 
 Z i  Z b  R  4.75k 
Q41. Consider an ideal operational amplifier as shown in the figure below with
R1  5 k , R2  1 k , RL  100 k  . For an applied input voltage V  10 mV , the current
passing through R2 is……………..  A . (up to two decimal places)


R1
V
RL
R2
Ans. : 10.0
V 10
Solution: I 2    10 A
R2 1
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GATE – 2018
Q42. The logic expression ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC can be simplified to
(a) A XOR C (b) A AND C (c) 0 (d) 1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC  AC  B  B   AC  B  B 
 Y  AC  AC  A XOR C
Q43. In a 2-to-1 multiplexer as shown below, the output X  A0 if C  0 and X  A1 if C  1 .
Which one of the following is the correct implementation of this multiplexer?
A0 A0
(a) C (b) C
X X
A1 A1
A0 A0
(c) C X (d) C X
A1 A1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Check option (a),
X  A0C  A1C
If C  0  X  A0
If C  1  X  A1
Q44. For an operational amplifier (ideal) circuit shown below,
4k 
2k  10V
V1 
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V2
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If V1  1V and V2  2V , the value of V0 is __________ V (up to one decimal place).
Ans. : 3.6
4 4
Solution: V0  V01  V02   1V   2 V
2 5
V0  2  1.6  3.6V
Q45. A p - doped semiconductor slab carries a current I  100 mA in a magnetic field

B  0.2 T as shown. One measures Vy  0.25 mV and Vx  2 mV . The mobility of holes
in the semiconductor is___________ m 2V 1s 1 (up to two decimal places)
B x
Vy y t  1mm
I z
w  4mm
l  10mm
Vx
Ans. : 1.55
Q46. An n - channel FET having Gate-Source switch-off voltage VGS  OFF  2 V is used to
invert a 0  5V square-wave signal as shown. The maximum allowed value of R would

be _________ k  (up to two decimal places). 5V
5k 
Vout
5V
5V Vin R
0V
0V
1k  100
12V
Ans. : 0.70
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GATE-2019
Q47. For the following circuit, what is the magnitude of Vout if Vin  1.5V ?
100 R
R 15V
Vin 
Vout

15V
(a) 0.015V (b) 0.15V (c) 15V (d) 150V

Ans. : (c)
100 R
Solution: Vout   1.5  150 V  V0  15V
R
Q48. Consider the following Boolean expression:
 A  B   A  B  C   A  B  C 
It can be represented by a single three-input logic gate. Identify the gate
(a) AND (b) OR (c) XOR (d) NAND
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Y   A  B   A  B  C    A  B  C 
 
Y   A  B   A   B  C    AB  AC
 
  A  B   A  BC   AB  AC
 A  ABC  AB  BC  AB  AC
 A  ABC  BC  AB  AB  AC
 A  BC  B  AC  A  B  AC
 
  A  AC   B  A  AC  B  A  C  B
Y  ABC
Q49. A 3 - bit analog-to-digital converter is designed to digitize analog signals ranging from
0V to 10V . For this converter, the binary output corresponding to an input of 6 V is
(a) 011 (b) 101 (c) 100 (d) 010
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: 0   0 0 0   0V
10
1   0 01   1.42 V
7
20
2   010    2.8V
7
30
3   011   4.28V
7
40
4  10 0    5.71V
7
50
5  101   7.14V
7
60
6  110    8.57 V
7
70
7  111   10V
7
Q50. For the following circuit, the correct logic values for the entries X 2 and Y2 in the truth
table are
C
G A B P C X Y
A X 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 X2 Y2
G
Y 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
B

Ans. : (a)
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Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics

IIT-JAM 2005
Q1. A circuit and the signal applied at its input terminals ( Vi ) are shown in figure below.
Which one of the options correctly describes the output waveform ( V0 ). (Assume all the
devices used are ideal).
 2V C
0 t Vi D Vo
 2V
(a)  2V (b)
0 t 0 t
 2V  2V
(c) 4V (d) 0 t
0 t - 4V
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Its clamper circuit in which peak to peak remains fixed and voltage level will shift in
the direction of diode current.
Q2. The susceptibility of a diamagnetic material is
(a) positive and proportional to temperature
(b) negative and inversely proportional to temperature
(c) negative and independent of temperature
(d) positive and inversely proportional to temperature
Ans. : (b)
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Q3. Which of the following statements is correct for NaCl crystal structure?
(a) It is simple cubic lattice with one atom basis
(b) It is a face-centered cubic lattice with one atom basis
(c) It is a simple cubic lattice with two atom basis
(d) It is a face-centered cubic lattice with two atom basis
Ans. : (d)
IIT-JAM 2006
Q4. In a crystalline solid, the energy band structure ( E - k relation) for an electron of mass m
 2 k 2k  3
is given by E  . The effective mass of the electron in the crystal is
2m
2 m
(a) m (b) m (c) (d) 2m
3 2
Ans. : (c)
2
Solution: The expression of effective mass of electron in solid is m * 
d 2E 2
dk
dE  2 d 2 E 2 2 2 m
  4 k  3   2
  
4   m* 
dk 2m dk 2m m 2
Q5. The truth table for the given circuit is
J
Q
K
J K Q J K Q
(a) 0 0 1 (b) 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
J K Q J K Q
(c) 0 0 0 (d) 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Q  J .K  J .K  K
Q6. In an intrinsic semiconductor, the free carrier
concentration n (in cm 3 ) varies with temperature
36.5
T (in Kelvin) as shown in the figure below. The
35.5
band gap of the semiconductor is (use Boltzmann
lnn  34.5
constant k B  8.625 105 eVK 1 )
33.5
(a) 1.44 eV
32.5
(b) 0.72 eV
(c) 1.38 eV 2 3 1000 / 
(d) 0.69 eV
Ans. : (d)
 E  n  Eg  1 1  
Solution: Since ni  n  N c N v exp   g   1  exp     
 2kT  n2  2k  T2 T1  
n   1 1
 Eg  2k ln  1      2  8.625 105  36.5  32.5   0.003  0.0002 
 n2   T2 T1 
 Eg  2  8.625 105  4 1103  0.69eV
IIT-JAM 2007
Q7. Fermi energy of a certain metal M 1 is 5eV . A second metal M 2 has an electron which is
6 % higher than that of M 1 . Assuming that the free electron theory is valid for both the
metals, the Fermi energy of M 2 is closet to
(a) 5.6 eV (b) 5.2 eV (c) 4.8eV (d) 4.4 eV

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The expression of Fermi energy is E F 

2
2m

3 2 n 
2/3
Let us consider that n1 , E F1 is the concentration of electron and Fermi energy in metal M1
and n2 , E F2 is in metal M2.
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Given, n 2  n1  0.06n1  1.06n1
 2 
 
2/3
3 2 n2
EF2  2m 
   n2   1.06n1   1.06 2/3  1.0396
2/3 2/3
  
EF1   2 2/3   n1   n1 
2/3 2/3
 
3 2 n1  
 2 m 
EF2  1.0396  EF1  1.0396  5eV  5.2 eV
Q8.
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)

Figure (i) and (ii) represent respectively,
(a) NOR, NOR (b) NOR, NAND
(c) NAND, NAND (d) OR, NAND
Ans. : (c)
IIT-JAM 2008
Q9. The ratio of the second-neighbour distance to the nearest-neighbour distance in an fcc
lattice is
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In FCC lattice the first nearest is at distance  2a / 2  a / 2
Whereas the second nearest at distance of  a
The ratio of the second-neighbour distance to the nearest-neighbour distance is
a
 2
a/ 2
Q10. Consider a doped semiconductor having the electron and the hole mobilities n and  p ,
respectively. Its intrinsic carrier density is ni . The hole concentration p for which the
conductivity is minimum at a given temperature is
n p p n
(a) ni (b) ni (c) ni (d) ni
p n n p
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Ans. : (a)
 n2 
 
Solution: Conductivity   e nn  p p  e  i n  p p 
 p 
 
d
For minimum conductivity,  0  p  ni n /  p
dp
Q11. The logic expression for the output Y of the following circuit is
P
Y
Q
R
S
(a) P  Q  QR  S (b) P  Q  QR  S
(c) P  Q  QR  S (d) P  Q  QR  S
Ans. : (a)
Solution: P PQ P  Q  QR P  Q  QR  S
Y
Q
R P  Q  QR  S
QR
S
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IIT-JAM 2009
0
Q12. Monochromatic X -rays of wavelength 1A are incident on a simple cubic crystal. The
first order Bragg reflection from  311 plane occurs at angle of 30 0 from the plane. The
0
lattice parameter of the crystal in A is
11
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d) 11
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Expression of Bragg´s law is 2d sin   n ,
where, d is the inter-planar spacing defined for cubic lattice of lattice constant a in term
a
of Miller indices  h k l  as d 
h2  k 2  l 2
The lattice parameter a is
 1 1
a h2  k 2  l 2  3 2  12  12   11  11
2  sin  2  sin 30 0
2 1/ 2
Q13. Which one of the following is an INCORRECT Boolean expression?
(a) P Q  PQ  Q (b) P  Q P  Q   P
(c) PP  Q   Q (d) P Q R  P Q R  PQ R  PQ R   Q

Ans. : (c)
Solution: (a) PQ  PQ   P  P  Q  1.Q  Q
(b)  P  Q   P  Q   P  QQ  P
(c) P  P  Q   P  PQ  P 1  Q   P
(d)  PQR  PQR  PQR  PQR   PQ  R  R   PQ  R  R   PQ  PQ   P  P  Q  Q
Q14. A battery with a constant emf  and internal resistance ri provides power to an external
circuit with a load resistance made up by combining resistance RL and 2 RL in parallel.
For what value of RL will the power delivered to the load be maximum?
ri ri 2 3
(a) R L  (b) RL  (c) RL  ri (d) RL  ri
4 2 3 2
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Ans. : (d)
RL  2 RL 2
Solution: Since RL and 2 RL are in parallel so load R   RL .
RL  2 RL 3
2
  
Power through load P  I R   2
 R
 ri  R 
For maximum power through load
 r  R   2   2 R  2  ri  R   0  r  R  2 R  0  R  r
2
dP
0 i i 
 ri  R 
4 i
dR
2 3
Thus R  ri  RL  ri  RL  ri
3 2
IIT-JAM 2010
Q15. The following are the plots of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility
for three different samples.
a b c
 (T )  (T )  (T )
0 T 0 T 0 T
The plots a, b and c correspond to
(a) ferromagnet, paramagnet and diamagnet, respectively
(b) paramagnet, diamagnet and ferromagnet, respectively
(c) ferromagnet, diamagnet and paramagnet, respectively
(d) diamagnet, paramagnet and ferromagnet, respectively
Ans. : (b)
0
Q16. The value of  at which the first-order peak in X -ray (   1.53A ) diffraction
corresponding to 111 plane of a simple cubic structure with the lattice constant,
0
  2.65 A , is approximately
(a) 150 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 600
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Expression of Bragg´s law is, 2d sin   n
a
of Miller indices (h k l) as d 
h2  k 2  l 2
  1.53 1 1
sin    h2  k 2  l 2   3     sin 1    300
2d 2a 2  2.65 2 2
Q17. Consider the following truth table
A B C F
The logic expression for F is
0 0 0 1
(a) AB  BC  CA 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
(b) A B  AC  B C 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
(c) CA B  AB
1 0 1 1
(d) C  A  B   AB 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Ans. : (d)
C C
Solution: F  AB  C  A  B  1 0
A B 00 1
A B 01
AC
AB 11 1
AB 10 1 1
AB BC
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IIT-JAM 2011
Q18. An X - ray diffraction  XRD  experiment is carried out on a crystalline solid having
FCC structure at room temperature. The solid undergoes a phase transformation on

cooling to 200 C and shows orthorhombic structure with small decrease in its unit cell
lengths as compared to the FCC unit cell lengths. As a result the  311 line of the XRD
pattern corresponding to the FCC system

(a) will split into a doublet
(b) will split into a triplet
(c) will remain unchanged
(d) will split into two separate doublets
Ans. : (b)
a
Solution: In FCC the inter-planar spacing is defined as d 
h2  k 2  l 2
1
whereas in Orthorhombic the inter-planar spacing is d 
2
h k2 l2
 
a2 b2 c2
For  311 , numbers XRD peaks in FCC is derived from Bragg’s law as
   
sin    h2  k 2  l 2  3 2  12  12  11
2d 2a 2a 2a
Thus only one peak appears in FCC.
 
In Orthorhombic, sin   
2d h2 k 2 l 2
2  
a2 b2 c2
For  311 , there will be three peaks corresponding to
     
     
  
1  sin 1   ,  sin 1   and   sin 1  
 32 12 12 
2
 12 32 12  3
 12 12 32 
2 2  2  2  2 2  2  2  2 2  2  2 
 a b c   a b c   a b c 
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Q19. Which of the following circuit does not satisfy the Boolean expression AB  A B  F
 
(a)  (b) 
F F
 
(c)  (d) 
F F
Ans. : (d)
Solution: (a) F  AB  AB

(b) F   A  B  . AB   A  B  . A  B  AB  AB 

(c) F   A  B  . A  B  AB  AB 
(d) F  AB  AB
IIT-JAM 2012
0
Q20. An X -ray beam of wavelength 1.54 A is diffracted from the 110  planes of a solid with
0
a cubic lattice of lattice constant 3.08 A . The first-order Bragg diffraction occurs at
1  1  1  1 
(a) sin 1   (b) sin 1   (c) sin 1   (d) sin 1  
4 2 2 2  2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Expression of Bragg´s law is 2d sin   n
a
of Miller indices ( h k l ) as d 
h2  k 2  l 2
  1.54 1  1 
sin    h2  k 2  l 2   2    sin 1  
2d 2a 2  3.08 2 2 2 2
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Q21. The Boolean expression P  P Q , where P and Q are the inputs to a circuit, represents
the following logic gate
(a) AND (b) NAND (c) NOT (d) OR
Ans. : (d)
Solution:
P Q PQ P  PQ
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
IIT-JAM 2013
Q22. The fraction of volume unoccupied in the unit cell of the body centered cubic lattice is
8  3 3 6  2 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 6 3 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The effective number of atoms in bcc structure is E F
1 1 1 1
neff  nc  n f  ni   8   0  1  2  
8 2 8 2
The radius of atom and lattice constant are related as
a
a 3 
r G
4 a
The volume occupide by the atoms in unit cell is D C
a
3
4 a 3  3 3
2    a
3  4  8
Thus amount of volume unoccupied in the unit cell is
 3  8  3  3
 volume of unit cell  filled volume  a 3  a 3    a
8  8 
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Thus, the fraction of volume unoccupied in the unit cell of the body centered cubic lattice
 8  3 
is  

 8 
Q23. For an ideal op-amp circuit given below, the dc gain 1 k

and the cut off frequency respectively are 1
F
(a) 1 and 1kHz 2

(b) 1 and 100 Hz
10 k
(c) 11 and 1kHz 1 k
(d) 11 and 100 Hz

Ans. : (b)
10 1 1
Solution: DC Gain  1   11 and f H    1kHz
1 2 RC 2  1 1
2
Q24. A variable power supply 5V  20V is connected to a Zener diode specified by a
breakdown voltage of 10V (see figure). The ratio of the maximum power to the minimum
power dissipated across the load resistor is
500 
5V  20 V 1 k
Ans. : 9.02
1000
Solution: When V  5V  open circuit voltage Vi   5  3.33  VZ  10V
1500
Vi 2
 VL  Vi  3.33V  PL ,min  .
RL
1000
When V  20V  open circuit voltage Vi   20  13.33  VZ  10V
1500
2
V2 P V 2  10 
 VL  V z  10V  PL ,max  Z  L ,max  Z2     9.02
RL PL ,min Vi  3.33 
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IIT-JAM 2014
Q25. Octal equivalent of decimal number  478 10 is
(a) 736 8 (b) 6738 (c) 637 8 (d) 367 8

Ans. : (a)
Solution: 7368  7  82  3  81  6  80  448  24  6  47810
6738  6  82  7  81  3  80  384  56  3  44310
6378  6  82  3  81  7  80  384  24  7  41510
3678  3  82  6  81  7  80  192  48  7  24710

Q26. In an ideal operational amplifier depicted below, the potential at node A is
25 k
5 k A _
5V

IV
(a) 1V (b) 0V (c) 5V (d) 25V

Ans. : (b)
Solution: Node A is virtually grounded.
Q27. To operate a npn transistor in active region, its emitter-base and collector- base junction
respectively, should be
(a) forward biased and reversed biased (b) forward biased and forward biased
(c) reversed biased and forward biased (d) reversed biased and reversed biased
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In active region: emitter-base junction is F.B.
: collector-base junction is R.B.
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Q28. Diamond lattice can be considered as a combination of two fcc lattice displaced along the
body diagonal by one quarter of its length. There are eight atoms per unit cell. The
packing fraction of the diamond structure is
(a) 0.48 (b) 0.74 (c) 0.34 (d) 0.68
Ans. : (c)
4 3
neff  r
Solution: P  F  3
V
3a 8r
Where, neff  8, V  a 3 and  2r  a 
4 3
4 3
8r
3 3
 PF  3
  0.34 .
 8r  16
 
 3
Q29. Thermal neutrons (energy  300 , k B  0.025 eV ) are sometimes used for structural
determination of materials. The typical lattice spacing of a material for which these can
be used is
(a) 0.01nm (b) 0.05 nm (c) 0.1 nm (d) 0.15 nm
Ans. : (c)
Q30. A sine wave of 5V amplitude is applied at the input of the Vin Vout
1 k
circuit shown in the figure. Which of the following
waveforms represents the output most closely?
3V
5V 5V
(a) (b)
-3V
-5V
(c) 3V (d)
3V
-3V
Ans. : (d) -5V
Solution: If Vin  3 V , diode is OFF and V0  Vin .
If Vin  3 V , diode is ON and V0  3 V .
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Q31. 1011 binary input have been applied at X 3 X 2 X 1 X 0 input in the shown logic circuit made
of XOR gates. The binary output Y3Y2Y1Y0 of the circuit will be

X3 Y3
X2 Y2
X1 Y1
X0 Y0
(a) 1101 (b) 1010 (c) 1111 (d) 0101

Ans. : (a)
Solution: 1 X3 Y3 1
0 X2 Y2 1
1 X1 Y1 0
1 X0 Y0 1
IIT-JAM 2015
Q32. Temperature dependence of resistivity of a metal can be described by
(a) R
(b) R
T T
R R
(c) (d)
T T
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: Electrical resistivity of metal varies as
 T5 (For T   D )
 T (For T   D )
where  D is the Debye temperature. Thus, correct answer is option (a)
Q33. A Zener regulator has an input voltage in the range 15V  20V and a load current in the
range of 5 mA  20 mA . If the Zener voltage is 6.8V , the value of the series resistor
should be RS
V0

15  20 V 6 .8 V

(a) 390  (b) 420  (c) 440  (d) 460 

Ans. : Some data is missing. (No answer is possible)
Q34. Which of the following circuits represent the Boolean expression
S  P  QR  Q P
(a) P (b) P
S S
Q Q
(c) P (d) P
Q Q
S S
R R
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Ans. : (b)
  
Solution: S  P  QR  QP  P  QR QP   P  QR   QP   PQ
(a) P (b) P
S  PQ  P  Q S  PQ
Q Q
(c) P (d) P
Q PQ Q PQ
S   P  Q R S  PQR
R R
R R
Q35. Miller indicates of a plane in cubic structure that contains all the directions 100, 011
and 111 are
(a) 011 (b) 101 (c) 100  (d) 110 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The name of the plane containing all the directions
y 111
100 , 011 & 111 is  0 11 or  01 1 
The best suitable answer is option (a)  011
x
100
z
Q36. In an ideal Op-Amp circuit shown below R1  3k , R2  1k  and Vi  0.5sin  t

(in Volt). Which of the following statements are true? V 
i
V0
(a) The current through R1  The current through R2 
R2 P
(b) The potential at P is V0
R1 R1
R2
(c) The amplitude of V0 is 2V
(d) The output voltage V0 is in phase with Vi

Ans. : (a), (c) and (d)
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V0 R2
Solution: Voltage at P is VP  .
R1  R2
V0 R2
Vo 
Vo  VP R1  R2 V0 R1 V0
Current through R1 is I1    
R1 R1 R1  R1  R2   R1  R2 
VP V0
and Current through R2 is I 2   .
R2  R1  R2 
Thus I1  I 2 . Option (a) is true
V0 R2
The potential at P is VP  . Option (b) is not true.
R1  R2
 R   3
V0   1  2  Vi  1   0.5sin t  2sin t  Vm  2 V . Option (c) is true
 R1   1
Option (d) is true
Q37. In the given circuit VCC  10V and   100 for n  p  n transistor. The collector voltage
VCC
VC (in volts) is………….
1K
100 K VC

5V

Ans. : 5.7
5  0.7
Solution: I B   4.3 105 A  I C   I B  4.3 mA
100  10 3
 VC  VCC  I C RC  10  4.3  5.7 V
Q38. A diode at room temperature kT  0.025 eV  with a current of 1A has a forward bias
voltage V F  0.4V . For V F  0.5V , the value of the diode current (in A ) is…………..
Ans. : 54.5
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I2 e  1  e0.5/ 0.025  1  e 20  1
V2 / VT
Solution: I  I 0  eV / VT
 1   V / V    54.5  I 2  54.5  A
I1  e 1 T  1  e0.4 / 0.025  1  e16  1
Q39. GaAs has a diamond structure. The number of Ga-As bonds per atom which have to be
broken to fracture the crystal in the 001 plane is………..
Ans. : 4
Solution: Diamond structure has tetrahedral bond. To fracture the diamond structure along
 0 0 1 plane, four bonds need to be broken.
IIT-JAM 2016
Q40. The solution of the Boolean equation Y  A  B  AB is
(a) 1 (b) AB (c) A B (d) A  B
Ans. : (b) and (d) both are correct
 
Solution: Y  A  B  AB  A.B  A  B  A 1  B  B  A  B or AB
Q41. If a constant voltage V is applied to the input of the following OPAMP circuit for a
time t , then the output voltage V0 will approach
C
R

V
 Vo
(a) V exponentially (b) V exponentially

(c) V linearly (d) V linearly
Ans. : (d)
V 0 d  0  V0  dV V V
Solution:  I R  I C  C  0   V0   t c
R dt dt RC RC
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Q42.  
A pn junction was formed with a heavily doped 1018 cm 3 p -region and lightly doped
1014

cm 3 n - region. Which of the following statement  s  is (are) correct?
(a) The width of the depletion layer will be more in the n - side of the junction
(b) The width of the depletion layer will be more in the p - side of the junction
(c) The width of the depletion layer will be same on the both side of the junction
(d) If the pn junction is reverse biased, then the width of the depletion region increase
Ans. : (a), (d)
Solution: Since p - region is heavily doped and n - region is lightly doped, on n - side width of
depletion layer will be more and on p - side width of the depletion layer will be less.
Q43. The addition of two binary numbers 1000.01 and 0001.11 in binary representation
is………….
Ans. : 1010
Solution: 1000.01
0001.11
1001.00
Q44. The number of second-nearest neighbor ions to a Na + ion in NaCl crystal is__________.
Ans. : 12
Cl 
Solution: The 2nd nearest neighbour is at distance 
2a

a Na 
2 2
3 8
The number of 2nd nearest neighbour   12
2
Q45. The output voltage V0 of the OPAMP circuit given below is…………….. V
2R
R

R Vo
1V 
R
2V
R
3V
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Ans. : 6
2R
 2R 
Solution: V0  1   V1  3V1 R
 R  
R/2 R/2 R/2 R V0
Where, V1  1  2 3 1V 
R R/2 R R/2 RR/2 R
2V
1 1 1 R
V1  1   2   3  2V  V0  6 V 3V
3 3 3
Q46. In the circuit given below, the collector to emitter voltage VCE is…………… V .
(Neglect VBE , take   100 ) VCC  10 V
5k 
5k
VCE
5k
10 k 
Ans. : 2.5
5 V 5
Solution: VB  10  5 V  VE  VB  VBE  5 V  I E  E   0.5 mA
55 RE 10
VCE  VCC  I C  RC  RE   10  0.5  5  10   2.5 V
Q47. X -ray diffraction of a cubic crystal gives an intensity maximum for Bragg angle 200
corresponding to the 110  plane. The lattice parameter of the crystal is………….. nm .
(Consider wavelength of X  ray  0.15 nm )

Ans. : 0.31
Solution: According to Bragg’s law 2d sin   n
 0.5 109 0.15  109
For n  1 , 2d sin     d   d   0.219 nm
2sin  2  sin 200 2  0.342
a a
Now, d  
h2  k 2  l 2 2
 a  2 d  0.31 nm  a  0.31 nm
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IIT-JAM 2017
Q48. Consider the following circuit with two identical Si diodes. The input ac voltage
waveform has the peak voltage VP  2V , as shown
R
P
Vin
2V D1 D2
R
t Q
The voltage waveform across PQ will be represented by:
VPQ VPQ
(a) (b)
t t
VPQ VPQ
(c) (d)
t t
Ans. : (c)
R
Solution: P
Vin
2V D1 D2
R
t Q
During positive half cycle D1 is ON, when input is more than 0.7V and D1 is OFF when
input is less than 0.7V.
During negative half cycle D1 is ON, when input is more negative than   0.7  IR  and
D1 is OFF when input is less negative than   0.7  IR  .
Q49. If the Boolean function Z  PQ  PQR  PQRS  PQRST  PQRSTU , then Z is

(a) PQ  R S  T  U  (b) P Q
(c) P  Q (d) P  Q  R  S  T  U
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Z  PQ  PQR  PQRS  PQRST  PQRSTU
 PQ  PQR  PQRS  PQRST 1  U   PQ  PQR  PQRS  PQRST
 PQ  PQR  PQRS 1  T   PQ  PQR  PQRS
 PQ  PQR 1  S   PQ  PQR  PQ 1  R   PQ  Z  PQ  P  Q
Q50. Shown in the figure is a combination of logic gates. The output values at P and Q are
correctly represented by which of the following?
1
P
Q
0
(a) 0 0 (b) 1 1 (c) 0 1 (d) 1 0
Ans. : (c)
Solution: 1
P 0
1
0 Q 1
0
a 2a
Q51. A plane in a cubic lattice makes intercepts of a, and with the three
2 3
crystallographic axes, respectively. The Miller indices for this plane are:
(a)  2 43 (b)  34 2  (c)  634  (d) 123
Ans. : (a)
a 2a
Solution: Intercepts: a, ,
2 3
1 2
Divide by a : 1, ,
2 3
3
Reciprocal: 1, 2,
2
LCM: 2, 4, 3
Miller Indices = 2 4 3
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Q52. Which one of the following schematic curves best represents the variation of conductivity
 of a metal with temperature T ?
(a) (b)
 
0 T 0 T
(c) (d)
 
0 T 0 T
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Resistivity of metal is   0   ph , where  0 is temperature independent
And,  ph  T 5 when T   D and  ph  T when T   D
1
The conductivity is defined as  




S
0 T
T
Thus correct option is (b)
Q53. KCl has the NaCl type structure which is fcc with two-atom basis, one at  0, 0, 0  and
the other at 1/ 2,1/ 2,1/ 2  . Assume that the atomic form factors of K  and Cl  are
identical. In an X - ray diffraction experiment on KCl , which of the following  h k l 
peaks will be observed?
(a) 10 0  (b) 110  (c) 111 (d)  2 0 0 
Ans. : (d)
Solution In KCl the reflection from 111 layer containing K  ions is exactly out of phase with
the reflection from the Cl  close packed layers. The net effect is that the two reflections
cancel and 111 is absent. This mean the first reflection is from  200 
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Q54. An n  p  n transistor is connected in a circuit as shown 6V

in the figure. If I C  1 mA,   50,VBE  0.7 V and the
current through R2 is 10 I B where, I B is the base current.

R1 2.5 k
Then the ratio R1 / R2 is: VC
(a) 0.375 VCE  3V
(b) 0.25
VE  0.5V
(c) 0.5 R2 0.5k
(d) 0.275
Ans. : (b)
6V 6V
Solution: I1  I i  I 2  I 2  10 I B , I C  1 mA,   50,VBE  0.7 V  
VB  I 2 R2  VBE  I E RE  0.7  0.5  1.2 V

R1 I1 2.5 k
1.2 V 1.2 V 1.2 V C
 R2     6 k VC
I2 10 I B 10  1/ 50  Ii
VCE  3V
V R 6 6 B
VB  CC 2  1.2   R1  24 k  VE  0.5V
R1  R2 R1  6 E
R2 I2 0.5k
R2 6
   0.25
R1 24
Q55. An intrinsic semiconductor of band gap 1.25eV has an electron concentration 1010 cm 3
at 300 K . Assume that its band gap is independent of temperature and that the electron
concentration depends only exponentially on the temperature. If the electron
concentration at 200 K is Y  10 N cm 3 1  Y  10; N  integer  , then the value of N
is…………
Ans. : 4
 E / 2 kT
 Eg / 2 kT ni1 e g 1 1010 cm 3  Eg  1 1 
Solution: ni  N c N v e    Eg / 2 kT2   exp     
ni 2 e ni 2  2k  300 200  
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 Eg  1 1   1.25 1.6  1019  1   6

 ni 2  1010  exp      1010
 exp  23      10  5.7 10
10
 2k  300 200    2  1.38  10  100  6  

3
 ni 2  5.7 10 cm  N  4
4
Q56. An OPAMP is connected in a circuit with a Zener diode as shown in the figure. The value
of resistance R in k  for obtaining a regulated output V0  9V is…………..
1k 
R

Vo

1k 
Vin  12 V VZ  4.7 V
Ans. : 1.09
 1
Solution: V0  1    4.7  9V  R  1.09k 
 R
IIT-JAM 2018
Q57. Which one of the following graphs shows the correct
Vi  Vd
variation of V0 with Vi ? Here, Vd is the voltage drop across V0

the diode and the OP-Amp is assumed to be ideal.
RL
V0 V0
(a) (b)
Vi Vi
0 0 Vd
V0 V0
(c) (d)
Vi Vi
0 0
Vd
Ans. : (a)
Solution: During positive half cycle it behaves as voltage follower i.e. v0  vi , during negative
half cycle v0  0 .
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Q58.  
The Boolean expression AB  A  B   A  B  can be simplified to
(a) A  B (b) AB (c) A  B (d) AB

Ans.: (c)
   
Solution: Y  AB  AB   A  B   AB  AB  AB 
  A  B  AB  AB   AB  AB  AB  A  B
Q59. In a pn junction, dopant concentration on the p -side is higher than that on the n -side.
Which of the following statements is (are) correct, when the junction is unbiased?
(a) The width of the depletion layer is larger on the n -side.
(b) At thermal equilibrium the Fermi energy is higher on the p -side.
(c) In the depletion region, number of negative charges per unit area on the p -side is
equal to number of positive charges per unit area on the n -side
(d) The value of the built-in potential barrier depends on the dopant concentration.
Ans. : (a), (c) and (d)
Q60. Which of the combinations of crystal structure and their coordination number is (are)
correct?
(a) body centered cubic 8 (b) face centred cubic 6
(c) diamond 4 (d) hexagonal closed packed 12
Ans. : (a), (c), (d)
Solution: Co-ordination number in different crystal structure are
(i) Body central cubic 8
(ii) Face central cubic 12
(iii) Diamond 4
(iv) Hexagonal closed packed 12
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Q61. For the given circuit, value of the base current  I b  of the npn transistor will be ____mA.
(  is the current gain and assume Op-Amp as ideal.)

(Specific your answer in mA upto two digits after the decimal point.)
10V
1k
 Ib
5V

  50
1k
Ans. : 0.1
Solution: v2  5V  VE 10V
1k v1
5   Ib
IE   5 mA 5V
1 v 
E   50
2
5
 I B  5 mA  I B  mA  0.1 mA
50
I E  1k
Q62. The lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl crystal is 0.563 nm . X -rays of wavelength
0.141 nm are diffracted by this crystal. The angle at which the first order maximum
occurs is _______degrees.
Ans. : 12.5
Solution: 2d sin   
    3 
  sin 1  1
  sin  
 2d   2a 
 3  0.141 
 sin 1    sin  0.217   12.53
1 0
 2  0.563 
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Q63. For the following circuit, the collector voltage with respect to ground will be _________
V . (Emitter diode voltage is 0.7V and  DC of the transistor is large)
(Specify your answer in volts upto one digit after the decimal point).
10V
3k
3k 1k
Ans. : 3.1
3V
Solution: VBE  0.7 V and  dc  large so I B  0 10V
From input section;
3k
0  0.7  I E 1  3  0 C
B
 I E  2.3 mA 
From output section; E

IB  0 3k 1k
10  3  2.3  VC  0
 VC  10  6.9  3.1V 3V

Q64. In the following circuit, the time constant RC is much greater than the period of the
input signal. Assume diode as ideal and resistance R to be large. The dc output voltage
across resistance R will be ____________ V .
(Specify your answer in volts upto one digit after the decimal point)
C
24Vrms
 C
R
Ans. : 68
Solution: It’s a voltage doubler circuit
VR  2Vm  2   
2 Vrms  2 
2  24  VR  68 V
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Q65. For a metal, the electron density is 6.4  1028 m 3 . The Fermi energy is __________ eV .
( h  6.626  1034 J s, me  9.111031 kg , 1 eV  1.6 1019 J )
(Specify your answer in electron volts  eV  upto one digit after the decimal point)
Ans. : 5.84
1.05 10 
2
34
2
   3 
2/3 2/3
Solution: EF  3 2 n  2
 6.4 1028
2m 2  9.111031
 
 6.11039 1.53 1020  9.34 1019 J
9.34 1019
 eV  5.84eV .
1.6 1019
IIT-JAM 2019
Q66. Which one of the following crystallographic planes represent 101 Miller indices of a
cubic unit cell?

z z z z
(a) (b) (c) (d)
y y y
m
x x x x
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Plane intercepts
a b c a b c
x: y:z  : :  : :  a::c
h k l 1 0 1
 x  a , y  , z  c
Plane is parallel to y - axis and intersecting x and z - axis at a and c . Thus, option (b)
is correct.
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Q67. For using a transistor as an amplifier, choose the correct option regarding the resistances
of base-emitter  RBE  and base-collector  RBC  junctions
(a) Both RBE and RBC are very low (b) Very low RBE and very high RBC
(c) Very high RBE and very low RBC (d) Both RBE and RBC are very high
Ans. : (b)
Q68. The output of following logic circuit can be simplified to
X
Y
(a) X  YZ (b) Y  XZ (c) XYZ (d) X  Y  Z

Ans. : (b)
Solution: Output  XY  X Y  Z   Y Y  Z   XY  XY  XZ  Y  YZ
 XY  XZ  Y  Y 1  X   XZ  Y  XZ
Q69. For a forward biased p-n junction diode, which one of the following energy-band
diagrams is correct (  F is the Fermi energy)
Conduction Band
Conduction Band
p -type n-type
(a) p -type n-type (b)
Electron 
F  p  F  n F
Energy Electron
Energy
Valence Band Valence Band
Conduction Band Conduction Band

p -type n-type p -type n-type
(c) (d)
 F  p  F  p
 F  n
Electron Electron
Energy Energy  F  n
Valence Band Valence Band
Ans. : (a)
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Q70. The location of Cs  and Cl  ions inside the unit cell of cacl crystal is shown in the
figure. The Bravais lattice of CaCl is z
Cl 
a y Cs 
a
a
(a) Simple cubic x (b) Body centred orthorhomble
(c) Face centred cubic (d) Base centred orthorhombic
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Cesium-Chloride is made of two interpenetrating simple cubic lattices are displaced
diagonally by half of the diagonal length. Thus, Bravais lattice of CsCl is simple cubic.
The correct option is (a).
Q71. In the X -ray diffraction pattern recorded for a simple cubic solid (lattice) parameter
o o
a  1 A ) using X -rays of wavelength 1 A , the first order diffraction peak(s) would
appear for the
(a) 100  planes (b) 112  planes (c)  210  planes (d)  220  planes
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In simple cubic cell, planes are present. The first order diffraction peak would appear
for the first plane 10 0  .
Q72. Sodium  Na  exhibits body-centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure with atomic radius
0.186 nm . The lattice parameter of Na unit cell is______ nm .

Ans. : 0.43
Solution: For BCC, 3a  4r
4r 4  0.186
a   a  0.43 nm
3 3
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Q73. For the input voltage V1  200 mV  sin  400 t  , the amplitude of the output voltage V0  of
the given OPAMP circuit is __________ V . (Round off to 2 decimal places)

35k 
35k 
Rf 35k 
Rf
Rf
10k 
 10k 
R1  10k 
 
R2  R3  V0
Vi
Ans. : 11.03
 35 
Solution: v01   1   vi   4  5  200mV  sin  400t 
 10 
35
v02     4  5  200mV  sin  400t 
10
35  35 
v0      4  5  200mV  sin  400t 
10  10 
Vm   3.5  3.5  4.5  200  mV  11.03Volts
Q74. The value of emitter current in the given circuit is _______  A .

VCC  10V
2M 4k 
C
B   100
0.3V E
2k  
C
 E
Ans. : 444.9
VCC  VBE
Solution: I B 
RB     1 RE
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10  0  3 9.7
IB   A
2  10  101 2 10
6 3
2.202 106
9.7
I E     1 I B  101  A  444.9 A
2.202
Q75. The Zener current I z for the given circuit is ______ mA .
VR
 
R  10k  IZ
RL = 20 k
Vin = 40 V
VZ = 20 V
VL
Ans. : 1
20k 2
Solution: Open circuit voltage Vi   40V   40  26.7 Volts
20k  10k 3
Vi  VZ , Zener “ON”
VZ 20 40  20
IL    1mA and I R   2mA
RL 20 10
I Z  I R  I L  1mA
Q76. The decimal equivalent of the binary number 110.101 is _______.

Ans. : 6.625
Solution: 110 101  12  1 21  0  20 1 21  0  22  1 23
1 1
  4  2  0    0  
2 8
 6   0.5  0  0.125   6.625
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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. Consider the energy level diagram (as shown in the figure below) of a typical three level
ruby laser system with 1.6  1019 Chromium ions per cubic centimeter. All the atoms
excited by the 0.4 μm radiation decay rapidly to level E2 , which has a lifetime  = 3 ms.
E3
0.4  m
E2
0.7  m
E1
A. Assuming that there is no radiation of wavelength 0.7 μm present in the pumping

cycle and that the pumping rate is R atoms per cm3, the population density in the level N2
builds up as:
(a) N2 (t) = R(et/ –1) (b) N2 (t) = R(1 – e-t/)
(c) N 2 t  
Rt 2

1  e 
t / 
(d) N2 (t) = R t
Ans. : (b)
Solution: N 2  t   R 1  et / 
B. The minimum pump power required (per cubic centimeter) to bring the system to
transparency, i.e. zero gain, is
(a) 1.52 kW (b) 2.64 kW (c) 0.76 kW (d) 1.32 kW
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The Minimum Power required to achieve zero gain is
N hv N hc 1.6  1019 6.6  10 34  3  10 8
P     754 W cm 3
2  2  2 6
0.7  10  3  10 3
P  0.76kW per cubic centimeter
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NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q2. Given that the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV, the ground state
energy of positronium (which is a bound state of an electron and a positron) is
(a) + 6.8 eV (b) – 6.8 eV (c) – 13.6 eV (d) – 27.2 eV
Ans. : (b)
13.6
Solution: The energy expression for Positronium atom is E n   eV 
2n 2
 13.6
For n = 1, E1  eV   6.8eV ,  E1  6.8 eV
2
Q3. A laser operating at 500 nm is used to excite a molecule. If the Stokes line is observed at
770 cm-1, the approximate positions of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes lines are
(a) 481.5 nm and 520 nm (b) 481.5 nm and 500 nm
(c) 500 nm and 520 nm (d) 500 nm and 600 nm
Ans. :
Solution: Given 0  500 nm  5  105 cm , v stoke  770 cm 1   0  20,000cm 1
Raman shift v  v 0  v stoke  19230 cm 1
Wave number of anti-stokes line is vanti -stoke  v  v0 = 39,230 cm-1
In wavelength term  anti  stoke  2.549  10 7  254.9 nm and  stoke  12987 nm
Q4. If the hyperfine interaction in an atom is given by H  a S e  S p where S e and S p denote
the electron and proton spins, respectively, the splitting between the 3 S1 and 1 S 0 state is
(a) a 2 / 2 (b) a 2 (c) a 2 / 2 (d) 2a 2

Ans. : (b)
       1

Solution: Total spin is S  S e  S p  S 2  S e2  S p2  2 S e  S p  S e  S p  S 2  S e2  S p2
2

 
 
 H  aS e  S p  S  S e2  S p2 where S e2  S p2  S S  1 2   2
a 2
2
3
4
a  2 3 2 3 2  a  2 3 2
H   S       S   
2 4 4  2 2 
For 3 S1 : S  1  S 2  S S  1 2  2 2 , For 1 S 0 : S  0  S 2  S S  1 2  0 2
a 3 a a 3 3 2
 H1   2   2   2 for 3 S1 and H 2   0   2  a for 1 S 0
2 2 4 2 2 4
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1 3 2
 The splitting between 3
S1 and 1 S 0 is H  H 1  H 2    a  a
2
4 4
Q5. The ratio of intensities of the D1 and D2 lines of sodium at high temperature is
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:3 (c) 1:3 (d) 1:2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The electronic transition for D2 and D1 line is
3
2 1
I  D2  2 J 2  1 2 4 2
D2 : 2P3/ 2  2S1/ 2 , D1 : 2P1/ 2  2S1/ 2     
I D1  2 J 1  1 1 2 1
2 1
2
Q6. An atom of mass M can be excited to a state of mass M    by photon capture. The
frequency of a photon which can cause this transition is
c 2 c 2 2 c 2 c 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)   2M 
2h h 2Mh 2Mh
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The conservation law of energy and momentum give

Mc 2  h  M    c 4  p 2 c 2
2
1/ 2
and
h
c
 p
M 2 c 4  h 2 2  2 Mc 2 h  M 2 c 4  2 c 4  2 Mc 4  h 2 2  2Mc 2 h  2 c 4  2Mc 4
   c 2    c 2
 2Mc h  2Mc 1 
2
  
4
1       2M  .
 2M  h  2M  2Mh
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
12
Q7. The first absorption spectrum of C16O is at 3.842 cm-1 while that of 13
C16O is at
3.673 cm-1. The ratio of their moments of inertia is
(a) 1.851 (b) 1.286 (c) 1.046 (d) 1.038
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For 12 C 16O : 2 B1  3.842 cm 1  B1  1.921 cm 1
For 13
2 B 2  3.673 cm 1
C 16 O :  B 2  1.8365 cm 1
h I 2 B1 1.921
Where, B  2     1.046
8 IC I1 B2 1.8365
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Q8. The spin-orbit interaction in an atom is given by H  aL  S , where L and S denote the
orbital and spin angular momenta, respectively, of the electron. The splitting between the
levels 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 is
3 2 1 2 5 2
(a) a (b) a (c) 3a 2 2 (d) a
2 2 2
Ans. : (a)
    
Solution: Given H  aL  S where J  L  S .
  1
 
 
a
 J 2  L2  S 2  2 L  S  L  S  J 2  L2  S 2  H  J 2  L2  S 2
2 2
 
1 3
For 2P3/ 2 : S  which gives S 2  S  S  1  2   2
2 4
L = 1 which gives L2  LL  1 2  2 2

3 15 a 15 3
which gives J 2  J  J  1 2   2  H1    2    2   2
a
J
2 4 2 4 4 2
1 3
For 2P1/ 2 : S  which gives S 2  S S  1 2   2
2 4
L = 1 which gives L2  LL  1 2  2 2
1 3 a 3 3 
J which gives J 2  J  J  1 2   2  H 2    2   2    a 2
2 4 2 4 4 
a 2 3
H  H1  H 2    a 2  a 2
2 2
Q9. The spectral line corresponding to an atomic transition from J = 1 to J = 0 states splits in
a magnetic field of 0.1 Tesla into three components separated by 1.6  10-3 Ǻ. If the zero
field spectral line corresponds to 1849 Ǻ, what is the g-factor corresponding to the J = 1
hc
state? (You may use  2  10 4 cm)
0
(a) 2 (b) 3/2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The Zeeman splitting is E   gM J  B B   g B B for MJ = +1
2
Given, Zeeman splitting separations,     1.6  10 3 Å
c
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c 3  10 8
      1.6  10 1  0.1404  1010
 2
1849  10 
10 2
E 6.625  10 34  0.1404  1010

g    1.00
B B 9.27  10  24  0.1
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q10. Consider the energy level diagram shown below, which corresponds to the molecular
nitrogen laser. 2
R  21
1
1
0
20 -3 -1
If the pump rate R is 10 atoms cm s and the decay routes are as shown with
 21  20 ns and  1  1s , the equilibrium populations of states 2 and 1 are, respectively,
(a) 1014 cm-3 and 2  1012 cm-3 (b) 21012 cm-3 and 1014 cm-3.
(c) 21012 cm-3 and 2  10 6 cm-3 (d) zero and 1020 cm-3
Ans. : (b)
dN 2 N dN1 N 2 N 1
Solution:  R  2 and   .
dt  21 dt  21  1
dN 2 dN1
Under equilibrium condition  0
dt dt
 N 2   21 R  1020  20  109  2  1012 cm3
 1 N 2 10 6  2  1012 cm 3
 N1    1014 cm 3
 21 20  10 9
Q11. Consider a hydrogen atom undergoing a 2 P  1S transition. The lifetime tsp of the 2P
state for spontaneous emission is 1.6 ns and the energy difference between the levels is
10.2 eV. Assuming that the refractive index of the medium n0 = 1, the ratio of Einstein
coefficients for stimulated and spontaneous emission B21   / A21   is given by
(a) 0.683 × 1012 m3J-1s-1 (b) 0.146 × 10-12 Jsm-3 .
(c) 6.83 × 1012 m3J-1s-1 (d) 1.463 × 10-12 Jsm-3 .
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Ans. : (a)
B21  2 c 3  2 2 c 3
Solution: n 0  1 , E  10.2 eV and    0.67  1012 .
A21  3 n03  E 3 n03
Q12. Consider a He-Ne laser cavity consisting of two mirrors of reflectivities R1 = 1 and
R2 = 0.98. The mirrors are separated by a distance d = 20 cm and the medium in between
has a refractive index n0 = 1 and absorption coefficient α = 0. The values of the
separation between the modes  and the width  p of each mode of the laser cavity are:
(a)   75kHz,  p  24kHz (b)   100kHz,  p  100kHz
(c)   750MHz,  p  2.4 MHz (d)   2.4MHz,  p  750MHz
Ans. : (c)
c
Solution: Mode separation    750 MHz
2dn0
where c  3  10 8 m / sec , d  20  102 m and n0  1 .
1 2n 0 d
Width of each mode  p  where t c  .
2t c  1 
c ln  2d

 R1 R2 e 
Note: In this question, there is no need to calculate  p . Since in the given options there
is only one option with   750 MHz and i.e., option (c). You can calculate  p without
calculator so use your common sense.
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q13. A muon  
 from cosmic rays is trapped by a proton to form a hydrogen-like atom.
Given that a muon is approximately 200 times heavier than an electron, the longest
wavelength of the spectral line (in the analogue of the Lyman series) of such an atom will
be
o o o o
(a) 5.62 A (b) 6.67 A (c) 3.75 A (d) 13.3 A
Ans. : (b)
m m p
Solution: In case of muonic atom, the reduce mass is m '   180me
m  m p
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 m'  E E
E n'    21  180 21 where, E1  13.6eV
 me  n n
For ground state of muonic atom n=1, E1'  180 E1
For first excited state of muonic atom n=2, E 2'  45 E1

The longest wavelength of the photon corresponds to the transition between first and ground state
of muonic atom.
The energy difference between first excited and ground state is
E  E 2'  E1'  135E1  1836eV  2938  10 19 J
In term of wavelength
hc hc 6.63  10 34  3  10 8 o
 
10
E  hv    6. 67  10 m  6.67 A
 E 2938  10 19
Q14. Consider the hydrogen-deuterium molecule HD. If the mean distance between the two
atoms is 0.08 nm and the mass of the hydrogen atom is 938 MeV / c 2 , then the energy
difference E between the two lowest rotational states is approximately
(a) 10 1 eV (b) 10 2 eV (c) 2  10 2 eV (d) 10 3 eV
Ans. : (b)
h2
Solution: Rotational energy expression E  J  J  1  AJ  J  1
8 2 I
Difference between two lowest energy levels is E  2 A
h2 2
where A   and I  r 2
8 I
2
2I
MHMD M  2M H 2 2
Here,    H  MH ,    938 MeV/c2
M H  M D M H  2M H 3 3
1
  1.01  1034  J -sec   1.01  1034   1019  eV -sec   6.3  1016  eV -sec 
1.6
 E 
2


6.3  10 16 eV  sec 2
 9.2  103 eV  102 eV

I 2
3

 938  10 6 eV / c 2  0.08  10 9 m 2
Q15. The electronic energy levels in a hydrogen atom are given by E n  13.6 / n 2 eV. If a
selective excitation to the n  100 level is to be made using a laser, the maximum
allowed frequency line-width of the laser is
(a) 6.5 MHz (b) 6.5 GHz (c) 6.5 Hz (d) 6.5 kHz
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Ans. : (b)
2  13.6 2  13.6
Solution: E n  13.6 / n 2  E n  3
eV  h   1.6  10 19    6.5 GHz .
n n3
Q16. Consider the laser resonator cavity shown in the figure.
If I1 is the intensity of the radiation at R1  1 R2  R
l
mirror M 1 and  is the gain coefficient of the
medium between the mirrors, then the energy
x
density of photons in the plane P at a
P
distance x from M 1 is M1 M2
(a)  I1 / c  e  x (b)  I1 / c  e x
(c)  I1 / c   e x  e x  (d)  I1 / c  e2 x

Ans. : (c)
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q17. A perturbation V pert  aL2 is added to the Hydrogen atom potential. The shift in the
energy level of the 2 P state, when the effects of spin are neglected up to second order in
a , is
3 2 4
(a) 0 (b) 2a 2  a 2  4 (c) 2a 2 (d) a 2  a 
2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For 2 P state, L=1
The shift in the energy due to perturbation V pert  aL2 is
E  aL( L  1) 2  a1(1  1) 2  2a 2

Q18. A gas laser cavity has been designed to operate at   0.5 m with a cavity length of 1 m .
With this set-up, the frequency is found to be larger than the desired frequency by 100 Hz.
The change in the effective length of the cavity required to retune the laser is
(a)  0.334  10 12 m (b) 0.334  10 12 m (c) 0.167  10 12 m (d)  0.167  10 12 m
Ans. : (d)
c c  c  c
Solution:   m    m 2 L   2 L  2 L   L  L
2L 2L c 2L L L
 L 0.5  106  1  100
 L     0.167  1012 m
c 3  108
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Q19. The spectroscopic symbol for the ground state of 13 Al is 2 P1/ 2 . Under the action of a
strong magnetic field (when L  S coupling can be neglected) the ground state energy
level will split into
(a) 3 levels (b) 4 levels (c) 5 levels (d) 6 levels
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In extremely strong magnetic field coupling between L-S breaks down. J is no longer a
valid quantum number.
The ground state energy level will have  2S  1 2 L  1  6 states, but 2 states are
degenerate. Therefore, total energy levels will be 5 .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q20. A spectral line due to a transition from an electronic state p to an s state splits into three
Zeeman lines in the presence of a strong magnetic field. At intermediate field strengths
the number of spectral lines is
(a) 10 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For p state: l  1, s  1/ 2 : j  1/ 2 & 3 / 2 .
This gives two spectral terms 2P3/2 & 2P1/2
For s state: l= 0, s = 1/2: j = 1/2 : This gives spectral terms 2S1/2
The terms 2P3/2 and 2S1/2 corresponding to J = 3/2 & J = 1/2 will break into 2J+1 Zeeman
levels, which is 4 and 2 respectively.
For 2P3/2 Mj = - 3/2 -1/2 +1/2 +3/2
For 2S1/2 Mj = -1/2 +1/2
The selection rule is ∆MJ = 0, ± 1 (MJ = 0 → MJ = 0 If ∆J = 0)
∆MJ = 0 gives π component, ∆MJ = ±1 gives σ component
Number of π component = 2, Numbers of + components = 2
Number of - components = 2
The terms 2P1/2 and 2S1/2 corresponding to J = 1/2 & J = 1/2 will break into 2J+1 Zeeman
levels, which is 2 & 2 respectively.
For 2P1/2 Mj = -1/2 +1/2, For 2S1/2 Mj = -1/2 +1/2
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The selection rule is ∆MJ = 0, ± 1 (MJ = 0 → MJ = 0 If ∆J = 0)

∆MJ = 0 gives π component, ∆MJ = ±1 gives σ component
Number of π component = 2, Numbers of + components = 1
Number of - components = 1
Thus, total number of Zeeman component = 10
Q21. A double slit interference experiment uses a laser emitting light of two adjacent
frequencies v1 and v 2 v1  v 2  . The minimum path difference between the interfering
beams for which the interference pattern disappears is
c c c c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
v 2  v1 v 2  v1 2v 2  v1  2v 2  v1 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The condition of maximum intensity for interfering laser beam is: d sin   n
 1
The condition of dark intensity for interfering laser beam is: d sin    n  
 2
For interference pattern to vanish, the minimum path difference should be /2
c c 2
The spectral bandwidth of laser is defined as, v  2  
 v 
For two closely spaced line of wavelength 1 and 2
c 2  1 c c
  1 2   
v  1  2 1 1

c c  2  1

2 1 2 1
Since, for interference pattern to vanish for two closely spaced line of wavelength 1 and
 c c
2, the minimum path difference should be =  
2 2v 2 2   1 
Q22. How much does the total angular momentum quantum number J change in the transition
of Cr 3d 6  atom as it ionize to Cr 2 3d 4 ?
(a) Increases by 2 (b) Decreases by 2 (c) Decreases by 4 (d) Does not change
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: In Cr 3d 6 state
M L  2  1 0  1  2
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1
In this configuration, S  4   2 and L  2
2
This is the case of more than half filled subshell, thus state with highest J value will
have the lowest energy.
The highest J - value is J  L  S  y
Thus, the ground state spectral term for this configuration is 5 D4 .
 
Now in Cr 2 3d 4
M L  2  1 0  1  2
1
In this configuration, S  4   2 and L  2
2
Since this is the case of less than half filled subshell, thus, state with lowest J value will
have the lowest energy.
The lowest J - value is J  L  5  2  2  0 .
Thus the ground state spectral term for this configuration is the J - value decreases from
J  4 to J  0 .
Thus correct answer is option (c).
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q23. An atomic transition 1 P  1S in a magnetic field 1 Tesla shows Zeeman splitting. Given
that the Bohr magneton  B  9.27  10 24 J / T , and the wavelength corresponding to the
transition is 250 nm, the separation in the Zeeman spectral lines is approximately
(a) 0.01 nm (b) 0.1 nm (c) 1.0 nm (d) 10 nm
Ans. : (a)
Solution: This is the case of Normal Zeeman effect. The Zeeman separation in terms of
 B
frequency,   B , where  B is Bohr magneton
h
2  2 B B
In terms of wavelength,     
c c h
 250 10 m    9.27 10 J / T  1T   3 10

2
9 24
  12
m  0.003 nm
 3 10 m / s  6.625 10 Js 
8 34
None of the answer is matching correctly. But best suitable answer is option (a)
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Q24. If the leading anharmonic correction to the energy of n th vibrational level of a diatomic
2
 1
molecule is  xe  n    with xe  0.001 , the total number of energy levels possible
 2
is approximately
(a) 500 (b) 1000 (c) 250 (d) 750
Ans. : (a)
2
 1  1
Solution: The energy of anharmonic oscillator is Ev   v     xe  v   
 2  2
where v  0, 1, 2, .....vmax is vibrational quantum number v  vmax
dEv  1 
Now,  0    2 xe  vmax     0
dv v  vmax
 2 E
 1 1 1 1 1
 1  2 xe  vmax    vmax      500
 2  2 xe 2 2 xe 2  0.001 
 
Q25. The effective spin-spin interaction between the electron spin S e and the proton spin S p
 
in the ground state of the Hydrogen atom is given by H   aS e  S p . As a result of this
interaction, the energy levels split by an amount

1 2 3 2
(a) a (b) 2a 2 (c) a 2 (d) a
2 2
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: The Hamiltonian is given as H  aSe  S p where Se and S p are electron and proton spin.
The coupling between Se and S p gives net resultant spin angular momentum
       1
S  Se  S p , S 2  Se2  S p2  2Se  S p  Se  S p   S 2  Se2  S p2 
2 Sp
S
 H
2

a 2
S  Se2  S p2 
Se
where S 2  S  S  1  2 , Se2  Se  Se  1  2 , S p2  S p  S p  1  2 F 1
1 2
a
1 1 4
Since Se  and S p   S  0, 1 12 s1/2
2 2 3
 a 2
4
F 0
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a 3 3 2 3 2
For S  0 (singlet state), H1   0       a
2 4 4 4
a 3 2 3 2 1 2
For S  1 (Triplet state), H 2   2       a
2 4 4  4
1 2 3 2
 H  H 2  H1  a  a  H  a 2
4 4
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q26. Of the following term symbols of the np 2 atomic configurations, 1 S0 ,3 P0 ,3 P1 ,3 P2 and
1
D2 which is the ground state?
(a) 3 P0 (b) 1 S0 (c) 3 P2 (d) 3 P1
Ans. (a)
Solution: According to Hund’s rules
(i) State with highest multiplicity has lowest energy
(ii) State with same multiplicity, the state with highest L will have lowest energy
(iii) State with same multiplicity and L value. The state with lowest J has lowest energy
(only if subshell is less than half filled) from the given states 1 S0 ,3 P0 ,3 P1 ,3 P21 D2
The 3 P0 will have the lowest energy

 1
Q27. A diatomic molecule has vibrational states with energies Ev    v   and rotational
 2
states with energies E j  Bj  j  1 , where v and j are non-negative integers . consider
the transitions in which both the initial and final states are restricted to v  1 and j  2
and subject to the selection rules v  1 and j  1 . Then the largest allowed energy
of transition is
(a)   3B (b)   B (c)   4 B (d) 2  B
Ans. (c)
 1
Solution: E    v    BJ  J  1
 2
For vibrational transition with v  1 and rotational transition with J   we get
E  Einitial  Efinal    2 B  J  1
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where J is lowest quantum number

According to question in rotational states, two transition is possible, one for
J  0  J  1 and second for J  1  J  2
But, second transition will have photon of higher energy
 For J  1  J  2
E    2 B 1  1    4 B
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q28. The LS configurations of the ground state of 12Mg , 13
Al , 17Cl and 18
Ar are respectively,
(a) 3 S1 , 2 P1/ 2 , 2 P1/ 2 and 1 S0 (b) 3 S1 , 2 P3 / 2 , 2 P3 / 2 and 3 S1
(c) 1 S0 , 2 P1/ 2 , 2 P3 / 2 and 1 S0 (d) 1 S0 , 2 P3 / 2 , 2 P1/ 2 and 3 S1

Ans. : (c)
Solution: 12 Mg :1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2
Ground state: 1 S0
13
Al :1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p1
the terms are 2 p1/ 2 and 2 p3/ 2 . Since its less than half filled. Thus
Ground state: 2 p1/ 2

17
Cl :1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 5
The terms are 2 p1/ 2 and 2 p3/ 2 . Since it shell is more than half filled.
Thus Ground state: 2 p3/ 2

18
Ar :1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6
Ground state: 1 S0
Q29. For a two level system, the population of atoms in the upper and lower levels are 3 1018
and 0.7 1018 , respectively. If the coefficient of stimulated emission is
3.0  105 m3 / W -s 3 and the energy density is 9.0 J / m3 -Hz , the rate of stimulated
emission will be
(a) 6.3 1016 s 1 (b) 4.1  1016 s 1 (c) 2.7  1016 s 1 (d) 1.8  1016 s 1
Ans. : None of the answer is matching.
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Solution: The rate of stimulated emission is

dN 2
 N 2 B21 u  w 
dt
m3 m3
where N 2  3 1018 , B21  3  105  3  10 5
W  s3 J  s2
J s
and u  w   9.0 J / m3  Hz  9.0
m3
dN 2 m3 J s
 3 1018  3 105  9 3  8.11024 s 1
dt J s 2
m
Q30. The first ionization potential of K is 4.34 eV , the electron affinity of Cl is 3.82 eV
and the equilibrium separation of KCl is 0.3 nm . Then energy required to dissociate a
KCl molecule into a K and a Cl atom is
(a) 8.62 eV (b) 8.16 eV (c) 4.28 eV (d) 4.14 eV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Energy required to dissociate KCl is  KCl  K   Cl  
 
2
1 q1q2  9 Nm 
2 1.6  1019 c
V   9  10 2 
 7.7  1019 J  4.79 eV
4 0 r12  c  0.3 10 m9
The band dissociation energy is the energy required to dissociate a molecule into its
component atom KCl  K  Cl
To find the energy required to dissociate KCl into K and Cl , we must add an electron
to the K  ion, which releases the atomic potassium ionization energy. Remove one
electron from Cl  ion which requires the atomic chlorine electron affinity energy
Given ionization energy of K  Eie  4.34 eV
Electron affinity of Cl  Eai  3.82 eV

Thus the energy gained in the transformation from ion to atom is
 Eie  Eai  4.34  3.82  0.52 eV
Thus dissociation energy  4.79  0.52  4.27 eV
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q31. The ground state electronic configuration of 22 Ti is  Ar  3d 2 4s 2 . Which state, in the
standard spectroscopic notations, is not possible in this configuration?

(a) 1 F3 (b) 1 S0 (c) 1 D2 (d) 3 P0
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The spectroscopic term for d 2 are obtained as
l1  2, l2  2  L  4,3, 2,1, 0
1 1
s1  , s2   S  0,1
2 2
Now, S  0, L  4  J  4, 1G4
S  0, L  2  J  2, 1 D2
S  0, L  0  J  0, 1S0
S  1, L  3  J  4,3, 2, 3
F4 , 3F3 , 3F2
S  1, L  1  J  2,1, 0, 3 P2 , 3 P1 ,3 P0
Thus 1 F3 is not possible spectroscopic term of  Ar  3d 2 4 S 2
Q32. In a normal Zeeman Effect experiment using a magnetic field of strength 0.3 T , the
splitting between the components of a 660 nm spectral line is
(a) 12 pm (b) 10 pm (c) 8 pm (d) 6 pm
Ans. : (d)
 2 eB  660 10 
2
9
1.6  1019  0.3
Solution:      6.09  1012 m  6 pm
c 4 m 3  108 4  9.110 31
Q33. The separation between the energy levels of a two-level atom is 2 eV . Suppose that
4  1020 atoms are in the ground state and 7  1020 atoms are pumped into the excited state
just before lasing starts. How much energy will be released in a single laser pulse?
(a) 24.6 J (b) 22.4 J (c) 98 J (d) 48 J
Ans. : (d)
Solution: N 2  N1  3  1020
 N  N1  3  1020
Energy of laser pulse, E   2  h   2 1.6 1019 J  E  48 J
 2  2
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NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q34. In the L  S coupling scheme, the terms arising from two non-equivalent p -electrons are
(a) 3S , 1P, 3P, 1D, 3D (b) 1S , 3S , 1P, 1D
(c) 1S , 3S , 3P, 3D (d) 1S , 3S , 1P, 3P, 1D, 3D

Ans. : (d)
Solution: For pp configuration
1 1
s1  , s2   S  0,1
2 2
l1  1, l2  1  L  0,1, 2
Thus
S  0, L  0  J  0 ; 1S0 or 1S
S  0, L  1  J  1 ; 1 P1 or 1 P
S  0, L  2  J  2 ; 1 D2 or 1 D
S  1, L  0  J  1 ; 3 S1 or 3 S
S  1, L  1  J  0,1, 2 ; 3 P0,1,2 or 3 P
S  1, L  2  J  1, 2,3 ; 3 D1,2,3 or 3 D
Thus spectroscopic terms are 1 S ,3 S ,1 P,3 P 1 D, 3 D

Q35. The total spin of a hydrogen atom is due to the contribution of the spins of the electron
and the proton. In the high temperature limit, the ratio of the number of atoms in the spin-
1 state to the number in the spin- 0 state is
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: F  1 (when spins are parallel)
2
S1/ 2
F  0 (when spins are anti-parallel)
The degeneracy of quantum level is 2 F  1 .

2 F1  1 3
Thus,  3
2 F0  1 1
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Q36. A two level system in a thermal (black body) environment can decay from the excited
state by both spontaneous and thermally stimulated emission. At room temperature
 300 K  , the frequency below which thermal emission dominates over spontaneous
emission is nearest to
(a) 1013 Hz (b) 108 Hz (c) 105 Hz (d) 1011 Hz
Ans. : (d)
Solution: At thermal equilibrium, the ratio of the number of spontaneous to stimulated emission
is given by

A21  1.054  1034 J .S
 e kT  1 ; where   2.551014 sec
B21 u   23
kT 1.38  10 J / K  300 K
Now, for v  1013 Hz    6.3 1013 rad / sec ,

A21
 e1.6  1  5  1  4
B21u  
For v  1011 Hz    6.3 1011 rad / sec ,
A21 3
  e1.610  1  1.03  1  0.03
B21u  
This ratio is less than one, thus stimulated thermal emission dominates over spontaneous
emission below all frequency of 1011 Hz
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q37. An atomic spectral line is observed to split into nine components due to Zeeman shift. If
the upper state of the atom is 3D2 then the lower state will be
(a) 3F2 (b) 3F1 (c) 3P1 (d) 3P2

Ans. : (c)
Solution: The possible zeeman component for different transitions are:
(i) 3D2  3 F2 : Total zeeman components are 12
(ii) 3D2  3P1 : Total zeeman components are 9
(iii) 3D2  3P2 : Total zeeman components are 12

3
F1 state is not allowed because for 3F , possible ‘ J ’ values are 2, 3 and 4.
Only 3 D2  3 P1 transition gives 9 components. Therefore, ground state is 3P1 .

Thus, correct option is (c).
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Q38. If the coefficient of stimulated emission for a particular transition is 2.1 1019 m3W 1s 3
0
and the emitted photon is at wavelength 3000 A , then the lifetime of the excited state is
approximately
(a) 20 ns (b) 40 ns (c) 80 ns (d) 100 ns
Ans. : (c)
A21 8 h 3 1 c3 3
Solution:  . Life time     
B21 c3 A21 8 h 3 B21 8 hB21
 
 3000 10  10 3
8  6.6 10 J .s. 2.1 10

34 19
m3 w1s 3 
2.7  1020
  7.7 108 sec  80n sec
3.5  1013
Q39. If the binding energies of the electron in the K and L shells of silver atom are 25.4 keV
and 3.34 keV , respectively, then the kinetic energy of the Auger electron will be
approximately
(a) 22 keV (b) 9.3keV (c) 10.5 keV (d) 18.7 keV
Ans. : (d)
Solution: K .E. Auger electron is K .E   EK  EL   EL
 EK  2 EL Auger electorn
e
  25.4  2  3.34  keV
Vacuum level
 18.7keV
L
h
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Q40. Consider a system of identical atoms in equilibrium with blackbody radiation in a cavity
at temperature T . The equilibrium probabilities for each atom being in the ground state
0 and an excited state 1 are P0 and P1 respectively. Let n be the average number of
photons in a mode in the cavity that causes transition between the two states. Let W01
and W10 denote, respectively, the squares of the matrix elements corresponding to the
atomic transitions 0  1 and 1  0 . Which of the following equations hold in
equilibrium?
(a) P0 nW01  PW
1 1 0 (b) P0 nW01  PnW
1 1 0
(c) P0 nW01  PW
1 10  PnW
1 10 (d) P0 nW01  PW
1 10  PnW
1 10
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In equilibrium condition the number of upward transitions must be equal to the number
of downward transition.
Rate of upward transition  P0 nW01
Rate of downward transition = Rate of spontaneous transitions + Rate of stimulated
transition  PW
1 10  PnW
1 10 1
Thus, at thermal equilibrium W01 W10

P0 nW01  PW
1 10  PnW
1 10
0
 Correct option is (d)

Q41. The Zeeman shift of the energy of a state with quantum numbers L, S , J and mJ is
mJ  B B  
Hz 
J  J  1
 L.J  g s S .J 
where B is the applied magnetic field, g s is the g -factor for the spin and
B
 1.4 MHz  G 1 , where h is the Planck constant. The approximate frequency shift of
h
the S  0, L  1 and mJ  1 state, at a magnetic field of 1G , is
(a) 10 MHz (b) 1.4 MHz (c) 5 MHz (d) 2.8 MHz
Ans. : (b)
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eB e B  B J 2
Solution: v   .  B E2
4 m 2m h h J 1

 1.4 MH z G 1
 1G   1.4 MHz E1
J
Q42. The separations between the adjacent levels of a normal multiplet are found to be
22 cm 1 and 33 cm 1 . Assume that the multiplet is described well by the L  S coupling
scheme and the Lande’s interval rule, namely E  J   E  J  1  AJ , where A is a
constant. The term notaions for this multiplet is

(a) 3 P0,1,2 (b) 3 F2,3,4 (c) 3 G3,4,5 (d) 3 D1,2,3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: E1  E  J  1  E  J   A  J  1  22 cm 1
E2  E  J  2   E  J  1  A  J  2   33 cm 1
A  J  1 22
   J 1
A  J  2 33
Thus, the J values for all those three levels are 1, 2,3 . The, corresponding terms are
3
D1,2,3 .
Q43. If the fine structure splitting between the 2 2 P3/ 2 and 2 2 P3/ 2 levels in the hydrogen atom
is 0.4 cm 1 , the corresponding splitting in Li 2 will approximately be
(a) 1.2 cm 1 (b) 10.8 cm 1 (c) 32.4 cm 1 (d) 36.8 cm 1

Ans. : (c)
Solution: E  z 4
 E  Li  zLi 4 34
    81
 E  H  zH 4 14
  E  Li  81 EH   81 0.4 cm 1
 E Li  32.4 cm1

Thus, correct option is (c).
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q44. Two Stern-Gerlach apparatus S1 and S2 are kept in a line ( x -axis). The directions of
their magnetic fields are along the positive z and y -axes, respectively. Each apparatus
only transmits particles with spins aligned in thee direction of its magnetic field. If an
1
initially unpolarized beam of spin particles passes through this configuration, the ratio
2
of intensities l0 : l f of the initial and final beams is
l0 lf
k̂ ĵ
(a) 16 :1 (b) 2 :1 (c) 4 :1 (d) 1: 0

Ans. : (c)
I0 I0 4
Solution: I f  
4 If 1
Q45. A photon of energy 115.62 keV ionizes a K -shell electron of a Be atom. One L -shell
electron jumps to the K -shell to fill this vacancy and emits a photon of energy
109.2 keV in the process. If the ionization potential for the L -shell is 6.4 keV , the
kinetic energy of the ionized electron is
(a) 6.42 keV (b) 12.82 keV (c) 20 eV (d) 32 eV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Binding energy of K -shell electron 6.4 KeV L
I p  6.4 KeV  109.2 KeV  115.6 KeV 109.2 KeV
Thus, K.E. of ionized electron is Ip K
= 115.62 KeV  115.6 KeV  0.02 KeV  20 eV
115.6 KeV e
Q46. The value of the Lande g -factor for a fine-structure level defined by the quantum number
L  1, J  2 and S  1 , is
11 4 8 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 2
Ans. : (d)
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J  J  1  S  S  1  L  L  1 2  2  1  2  2 1 3
Solution: g  1   1  1 
2 J  J  1 2  2  2  1 2 2
Q47. The electronic energy level diagram of a molecule is shown in the following figure,
2
23
3
 21 34 Laser light
4
41
1
Let  ij denote the decay rate for a transition from the level i to j . The molecules are
optically pumped from level 1 to 2 . For the transition from level 3 to level 4 to be a
lassing transition, the decay rates have to satisfy
(a)  21   23   41  34 (b)  21   41   23  34
(c)  41   23   21  34 (d)  41   21  34   23

Ans. : (c)
Solution: The state 3 is metastable state, therefore 34 would be lowest to enhance population
inversion  41   23 . Thus correct sequence is  41   23   21  34

Q48. At low temperatures, in the Debye approximation, the contribution of the phonons to the
heat capacity of a two dimensional solid is proportional to
(a) T 2 (b) T 3 (c) T 1/ 2 (d) T 3/ 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The dispersion relation of phonons is   AK
The phonon specific heat in d -dimension is CV  T d
For 2 dimensional solid d  2

CV  T 2
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Q49. Barium Titanate  BaTiO3  crystal has a cubic perovskite
structure, where the Ba 2 ions are at the vertices of a unit

cube, the O 2 ions are at the centres of the faces while the
Ti 2 is at the centre. The number of optical phonon modes of
the crystal is
(a) 12 (b) 15
Ti 4 Ba 2  O 2
(c) 5 (d) 18
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Effective number of atoms per unit cell is
1 1
neff   8   6  11  1  3  1  5
8 2
Total degree of freedom 5  3  15
The number of Acoustical phonon modes  3
The number of optical phonon modes 15  3  12
Q50. The dispersion relation of optical phonons in a cubic crystal is given by   k   0  ak 2
where 0 and a are positive constants. The contribution to the density of states due to
these phonons with frequencies just below 0 is proportional to
(a) 0    (b) 0    (c) 0    (d) 0   

1/ 2 3/ 2 2
Ans. : (a)
3 3
 L   L 
Solution: g  k  dk    4 k dk  
2
 4 k  kdk
 2   2 
1
0    and d  2akdk
1/ 2
Given   0  ak 2  k 
a
3
 L  4
 g   d    3/ 2  0
 
1/ 2

 2  2a
Thus,     0   
1/ 2
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Q51. A silicon crystal is doped with phosphorus atoms. (The binding energy of a H atom
is 13.6 eV , the dielectric constant of silicon is 12 and the effective mass of electrons in
the crystal is 0.4 me ). The gap between the donor energy level and the bottom of the
conduction band is nearest to
(a) 0.01 eV (b) 0.08 eV (c) 0.02 eV (d) 0.04 eV
Ans. : (d)
13.6 M *
Solution: Ed    eV 
 2 Me
13.6
 Ed   0.4  0.04 eV
12 
2
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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS SOLUTIONS
GATE-2010
Q1. To detect trace amounts of gaseous species in a mixture of gases, the preferred probing
tool is
(a) Ionization spectroscopy with X-rays (b) NMR spectroscopy
(c) ESR spectroscopy (d) Laser spectroscopy
Ans: (a)
Q2. A collection of N atoms is exposed to a strong resonant electromagnetic radiation with Ng
atoms in the ground state and Ne atoms in the excited state, such that Ng+Ne=N. This
collection of two-level atoms will have the following population distribution:
(a) N g  N e (b) N g  N e
(c) N g  N e  N / 2 (d) N g  N e  N / 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: In two level lair population inversion is possible to achieve at any power level. The
N
maximum possible situation can be N g  N e 
2
Q3. Two states of an atom have definite parities. An electric dipole transition between these
states is
(a) Allowed if both the sates have even parity
(b) Allowed if both the states have odd parity
(c) Allowed if the two states have opposite parities
(d) Not allowed unless a static electric field is applied
Ans: (c)
Q4. The spectrum of radiation emitted by a black body at a temperature 1000 K peaks in the
(a) Visible range of frequencies (b) Infrared range of frequencies
(c) Ultraviolet range of frequencies (d) Microwave range of frequencies
Ans: (a)
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Q5. The three principal moments of inertia of a methanol (CH3OH) molecule have the
property Ix = Iy = I and Iz ≠ I. The rotation energy eigenvalues are
2  2 m12  1 1  2
(a) l l  1     (b) l l  1
2I 2 I  I z I  2I
 2 m12  1 1  2  2 m12  1 1 
(c)    (d) l l  1    
2 I  I z I  2I 2  I z I 
Ans: (a)
Solution: CH 3 OH is example of symmetric rotator, where I x  I y  I z , ( I x  I y  I and I z  I )
The classical expression for energy is E 

1 2
2I

J x  J y2  1 2
2I z
Jz .
This can be expressed in term of J 2  J x2  J y2  J z2 by adding and subtracting J z2
1 2  1 1 
E J     J z2 .
2I  2I z 2I 
2  2 m J2  1 1 
Quantum mechanically E  J J  1    
2I 2  I z I 
Q6. Match the typical spectra of stable molecules with the corresponding wave-number range
1. Electronic spectra (i) 106 cm-1 and above
2. Rotational spectra (ii) 105 – 106 cm-1
3. Molecule dissociation (iii) 108 – 102 cm-1
(a) 1 – ii, 2 – i, 3 – iii (b) 1 – ii, 2 – iii, 3 – i
(b) 1 – iii, 2 – ii, 3 – i (d) 1 – i, 2 – ii, 3 – iii
Ans: (b)
Q7. Consider the operations P : r   r (parity) and T: t → - t (time reversal). For the electric
and magnetic fields E and B , which of the following set of transformations is correct?
(a) P : E   E , B  B; (b) P : E  E , B  B;
T : E  E, B   B T : E  E, B  B
(c) P : E   E , B  B; (d) P : E  E , B   B;
T : E   E, B   B T : E  E, B  B
Ans: (b)
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Common Data Questions 8 and 9:

In the presence of a weak magnetic field, atomic hydrogen undergoes the transition:
2
P1/ 2  2 S1/ 2 , by emission of radiation
Q8. The number of distinct spectral lines that are observed in the resultant Zeeman spectrum
is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
Ans: (c)
Solution: 2 p1/ 2  2S1/ 2 is sodium D1 lines and it has total 4 zeeman components.
Q9. The spectral line corresponding to the transition
 1  1
2
P1  m j     2 S1/ 2  m j   
2 2  2
is observed along the direction of the applied magnetic field. The emitted electromagnetic
field is
(a) Circularly polarized (b) Linearly polarized
(c) Unpolarized (d) Not emitted along the magnetic field direction
Ans: (a)
 1  1
Solution: For 2 P1 / 2  m j     2 S1 / 2  m j   
 2  2
Here m j  1 gives   component.
In longitudinal observation   is circularly polarized.
GATE-2011
Q10. The population inversion in a two layer material CANNOT be achieved by optical
pumping because
(a) the rate of upward transitions is equal to the rate of downward transitions
(b) the upward transitions are forbidden but downward transitions are allowed
(c) the upward transitions are allowed but downward transitions are forbidden
(d) the spontaneous decay rate of the higher level is very low
Ans: (a)
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Q11. A heavy symmetrical top is rotating about its own axis of symmetry (the z-axis). If I1, I2
and I3 are the principal moments of inertia along x, y and z axes respectively, then
(a) I2 = I3; I1 ≠ I2 (b) I1 = I3; I1 ≠ I2 (c) I1 = I2; I1 ≠ I3 (d) I1 ≠ I2 ≠ I3
Ans: (c)
Q12. A neutron passing through a detector is detected because of
(a) the ionization it produces (b) the scintillation light it produces
(c) the electron-hole pairs it produces
(d) the secondary particles produced in a nuclear reaction in the detector medium
Ans: (b)
Q13. An atom with one outer electron having orbital angular momentum l is placed in a weak
magnetic field. The number of energy levels into which the higher total angular
momentum state splits, is
(a) 2l + 2 (b) 2l + 1 (c) 2l (d) 2l – 1
Ans: (b)
Q14. For a multi-electron atom l, L and S specify the one-electron orbital angular momentum,
total orbital angular momentum and total spin angular momentum, respectively. The
selection rules for electric dipole transition between the two electronic energy levels,
specified by l, L and S are
(a) ∆L = 0, ±1; ∆S = 0; ∆l = 0, ±1 (b) ∆L = 0, ±1; ∆S = 0; ∆l = ±1
(c) ∆L = 0, ±1; ∆S = ±1; ∆l = 0, ±1 (d) ∆L = 0, ±1; ∆S = ±1; ∆l = ±1
Ans: (b)
Q15. The lifetime of an atomic state is 1 nanosecond. The natural line width of the spectral line
in the emission spectrum of this state is of the order of
(a) 10-10 eV (b) 10-9 eV (c) 10-6 eV (d) 10-4 eV
Ans: (c)
h 6.625  10 34 J  S 6.625  10 25
Solution: E  h   9
 19
eV  4.14  10 6 eV
t 10 1.6  10
Q16. The degeneracy of an excited state of nitrogen atom having electronic configuration
1s22s22p23d1 is
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 150
Ans: (b)
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Solution: Degeneracy = 2 (2l + 1)

Q17. The far infrared rotational absorption spectrum of a diatomic molecule shows equilibrium
lines with spacing 20 cm-1. The position of the first Stokes line in the rotational Raman
spectrum of this molecule is
(a) 20 cm-1 (b) 40 cm-1 (c) 60 cm-1 (d) 120 cm-1
Ans: (c)
Solution: Given 2B = 20 cm-1  B = 10 cm-1
The position of the first stokes line in the rotational Raman spectrum = 6B
   6 B  6  10  60 cm 1 .
GATE-2012
Q18. The ground state of sodium atom ( 11 Na ) is a 2 S1 / 2 state. The difference in energy levels
arising in the presence of a weak external magnetic field B, given in terms of Bohr
magnet on,  B , is
(a)  B B (b) 2  B B (c) 4  B B (d) 6  B B
Ans: (b)
Solution: The energy separation in the Zeeman level is E  gM J  B B 
1
For 2 S1 / 2 state; g  2 and M J   . Therefore E1   B B  and E 2   B B  .
2
Thus E  2  B B
Q19. The first Stokes line of a rotational Raman spectrum is observed at 12.96 cm 1 .
Considering the rigid rotor approximation, the rotational constant is given by
(a) 6.48 cm-1 (b) 3.24 cm-1 (c) 2.16 cm-1 (d) 1.62 cm-1
Ans: (c)
Solution: The first Stoke line of the Rotational Raman spectrum lies at = 6B
Thus 6 B  12.96 cm 1  B  2.16 cm 1 .
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Q20. Match the typical spectroscopic regions specified in Group I with the corresponding type
of transitions in Group II.
Group I Group II
(P) Infra-red region (i) electronic transitions involving valence electrons
(Q) Ultraviolet-visible region (ii) nuclear transitions
(R) X-ray region (iii) vibrational transitions of molecules
(S) γ-ray region (iv) transitions involving inner shell electrons
(a) (P, i); (Q, iii); (R, ii); (S, iv) (b) (P, ii); (Q, iv); (R, i); (S, iii)
(c) (P, iii); (Q, i); (R, iv); (S, ii) (d) (P, iv); (Q, i); (R, ii); (S, iii)
Ans: (c)
Q21. The term  j1 , j 2 J arising from 2s1 3d 1 electronic in j-j coupling scheme are
1 3  1 5  1 1  1 3
(a)  ,  and  ,  (b)  ,  and  , 
 2 2  2,1  2 2  3, 2  2 2 1, 0  2 2  2,1
1 1  1 5  3 1 1 5 
(c)  ,  and  ,  (d)  ,  and  , 
 2 2 1,0  2 2  3, 2  2 2  2,1  2 2  3, 2
Ans: (a)
Q22. The equilibrium vibration frequency for an oscillator is observed at 2990 cm-1. The ratio
of the frequencies corresponding to the first and the fundamental spectral lines is 1.96.
Considering the oscillator to be anharmonic, the anharmonicity constant is
(a) 0.005 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.1
Ans: (b)
2e 1  3xe  1  3xe   0.98  x  0.02 .
Solution:  e 1  2 xe   2990cm 1 and  1.96 
e 1  2 xe  1  2 xe  e
GATE-2013
Q23. The number of spectral lines allowed in the spectrum for the 3 2 D  3 2 P transition in
sodium is _____________.
Ans: 28
Solution: The numbers of Zeeman components for 2D5/2 → 2P3/2 transition = 12
The numbers of Zeeman components for 2D3/2 → 2P3/2 transition = 10
The numbers of Zeeman components for 2D3/2 → 2P1/2 transition = 6
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Q24. In a normal Zeeman Effect experiment, spectral splitting of the line at the wavelength
643.8 nm corresponding to the transition 5 1 D2  5 1 P1 of cadmium atoms is to be
observed. The spectrometer has a resolution of 0.01 nm. Minimum magnetic field needed
to observe this is me  9.1  10 31 kg , e  1.6  19 C , c  3  10 8 m / s 
(a) 0.26T (b) 0.52T (c) 2.6T (d) 5.2T

Ans: (b)
Solution: Separation of Zeeman Components
eB 2 2 eB
      
4m c c 4m
4 mc  4  3.14  9.1  1031  3  108 0.01  109
B    0.514T
e 2 1.6  1019  
2
643.8  109
Q25. The spacing between vibrational energy levels in CO molecule is found to
be 8.44  10 2 eV . Given that the reduced mass of CO is 1.14  10 26 kg , Planck’s constant
is 6.626  10 34 Js and 1 eV  1.6  10 19 J . The force constant of the bond in CO
molecule is
(a) 1.87 N/m (b) 18.7 N/m (c) 187 N/m (d) 1870 N/m
Ans: (c)
Solution: The energy of the quantum harmonic oscillator is
 1
E  h  n  , n  0,1,2,........
 2
1 k
The frequency of oscillation is   .
2 
Where k = Spring constant and  = reduced mass
h k
The energy levels are equally spaced with energy separation of E  h 
2 
2 2
 2   2  3.14 
k  E     34
 8.44  10  2  1.6  10 19   1.14  10  26  186.7 N / m
 h   6.626  10 
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GATE-2014
Q26. The number of normal Zeeman splitting components of 1 P  1D transition is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 9
Ans: (a)
Solution: This is singlet transition.
Q27. The moment of inertia of a rigid diatomic molecule A is 6 times that of another rigid
diatomic molecule B . If the rotational energies of the two molecules are equal, then the
corresponding values of the rotational quantum numbers J A and J B are
(a) J A  2, J B  1 (b) J A  3, J B  1
(c) J A  5, J B  0 (d) J A  6, J B  1
Ans: (b)
J A  J A  1 I B I
Solution:   B  J A  6, J B  1
J B  J B  1 I A 6 I B
Q28. The value of the magnetic field required to maintain non-relativistic protons of energy
1MeV in a circular orbit of radius 100mm is_______Tesla
(Given: m p  1.67  1027 kg , e  1.6  1019 C )
Ans: 1.44
mv 2 1 2mE
Solution:  qvB, E  mv 2  B   1.44
r 2 qr
Q29. Neutrons moving with speed 10 3 m / s are used for the determination of crystal structure.
If the Bragg angle for the first order diffraction is 30 o the interplannar spacing of the
0
crystal is ______ A . (Given: mn  1.675 1027 kg h  6.626 1034 J .s )
Ans: 4
h 6.62  1034 0
Solution: 2d sin      2d sin 300  27
 d  4A
mv 1.67  10  10 3
Q30. The emission wavelength for the transition D2  F3 is 3122 Ǻ. The ratio of population
of the final to the initial states at a temperature 5000 K is
 h  6.626 10 34

J -s, c  3  108 m / s, k B  1.380  1023 J / K 
(a) 2.03  10 5 (b) 4.02  10 5 (c) 7.02  10 5 (d) 9.83  10 5
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Ans: (c)
N F  2 J f  1   kBT 5 9.227641144
hc
Solution:  e  e  7.02 105

NI  i 
2 J  1 7
GATE-2015
Q31. In a rigid rotator of mass M , if the energy of the first excited state is (1 meV ), then the
fourth excited state energy (in meV ) is ____________.
Ans.: 10
Solution:  E  J  J  1 where J  0,1, 2,3..
E4 4  4  1
   E4  10 E1  10 meV , where J  0,1, 2,3..
E1 11  1
Q32. The binding energy per molecule of NaCl (lattice parameter is 0.563 nm ) is 7.956 eV .
K
The repulsive term of the potential is of the form , where K is a constant. The value
r9
of the Modelung constant is ___________ (upto three decimal places)
(Electron charge e  1.6  10 19 C ;  0  8.854  10 12 C 2 N 1 m 2 )
Ans.: 2.80
Solution: The total energy of one ion due to the presence of all others in NaCl crystal is
(considering univalent ions)
Ae 2 K
U r     n , where A is Modelung Constant.
4 0 r r
The potential energy will be minimum at the equilibrium spacing r0 .
 dU   Ae 2 Kn  Ae 2 r0n 1
Thus     n 1 
 0  K 
 dr  r  r0  4 0 r0 r0  4 0 n
2
Thus, Binding energy of molecule or lattice energy is
Ae 2 Ae 2 r0n 1  Ae 2   n  1 
U 0  U r r        
0
4 0 r0 4 0 nr0n  4 0 r0   n 
K
Given repulsive term of the potential is  n  9 
r9
Also binding energy per molecule is U 0  7.95 eV
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4 0 r0 n
The Modelung constant is A  U 0   and the lattice parameter is
e 2
n 1
a
a  0.563 nm . Thus the interatomic separation is r0   0.28 nm .
2
 A  7.95 1.67 10 19

J
  
4  3.14  8.85 1012 C 2 N 1m 2  0.282 109 9
1.67 10 
2
19
J 8
7.95  1.67  4  3.14  8.85  0.282  9
 A 102  A  2.80
1.67  8
Q33. Match the phrases in Group I and Group II and identify the correct option.
Group I Group II
(P) Electron spin resonance (ESR) (i) radio frequency
(Q) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (ii) visible range frequency
(R) Transition between vibrational states of a molecule (iii) microwave frequency
(S) Electronic transition (iv) far-infrared range
(a) (P-i), (Q-ii), (R-iii), (S-iv) (b) (P-ii), (Q-i), (R-iv), (S-iii)
(c) (P-iii), (Q-iv), (R-i), (S-ii) (d) (P-iii), (Q-i), (R-iv), (S-ii)
Ans.: (d)
Solution: (P) Electron spin resonance (ESR) is achieved by Microwave frequency (iii)
(Q): Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is achieved by Radio frequency (i)
(R): Transition between vibrational states of a molecule is achieved by radiation of far
infrared range (iv)
(S): Electronic transition is achieved by visible radiation (ii)
Q34. The excitation wavelength of laser in a Raman effect experiment is 546 nm . If the
Stokes’ line is observed at 552 nm , then the wavenumber of the anti-Stokes’ line (in
cm 1 ) is ___________
Ans.: 18514
Solution: Raman displacement is
1 1 1 1
   AS  0   0  S or     
AS 0 0 S
where  AS , 0 ,  S are wavelength of anti-stoke, exciting & stoke line.
From above relation we can write
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1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 S   0 0  S
          AS 
 AS 0 0 S  AS 0 S  AS 0  S 2 S   0
 AS 
 546 10 m  552 10 m 
9 9

546  552
109 m
 2  552 10 9
m  546 10 m  9
558
 AS  540.129 109 m  540.129 107 cm
1 1
Anti-stoke wavenumber is  AS    18514 cm 1
AS 540.129 107 cm
Q35. The number of permitted transitions from 2 P3 / 2  2 S1 / 2 in the presence of a weak

magnetic field is ________________
Ans. : 6
Solution: Zeeman splitting of 2 P3 / 2 and 2 S1/ 2 is shown below
MJ
3/2
2
P3/2 1/2
1/2
3/2
2
S1/ 2 1/2
1/2
The selection rule for Zeeman transactions are

M J  0, 1  0 
 0 if J  0 
There are total six transition in accordance with above selection rules.
GATE-2016
17
Q36. The molecule O2
(a) Raman active but not NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) active.
(b) Infrared active and Raman active but not NMR active.
(c) Raman active and NMR active.
(d) Only NMR active.
Ans.: (c)
17
Solution: (i) Molecule O2 can not absorb infrared as there is no change in dipole moment
17
during vibration. Thus O2 is infrared inactive.
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17
(ii) Molecule O2 shows change in polaraziability during rotation. Thus it is Raman
active molecule.
17 5
(iii) The nucleus of O has spin , therefore it is NMR active.
2
Q37. There are four electrons in the 3d shell of an isolated atom. The total magnetic moment
of the atom in units of Bohr magneton is ________.
Ans.: 0
Solution: The configuration leads to S  2 and L  2
Since it is the case of less than half filled sub shell, thus according to Hund’s rules, lower
J will be in ground state. M L  2 1 0 1 2
4
  e  3d 
J  L  S  0  J   g  J .
 2m 

Thus,   0
Q38. Which of the following transitions is NOT allowed in the case of an atom, according to
the electric dipole radiation selection rule?
(a) 2 s  1s (b) 2 p  1s (c) 2 p  2s (d) 3d  2 p
Ans.: (a)
Solution: In electron dipole transition, l  1 . Thus in transition 2s  1s, l  0 . It violate the
selection rule and hence not allowed.
Q39. The number of spectroscopic terms resulting from the L.S coupling of a 3 p electron and
a 3d electron is _______.
Ans.: 12
1 1
Solution: For 3 p1 3d 1 : s1  , s2   S  0,1
2 2
l1  1, l2  2  L  1, 2,3
S  0, L  1  J  1  Term  1P1
S  0, L  2  J  2  Term  1D2
S  0, L  3  J  3  Term  1F3
S  1, L  1  J  0,1, 2  Terms  3P0 , 3P1 , 3 P2
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S  1, L  2  J  1, 2,3  Terms  3D1 , 3D2 , 3 D3
S  1, L  3  J  2,3, 4  Terms  3F2 , 3F3 , 3 F4

Thus total number of spectroscopic terms are 12.
GATE-2017
Q40. The wavefunction of which orbital is spherically symmetric:
(a) px (b) p y (c) s (d) d xy
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For s orbital l  0
0.5 1
Q41. The total energy of an inert-gas crystal is given by E  R    (in eV ), where R
R12 R 6
is the inter-atomic spacing in Angstroms. The equilibrium separation between the atoms
is Angstroms. (up to two decimal places)
Ans. : 1
0.5 1
Solution: Given that E  R   
R12 R 6
For equilibrium separation
dE dE 12  0.5 6 1  6 
0   13
 7  0  6  6  6  0  R  1
dR dR R R R R 
Q42. Which one of the following gases of diatomic molecules is Raman, infrared, and NMR
active?
(a) 1H - 1H (b) 12C - 16O (c) 1H - 35Cl (d) 16O- 16O
Ans. : (c)
Solution: (a) 1H  1H Infrared inactive
(b) 12C  16O NMR Inactive
(c) 1H  35Cl Raman, infrared & NMR active
(d) O  16O Infrared , Raman inactive
16
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Q43. Using Hund’s rule the total angular momentum quantum number J for the electronic
ground state of the nitrogen atom is
1 3
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
2 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: N : 7 :1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3
For p 3 : ML  1 0 1
  
2 s 1
 spectral term  LJ  4s3/ 2
Q44. Positronium is an atom made of an electron and a positron. Given the Bohr radius for the
ground state of the Hydrogen atom to be 0.53 Angstroms, the Bohr radius for the ground
state of positronium is…………Angstroms. (up to two decimal places).
Ans. : 1.06
m 
Solution: rn  a0  e 
  
me me m2 m
When    e  e
me  me 2me 2
 rn  2a0  2  0.53  1.06 A0
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GATE-2018
Q45. Which one of the following represents the 3 p radial wave function of hydrogen atom?
( a0 is the Bohr radius)
Rr Rr
(a) (b)
0 r / a0 0
r / a0
(c) Rr (d) Rr
0 0 r / a0
r / a0
Ans. : (b)
r
 r   3a0
Solution: 3 p radial wave function is R31 r 1  e
 6a0 
Q46. Given the following table,
Group I Group II
P: Stern-Gerlach experiment 1: Wave nature of particles
Q: Zeeman effect 2: Quantization of energy of electrons in the atoms
R: Frank-Hertz experiment 3: Existence of electron spin
S: Davisson-Germer experiment 4: Space quantization of angular momentum
Which one of the following correctly matches the experiments from Group I to their
inferences in Group II?
(a) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1 (b) P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
(c) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 (d) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3
Ans. : (c)
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Q47. The expression for the second overtone frequency in the vibrational absorption spectra of
a diatomic molecule in terms of the harmonic frequency e and anharmonicity constant
xe is
(a) 2e 1  xe  (b) 2e 1  3 xe  (c) 3e 1  2 xe  (d) 3e 1  4 xe 
Ans. : (d)
2
 1  1
Solution:  V  e  v    e xe  v  
 2  2
Second overtone v  0  v  3
2 2
7 7  1
 v   v 3   v 0  e  e xe    e  e xe    3e  12e xe  3we 1  4 xe 
2 2 2 2
Q48. Match the physical effects and order of magnitude of their energy scales given below,
e2
where   is fine structure constant; me and m p are electron and proton mass,
4 0 c
respectively.
Group I Group II
P: Lamb shift 
1: ~ O  2 me c 2 
Q: Fine structure 
2: ~ O  4 me c 2 
R: Bohr energy 
3: ~ O  4 me2 c 2 / m p 
S: Hyperfine structure 
4: ~ O  5 me c 2 
(a) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (b) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
(c) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3 (d) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3
Ans. : (c)
Solution:- Bohr energy E   2 me c 2
Fine structure E   4 me c 2
Lamb straight E   5 me c 2
 4 me c 2
Hyperfine structure E 
mp
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Q49. The intrinsic/permanent electric dipole moment in the ground state of hydrogen atom is
( a0 is the Bohr radius)
(a) 3ea0 (b) zero (c) ea0 (d) 3ea0

Ans. : (b)
Solution: For dipole moment energy is eEr cos 
E11  eEr cos   eE r cos   0 [ cos   0 ]
Q50. Which one of the following is an allowed electric dipole transition?

(a) 1S0  3 S1 (b) 2P3/ 2  2D5 / 2 (c) 2D5 / 2  2P1/ 2 (d) 3P0  5D0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For electric dipole transition
L  0, 1  0  0  , J  0.  1 , S  0
Only option (b) satisfies above selection rules

Q51. The term symbol for the electronic ground state of oxygen atom is
(a) 1S0 (b) 1D2 (c) 3P0 (d) 3P2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: O : 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2 p 4 M L  1 0 1
  
Here, S  1 , L  2
According to Hund’s rule, for ground state energy
J  L  S  2  2 S 1
LJ  3 P2
Q52. 4 MeV  - rays emitted by the de-excitation of 19F are attributed, assuming spherical
symmetry, to the transition of protons from 1d3/ 2 state to 1d5 / 2 state. If the contribution
 
of spin-orbit term to the total energy is written as C l  s , the magnitude of C is ______
MeV (up to one decimal place).

Ans. : 1.6
1 3 5
Solution: l  1, s  , ˆj1  , ˆj2 
2 2 2
   
j   l  s   j  l  s  2l  s  l  s 
2 2 2 
j2  l 2  s2 
2
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   j  j  1   l  1  s  s  1   2
l s 
2
    2
E    l  s  l s     5  7  3  5       20   2  20  C
 3/ 2  2 2 2 2 2  
5/ 2
   8  8
20 32
E  C  4MeV  C  MeV , C  1.6 MeV .
8 20
Q53. An atom in its singlet state is subjected to a magnetic field. The Zeeman splitting of its
650 nm spectral line is 0.03 nm . The magnitude of the field is ___________ Tesla (up
to two decimal places).
( e  1.60 1019 C , me  9.111031 kg , c  3.0 108 ms 1 )
Ans. : 1.52
2 eB
Solution:   
c 4 m
c 4 m 3  108 4  9.1 1031
B      
 0.03  109  1.52T
2 e  
19
650 109
2
1.6  10
GATE-2019
Q54. The spin-orbit interaction term of an electron moving in a central field is written as
 
f  r  l  s , where r is the radial distance of the electron from the origin. If an electron
moves inside a uniformly charged sphere, then

(a) f  r   constant (b) f  r   r 1 (c) f  r   r 2 (d) f  r   r 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The electric potential of a uniformly charged sphere at r  R is
kQ  r2 
 V
3  
2R  R2 
where Q is the electric charge on the sphere of radius R and k is a constant.
  1  V 
The interaction energy is W  f  r  l  s , where for central potential V , f  r    
r  r 
1  kQr   kQ
 f  r    3   3  constant. Thus option (a) is correct.
r R  R
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Q55. The ground state electronic configuration of the rare-earth ion ( Nd 3 ) is  Pd  4 f 3 5s 2 5 p 6 .
8
Assuming LS coupling, the Lande g - factor of this ion is . The effective magnetic
11
moment in units of Bohr magneton  B (rounded off to two decimal places) is
____________
Ans.: 3.62
Solution: For 4 f 3 M L  3 2 1 0 1 2 3 L  6, S  3 / 2, J  9/2
8 99 
  g J  B J  J  1   B    1
11 22 
8 9 11
   B  3.62  B
11 2 2
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Atomic and Molecular Physics

JEST 2012
Q1. The binding energy of the hydrogen atom (electron bound to proton) is 13.6 eV. The
binding energy of positronium (electron bound to positron) is
(a) 13.6 / 2 eV (b) 13.6 / 1810 eV
(c) 13.6  1810 eV (d) 13.6  2 eV
Ans.: (a)
13.6 
Solution: En  
n 2 me
me  me m
 
me  me 2
13.6 me 13.6 1 13.6
En   2
   2 . Thus binding energy will be eV
n 2me 2 n 2
JEST 2013
Q2. A sodium atom in the first excited 3P states has a lifetime of 16ns for decaying to the
ground 3S state. The wavelength of the emitted photon is 589 nm. The corresponding line
width of the transition (in frequency units) is about
(a) 1.7 x 106 Hz (b) 1 x 107 Hz
(c) 6.3 x 107 Hz (d) 5 x 1014 Hz
Ans.: (c)
Solution: E  t  
1 1
f   9
Hz  6.25 107 Hz  6.3 107 Hz
t 16 10
Q3. If a proton were ten times, the ground state energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom
would be
(a) less (b) more
(c) the same (d) less, more or equal depending on the electron mass
Ans.: (b)
13.6 0.99995 me
Solution: En    13.59932    0.99995me
n2 me
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JEST 2014
Q4. The value of elastic constant for copper is about 100 Nm 1 and the atomic spacing is
0.256 nm . What is the amplitude of the vibration of the Cu atoms at 300 K as a
percentage of the equilibrium separation?
(a) 4.55 % (b) 3.55 % (c) 2.55 % (d) 1.55 %
Ans.: (b)
1
Solution: We know that, E   A2 and a  0.256  10 9 m
2
1 1
For one dimension, K .E  k BT and P.E  k BT
2 2
1 2 k BT 2  1.38 1023  300
E  k BT   A  A 
2
  8.28 1023
2  100
 9.09  1012  0.0090 nm

Now, x of 0.256nm  0.009nm
0.00909nm
x  0.03551  3.5%
0.256nm
Q5. Which functional form of potential best describes the interaction between a neutral atom
and an ion at large distances (i.e. much larger than their diameters)
(a) V  1 / r 2 (b) V  1 / r (c) V  e  r / a / r (d) V  1 / r 3
Ans.: (a)
Q6. If a proton were ten times lighter, then the ground state energy of the electron in a
hydrogen atom would have been
(a) Less (b) More
(c) The same (d) Depends on the electron mass
Ans.: (b)
 13.6   13.6 1.00545me
Solution: E n  2
   13.526
n me n2 me
M m m
 m p  p ,   e p  1.00545 me
10 me  m p
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Q7. If hydrogen atom is bombarded by energetic electrons, it will emit

(a) K  X - rays (b)  -rays
(c) Neutrons (d) none of the above
Ans.: (d)
Q8. A hydrogen atom in its ground state is collided with an electron of kinetic energy 13.377
eV. The maximum factor by which the radius of the atom would increase is
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 49 (d) 64
Ans.: (c)
13.6
Solution: En  eV
n2
 E1  13.6 eV , E2  3.4 eV , E3  1.5 eV , E4  0.85 eV , E5  0.54 eV
E6  0.3777 eV , E7  0.2775 eV
Since Electron have kinetic energy 13.377 eV  13.6  0.2775 eV  n  7

 rn  a0 n 2  rn  49a0
JEST 2015
Q9. The energy difference between the 3 p and 3s levels in Na is 2.1 eV . Spin-orbit
o
coupling splits the 3 p level, resulting in two emission lines differing by 6 A . The
splitting of the 3p level is approximately,
(a) 2 eV (b) 0.2 eV (c) 0.02 eV (d) 2 meV
Ans: (d)
Solution: The fine structure splitting of Na in ground and excited state is
3 2 p3/ 2
3p
3 2 p1/ 2
2.1eV
1 2
3s 3 2s1/ 2
The transition 3 2 p3/ 2  3 2s1/ 2 produces photon of wavelength 2 and corresponding
12400
photon energy is E2  eV
0
2   
 
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The transition 3 2 p1/ 2  3 2s1/ 2 produces photon of wavelength 1 and corresponding

12400
photon energy is E1  eV .The separation between 2 p3/ 2 and 2 p1/ 2 is
 
1  0
12400 12400  1 1    
E  E2  E1    12400     12400  1 2 
2 1  2 1   12 
Given   1  2  6A also fine structure splitting is of the order of 103 eV .
0
Thus 1 and 2 are approximately same as  corresponds to 3 p  3s , whereas
12400 0
wavelength    corresponding to 3 p  3s transition is   A
2.1
2
 12400 
Thus, 12    
2

 2.1 
6 2.1 2.1 6
 E  12400  2
  2 103 eV  E  2 meV
 12400  12400
 
 2.1 
Q10. Which of the following excited states of a hydrogen atom has the highest lifetime?
(a) 2 p (b) 2 s (c) 3s (d) 3 p
Ans.: (b)
Solution: 2 p and 3 p are normal states. Electron from 2 p and 3 p make transition to ground
state within 109 sec . Electron in 3s state although can not come directly to ground state
but it can come to 1s through 2 p as 3s  2 p  1s , while 2s is metastable state and
electron in 2 s state can make transition to 1s slowly. Thus 2 s has long life time.
Q11. Which of the following statements is true for the energies of the terms of the carbon atom
in the ground state electronic configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 2 ?
(a) 3 P 1 D 1 S (b) 3 P 1 S 1 D
(c) 3 P 1 F 1 S (d) 3 P 1 F 1 D
Ans.: (a)
Solution: The spectroscopy terms for p 2 are 1 S0 , 1 D2 , 3 P2 . According to Hund’s rule, state with
highest multiplicity lies lowest. Then, out of same multiplicity, state with highest L lies
lowest. Thus these terms can be arranged as 3P  1D  1S
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JEST 2016
Q12. The H 2 molecule has a reduced mass M  8.35 1028 kg and an equilibrium
internuclear distance R  0.742 1010 m . The rotational energy in terms of the rotational
quantum number J is
5
(a) Erot  J   7 J  J  1 meV (b) Erot  J   J  J  1 meV
2
5
(c) Erot  J   7 J  J  1 meV (d) Erot  J   J  J  1 meV
2
Ans. : (c)
2
Solution: E  J  J  1 ,
2I
where, I   r 2  8.35 1028 kg   0.742 1010 m   4.597 1048 kgm 2
2
1.05 1034 J  s 
2
2 1.112 1068
  
2 I 2   4.597 1048 kgm 2  9.18  1048
1
 1.21  1021 J  1.21  1021  19
eV  7.57 103 eV  7.57 meV
1.6  10
 E  7 J  J  1 meV
Q13. If the Rydberg constant of an atom of finite nuclear mass is  R , where R the Rydberg
constant corresponding to an infinite nuclear mass, the ratio of the electronic to nuclear
mass of the atom is:-
(a)
1    (b)
  1 (c) 1    (d)
1
  
Ans. : (a)
R 1 m 1 m 1 1
Solution: RM     1 c   c  1 
m
1 c
m
1 c M  M  
M M
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JEST 2018
Q14. What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum eigenvalues of a system
   
of two electrons whose Hamiltonian is H  JS1.S 2 , where S1 and S 2 are the
corresponding spin angular momentum operators of the two electrons?
J J 3J
(a) (b) (c) (d) J
4 2 4
Ans. : (d)
   s 2  s12  s22   s  s  1  s1  s1  1  s2  s2  1 
Solution: H  JS1.S 2  J   J 
 2   2 
1 1
s1  , s2  s  1, 0
2 2
 2 3 2 3 2
 2  4   4   J  2
For s  1 E f  J .  
 2  4
 
 2 3 2 3 2
 0  4   4   3 2
For s  0 Eg  J .     J
 2  4
 
J   3J   4 2
2 2
E f  Eg     J  J
2
4  4  4
JEST 2019
3 1
Q15. Consider a hypothetical world in which the electron has spin instead of . What will
2 2
be the electronic configuration for an element with atomic number Z  5 ?
(a) 1s 4 , 2s1 (b) 1s 4 , 2s 2 , 2 p1 (c) 1s 5 (d) 1s 3 , 2 s1 , 2 p1
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The degeneracy of level j is d  2 j  1
3
For s - orbit, d  2s  1  2   1  4
2
 The electronic configuration for z  5 is
1s 4 , 2s1 . Thus correct option is (a)
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Solid State Physics

JEST-2012
Q1. A beam of X-rays is incident on a BCC crystal. If the difference between the incident and

scattered wavevectors is K  nxˆ  kyˆ  lzˆ where xˆ , yˆ , zˆ are the unit vectors of the
associated cubic lattice, the necessary condition for the scattered beam to give a Laue
maximum is
(a) h  k  l  even (b) h  k  l
(c) h, k , l are all distinct (d) h  k  l  odd
Ans.: (a)
1 1
Solution: In BCC basis 0, 0, 0,  ,
1
, 
2 2 2
Crystal structure factor  F  is defined as

neff
 2 i 0 2 i   h  k  l  
1
F  f S  f e
2 i  hun  kVn  ln 
 f e    e  2    f 1  e
 i h  k l 


n 1  
F110  2 f  I  4 f 2 , F111  0  I  0 , F200  2 f  I  4 f 2

Thus, if h  k  l  even, then plane will be present.
If h  k  l  odd, then plane will be absent.
Q2. The second order maximum in the diffraction of X-rays of 0.20 nanometer wavelength
from a simple cubic crystal is found to occur at an angle of thirty degrees to the crystal
plane. The distance between the lattice planes is
(a) 1 Angstrom (b) 2 Angstrom (c) 4 Angstrom (d) 8 Angstrom
Ans.: (c)
Solution: 2d sin   n  2d sin   2  2  d  sin 30o  2  0.2 109 m
d  2  0.2  10 9 m  0.4 109 m  4 1010 m  4 Ao
Q3. The Dulong –Petit law fails near room temperature (300 K) for many light elements (such
as boron and beryllium) because their Debye temperature is
(a) >> 300 K (b) ~ 300 K (c) << 300 K (d) 0 K
Ans.: (a)
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JEST-2013
Q4. A flat surface is covered with non-overlapping disks of same size. What is the largest
fraction of the area that can be covered?
3 5 6 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 6 7 2 3
Ans.: (d)
Solution: In closed packed hexagonal lattice,
1 1 1
neff  nC  n f  1 ni   6  1  3 and a  2r
3 2 3
neff  A 3  r 2 
Now, largest fraction of area i.e., packing fraction   
 2r 
3 3 2 3
6  a2 6
2
4 4
Q5. A metal suffers a structural phase transition from face-centered cubic  FCC  to the
simple cubic  SC  structure. It is observed that this phase transition does not involve any
change of volume. The nearest neighbor distances d fcc and d sc for the FCC and the SC
d  1
structures respectively are in the ratio  fcc  [Given 2 3  1.26 ]
 d sc 
(a) 1.029 (b) 1.122 (c) 1.374 (d) 1.130
Ans. : ()
Solution: Nearest neighbour in SC is a and C.N  6
a
Nearest neighbour in FCC is and C.N  12
2
a
d fcc 2  1  1  0.707

d sc a 2 1.414
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JEST-2014
Q6. Circular discs of radius 1 m each are placed on a plane so as to form a closely packed
triangular lattice. The number of discs per unit area is approximately equal to
(a) 0.86 m 2 (b) 0.43 m 2 (c) 0.29 m 2 (d) 0.14 m 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For closely packed triangular lattice,
1 1
a  2r , r  1 neff   nC   n f  1  nl
6 2
1 1
 neff   3  0   1  0  neff  0.5
6 2
neff
Occupancy   a  2  Closely packed hexagonal
A
0.5 0.5
   0.29 m 2
3 3
2
4
Q7. An ideal gas of non-relativistic fermions in 3-dimensions is at 0K. When both the number
density and mass of the particles are doubled, then the energy per particle is multiplied by
a factor
(a) 21 / 2 (b) 1 (c) 21 / 3 (d) 2 1 / 3
Ans.: (d)
2 2
Solution: EF 
2m
 
3 2
n 3 at T  0 K
2 2
   
2/3 2/3
 n   2n and m  2m  EF  3 2 2n  3 2 n  21/ 3
4m 2m
Q8. When two different solids are brought in contact with each other, which one of the
following is true?
(a) Their Fermi energies become equal
(b) Their band gaps become equal
(c) Their chemical potentials become equal
(d) Their work functions become equal
Ans.: (c)
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JEST-2015
Q9. What is the area of the irreducible Brillouin zone of the crystal structure as given in the
figure?
2 2
(a)
3 A2
3 2
(b)
2 A2
2 2 o A
(c) 60
A2 B
 2
A  B A
(d)
3A 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Area of the Brillouin zone can be related to the area of normal cell as
2 2
Area of B.Z.    
Area of cell A  B B
600
 
 
A  B  A B sin   A2 sin 600 
2
3 2
A A
A B A
2 2
 Area of Brillouin zone 
3A2
Q10. For a 2 - dimensional honeycomb lattice as shown in the figure, the first Bragg spot
occurs for the grazing angle 1 , while sweeping the angle from 0 o . The next Bragg spot is
obtained at  2 given by A
3  a 120 o
(a) sin 1 3 sin 1  (b) sin 1  sin 1  120 o
2  B
120 o
 3
(c) sin 1 

sin 1  
(d) sin 1 3 sin 1 
 2 
Ans.: (c)
Solution: According to Bragg’s law, the condition for first Bragg spot and second spot is
2d1 sin 1  n and 2d 2 sin  2  n
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d 
2d1 sin 1  2d 2 sin  2   2  sin 1  1 sin 1 
 d2 
For 2 - dimensional honeycomb lattice, the lattice constant ‘ a ’ and interplanar spacing
‘ d ’ is linked as
2
a a2 3 a
d  a     d1  a 
1
2 2 2
 a and d 2  a d1
2 4 2
0
60
 3 
 2  sin 1  sin 1  a
 2 
 ka 
Q11. Given the tight binding dispersion relation E k   E 0  A sin 2   , where E 0 and A are
 2
constants and a is the lattice parameter. What is the group velocity of an electron at the
second Brillouin zone boundary?
a 2a a
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
h h 2h
Ans.: (a)
1 dE
Solution: Group velocity is defined as, vg 
 dk
 ka  dE  ka   ka  aA
Since E  E0  A sin 2     aA sin   cos    sin ka
 2 dk  2   2  2
 2
 2a  a 0
a a
K
In one dimension, the Brillouin zone boundary is

The 1st Brillouin zone boundaries lie at 
a
2
The 2nd Brillouin zone boundaries lie at 
a
Thus, the group velocity at the second Brillouin zone boundary is
aA  2  aA
vg 2  sin   a  sin 2  vg  0

a 2  a  2
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Q12. The total number of Na  and Cl  ions per unit cell of NaCl is,
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Total number of Na  and Cl  ions per unit  d  is
1 1 1
N Cl  nc  n f , N Na

 ne  1  ni
8 2 4
where nc  number of ions at corner
n f  number of ions at face
ne  number of ions at edges
ni  number of ions inside
1 1 1 Cl 
N  N Cl  N Na

  8   6  12  11  1  3  3  1  8 Na 
8 2 4
Q13. For non-interacting Fermions in d  dimensions, the density of states DE  varies as
d 
 1 
E 2 
. The Fermi energy E F of an N particle system in 3, 2  and 1  dimensions
will scale respectively as,
(a) N 2 , N 2 / 3 , N (b) N , N 2 / 3 , N 2
(c) N , N 2 , N 2 / 3 (d) N 2 / 3 , N , N 2
Ans.: (d)
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JEST-2016
  2 
Q14. If k is the wavevector of incident light ( k  ,  is the wavelength of light) and G is

a reciprocal lattice vector, then the Bragg’s law can be written as:
   
(a) k  G  0 (b) 2k .G  G 2  0
   
(c) 2k .G  k 2  0 (d) k .G  0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: By means of Eward construction, we can write the Bragg’s law in B

vector form K 
  A G
G  OB, K   AO 
  K
O
For diffraction it is necessary that vector K   G , that is vector AB
be equal in magnitude to the vector K or
 
 K  G   K 2  2K  G  G 2  0
2
Q15. The number of different Bravais lattices possible in two dimensions is:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Five Bravais lattices in 2D are:
(i) Square lattice
(ii) Rectangular  P  lattice
(iii) Rectangular  C  lattice
(iv) Hexagonal lattice

(v) Oblique lattice
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CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
0
Q1. A narrow beam of X - rays with wavelength 1.5 A is reflected from an ionic crystal with
an fcc lattice structure with a density of 3.32 gcm 3 . The molecular weight is 108 amu
( 1 amu  1.66 1024 g )

A. The lattice constant is
0 0 0 0
(a) 6.00 A (b) 4.56 A (c) 4.00 A (d) 2.56 A
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given ne f f  4 , M = 108 kg,   3.32gm cm -3 = 3320 kgm-3,
N A  6.023 1026 atoms/kmol
ne f f  M 4  108
a3    6.00  10 30 m 3  6.00  10 10  6.00 A 0
NA   6.023  10 26  3320
B. The sine of the angle corresponding to (111) reflection is
3 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 4 8
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to Bragg’s law
 a a
2d sin    , sin   where d   for (111) plane
2d h2  k 2  l 2 3
3 3  1.5 A0 3 3 3
 sin      .
2a 2 6A 0
2 6 2 8
Q2. A flux quantum (fluxoid) is approximately equal to 210-7 gauss-cm2. A type II
superconductor is placed in a small magnetic field, which is then slowly increased till the
field starts penetrating the superconductor. The strength of the field at this point is
2
 105 gauss.

A. The penetrating depth of this superconductor is
0 0 0 0
(a) 100 A (b) 10 A (c) 1000 A (d) 314 A
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given Fluxoid  0  2  10 7 gauss –cm2
2
First Critical field H c1    10 5 gauss

The relation between first critical field and penetration depth is
0 0 2  107 0
H c1    2
   1012 cm 2    10 6 cm  100 A
2
 H c1   2  105

B. The applied field is further increased till superconductivity is completely destroyed.
8
The strength of the field is now  105 gauss. The correlation length of the

superconductor is
0 0 0 0
(a) 20 A (b) 200 A (c) 628 A (d) 2000 A
Ans. : None of the options is matched.
8
Solution: Given second critical field H c 2    10 5 gauss. The relation between second critical

0
field and correlation length is H c 2  2.

0 2  10 7 1 1 100 0
 2     10 12 cm 2     106 cm   1010 m  50 A
H c 2 8
   10 5 4
2 2

Q3. The two dimensional lattice of graphene is an arrangement of Carbon atoms forming a
honeycomb lattice of lattice spacing a, as shown below. The Carbon atoms occupy the
vertices.
1
c1
1
(A). The Wigner-Seitz cell has an area of d2

1
c2
1
3 2
1
a1
1 1
(a) 2a 2 (b) a d1 b1
2
1
a2 b2
a
2 3 3 2
(c) 6 3a (d) a
2
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: Primitive lattice vectors are b1 and b2
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
b1  3a cos 300 iˆ  3a cos 600 ˆj 
2
3
a  3iˆ  ˆj 
   3 3 2
b2 
2
3
a  
3i  ˆj ,  A  b2  b1 
2
a
(B). The Bravais lattice for this array is a

 
(a) rectangular lattice with basis vectors d1 and d 2
 
(b) rectangular lattice with basis vectors c1 and c2
 
(c) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a2
 
(d) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors b1 and b2
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: The Bravaiss lattice for this array is the Hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q4. The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
a b
given by V r    6
 12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
r r
the atoms is:
(a)  4a 2 / b (b)  2a 2 / b (c)  a 2 / 2b (d)  a 2 / 4b
Ans. : (d)
a b dV r 
Solution: Given V r    6
 12 . At equilibrium radius, 0
r r dr r r0
dV r  6a 12b r013 12b 2b 2b

   7  13  0  7    r06 
dr r0 r0 r0 6a a a
a b a2 a2  a2
 The value of potential at equilibrium is V r0         .
r06 r012 2b 4b 4b
Q5. If the number density of a free electron gas in three dimensions is increased eight times,
its Fermi temperature will
(a) increase by a factor of 4 (b) decrease by a factor of 4
(c) increase by a factor of 8 (d) decrease by a factor of 8
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: The relation between Fermi energy and electron density is E F 
2
2m
3 2 n  
2/3
.
E  '
F
2
2m

3 2  8n
2/3
 4E
 4 E F  TF'  F TF  4TF
EF
Q6. The excitations of a three-dimensional solid are bosonic in nature with their frequency ω
and wave-number k are related by ω  k2 in the large wavelength limit. If the chemical
potential is zero, the behaviour of the specific heat of the system at low temperature is
proportional to
(a) T 1/ 2 (b) T (c) T 3/ 2 (d) T 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If the dispersion relation is   k s in large wavelength. Then the specific heat is
C v  T 3 / s . Given   k 2  C v  T 3 / 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q7. Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion
relation   Ak s , where ε is the energy, k is the wavevector, s is an integer and A is
constant. The density of states, N(ε), is proportional to
s d d s
1 1 1 1
(a)  d (b)  s
(c)  s
(d)  d
Ans. : (b)
Q8. The experimentally measured transmission spectra of metal, insulator and semiconductor
thin films are shown in the figure. It can be inferred that I, II and III correspond,
respectively, to
 
Transmission (%)
(a) insulator, semiconductor and metal

(b) semiconductor, metal and insulator
(c) metal, semiconductor and insulator
(d) insulator, metal and semiconductor 
Ans. : (a) 300 1000

Wavelength (nm)
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Q9. The energy required to create a lattice vacancy in a crystal is equal to 1 eV. The ratio of
the number densities of vacancies n(1200 K)/n(300 K) when the crystal is at equilibrium
at 1200 K and 300 K, respectively, is approximately
(a) exp 30  (b) exp 15 (c) exp15 (d) exp30
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The equation for number density of vacancies n  Ne  E / 2 k BT where E: Energy required
to form vacancies, N: density of lattice sites
E  1 1
n1200K 
E  1 1  E  1 
n e  E / 2 k BT1   
2k T T     
 1   E / 2 k BT2  e B  2 1  ,  e 2 k B  300 1200   e 2 k B  400   e 30
n2 e n300 K 
Q10. The dispersion relation of phonons in a solid is given by
 2 k    02 3  cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a 
The velocity of the phonons at large wavelength is
(a)  0 a / 3 (b)  0 a (c) 3 0 a (d)  0 a / 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For large  , k x a, k y a, k z a  are small.
  k 2 a 2   k y2 a 2   k z2 a 2   02 a 2 2
 k    3  1  x   1 
2 2
0
2   2
  1 
  2
 
2

k x  k y2  k z2 
    
 2a2 a d  0 a
 2 k   0 k 2    0 k  v g   .
2 2 dk 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q11. A magnetic field sensor based on the Hall Effect is to be fabricated by implanting As into
a Si film of thickness 1 μm. The specifications require a magnetic field sensitivity of
500 mV/Tesla at an excitation current of 1 mA. The implantation dose is to be adjusted
such that the average carrier density, after activation, is
(a) 1.25 × 1026 m-3 (b) 1.25 × 1022 m-3
(c) 4.1 × 1021 m-3 (d) 4.1 × 1020 m-3
Ans. : (b)
IB 103 1 V
Solution: n   6 19
 3
 1.25 1022 m 3 where H  500  10 3 V / T .
teVH 10 1.6 10 500 10 B
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Q12. In a band structure calculation, the dispersion relation for electrons is found to be
 k   cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a ,
where β is a constant and a is the lattice constant. The effective mass at the boundary of
the first Brillouin zone is
2 2 4 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 a 2 5 a 2 2 a 2 3 a 2
Ans. : (d)
2
Solution:  k   cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a , Effective mass m  
 d 2 k 
 2 
 d k 
 
  
Brilliouin zone boundary is at k x   ,ky   ,kz   .
a a a
 d 2 k  2
Hence  2   3 a 2  m   .
 d k   , , 3 a 2
a a a
Q13. The radius of the Fermi sphere of free electrons in a monovalent metal with an fcc
structure, in which the volume of the unit cell is a3, is
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
 12 2   3 2   2  1
(a)  3  (b)  3  (c)  3  (d)
 a   a  a  a
Ans. : (a)
1/ 3
 3 2 N   2    2 k F2 
  3 n   
2/3
Solution: Radius of Fermi sphere is k F    , EF   2

 V   2m   2m 
1/ 3
N 4  12 2 
For fcc solid  3  k F   3  .
V a  a 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q14. Using the frequency-dependent Drude formula, what is the effective kinetic inductance of
a metallic wire that is to be used as a transmission line? [In the following, the electron
mass is m , density of electrons is n , and the length and cross-sectional area of the wire
 and A respectively.]

(a) mA / ne 2   (b) zero 
(c) m / ne 2 A  
(d) m A / ne 2  2 
Ans. : (c)
Q15. The phonon dispersion for the following one-dimensional diatomic lattice with masses
M 1 and M 2 (as shown in the figure)
K
M1 M2 M1 M2
is given by
 1 1  4M 1 M 2 2  qa 

 2 q   K    1  1  sin   
 M 1 M 2   M 1  M 2 2  2  
where a is the lattice parameter and K is the spring constant. The velocity of sound is
K M 1  M 2  K
(a) a (b) a
2M 1 M 2 2M 1  M 2 
K M 1  M 2  KM 1 M 2
(c) a (d) a
2M 1  M 2 
3
M 1M 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For small value of q (i.e. long wavelength approximation limit).
 qa  qa
We have sin   
 2  2
 1 1  4M 1M 2 2  qa 

2 q      1  1  sin  2 
 M1  M 2 
2
 M 1 M 2     
1  4M 1 M 2  qa  
2
 1
  2 q       1  1  2   
M
 1 M 2  

 M 1  M 2   2  
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 1 1    1 4 M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
  2 q       1  1  



 M 1 M 2    2 M 1  M 2  4 
2
 1 1   M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
  2 q       1  1 



   M 1  M 2  2 
2
 M1 M 2
 1 1   M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
For Acoustical branch:  2 q       1  1 



   M 1  M 2  2 
2
 M1 M 2
 M  M2  M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2  a 2
  2 q     1   
 M  M 2 2  2M  M  q
2
 M 1M 2  1 2  1 2

  q   aq
2M 1  M 2 
 
Velocity of sound is v g   a
q 2M 1  M 2 
Q16. The electron dispersion relation for a one-dimensional metal is given by

 ka 1 2 
 k  2 0 sin 2  sin ka 
 2 6 
where k is the momentum, a is the lattice constant,  0 is a constant having dimensions of
energy and ka   . If the average number of electrons per atom in the conduction band
is 1/3, then the Fermi energy is

(a)  0 / 4 (b)  0 (c) 2 0 / 3 (d) 5 0 / 3
Ans. : (a)
Q17. If the energy dispersion of a two-dimensional electron system is E  uk where u is the
velocity and k is the momentum, then the density of states D E  depends on the energy
as
(a) 1 / E (b) E (c) E (d) constant
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In two dimensional system, the number of allowed k-states in range k and k  dk is
2
 L 
g k dk    2kdk .
 2 
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E dE
Given dispersion relation is E  uk  k   dk 
u u
2 2
 L  E dE  L  2
 g E dE    2     EdE
 2   2  u 
2
u u
g E dE 1 L2
  E    E.
dE u 2 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q18. The physical phenomenon that cannot be used for memory storage applications is
(a) large variation in magnetoresistance as a function of applied magnetic field
(b) variation in magnetization of a ferromagnet as a function of applied magnetic field
(c) variation in polarization of a ferroelectric as a function of applied electric field
(d) variation in resistance of a metal as a function of applied electric field
Ans. : (d)
Q19. The energy of an electron in a band as a function of its wave vector k is given
by E k   E 0  B cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a  , where E0 , B and a are constants. The
effective mass of the electron near the bottom of the band is

2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3Ba 2 3Ba 2 2Ba 2 Ba 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Near the bottom of the band the k  0
1 1 1
 k x a  , cos k y a  1   k y a  , cos k z a  1   kz a 
2 2 2
cos k x a  1 
2 2 2
 1 1 1 2
E  k   E0  B  cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a   E0  B 1   k x a   1   k y a   1   k z a  
2 2
 2 2 2 
 1 2 1
 E0  B  3  a 2  k x  k x  k x    E0  3B  Ba 2 k 2
 2  2
2
 2
Effective mass of the electron is m *  2 
d E / dk 2 Ba 2
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Q20. A DC voltage V is applied across a Josephson junction between two superconductors

with a phase difference 0 . If I 0 and k are constants that depend on the properties of the
junction, the current flowing through it has the form
 2eVt   2eVt 
(a) I 0 sin   0  (b) kV sin   0 
     
(c) kV sin  0 (d) I 0 sin  0  kV
Ans. : (a)
Q21. A uniform linear monoatomic chain is modeled by a spring-mass system of masses m
separated by nearest neighbour distance a and spring constant m 02 . The dispersion
relation for this system is
  ka    ka 
(a)  k   2 0 1  cos   (b)  k   2 0 sin 2  
  2   2 
 ka   ka 
(c)  k   2 0 sin   (d)  k   2 0 tan  
 2   2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The dispersion relation for uniform linear mono-atomic chain of atoms is
 ka 
 k   2 0 sin  
 2 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q22. The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T  0 ,
on the density of fermions n as
(a) n 5 / 3 (b) n1 / 3 (c) n 2 / 3 (d) n 4 / 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The Fermi energy in three dimension is defined as
2/3
 2  3 2 N 
EF  
2m  V 
 
2
2m

3 2 n 2/3
Where, n is the electron concentration or density of free Fermi gas.

The total energy of free Fermi gas in 3D is
2/3
3 3  2  3 2 N 
E  NE F  N   
5 5 2m  V 
The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas is defined as

 E 
p F  
3
  N
2
3 2 N     V 5 / 3
2/3  2
 V  N 5 2m  3
2
5
2
 nEF  n 
5
2
2m
3 n  
2 2/3 2 2
5 2m
3 2  n 5 / 3
2/3
Q23. Consider an electron in bcc lattice with lattice constant a . A single particle wavefunction


  
that satisfies the Bloch theorem will have the form f r  exp ik .r , with f r  being
 2   2   2 
(a) 1  cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z 
 a   a   a 
 2   2   2 
(b) 1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x 
 a   a   a 
     
(c) 1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x 
a  a  a 
     
(d) 1  cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z 
a  a  a 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The primitive translational vector for BCC is
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 a
 a
2
  2
  a
 
a '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , b '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , c '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
2

Bloch function defined as
  
 
 k r   u k r e ik .r  f r e ik .r

Here f r  is atomic wavefunction, which has the periodicity of the lattice i.e.
 
u k r  a   u k r 
Given Bloch function
  2   2   2 
f (r )  1  cos   x  y    cos   y  z    cos   z  x  
 a   a   a 
   2  a a   2  a a   2  a a 
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y     cos   y  z     cos   z  x   
 a  2 2   a  2 2   a  2 2 
   2   2   2 
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   2   cos   z  x 
 a   a   a 
   2   2   2  
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x   f (r )
 a   a   a 
  
f (r  a ' )  f (r )
Similarly,
     
f (r  b ' )  f (r ) and f ( r  c ' )  f ( r )
Other functions do not satisfy the periodicity
Q24. The dispersion relation for electrons in an f.c.c. crystal is given, in the tight binding
approximation, by
 kxa kya kya k a k a k a
 k   4 0 cos cos  cos cos z  cos z cos x 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 
where a is the lattice constant and  0 is a constant with the dimension of energy. The x -
 
component of the velocity of the electron at  , 0, 0  is
a 
(a)  2 0 a /  (b) 2 0 a /  (c)  4 0 a /  (d) 4 0 a / 
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Group velocity of electron in dispersive medium is expressed as
 1 d 1  d ˆ d ˆ d    
v   i j kˆ   v x iˆ  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
 dk   dk x dk y dk z 
 kx a kya ka k a  ka kya kya k a 
 sin cos  cos z sin x  iˆ   cos x sin  sin cos z  ˆj  
 2 a  2 2 2 2   2 2 2 2  
v 0  

  sin k z a cos y  cos k x a sin k z a  kˆ
k a

  2 2 2 2  
 
At  , 0, 0 
a 
 2 a         
v  0  sin cos 0  cos 0sin  iˆ   cos sin 0  sin 0cos 0  ˆj   cos 0sin 0  sin 0cos  kˆ 
  2 2  2   2 
 4 a   
v  0 iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ    0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ   vx iˆ  v y ˆj  vz kˆ
    
 4 a  
vx  0 , v y  0, vz  0

4 0 a
The x - component of velocity is vx 

NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q25. When laser light of wavelength  falls on a metal scale with 1 mm engravings at a
grazing angle of incidence, it is diffracted to form a vertical chain of diffraction spots on
a screen kept perpendicular to the scale. If the wavelength of the laser is increased by 200
nm, the angle of the first-order diffraction spot changes from 5 0 to
(a) 6.60 0 (b) 5.14 0 (c) 5.018 0 (d) 5.210
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The condition of maxima peak in grating is
b sin   m ; m  0,1, 2,3,....
where b is the width of slit or width of engraving, whereas ‘ m ’ is the order of
diffraction and  is the angle of diffraction
For 1st order diffraction: b sin    (i)
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When wavelength of incident light increased to    200 nm , let’s assume the 1st order
peak appears at    b sin      200 (ii)

Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get
b sin   b sin    200
200 200  109
 sin    sin    sin     sin 
b 10 3
 sin    2  10 4  sin   2  10 4  sin 50  2  10 4  0.087196  0.08736
    sin 1  0.08736     5.010
Q26. Consider the crystal structure of sodium chloride which is modeled as a set of touching
spheres. Each sodium atom has a radius r1 and each chlorine atom has a radius r2 . The
centres of the spheres from a simple cubic lattice. The packing fraction of this system is
 r 3
  r2 
3
 2 r13  r23
(a)   1      (b)
 r1  r2   r1  r2   3 r1  r2 3
r13  r23 r13  r23

(c) (d) 
r1  r2 3 2r1  r2 
3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: This question can only be solved by solving each option by assuming r1  r2 and

comparing result with the packing fraction of simple cubic which is .
6
  r 3  r 3    1 3  1 3  
Option (a):   1
 
2
          
 r1  r2   r1  r2    2   2   4
2 r13  r23 2 2r 3 2 1 
Option (b):     
3  r1  r2 3 3 8r 3 3 4 6
r13  r23 2r 3 1
Option (c):  3 
 r1  r2 
3
8r 4
 r13  r23 2r 3 
Option (d):  
2  r1  r2 3 2  8r 3
8
Thus, correct option is (b)
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Q27. Consider two crystalline solids, one of which has a simple cubic structure, and the other
has a tetragonal structure. The effective spring constant between atoms in the c -direction
is half the effective spring constant between atoms in the a and b directions. At low
temperatures, the behaviour of the lattice contribution to the specific heat will depend as
a function of temperature T as
(a) T 2 for the tetragonal solid, but as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(b) T for the tetragonal solid, and as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(c) T for both solids
(d) T 3 for both solids
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The specific heat of solid in three dimensions is proportional to T 3 and it is
independent of crystal structure.
In 3D : CV  T 3
In 2D : CV  T 2
In 1D : CV  T

Q28. A superconducting ring carries a steady current in the presence of a magnetic field B
normal to the plane of the ring. Identify the INCORRECT statement.
(a) The flux passing through the superconductor is quantized in units of hc / e
(b) The current and the magnetic field in the superconductor are time independent.
   
(c) The current density j and B are related by the equation   j  2 B  0 , where 
is a constant
(d) The superconductor shows an energy gap which is proportional to the transition
temperature of the superconductor
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The flux quantization in superconducting ring is   no
hc h
where o  in CGS units and o  in MKS units.
2e 2e
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q29. X -ray of wavelength   a is reflected from the 111 plane of a simple cubic lattice. If
the lattice constant is a , the corresponding Bragg angle (in radian) is

   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 8
Ans. (c)
Solution: According to Bragg’s Law 2d sin   
a a a
where d    for 111 plane
h k l
2 2 2
111 3
 a 3  3 
 sin        sin 1   
2d a 2  2  3
2
3
Q30. The critical magnetic fields of a superconductor at temperatures 4 K and 8 K are
11 mA / m and 5.5 mA / m respectively. The transition temperature is approximately
(a) 8.4 K (b) 10.6 K (c) 12.9 K (d) 15.0 K
Ans. (b)
Solution: The relation between critical field and critical temperature is
  T 2 
H C T   H 0 1    
  TC  
Let at T  T1 , H C T1  , T  T2 , H C T   H C T2 
  T 2    T 2 
Thus we get H C T1   H 0 1     , H C T2   H 0 1   2  
1
  TC     TC  
H C T1  2
2
T 
1  1  T2  T12
H C T1  C  2 2 8   4 
2 2
T H T
  C  T   TC   10.6
H C T2  T 
2 C
H C T1  2 1
1  2  1
H C T2 
 TC
where T1  4 k , T2  8 k , H C T1   11 mA / m and H C T2   5.5 mA / m
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Q31. The low-energy electronic excitations in a two-dimensional sheet of grapheme is given


 
by E k  vk , where v is the velocity of the excitations. The density of states is
proportional to
3 1
(a) E (b) E 2 (c) E 2 (d) E 2
Ans. (a)
Solution: The number of k - states in range k and k  dk in two dimension is
2
 L 
g  k  dk    2 kdk
 2 
2 2
 L  E dE  L  2
 E   k  dE   dk  g  E  dE    2     EdE
 2     2    
2
The density of state is

g  E  dE
2
 L  2
 E    E   E  E
 2    
2
dE
Q32. A He  Ne laser operates by using two energy levels of Ne separated by 2.26 eV .
Under steady state conditions of optical pumping, the equivalent temperature of the
system at which the ratio of the number of atoms in the upper state to that in the lower
1
state will be , is approximately (the Boltzmann constant k B  8.6 105 eV / K )
20
(a) 1010 K (b) 108 K (c) 106 K (d) 104 K
Ans. (d)
Solution: According to Boltzmann relation
E2 N2
N2  E  N1  kT  E E
 exp     exp  T 
N1  kT  N2  E  N  E1 N1
k ln  2 
 N1 
N1 2.26
E  2.26 eV , k B  8.6 105 eV / K ,  20  T   0.877 104 K
N2  1 
8.6 105 ln  
 20 
 T  104 K
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NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q33. The first order diffraction peak of a crystalline solid occurs at a scattering angle of 300
when the diffraction pattern is recorded using an x-ray beam of wavelength 0.15 nm . If
the error in measurements of the wavelength and the angle are 0.01nm and 10
respectively, then the error in calculating the inter-planar spacing will approximately be
(a) 1.1 102 nm (b) 1.3  104 nm (c) 2.5  102 nm (d) 2.0  103 nm
Ans. : (a)
 d 1 d  cos 
Solution: Bragg’s Law for n  1,   2d sin   d    , 
2sin   2sin   2sin 2 
Error in d can be calculated as
2 2 2
 d   d  2  1  2   cos   2
     2  
2
        
      2sin    2sin  
d 2

2 2 2
 d2
1  2sin   2   cos    2sin   2
 2           
d 4sin    
2
 
 2sin  sin     
1
 2
 2
 2        2 2 2
 d
  2   d  d        
d 2
 2
tan      tan   
where   30o ,   1.5  1010 m,    0.11010 m,    1o
 1.5 1010
d   1.5  1010 m
2sin  2sin 30o
1
    
2 2 1
 0.11010   2
    3  
2 2
  180    1.5  1010  0.067   

2
Thus,  d  1.5 1010  10   
 1.5 10   tan 30     180  
     
  
1 1
 1.5  10  0.067    0.03  2  1.5 1010  0.005389 2
102 2
 
 d  1.5 10  0.0734  0.111010  1.11011 m  1.1102 nm
10
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Q34. The dispersion relation of electrons in a 3-dimensional lattice in the tight binding
approximation is given by,
 k   cos k x a   cos k y a   cos k z a
where a is the lattice constant and  ,  ,  are constants with dimension of energy. The
   
effective mass tensor at the corner of the first Brillouin zone  , ,  is
a a a
 1/  0 0   1/  0 0 
2   2  
(a) 2  0 1/  0  (b) 2  0 1/  0 
a  a 
 0 0 1/    0 0 1/  
 1/  0 0  1/  0 0 
2   2  
(c) 2  0 1/  0  (d) 2  0 1/  0 
a  a 
 0 0 1/    0 0 1/  
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The effective mass as a tensor quantity can be written as
 m*xx m*xy m*xz 
 *  2
mij*   m*yx m*yy m yz  where mij 
*
 2E 
 m*zx m*zy m*zz   

 ki k j 
since  k   cos k x a   cos k y a   cos k z a
2  2 2 2
 m*xx   , m*yy  
  2   a 2 cos k x a   2   a 2 cos k y a
   2 
 k x k x   k y 
2 2
m  2  2
*
, other terms are zero
     a cos k z a
zz
 2
 k z 
1/  0 0 
    * 2 2 2 2 
Now, at  , ,  ; mxx  , m yy 
*
, mzz  2  mij  2  0 1/ 
* *
0 
a a a a 2
a 2
a a
 0 0 1/  
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Q35. A thin metal film of dimension 2 mm  2 mm contains 4  1012 electrons. The magnitude
of the Fermi wavevector of the system, in the free electron approximation, is
(a) 2   107 cm 1 (b) 2  107 cm 1 (c)   107 cm 1 (d) 2  107 cm 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: This is the case of two dimensional metal box. The Fermi wave vector of electron in
2  D is
1
1
 N 2
k F   2 n  2   2 2  ; L2  2mm  2mm  4  102 cm 2 ,
 L 
1
 4  10  12 1
 2 10 cm   2  107 cm 1
2
 k F  2  2 2 
14 2 2
 4 10 cm 
Q36. For an electron moving through a one-dimensional periodic lattice of periodicity a ,
which of the following corresponds to an energy eigenfunction consistent with Bloch’s
theorem?
  x   x     x  2 x   
(a)   x   A exp  i   cos    (b)   x   A exp  i   cos   
  a  2a      a  a  
  2 x  2 x      x  x 
(c)   x   A exp  i   i cosh     (d)   x   A exp  i  i 
  a  a     a 2a  
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to block theorem,   x  a     x 
   2    x 2 x   
  x  a   A exp i   x  a   cos   x  a      A exp i      cos   2   
  a  a      a   a   
  2 x   x 2 x  
 A exp i   x  a   cos   A exp i   cos 
 a a    a a  
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q37. Consider electrons in graphene, which is a planar monoatomic layer of carbon atoms. If
the dispersion relation of the electrons is taken to be   k   ck (where c is constant)
over the entire k -space, then the Fermi energy  F depends on the number density of
electrons  as
1 2 1
(a)  F   2 (b)  F   (c)  F   3 (d)  F   3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In 2 D , density of state is
 L   d
g  k  dk    2 kdk , where   ck  k  and dk 
 2  c c
2
 L   d L2
 g   d     2  .   d
 2  c c 2 c 2
Now, number electrons at T  0 K is
F L2 F L2 2 N
N   g   d     d     F2  4 c 2 2  4 c 2 
0 2 c 2 0 4 c 2 F
L
  F  4 c 2  1/ 2   F   1/ 2
Q38. Suppose the frequency of phonons in a one-dimensional chain of atoms is proportional to
the wave vector. If n is the number density of atoms and c is the speed of the phonons,
then the Debye frequency is
 cn
(a) 2 cn (b) 2 cn (c) 3 cn (d)
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Given   k    ck ( c is velocity of phonon)
L d L
Now g   d   d
 d / dk c
D L D L
Also N   g   d    d  N  D
0 c 0 c
N  N cn
 D  c  c n,  n    f D  . Best answer is (d).
L  L 2
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Q39. The band energy of an electron in a crystal for a particular k -direction has the form
  k   A  B cos 2ka , where A and B are positive constants and 0  ka   . The
electron has a hole-like behaviour over the following range of k :
 3    3
(a)  ka  (b)  ka   (c) 0  ka  (d)  ka 
4 4 2 4 2 4
Ans. : (a)
d d 2
Solution:   k   A  B cos 2ka ,  2 Ba sin 2ka , 2
 4 Ba 2 cos 2ka
dk dk
2 2
 
Effective mass m*  2 
d  / dk 2 2
4 Ba cos 2ka
   
Effective mass of electron me* and effective mass of holes mh* are opposite in sign i.e.,
m *
h  m . *
e 

Now, in the range 0  ka  , m* is positive
4
3 
While in the range  ka  , m* is negative
4 4
 3
Thus, electron has hole like behaviour in the region  ka 
4 4
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q40. Consider a hexagonal lattice with basis vectors as shown in the figure below.
y
x

a2 a
1
a
If the lattice spacing is a  1 , the reciprocal lattice vectors are
 4   2 2   4   2 2 
(a)  ,0,   ,  (b)  ,0,  , 
 3   3 3  3   3 3
 4   2   2 2   2 
(c)  0,  ,  ,  (d)  ,  ,  2 , 
 3   3  3 3  3
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: From the figure, we can write

a1 
3a
2
   
3 xˆ  yˆ , a2  3a yˆ , a3  azˆ (let us assume)
  
Now V  a1.  a2  a3  
3a
2
 3 xˆ  yˆ . 3ayˆ  azˆ 

3a
2
 
3 xˆ  yˆ . 3a 2 xˆ  
3 3 3
2
a
 
Also, a3  a1  azˆ 
3a
2

3x  y 
ˆ ˆ
3a 2
2
 3 yˆ  xˆ  
Reciprocal lattice vectors are
 
* a2  a3 3a 2 xˆ 4 4
a1  2  2  xˆ  0 yˆ  xˆ  0 yˆ
V 3 3 3 3a 3
a
2
 
a3  a1
3 2
a 
3 yˆ  xˆ
2   2 2
*
a2  2
V
 2 2
3 3 3

3a

 xˆ  3 yˆ  
 3
xˆ 
3
 
yˆ 

a
2
* 4  2 2
for a  1 : a1  xˆ  0 yˆ , a2*   xˆ  yˆ
3 3 3
Q41. Consider a one-dimensional chain of atoms with lattice constant a . The energy of an
electron with wave-vector k is   k      cos  ka  , where  and  are constants. If
an electric field E is applied in the positive x -direction, the time dependent velocity of
an electron is
(In the following B is the constant)
 eE 
(a) Proportional to cos  B  at  (b) proportional to E
  
 eE 
(c) independent of E (d) proportional to sin  B  at 
  
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In the presence of electric field E , we can write
   
dp dk
F  eE   eE    eE
dt dt
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eE
Integration gives, k  t   k  0   t

d  1   k 
The group velocity v  
dk  dk
  k 
Since,   k      cos  ka  ,    a sin ka
k
a
Thus, v  sin  ka 

Time dependent velocity of electron is
a a  eE  
v t   sin  k  t  a   sin  k  0   ta
     
a  eE  a  eE 
 sin  k  0  a  at   v  t   sin  B  at
       
Q42. A thin rectangular conducting plate of length a and width b is placed in the xy -plane in
two different orientations as shown in the figures below. In both cases a magnetic field B
is applied in the z -direction and a current flows in the x direction due to the applied
voltage V . b
y B
B
x a
V1 a
V1 b
   
V V
If the Hall voltage across the y -direction in the two cases satisfy V2  2V1 the ratio a : b
must be
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 2 (c) 2 :1 (d) 2 :1
Ans. : (d)
IB
Solution: Since, Hall voltage is given by VH  , where w is width of conducting plate.
w
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 l1 a 
Since, in case (I), V  I1 R1 and R1   
A1 ab b
I1  bV
V  I1 
b 
I1 B bVB bVB
Then, VH  V1     w  a 
w 2w 2a
 l2 b 
And also in case (II), R2   
A2 ab a
V Va
V  I 2 R2  I 2  
R2 
I 2 B VaB
Then, VH  V2  
 w  2b
a2 2
Since, V2  2V1    a : b  2 :1
b2 1
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q43. The energy gap and lattice constant of an indirect band gap semiconductor are 1.875 eV
and 0.52 nm , respectively. For simplicity take the dielectric constant of the material to be
unity. When it is excited by broadband radiation, an electron initially in the valence band
at k  0 makes a transition to the conduction band. The wavevector of the electron in the
conduction band, in terms of the wavevector kmax at the edge of the Brillouin zone, after
the transition is closest to
(a) kmax /10 (b) kmax /100 (c) kmax /1000 (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The K  value of electron in C.B. is
2mE  2  9.1 10 kg 1.875 1.6 10 J  

1/ 2
31 19
K   K  7 109 m 1
 1.05  1034 J .S .
2 2  3.14 K
K max at the Brillouin Zone is K max   9
 1.2 1010 m 1  K  max
a 0.52 10 m 10
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Q44. The electrical conductivity of copper is approximately 95% of the electrical conductivity
of silver, while the electron density in silver is approximately 70 % of the electron
density in copper. In Drude’s model, the approximate ratio  Cu /  Ag of the mean collision
time in copper  Cu  to the mean collision time in silver  Ag  is
(a) 0.44 (b) 1.50 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.66

Ans. : (d)
ne2  n    n
Solution:    cu  cu cu  cu  cu  Ag
m  Ag nAg  Ag  Ag  Ag ncu
 cu 0.95 Ag 0.7ncu
    0.66
 Ag  Ag ncu

1 
Q45. The dispersion relation of a gas of spin fermions in two dimensions is E  v k ,
2

where E is the energy, k is the wave vector and v is a constant with the dimension of
velocity. If the Fermi energy at zero temperature is F , the number of particles per unit
area is
F 3F  3/F 2 2F
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 4 v  
6 2 v33   3v  
3 3

2 v 2  2 
Ans. : (d)
 E dE
Solution: E  v k  k   dk 
v v
2 2
 L  E dE  L  4
g  E  dE  2   .2 . .   . E.dE.
 2  v v  2   v 2
at T  0 K ,
EF
L2 4 2F
N  g  E dE  .
0
4 2  v 2 2
L2
N 2F
2  v
2 2
N 2F
n 
L2 2 v 2  2
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Q46. A crystal of MnO has NaCl structure. It has a paramagnetic to anti- ferromagnetic
transition at 120 K . Below 120 K , the spins within a single 111 planes are parallel but
the spins in adjacent 111 planes are antiparallel. If neutron scattering is used to
determine the lattice constants, respectively, d and d  , below and above the transition
temperature of MnO then
d d
(a) d  (b) d  (c) d  2d  (d) d  2d 
2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: At 80 K there are extra reflection not present at 293 K .

The reflection at 80 K may be classified in term of a cubic unit cell at lattice constant
0
8.85 A .
0
At 293 K the reflection corresponds to an FCC unit cell of lattice constant 4.43 A
d  a / 3 4.43 1
     d  2d 
d a / 3 8.85 2
Q47. A metallic nanowire of length l is approximated as a one-dimensional lattice of N
atoms with lattice spacing a . If the dispersion of electrons in the lattice is given
as E  k   E0  2t cos ka , where E0 and t are constants, then the dnsity of states inside
the nanowire depends on E as

2
t2  E  E0 
(a) N 3
E  E0
(b)  2t   1
 
E  E0 N
(c) N 3 (d)
t2  2t    E  E0 
2 2
Ans. (d)
Solution: E  k   E0  2t cos ka
dE
dE  2ta sin ka dk  dk 
2 ta sin ka
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2L 2L dE
 g  E  dE  dk 
  2 ta 1  cos 2 ka
L dE 2L dE
 
 ta E E
2 a  2t    E  E0 
2 2
1  0 
 2t 
 Density of state is,
g  E  dE 2N
 E  
dE   2t    E  E0 
2 2
Q48. Consider a two-dimensional material of length l and width w subjected to a constant

magnetic field B applied perpendicular to it. The number of change carries per unit area
B
may be expressed as n  k q , where k is appositive real number and q is the
 2  
carrier charge. Then the Hall resistivity  xy is
2 k l 2  w 2  2 k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
q2 w kq 2 l kq 2 q2
Ans. : (c)
A VH A
Solution:  xy  R    A  lw 
l I l
IB
where, VH 
nqw
B A B B 2 
  xy      2
nqw l nq k  q B  q kq
2 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q49. Sodium Chloride  NaCl  crystal is a face-centered cubic lattice with a basis consisting of
Na  and Cl  ions separated by half the body diagonal of a unit cube. Which of the
planes corresponding to the Miller indices given below will not give rise to Bragg
reflection of X -rays?
(a)  220  (b)  242  (c)  221 (d)  311
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Mixed  h k l  are absent in NaCl .  221 is mixed number of even and odd therefore
this plane is absent.

Q50. The dispersion relation for the electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor is
given by E  E0   k 2 where  and E0 are constants. If c is the cyclotron resonance
frequency of the conduction band electrons in a magnetic field B , the value of  is

c 2 2c  2c  2c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4eB eB eB 2eB
Ans. : (d)
eB 2
Solution: c  * where m  2
*
m d E / dk 2
d 2E
Since E  E0   k  2  2 2
dk
eB 2  2c
 c  2  2 eB   
 / 2  2eB
Q51. Hard disc of radius R are arranged in a two-dimensional triangular lattice. What is the
fractional area occupied by the discs in the closest possible packing?
 3   2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2 5 7
Ans. : (a)
neff   r 2
Solution: P.F 
A
1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
 2r   6 3r 2
2
where neff   6  1  3 and A  6  a  a 
3 4 2 2
3 r 2   3
P.F .   
6 3r 2
2 3 6
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Q52. The diatomic molecule HF has an absorption line in the rotational band at 40 cm 1 for
18 19
the isotope F . The corresponding line for the isotope F will be shifted by
approximately
(a) 0.05 cm 1 (b) 0.11 cm 1 (c) 0.33 cm 1 (d) 0.01 cm 1
Ans. : (b)
1 18 18
Solution: For 1HF 18 : 2 B1  40 cm 1  B1  20 cm 1 and reduce mass is 1  
1  18 19
119 19
For 1 HF 19 : The reduce mass is 2   and rotational constant is B2 .
1  19 20
B2 1
Since, 
B1 2
1 18 20
 B2   B1    20 cm 1  19.945 cm 1
2 19 19
Thus, 2 B2  39.889 cm 1
Shift in spectral line  2 B1  2 B2  40  39.889  0.11 cm 1
Q53. The excited state  n  4, l  2  of an election in an atom may decay to one or more of the
lower energy levels shown in the diagram below.
n4
l2
n3
l  0 l 1 l  2
n2
l 1
1
Of the total emitted light, a fraction comes from the decay to the state ( n  2, l  1 ).
4
Based on selection rules, the fractional intensity of the emission line due to the decay to
the state  n  3, l  1
3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
4 2 4
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: According to the selection rule for electric dipole, transition is  l  1 , the transition
from  n  4, l  2  to  n  3, l  0  and  n  3, l  2  is forbidden. If I is the intensity of
I I 3I
the total emitted light and I1  , therefore, I 2  I   .
4 4 4
I2
I 3 4d
Thus, 2  n4
I 4 l2
n3 3s 3d
I1
l  0 l 1 l2
2p
n2
l 1
Q54. The volume of an optical cavity is 1 cm3 . The number of modes it can support within a
bandwidth of 0.1 nm , centered at   500 nm , is of the order of
(a) 103 (b) 105 (c) 1010 (d) 107

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Number of Laser modes
 0.1 109
N  8 V 
 8  10 
2 3
  4.02 1010
  5 10 
4 4
7
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SOLID STATE PHYSICS SOLUTIONS
GATE-2010
Q1. The valence electrons do not directly determine the following property of a metal
(a) Electrical conductivity (b) Thermal conductivity
(c) Shear modulus (d) Metallic luster
Ans: (c)
Q2. Consider X-ray diffraction from a crystal with a face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice. The
lattice plane for which there is NO diffraction peak is
(a) (2, 1, 2) (b) (1, 1, 1) (c) (2, 0, 0) (d) (3, 1, 1)
Ans: (a)
Q3. The Hall coefficient, RH, of sodium depends on
(a) The effective charge carrier mass and carrier density
(b) The charge carrier density and relaxation time
(c) The charge carrier density only
(d) The effective charge carrier mass
Ans: (c)
Q4. The Bloch theorem states that within a crystal, the wavefunction, ψ( r ), of an electron has
the form
 
(a)  r  u r e i k .r where u( r ) is an arbitrary function and k is an arbitrary vector
(b) r   u r ei G r
where u( r ) is an arbitrary function and G is a reciprocal lattice vector
(c)  r   u r e i G r
  
where u r  u r   ,  is a lattice vector and G is a reciprocal
lattice vector
    
(d)  r  u r e i k .r where u r  u r   ,  is a lattice vector and k is an arbitrary
vector
Ans: (d)
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Q5. In an experiment involving a ferromagnetic medium, the following observations were

made. Which one of the plots does NOT correctly represent the property of the medium?
(TC is the Curie temperature)
(a) (b)
1 / TC 1/ T
(c) (d)
TC T TC T
Ans: (c)
Q6. The thermal conductivity of a given material reduces when it undergoes a transition from
its normal state to the superconducting state. The reason is:
(a) The Cooper pairs cannot transfer energy to the lattice
(b) Upon the formation of Cooper pairs, the lattice becomes less efficient in heat transfer
(c) The electrons in the normal state lose their ability to transfer heat because of their
coupling to the Cooper pairs
(d) The heat capacity increases on transition to the superconducting state leading to a
reduction in thermal conductivity
Ans: (d)
Q7. For a two-dimensional free electron gas, the electronic density n, and the Fermi energy
EF, are related by
2mE F  2 mE F  3
3 1 1
mE F mE F 2 3
(a) n  (b) n  (c) n  (d) n 
3 2  3  2 2 2 
Ans: (b)
Solution: For two dimensional gas, the number of possible k-states between k and k+dk is
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2 2
 L   L 
g k dk    2 k dk  2  2 k dk it is multiplied by 2 for electron gas
 2   2 
2mE 2m 2m
Since k 2  2
 2k dk  2 dE  2 k dk  2 dE
  
2
 L  2m
 g E dE  2   2 dE
 2  
The total number of electrons at T  0 0 K is
EF EF 2 EF
2m  L  2m L2
N   g E dE  F E    g E dE  2  2    dE  2  2  2  EF
0 0
  2  0
 4
m  2  N   2 mE F
N  L EF  EF 
2
 2 n  n 
 2
m L  m  2
Q8. Far away from any of the resonance frequencies of a medium, the real part of the
dielectric permittivity is
(a) Always independent of frequency (b) Monotonically decreasing with frequency
(c) Monotonically increasing with frequency (d) A non-monotonic function of frequency
Ans: (a)
dipolar
Solution:
 1 ionic
 2
electronics
frequency
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GATE-2011
Q9. The temperature (T) dependence of magnetic susceptibility (χ) of a ferromagnetic

substance with a Curie temperature (Tc) is given by
C C
(a) , for T  Tc (b) , for T  Tc
T  Tc T  Tc
C C
(c) , for T  Tc (d) , for all temperatures
T  Tc T  Tc
where C is constant .
Ans: (b)
Q10. The order of magnitude of the energy gap of a typical superconductor is
(a) 1 MeV (b) 1 KeV (c) 1 eV (d) 1 meV
Ans: (d)
Q11. For a three-dimensional crystal having N primitive unit cells with a basis of p atoms, the
number of optical branches is
(a) 3 (b) 3p (c) 3p – 3 (d) 3N – 3p
Ans: (c)
Q12. For an intrinsic semiconductor, me* and mh* are respectively the effective masses of
electrons and holes near the corresponding band edges. At a finite temperature the
position of the Fermi level
(a) depends on me* but not on mh* (b) depends on mh* but not on me*
(c) depends on both me* and mh* (d) depends neither on me* nor on mh*
Ans: (c)
Ec  Ev 3  mh* 
Solution: The Fermi level for intrinsic semicondutor is E F   k B T ln * 
2 4  me 
Q13. A metal with body centered cubic (bcc) structure show the first (i.e. smallest angle)
diffraction peak at a Bragg angle of θ = 30o. The wavelength of X-ray used is 2.1 Ǻ. The
volume of the PRIMITIVE unit cell of the metal is
(a) 26.2 (Ǻ)3 (b) 13.1(Ǻ)3 (c) 9.3 (Ǻ)3 (d) 4.6 (Ǻ)3
Ans: (b)
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a
Solution: According to Bragg’s law 2d sin    where d 
h2  k 2  l 2
For BCC structure the first diffraction peak appear for (110) plane.
a 2a
d   sin 30 0    2a sin 30 0  2.1A 0
2 2
1
 2 a  2.1A 0  a  2  2.1A 0  a  2.97 A 0 .
2
The volume primitive unit cell of BCC is volume 

a 3 26.2 0
2

2
A  
3
 
 13.1 A 0
3
Common Data for Questions 14 and 15:

The tight binding energy dispersion (E-k) relation for electrons in a one-dimensional
array of atoms having lattice constant a and total length L is
E = E0 – β – 2γ cos (ka),
where E0, β and γ are constants and k is the wave vector.
Q14. The density of states of electrons (including spin degeneracy) in the band is given by
L L L L
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 a sin ka  2 a sin ka  2 a coska   a coska 
Ans: (a)
 L  1  L  2 1 2 L
Solution: D  E   2  2    dE / dk  2  2   2a sin ka  2 a sin ka
 2       
Q15. The effective mass of electrons in the band is given by
2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 a 2 coska  2 a 2 coska   a 2 sin ka  2 a 2 sin ka 
Ans: (b)
2 2 2
Solution: Effective mass m *   
 d 2E  2a 2  coska  2a 2 coska 
 2 
 dk 
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GATE-2012
Q16. For an ideal Fermi gas in three dimensions, the electron velocity VF at the Fermi surface
is related to electron concentration n as,
(a) V F  n 2 / 3 (b) V F  n (c) VF  n1 / 2 (d) V F  n1 / 3
Ans: (d)
Solution: V F 

m

3 2 n 
1/ 3
Q17. The total energy, E of an ideal non-relativistic Fermi gas in three dimensions is given by
N 5/3
E  2 / 3 where N is the number of particles and V is the volume of the gas. Identify the
V
CORRECT equation of state (P being the pressure),
1 2 5
(a) PV  E (b) PV  E (c) PV  E (d) PV  E
3 3 3
Ans: (b)
Q18. Which one of the following CANNOT be explained by considering a harmonic
approximation for the lattice vibrations in solids?
(a) Deby’s T3 law (b) Dulong Petit’s law
(c) Optical branches in lattices (d) Thermal expansion
Ans: (d)
Solution: Thermal expansion in solid can only be explained if solid behave as a anharmonic
oscillator.
Q19. A simple cubic crystal with lattice parameter a c undergoes transition into a tetragonal
structure with lattice parameters at  bt  2ac and ct  2a c , below a certain temperature.

The ratio of the interplanar spacing of (1 0 1) planes for the cubic and the tetragonal
structure is
1 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 8 8
Ans: (c)
a ac
Solution: For Cubic Lattice d c  
h2  k 2  l 2 2
a 2a c dc 3
For Tetragonal lattice d t   . Therefore, the ratio is 
h k
2
l 2 2
3 dt 8
2
 2
a c
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Q20. Inverse susceptibility (1/χ) as a function of temperature, T for a

1 600 K
material undergoing paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition is 
given in the figure, where O is the origin. The values of the O T
Curie constant, C, and the Weiss molecular field constant, λ, in  2  10 4
CGS units, are (CGS unit)
(a) C  5  10 5 ,   3  10 2 (b) C  3  10 2 ,   5  10 5
(c) C  3  10 2 ,   2  10 4 (d) C  2  10 4 ,   3  10 2
Ans: (c)
1 T  TC 1
Solution:  and TC  C . Here TC  600 K and  2  10 4
 C 
Thus C  3  10 2 and   2  10 4 .
Common Data for Questions 21–22

The dispersion relation for a one dimensional monoatomic crystal with lattice spacing a,
which interacts nearest neighbour harmonic potential is given by
Ka
  A sin
2
where A is a constant of appropriate unit.
Q21. The group velocity at the boundary of the first Brillouin zone is
Aa 2 1 Aa 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 2
Ans: (a)
Solution: At the first Brillouin zone the frequency is maximum and the group velocity which is
the derivative of the angular frequency is zero.
Q22. The force constant between the nearest neighbour of the lattice is (M is the mass of the
atom)
MA 2 MA 2
(a) (b) (c) MA2 (d) 2MA2
4 2
Ans: (a)
4  ka  4 MA2
Solution:   sin    A   
M  2  M 4
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GATE-2013
Q23. A phosphorous doped silicon semiconductor (doping density: 1017/cm3) is heated from
100C to 200C. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
(a) Position of Fermi level moves towards conduction band
(b) Position of dopant level moves towards conduction band
(c) Position of Fermi level moves towards middle of energy gap
(d) Position of dopant level moves towards middle of energy gap
Ans: (c)
Solution: Phosphorous doped silicon semiconductors behave as a n-type semiconductor. In
n-type semiconductor Fermi level lies near conduction band and moves toward middle of
the band gap upon heating. At a very high temperature the Fermi level is near the middle
of the band gap and semiconductor behaves as intrinsic semiconductor.
Q24. Considering the BCS theory of superconductors, which one of the following statements is
NOT CORRECT? ( h is the Plank’s constant and e is the electronic charge)
(a) Presence of energy gap at temperature below the critical temperature
(b) Different critical temperature for isotopes
h
(c) Quantization of magnetic flux in superconduction ring in the unit of  
e
(d) Presence of Meissner effect
Ans: (c)
 h
Solution: Quantization of magnetic flux in superconduction ring in the unit of  
 2e 
Q25. Group I contains elementary excitations in solids. Group II gives the associated field with
these excitations. MATCH the excitations with their associated field and select your
answer as per codes given below.
Group I Group II
(P) phonon (i) photon + lattice vibration
(Q) plasmon (ii) electron +elastic deformation
(R) polaron (iii) collective electron oscillations
(S) polariton (iv) elastic wave
Codes
(a) P  iv , Q  iii , R  i , S  ii  (b) P  iv , Q  iii , R  ii , S  i 
(c) P  i , Q  iii , R  ii , S  iv  (d) P  iii , Q  iv , R  ii , S  i 
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Ans: (b)
Solution: Phonon: Quantum of energy of the elastic wave in solid, produced due to the vibration
of atoms in solid.
Plasmon: Quantum of energy of the wave produced due to the oscillation of plasma,
which contains charged particles (positive ions and negative electrons or ions).
Polaron: A charge placed in a polarizable medium will be screened. The induced
polarization will follow the charge carrier when it is moving through the medium. The
carrier together with the induced polarization is considered as one entity, which is called
a polaron.
Polariton: A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the mixing of a photon with
phonon.
Q26.

 
  
 
A lattice has the following primitive vector in Å  : a  2 ˆj  kˆ , b  2 kˆ  iˆ , c  2 iˆ  ˆj .
The reciprocal lattice corresponding to the above lattice is
 
(a) BCC lattice with cube edge of  Å -1
2
(b) BCC lattice with cube edge of 2 Å -1
 
(c) FCC lattice with cube edge of  Å -1
2
(d) FCC lattice with cube edge of 2 Å -1
Ans: (a)
Solution: The reciprocal lattice vectors are
 
 ˆ ˆ ˆ -1
 b c
a  2    

a  b c 
2

-i  j  k Å 
  
 ˆ ˆ ˆ -1
ca
b   2    

a b c 
2

i  j k Å 
 
 ˆ ˆ ˆ -1
 a b
c   2    
 
a  b c 2

i  j k Å 
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 e2 B
Q27. The total energy of an ionic solid is given by an expression E    9 where 
4 0 r r
is Madelung constant, r is the distance between the nearest neighbours in the crystal and
B is a constant. If r0 is the equilibrium separation between the nearest neighbours then
the value of B is
 e 2 r08  e 2 r08 2 e 2 r010  e 2 r010
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 0 4 0 9 0 36 0
Ans: (a)
dE  e2 9B  e 2 r08
Solution: At r  r0 , 0   B 
dr r  r0 4 0 r02 r010 36 0
GATE-2014
Q28. The Miller indices of a plane passing through the three points having coordinates (0, 0, 1)
1, 0, 0  1 , 1 , 1  are
2 2 4
(a) (212) (b) (111) (c) (121) (d) (211)
Ans: (a)
Solution: The equation of plane is determined from following determinant:
x 1 y  0 z  0
 1  1 1   1
1 0 1  0   x  1     y      z  1     0
 2  4 2  2
1 1 1

2 2 4
x y z 1
     0  2 x  y  2 z  2  0 , hx  ky  lz  2  0 . Miller indices are  2 1 2 
2 4 2 2
Q29. The plot of specifies heat versus temperature across the superconducting transition
temperature Tc  is most appropriately represented by
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Cp Cp Cp Cp
TC T TC T TC T TC T
Ans: (a)
  
 
Solution: CV  e  2kT 
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Q30. The energy  k for band electrons as a function of the wave vector k in the first Brillouin
  
zone    k   of a one dimensional monoatomic lattice is shown as ( a is lattice
 a a
constant) k
k
  /a O  /a
The variation of the group velocity vg is most appropriately represented by

vg vg
(a) (b)
  /a k   /a O
k
O  /a  /a
vg
vg
  /a k
O  /a   /a k
O  /a
Ans: (b)
Solution: E   E0    cos ka  
1 dE a
Vg   sin ka
 dk 
Q31. For Nickel the number density is 8  10 23 atoms / cm 3 and electronic configuration is
1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 8 4s 2 . The value of the saturation magnetization of Nickel in its
ferromagnetic state is _____________  10 9 A / m .
(Given the value of Bohr magneton  B  9.21  10 21 Am 2 )

Ans: 4.42
Solution: Component of magnetic dipoles in a solid material are in the direction of external field.
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M S  (Magnetic dipole moment)  B N  0.6  9.211021  Am 2  N .
(For N i : magnetic dipole moment  0.6 , Fe :2.22, For Cu :1.2 )
 NA
N  8  1029 / m3 ,  B  9.211021 A / m
AN
M S  0.6  9.211021  8 1029  4.42 109 A / m , An  atomic weight
GATE-2015
Q31. The energy dependence of the density of states for a two dimensional non-relativistic
electron gas is given by, g E   CE n , where C is constant. The value of n
is____________
Ans.: 0
Solution: We know that
g  E   E1/ 2 for 3  D , g  E   E 0 for 2  D , g  E   E 1/ 2 for 1  D
 n  0 for 2  D
Q32. The lattice parameters a, b, c of an orthorhombic crystal are related by a  2b  3c . In
units of a the interplanar separation between the 110  planes is ____________. (Upto
three decimal places)
Ans.: 0.447
1 1 a
Solution: d hkl   d110    0.447  a  2b  3c
2
h k l 2 2
1 1 5
 2 2  0
2
a b c a  a 2
2
 
2
Q33. The dispersion relation for phonons in a one dimensional monoatomic Bravais lattice
with lattice spacing a and consisting of ions of masses M is given by
2c
 k   1  coska  , where  is the frequency of oscillation, k is the wavevector
M
and C is the spring constant. For the long wavelength modes   a  , the ratio of the
phase velocity to the group velocity is_________
Ans.: 1
2C
Solution:   k   1  cos  ka  
M 
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For long wavelength modes   a 
 ka  2C   ka  
2 2
C
 cos  ka   1   k   1  1   a k
2 M  2  M
 C d C v
Phase velocity vP  a and Group velocity vg  a  P 1
k M dk M vg
Q34. In a Hall effect experiment, the hall voltage for an intrinsic semiconductor is negative.
This is because (symbols carry usual meaning)
(a) n  p (b) n  p (c) n  h (d) mh*  mn*
Ans.: (c)
Solution: The Hall voltage is V H  R H JB
where J : current density, B : magnetic field and R H : Hall constant
1 p  p  n n   p  n   n  p B
2 2 2 2 2
RH 
e  n  p  2   p  n  2  2  2 B 2
n p n p
1  p  n
For intrinsic semiconductor n  p  ni  RH 
eni  p   n
In Intrinsic semiconductor  n   p , therefore Hall voltage is negative.
Q35. Given that the Fermi energy of gold is 5.54 eV , the number density of electrons is
__________ 1028 m 3 (upto one decimal place)

(Mass of electron  9.11  10 31 kg ; h  6.626  10 34 j  s; 1 eV  1.6  10 19 j )
Ans.: 5.9
Solution: Relation between electron density (n) and Fermi energy E F  is
3 2 n2 / 3  n  31 2  2m3

3/ 2
2
EF   EF3/ 2
2m
 2  9.110 kg 
31 3/ 2
1
  5.54 1.6 1019 J 
3/ 2
n 
3   3.14  1.0546 10 J -s 
2 34 3
1 2.45  1045  8.35 1028 3

n  102
m  0.59  10 29 m 3  n  5.9 1028 m 3
29.61 1.17 10
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Q36. Which one of the following represents the electron occupancy for a superconductor in its
normal and superconducting states?
Normal Superconducting Normal Superconducting

state state state state
(a) (b)
f E  f E  f E  f E 
E E E E
Normal Superconducting Normal Superconducting

(c) state state (d) state state
f E  f E  f E  f E 
Ans. : (d) E E E E
Solution: In normal slide, some states below Fermi levels are empty and equal number of states
above Fermi levels are filled. If material converts into a superconductor, electrons above
the Fermi Level makes cooper pair and they fall back below level Fermi level as same
energy released during cooper pair formation. Therefore, correct option is (d).
GATE-2016
Q37. Consider a metal which obeys the Sommerfield model exactly. If E F is the Fermi energy
of the metal at T  0 K and R H is its Hall coefficient, which of the following statements
is correct?
3 2
(a) R H  E 2
F (b) R H  E 3
F
3
(c) RH  E F2 (d) R H is independent of E F .

Ans.: (c)
2
3/ 2
 EF 
3/ 2
1
   2m 
2/3
Solution: RH  , where EF  3 2 n n 2   R H  EF3 / 2
ne 2m   3 2
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Q38. A one-dimensional linear chain of atoms contains two types of atoms of masses m1 and
m2 (where m2  m1 ), arranged alternately. The distance between successive atoms is the
same. Assume that the harmonic approximation is valid. At the first Brillouin zone
boundary, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) The atoms of mass m2 are at rest in the optical mode, while they vibrate in the
acoustical mode.
(b The atoms of mass m1 are at rest in the optical mode, while they vibrate in the
acoustical mode.
(c) Both types of atoms vibrate with equal amplitudes in the optical as well as in the
acoustical modes.
(d) Both types of atoms vibrate, but with unequal, non-zero amplitudes in the optical as
well as in the acoustical modes.
Ans.: (a)
Solution: In optical mode, at Brillouin zone boundary atom of heavier mass  m2  is at rest,
whereas in Acoustic mode, atoms of lighter mass  m1  is at rest.
 1 1 
2   
optical mode  m1 m2 
2  2  / m1
Acoustic 1  2  / m2
mode
 
2a k 2a
Q39. A solid material is found to have a temperature independent magnetic susceptibility,
  C . Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) If C is positive, the material is a diamagnet.
(b) If C is positive, the material is a ferromagnet.
(c) If C is negative, the material could be a type I superconductor.
(d) If C is positive, the material could be a type I superconductor.
Ans.: (b)
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
Solution: Susceptibility is defined as    1 , where  and 0 are permeability of medium
0
and vacuum respectively.
(i) For Diamagnet;   0 , thus   0 i.e.  is negative
(ii) For Ferromagnet,   0 , thus   0 i.e.  is positive
(iii) For superconductor,   0 , thus   1

Thus best answer is (b)
Q40. Atoms, which can be assumed to be hard spheres of radius R , are arranged in an fcc
lattice with lattice constant a , such that each atom touches its nearest neighbours. Take
the center of one of the atoms as the origin. Another atom of radius r (assumed to be
 a 
hard sphere) is to be accommodated at a position  0, ,0  without distorting the lattice.
 2 
r
The maximum value of is ________. (Give your answer upto two decimal places)
R
Ans.: 0.41
 a 
Solution: The new atom location is  0, , 0  i.e. it is on the middle of y - axis.
 2  a
z
R
2a
Position of new r
x
 a   a 
atom  0, , 0  a new atom at  0, ,0 
figure (i)  2   2 
2
figure (ii)
If new atom of radius r fit without distorting the original lattice, then from figure (ii) we
get
a
 Rr (i)
2
4
whereas for FCC 2a  4 R  a  R  2 2R (ii)
2
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Thus from (i) and (ii)

2 2
2
R  Rr   
2 1 R  r 
r
R
 2  1  1.414  1  0.414
Q41. The energy vs. wave vector E  k  relationship near the bottom of a band for a solid can
be approximated as E  Aka   Bka  , where the lattice constant a  2.1 A . The

2 4 0
values of A and B are 6.3  10 19 J and 3.2 10 20 J , respectively. At the bottom of
the conduction band, the ratio of the effective mass of the electron to the mass of free
electron is _______. (Give your answer upto two decimal places)
(Take   1.05  10 34 J  s , mass of free electron  9.1 10 31 kg )
Ans.: 0.22
Solution: E  A  ka   B  ka 
2 4
E 2 E
  2 Aa 2 k  4 Ba 4 k 3 and  2 Aa 2  12 Ba 4 k 2
k k 2
At the bottom of the band k  0

 
2
2 2 1.05  1034 J  s
Thus effective mass m  2
*  
 
2
 E / k 2 2 Aa 2 2  6.3 1019 J  2.11010 m
1.1025 1068
 39
 0.01984 1029  19.84  1032 kg
55.57 10
m* 19.84  1032 kg
  31
 2.18  101  0.218  0.22
m 9.1  10 kg
Q42. The Fermi energies of two metals X and Y are 5 eV and 7 eV and their Debye
temperatures are 170 K and 340 K , respectively. The molar specific heats of these
metals at constant volume at low temperatures can be written as
CV  X   X T  AX T 3 and CV Y   Y T  AY T 3 where  and A are constants. Assuming
that the thermal effective mass of the electrons in the two metals are same, which of the
following is correct?
 X 7 AX  X 7 AX 1
(a)  , 8 (b)  , 
 Y 5 AY  Y 5 AY 8
 X 5 AX 1  X 5 AX
(c)  ,  (d)  , 8
 Y 7 AY 8  Y 7 AY
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Ans.: (a)
Solution: Heat capacity is defined as CV   T  AT 3
3 2 1 12 4 1 1
where   Nk B  and A  Nk B  3  234 Nk B  3
2 EF 5 D D
3 2 1
Nk B 
X 2 EFX EF 7eV 7
Thus,   Y  
Y 3 2 1
Nk B  E FX
5eV 5
2 EFY
1
234 Nk B 3
AX  D3 X   DY   340 3
  2  8
3
and    
AY 234 Nk 1  D   170 
B 3  X 
 DY
X 7 A
Thus,  and X  8
Y 5 AY
GATE-2017
Q43. The atomic mass and mass density of Sodium are 23 and 0.968 g cm 3 , respectively. The
number density of valence electrons is……………… 1022 cm 3 . (Up to two decimal
places) (Avogadro number, N A  6.022 1023 )
Ans. : 2.54
neff  M neff  NA
Solution:  n 
NA  a 3
a 3
M
where   0.968gcm 3 , N A  6.022 1023 , M  23g
0.968  6.022  1023

n  2.54 1022 cm 3
23
 2 x 
Q44. Consider a one dimensional lattice with a weak periodic potential U  x   U 0 cos  .
 a 
 
The gap at the edge of the Brillouin zone  k   is:
 a
U0 U
(a) U 0 (b) (c) 2U 0 (d) 0
2 4
Ans. : (c)
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 2 
Solution: U  U 0 cos  x
 a 
 2 a 
Energy at the edge of Brillouin Zone is U t  U 0 cos  . 
 a 
Energy at the k  0 is U b  U 0  Band gap U  U t  U b  2U 0
Q45. Consider a 2 - dimensional electron gas with a density of 1019 m2 . The Fermi energy of
the system is………………… eV (up to two decimal places).
( me  9.311031 kg , h  6.626 1034 Js, e  1.602  1019 C )
Ans. : 2.34
 
2
 2  1.055 1034 J  s
Solution: EF     2 n    2  3.142 1019
 2m  2  9.311031
 0.3756 1018 J  0.2345 10 eV  2.34 eV
Q46.
  a
The real space primitive lattice vectors are a1  axˆ and a2  xˆ  3 yˆ . The reciprocal
2
 
 
space unit vectors b1 and b2 for this lattice are, respectively
2  yˆ  4 2  yˆ  4
(a)
a  xˆ   and yˆ (b)
a  xˆ   and yˆ
 3 a 3  3 a 3
2 4  xˆ  2 4  xˆ 
(c) xˆ and   yˆ  (d) xˆ and   yˆ 
a 3 a  3  a 3 a  3 
Ans. (a)
  a
  
Solution: a1  axˆ , a2  xˆ  3 yˆ . Assume, a3  zˆ
2
  a2
 
3a 2
2
   a  a xˆ
Now, a1   a2  a3   axˆ.  xˆ  3 yˆ  zˆ     yˆ  3xˆ   0  3  
2  2 2 2
  
a a  3 xˆ  yˆ  a2 2  yˆ 
b1  2  2 3  2   xˆ  
a1   a2  a3  3 2 a  3
a
2
  
a3  a1 4
Similarly, b2  2     yˆ . Thus correct option is (a)
a1   a2  a3  3a
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GATE – 2018
Q47. For the given unit cells of a two dimensional square lattice, which option lists all the
primitive cells?
1 5
4
3
2
(a) (1) and (2) (b) (1), (2) and (3)

(c) (1), (2), (3) and (4) (d) (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For primitive cell, N eff  1
In cell (1), (2), (3) and (4) N eff  1 , these are primitive cell
Whereas in cell (5), N eff  2 , this is non-primitive cell.
Q48. At low temperatures ( T ), the specific heat of common metals is described by (with 
and  as constants)
(a)  T   T 3 (b)  T 3 (c) exp   / T  (d)  T   T 5
Ans. : (a)
Solution: C  Ce  C pn   T   T 3
Q49. The high temperature magnetic susceptibility of solids having ions with magnetic
1
moments can be described by   with T as absolute temperature and  as
T 
constant. The three behaviours i.e., paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic
are described, respectively, by
(a)   0,   0,   0 (b)   0,   0,   0
(c)   0,   0,   0 (d)   0,   0,   0
Ans. : (c)
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C
Solution: Paramagnetism:  
T
C
Ferromagnetism:  
T  TC
C
Anti-ferromagnetism:  
T  TC
Q50. The energy dispersion for electrons in one dimensional lattice with lattice parameter a is
1
given by E  k   E0  W cos ka , where W and E0 are constants. The effective mass of
2
the electron near the bottom of the band is
2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Wa 2 Wa 2 2Wa 2 4Wa 2
Ans. : (a)
1
Solution: E  k   E0  W cos  ka 
2
dE aW d 2 E a 2W
 sin  ka   2  cos  ka 
dk 2 dk 2
2 2 2 2
 m  2  2
*
 [At bottom of the band, k  0 ]
d E aW Wa 2
cos  ka 
dk 2 2
Q51. Amongst electrical resistivity    , thermal conductivity   , specific heat  C  , Young’s
modulus Y  and magnetic susceptibility    , which quantities show a sharp change at
the superconducting transition temperature?

(a)  ,  , C , Y (b)  , C ,  (c)  ,  , C ,  (d)  , Y , 
Ans. : (b)
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GATE-2019
Q52. The relative magnetic permeability of a type-I super conductor is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
4
Ans.: (a)
Solution: B  0  H  M   0  H   H   0 1    H   H

   0 1  x   r   1 
0
For type-I superconductor:   1
 r  1  1  0
Q53. In order to estimate the specific heat of phonons, the appropriate method to apply would
be
(a) Einstein model for acoustic phonons and Debye model for optical phonons
(b) Einstein model for optical phonons and Debye model for acoustic phonons
(c) Einstein model for both optical and acoustic phonons
(d) Debye model for both optical and acoustic phonons
Ans.: (b)
Solution: At low temperature, the optical branch phonons have energies higher than k B T and
therefore, optical branch waves are not excited. And Debye model is not suitable for
optical branch instead it is suitable for acoustical branch. Whereas Einstein model is
useful for high temperature and therefore can be applied to optical branch.
Q54. Consider a three-dimensional crystal of N inert gas atoms. The total energy is given by
   12   
6
U  R   2 N   p    q    , where p  12.13, q  14.45 and R is the nearest

  R   R  
neighbour distance between two atoms. The two constants,  and R , have the
dimensions of energy and length, respectively. The equilibrium separation between two
nearest neighbour atoms in units of  (rounded off to two decimal places)
is____________
Ans.: 1.09
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   12   
6
Solution: U  R   2 N   p    q   
  R   R  
dU  11
           
5
 0  2 N  12 p     2   6 q     2   0
dR  R  R   R   R  
 12 6
 12 p  6q 0
R13 R7
 12 6 12 p 6
 12 p 13
 6q 7
 R6  
R R 6q
1/ 6
 2p 
 R   given p  12.13 , q  14.45
 q 
1/ 6
 2 12.13 
   1.679    1.09 
1/ 6
R  
 14.45 
R
Thus  1.09

Q55. The energy-wavevector  E  k  dispersion relation for a particle in two dimensions is
E  Ck , where C is a constant. If its density of states D  E  is proportional to E p then
the value of p is____________

Ans.: 1
d 
 1
Solution: For E  k   k . The density of states in d - dimension is D  E   E
s s 
Given, E  Ck  s  1, d  2
2 
 1
Thus D  E   E 1 
 E1
Q56. A conventional type-I superconductor has a critical temperature of 4.7 K at zero
magnetic field and a critical magnetic field of 0.3 Tesla at 0 K . The critical field in Tesla
at 2K (rounded off to three decimal places) is__________
Ans.: 0.246
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  T 2    2 2 
Solution: H c T   H 0 1      0.3 1      0.3 1   0.426  
2
  Tc     4.7  
 0.3 1  0.181  0.3  0.819  0.246 Atm
Q57. A particle of mass m moves in a lattice along the x - axis in a periodic potential
V  x   V  x  d  with periodicity d . The corresponding Brillouin zone extends from
 k0 to k0 with these two k - points being equivalent. If a weak force F in the x -

direction is applied to the particle, it starts a periodic motion with the time period T .
dpcrystal
Using the equation of motion F  for a particle moving in a band, where pcrystal is
dt
the crystal momentum of the particle, the period T is found to be ( h is Planck constant)
2md 2md 2h h
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
F F Fd Fd
Ans. : (d)
d
Solution: E  E  Fdx  F  x 0  Fd
d
h h
Using Heisenberg uncertainty E  t  h , T  t   . Thus correct option is (d)
E Fd
Q58. In a certain two-dimensional lattice, the energy dispersion of the electrons is
  
  1
 k  2t cos k x a  2 cos k x a cos
2 2
3
kya
 

where k   k x , k y  denotes the wave vector, a is the lattice constant and t is a constant
in units of eV . In this lattice the effective mass tensor mij of electrons calculated at the
2   0 
center of the Brillouin zone has the form mij    . The value of  (rounded off
ta 2  0  
to two decimal places) is ____________
Ans.: 0.333
Solution: Effective mass tensor matrix 4
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 1 1   1 
m 0 
mxy   mxx
mij    
xx
 1 1   1 
   0
 myx m yy   m yy 
2 2
When mxx  and m yy 
 2 E / k x2  2 E / k y2
E  1   3 
Now  2t  a sin k x a  a sin  k x a  cos  k y a  
k x  2   2  
2 E  2 a2 1   3 
2
 2t  a cos  x 
k a  cos  k x a  cos  k y a  
dk x  2 2   2  
At the Brillouin zone centre i.e. at k x  k y  0
2 E  1
  2ta 2 1    3ta 2
k x
2
 2
E  1   3 
Similarly,  2t  3a cos  k x a  sin  k y a  
k y  2   2  
2 E  3a 2 1   3 
 2t  cos k
 x a cos  2 y  
 k a
k y2  2 2    
At the Brillouin zone centre i.e. at k x  k y  0
2 E
 3ta 2
 2y
2 2 2 2
Thus mxx   and m yy  
 2 E / k x2 3ta 2  2 E / k y2 3ta 2
 2  1 
 3ta 2 0  3 0
2
mij     2  
  2  ta 0 1
 0 3ta 2   3 
1
Thus    0.333 .
3
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Nuclear & Particle Physics

JEST-2013
Q1. 238
U decays with a half life of 4.51 109 years, the decay series eventually ending at
206
Pb , which is stable. A rock sample analysis shows that the ratio of the numbers of
206 238 206
atoms of Pb to U is 0.0058 . Assuming that all the Pb has been produced by the
238
decay of U and that all other half-lives in the chain are negligible, the age of the rock
sample is
(a) 38  106 years (b) 48  106 years (c) 38 107 years (d) 48  107 years
Ans.: (a)
1  N pb  N u 
Solution: t  ln  
u  N u 
1 t 4.51 109
Since,  1/ 2   6.507  109
 0.693 0.693
Hence, t  6.507  109 ln  0.0058  1  0.005783  6.507 109  37  106 year
Q2. The binding energy of the k -shell electron in a Uranium atom  Z  92, A  238  will be
modified due to (i) screening caused by other electrons and (ii) the finite extent of the
nucleus as follows:
(a) increases due to (i), remains unchanged due to (ii)
(b) decreases due to (i), decreases due to (ii)
(c) increases due to (i), increases due to (ii)
(d) decreases due to (i), remains unchanged due to (ii)
Ans.: (b)
JEST-2014
238
Q3. In the mixture of isotopes normally found on the earth at the present time, 92 U has an
235
abundance of 99.3% and 92 U has an abundance of 0.7%. The measured lifetimes of
these isotopes are 6.52  10 9 years and 1.02  10 9 years, respectively. Assuming that they
were equally abundant when the earth was formed, the estimated age of the earth, in
years is
(a) 6.0  10 9 (b) 1.0  10 9 (c) 6.0  10 8 (d) 1.0  10 8
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Ans.: (a)
92
Solution: If the number of U 238 nuclei originally formed is N , the number present now is
N 238  Net / T  Net / 6.52
where t is elapsed time in units of 109 year and T is life time of U . Since the number of
92
U 235 nuclei originally formed is. The number now present is
N 235  Ne  t /1.02
The present abundance of 92 U 235 is
N 235 N Ne t /1.02 1 4.96
7  103   235   t / 6.52
 e0.827 t  3
 143  t   6.0
N 238  N 235 N 238 Ne 7  10 0.827
That is, the elapsed time is t  6.0  109 yr.

JEST-2015
1 189
Q4. The stable nucleus that has the radius of Os nucleus is,
3
16
(a) 7Li (b) O (c) 4 He (d) 14
N
Ans.: (a)
1 1
Solution: R  ROs  R0  A   R0 189   A  7
1/ 3 1/ 3
3 3
Q5. The reaction e   e    is forbidden because,
(a) lepton number is not conserved (b) linear momentum is not conserved
(c) angular momentum is not conserved (d) charge is not conserved
Ans.: (b)
Solution: In order to conserve linear momentum two photons are required that move in opposite
direction.
JEST-2016
Q6. The half-life of a radioactive nuclear source is 9 days. The fraction of nuclei which are
left under caved after 3 days is:
7 1 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 3 6 21/ 3
Ans. : (d)
n 3/ 9
1 1 N 1
Solution: N  N 0    N 0     1/ 3
2 2 N0 2
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JEST-2019
Q7. A cyclotron can accelerate deuteron to 16 MeV . If the cyclotron is used to accelerate
 - particles, what will be their energy? Take the mass of deuteron to be twice the mass
of proton and mass of alpha particles to be four times the mass of protons.
(a) 8 MeV (b) 16 MeV (c) 32 MeV (d) 64 MeV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Energy gain in cyclotron is
q2 B2 R2
E
2m
Let Ed , md , E and m are the energy of mass of deuteron and  - particle
Ed m
 
E md
md 2m
 E  Ed   16 MeV
m m
E  32 MeV
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NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
GATE-2010
Q1. The basic process underlying the neutron β-decay is
(a) d  u  e    e (b) d  u  e 
(c) s  u  e    e (d) u  d  e    e
Ans: (a)
Q2. In the nuclear shell model the spin parity of 157 N is given by
1 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Ans: (a)
Solution: Z  7 ; s1 / 2   p3 / 2 4  p1 / 2 1
2
and N  8

1 1
l  1, J   parity   1  1,
1
spin - parity   
2 2
Q3. Match the reactions on the left with the associated interactions on the right.
(1) π+ → μ+ +  (i) Strong
(2) π0 → γ + γ (ii) Electromagnetic

(3) π0 + n → π- + p (iii) Weak
(a) (1, iii), (2, ii), (3, i) (b) (1, i), (2, ii), (3, iii)
(c) (1, ii), (2, i), (3, iii) (d) (1, iii), (2, i), (3, ii)
Ans: (a)
Q4. The ground state wavefunction of deuteron is in a superposition of s and d states. Which
of the following is NOT true as a consequence?
(a) It has a non-zero quadruple moment
(b) The neutron-proton potential is non-central
(c) The orbital wavefunction is not spherically symmetric
(d) The Hamiltonian does not conserve the total angular momentum
Ans: (d)
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228
Q5. The first three energy levels of Th90 are shown below
4 187 keV
2 57.5keV
0 0keV
The expected spin-parity and energy of the next level are given by
(a) (6+; 400 keV) (b) (6+; 300 keV) (c) (2+; 400 keV) (d) (4+; 300 keV)
Ans: (a)
E 2 J 2  J 2  1 E 66  1
Solution:   6   E 6  393keV
E1 J 1  J 1  1 E 4 44  1
GATE-2011
Q6. The semi-empirical mass formula for the binding energy of nucleus contains a surface
correction term. This term depends on the mass number A of the nucleus as
(a) A-1/3 (b) A1/3 (c) A2/3 (d) A
Ans: (c)
Q7. According to the single particles nuclear shell model, the spin-parity of the ground state
of 178 O is
   
1 3 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: Z  8 and N  9; s1 / 2   p3 / 2 4  p1 / 2 2 d 5 / 2 1
2

5 5
l  2, J   parity   1  1, spin - parity   
2
2 2
Q8. In the β-decay of neutron n→ p + e- + e , the anti-neutrino e , escapes detection. Its
existence is inferred from the measurement of
(a) energy distribution of electrons (b) angular distribution of electrons
(c) helicity distribution of electrons (d) forward-backward asymmetry of electrons
Ans: (a)
Q9. The isospin and the strangeness of   baryon are
(a) 1, -3 (b) 0, -3 (c) 1, 3 (d) 0, 3
Ans: (b)
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GATE-2012
Q10. Deuteron has only one bound state with spin parity 1+, isospin 0 and electric quadrupole
moment 0.286 efm2. These data suggest that the nuclear forces are having
(a) only spin and isospin dependence
(b) no spin dependence and no tensor components
(c) spin dependence but no tensor components
(d) spin dependence along with tensor components
Ans: (d)
Q11. The quark content of   , K  ,   and p is indicated:
   uus ; K   su ;    u d ; p  uud .
In the process,    p  K     , considering strong interactions only, which of the

following statements is true?
(a) The process, is allowed because ∆S = 0
(b) The process is allowed because ∆I3 =0
(c) The process is not allowed because ∆S ≠ 0 and ∆I3 ≠ 0
(d) The process is not allowed because the baryon number is violated
Ans: (c)
Solution:    p  k    
S: 0 0 1 1 (not conserved)
1 1
I3 : 1   1 (not conserved)
2 2
For strong interaction S and I3 must conserve. Therefore this process is not allowed under
strong interaction
Q12. Which one of the following sets corresponds to fundamental particles?
(a) proton, electron and neutron
(b) proton, electron and photon
(c) electron, photon and neutrino
(d) quark, electron and meson
Ans: (a)
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Q13. In case of a Geiger-Muller (GM) counter, which one of the following statement is
CORRECT?
(a) Multiplication factor of the detector is of the order of 1010
(b) Type of the particles detected can be identified
(c) Energy of the particles detected can be distinguished
(d) Operating voltage of the detector is few tens of Volts
Ans: (c)
Q14. Choose the CORRECT statement from the following
(a) Neutron interacts through electromagnetic interaction
(b) Electron does not interact through weak interaction
(c) Neutrino interacts through weak and electromagnetic interaction
(d) Quark interacts through strong interaction but not through weak interaction
Ans: (d)
GATE-2013
Q15. The decay process n  p   e   v e violates
(a) Baryon number (b) lepton number (c) isospin (d) strangeness
Ans: (c)
Q16. The isospin I  and baryon number B  of the up quark is
(a) I  1, B  1 (b) I  1, B  1 / 3
(c) I  1 / 2, B  1 (d) I  1 / 2, B  1 / 3
Ans: (d)
Q17. In the  decay process, the transition 2   3  , is

(a) allowed both by Fermi and Gamow-Teller selection rule
(b) allowed by Fermi and but not by Gamow-Teller selection rule
(c) not allowed by Fermi but allowed by Gamow-Teller selection rule
(d) not allowed both by Fermi and Gamow-Teller selection rule
Ans: (c)
Solution: According to Fermi Selection Rule:
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I  0, Parity  No Change
According to Gammow-Teller Selection Rule:
I  0,1, Parity  No Change
In the  decay process, the transition 2   3  ,

I  1, Parity  No Change .
GATE-2014
Q18. Which one of the following is a fermions’?

(a)  -particle (b) 4 Be7 nucleus
(c) Hydrogen atom (d) deuteron
Ans: (b)
Solution: If a nucleus contains odd number of nucleons, it is fermions. If a nucleus contains even
number of nucleons, it is a boson.
Q19. Which one of the following three-quark states  qqq  denoted by X CANNOT be a
possible baryon? The corresponding electric charge is indicated in the superscript.

(a) X   (b) X  (c) X  (d) X  
Ans: (d)
Solution: X  qqq
2 2 2 6
X   uuu      2  two unit positive charge 
3 3 3 3
2 2 1 4 1
X   uud       1 single unit positive charge 
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
X   ddd       1 single unit negative charge 
3 3 3
X   Not possible with qqq  . So the correct option is (d)
Q20. Consider the process           . The minimum kinetic energy of the muons
  in the centre of mass frame required to produce the pion   pairs at rest is
______ MeV .
Ans: 81.7
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Solution: Use conservation of energy and momentum in relativistic form.

m  105 MeV / c 2 and m  140 MeV / c 2
m   c
2 2
   m  c 2  m   m 2
 280 
2
MeV   210  MeV
2
E   E   163.3 MeV
2m 2  105
163.3
For pair it will be MeV  81.7 MeV
2
Q21. A nucleus X undergoes a first forbidden  -decay to nucleus Y . If the angular
7
momentum I  and parity P  , denoted by I P as for X , which of the following is a
2
possible I P value for Y ?
1 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: For first forbidden  -decay; I  0,1 or 2 and Parity does change.
GATE-2015
Q22. The decay    e    is forbidden, because it violates
(a) momentum and lepton number conservations
(b) baryon and lepton number conservations
(c) angular momentum conservation
(d) lepton number conservation
Ans.: (d)
Solution:    e    . In this decay lepton number is not conserved.
Q23. A beam of X - ray of intensity I 0 is incident normally on a metal sheet of thickness
2 mm . The intensity of the transmitted beam is 0.025 I 0 . The linear absorption
 
coefficient of the metal sheet in m 1 is _______________ (upto one decimal place)
Ans.: 1844.4
x 1  I0  1  I0  1
Solution: I  I 0 e  ln    3
ln   3
ln  40 
x  I  2  10  0.025 I 0  2  10
2.303
3 
 log10 40  1.151 103  2  0.3010  1  1844.4 m 1
2  10
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Q24. The mean kinetic energy of a nucleon in a nucleus of atomic weight A varies as An ,
where n is____________(upto two decimal places)
Ans.: -0.67
R 2  d 2 1 d  2 2
   2  4 r dr
2 R
0 2m  dr r dr   4   2  2  dr  4  4 R
Solution: T   2m 0
 2 m
R R
4 R 3 / 3
 4 r 2 dr   2
4 r dr
0 0
2
1 1 1  2
 T  2
 2
 2
 A 3
 n    0.667  0.67
R  1
 3
R A
 0 
3 A3
 
152 152
Q25. The atomic masses of 63 Eu, 62 Sm, 11 H and neutron are 151.921749, 151.919756,
1.007825 and 1.008665 in atomic mass units (amu), respectively. Using the above
3
information, the Q - value of the reaction 152
63 62 Sm  p is ___________  10
Eu  n 152
amu (upto three decimal places)
Ans.: 2.833
Solution: Q  152.930414  152.927581  2.833  103 a.m.u.
1  
Q26. In the nuclear shell model, the potential is modeled as V r   m 2 r 2  L  S ,   0 .
2
The correct spin-parity and isospin assignments for the ground state of 136C is
1  1 1  1 3 1 3  1
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ;
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans.: (a)
2 4 1
      1
Solution: C6 , N  7, Z  6 , for N  7 ; 1S 1 
13
1P3   P1   j  and l  1
 2  2  2 2

1
Thus spin- parity is   .
2
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GATE-2016
Q27. In the SU 3 quark model, the triplet of mesons   ,  0 ,    has
(a) Isospin  0 , Strangeness  0 (b) Isospin  1 , Strangeness  0
1 1
(c) Isospin  , Strangeness  1 (d) Isospin  , Strangeness  1
2 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution:   ,  0 ,   are not strange particle thus strangness  0
Since meson group contain 3 particles, thus I  1

25 Mn  e  24 Cr  X . The particle X is
Consider the reaction 54 54
Q28.
(a)  (b)  e (c) n (d)  0

Ans.: (b)
Q29. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
(a) A deuteron can be disintegrated by irradiating it with gamma rays of energy 4 MeV .
(b) A deuteron has no excited states.
(c) A deuteron has no electric quadrupole moment.
(d) The 1 S 0 state of deuteron cannot be formed.
Ans.: (c)
Q30. According to the nuclear shell model, the respective ground state spin-parity values of
15 17
8 O and 8 O nuclei are

1 1 1 5 3 5  3  1
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans.: (b)
N  7 :  s1/ 2   p3/ 2   p1/ 2 
2 4 1
8 O ; Z  8 and N  7 ;
Solution: 15

1 1
 j  and l  1 . Thus spin and parity   
2 2
N  9 :  s1/ 2   p3/ 2   p1/ 2   d5/ 2 

2 4 2 1
17
8 O ; Z  8 and N  9 ;

5 5
2 2
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GATE-2017
Q31. Which one of the following conservation laws is violated in the decay         
(a) Angular momentum (b) Total Lepton number
(c) Electric charge (d) Tau number
Ans. : (d)
Solution:        
q  1 1  1  1 conserved
L  1 1  1  1 conserved
L  1 0 0 0 Not conserved
1 1 1
spin = 1 conserved
2 2 2 2
Tau number is not conserved
Q32. Electromagnetic interactions are:
(a) C conserving
(b) C non-conserving but CP conserving
(c) CP non-conserving but CPT conserving
(d) CPT non-conserving
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In electromagnetic interaction C is conserved
CPT: Conserved in all interaction
CP: Conserved in EM and Strong interactions
13.6
En   eV 
n2
For n  1 , E1  13.6 eV Ground state
For n   , E  0 Highest state

Thus, correct option is (a)
Q33. In the nuclear reaction 13C6  e  13N 7  X , the particle X is
(a) an electron (b) an anti-electron
(c) a muon (d) a pion
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: 13C6  e  13N 7  X  13C6  13N 7  X  e
Le  0 0 1 1
To conserve the Lepton number Le , X should be e 
Q34. J P for the ground state of the 13 C6 nucleus is
3 3 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: 13 C6 : Z  6, N  7 , N  7 :  s1/ 2   p3/ 2   p1/ 2 

2 4 1

1 1
2 2
Q35. The   decays at rest to   and v . Assuming the neutrino to be massless, the
momentum of the neutrino is…………….. MeV / c . (up to two decimal places)

( m  139 MeV / c 2 , m  105 MeV / c 2 )
Ans. : 29.84
Solution: E 
m 
2

 m2 c 2
 pc
2m
So p
m 
2

 m2 c

19321  11025 29.84
  MeV 
2m 2  139 c c
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GATE-2018
Q36. The elementary particle  is placed in the baryon decuplet, shown below, at
0

Strangeness
Q
P R
S
3rd component of isospin
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S

Ans. : (c)
 0  
0
  
 
Q
 0
 
P R


Q37. In the decay,    e    e  X , what is X ?
(a)  (b)  e (c)   (d)  
Ans. : (d)
Solution:- u   e   e  u
Lu :  1 0 0 1
Le : 0 1 1 0
Q38. For nucleus 164

Er , a J   2 state is at 90 keV . Assuming 164
Er to be a rigid rotor, the
energy of its 4 state is ___________ keV (up to one decimal place)

Ans. : 300
Solution: EJ  hcBJ  J  1 _________ 4
E2  hc B 2  2  1 and E4  hc B 4  4  1 _________ 2
E4 20 20
Then,   E4   90 keV  300 keV
E2 6 6
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Q39. Inside a large nucleus, a nucleon with mass 939 MeVc 2 has Fermi momentum 1.40 fm 1
at absolute zero temperature. Its velocity is Xc , where the value of X is__________ (up
to two decimal places).
( c  197 MeV -fm )
Ans. : 0.29
Solution: Here, fermi – momentum or fermi radius, k F  1.40 fm 1 and c  197 Mev – fm
Now, Fermi velocity –
P k F  c  k F  c 197   1 40  c 275  8c
VF       0.29c
m m mc2 939 939
Q40. An  particle is emitted by a 230

90 Th nucleus. Assuming the potential to be purely
Coulombic beyond the point of separation, the height of the Coulomb barrier is________
MeV (up to two decimal places).
e2
(  1.44 MeV -fm, r0  1.30 fm )
4 0
Ans. : 25.995
Solution: The height of coulomb barrier for  particle from
90 Th 230  88 X 226  2 He 4 (  - particle)
1  2 ze 2 
VC   
4 0  R 
e2
Here, R0  1.3 fm,  1.44 MeV fm
4 0
And R  R0 A1 / 3
Here, we consider pure Coulombic interection
 A1X/ 3  A1 / 3  226   4   6.09  1.58  7.67
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
ATh
R  R0 ATh
1/ 3
 1.37.67 
 e2  2  90 180  1.44 MeV

Hence, VC    
 4 0  1.37.67  1.3  7.67 fm
VC  25.995 MeV
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GATE-2019
Q41. Considering baryon number and lepton number conservation laws, which of the
following process is/are allowed?
(i) p   0  e   ve
(ii) e   ve     v
(a) both (i) and (ii) (b) only (i) (c) only (ii) (d) neither (i) nor (ii)
Ans. : (c)
Solution: (i) P   0  e  e
B : 1 0 0 0 : Not conserved
Therefore, this is not an allowed process
(ii) e  e    
q: 1 0 1 0 : conserved
spin : 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 : conserved
Le : 1 1 0 0 : conserved
L : 0 0 1 1 : conserved
Since neutrino is involve, therefore parity is violated. This is allowed through weak
interaction
Q42. A massive particle X in free space decays spontaneously into two photons. Which of the
following statements is true for X ?
(a) X is charged
(b) Spin of X must be greater than or equal to 2
(c) X is a boson
(d) X must be a baryon
Ans. : (c)
Solution: X  rr
q: 0 0 0
spin : 0,1, 2 1 1
Thus spin of X can be either 0,1 or 2 . (integer)
Therefore, option (b) is wrong while option (c) is correct.
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40
Q43. The nuclear spin and parity of 20 Ca in its ground state is
(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 1

Ans.: (a)
Solution: 40
20 Ca is an even-even nuclei, therefore I  0, P   ve
 Spin-parity  0
Q44. Low energy collision ( s - wave scattering) of pion (   ) with deuteron ( d ) results in the
production of two proton (    d  p  p ). The relative orbital angular momentum (in
units of  ) of the resulting two-proton system for this reaction is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Ans.: (b)
Solution:   d  p p
Parity:  1   1 (1)l  p p
  1  p p  1
l
Since  p  1   1l  1
Thus, l  1 .
Q45. A radioactive element X has a half-life of 30 hours. It decays via alpha, beta and
gamma emissions with the branching ratio for beta decay being 0.75 . The partial half-life
for beta decay in unit of hours is ____________
Ans.: 40
Solution: Branching ratio is the fraction of particles (here  ) which decays by an individual
decay mode with respect to the total number of particles which decays
 dN 
 
 dt  x T1/ 2  x T1/ 2  x 30
BR    T1/ 2      40 hours
 dt  T1/ 2  BR 0.75
 
 dt  
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NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. The radius of a 64

29 Cu nucleus is measured to be 4.8  10-13 cm.
(A) The radius of a 27
12 Mg nucleus can be estimated to be
(a) 2.86  10-13 cm (b) 5.2 10-13 cm (c) 3.6 10-13 cm (d) 8.6 10-13 cm
Ans. : (c)
1/ 3
RMg  AMg 
1/ 3
 27 
Solution: Since R  R0  A      
1/ 3
RCu  ACu   64 
RMg 3 3
  RMg   4.8  10 13  3.6  10 13 cm.

RCu 4 4
(B) The root-mean-square (r.m.s) energy of a nucleon in a nucleus of atomic number A in
its ground state varies as:
(a) A4 / 3 (b) A1 / 3 (c) A1/ 3 (d) A2 / 3
Ans. : (c)
Q2. A beam of pions (π+) is incident on a proton target, giving rise to the process
  p  n  
(A) Assuming that the decay proceeds through strong interactions, the total isospin I and
its third component I3 for the decay products, are
3 3 5 5
(a) I  , I 3  (b) I  , I 3 
2 2 2 2
5 3 1 1
(c) I  , I 3  (d) I  , I 3  
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
1 5 1 3
Solution:    p  n       ; I : 1 1  , I3 :  11 
2 2 2 2
(B) Using isospin symmetry, the cross-section for the above process can be related to that
of the process
(a)  n  p  (b)  p  n  
     
(c)  n  p  (d)  p  n 
     
Ans. : (c)
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NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q3. According to the shell model the spin and parity of the two nuclei 125
51 Sb and 89
38 Sr are,
respectively,
   
5 5 5 7
(a)   and   (b)   and  
2 2 2 2
   
7 5 7 7
(c)   and   (d)   and  
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: 125
51 Sb ; Z  51 and N  74
Z  51
 s1/ 2   p3/ 2   p1/ 2   d5 / 2   s1/ 2   d3/ 2   f 7 / 2   p3/ 2   f5 / 2   p1/ 2   g9 / 2   g7 / 2 

2 4 2 6 2 4 8 4 6 2 10 1

7 7
2 2
89
38 Sr ; Z  38 and N  51
N  51:
 s1/ 2   p3/ 2   p1/ 2   d5 / 2   s1/ 2   d3/ 2   f 7 / 2   p3/ 2   f5 / 2   p1/ 2   g9 / 2   g 7 / 2 

2 4 2 6 2 4 8 4 6 2 10 1

7 7
 j and l  4 . Thus spin and parity   
2 2
Q4. The difference in the Coulomb energy between the mirror nuclei 49
24 Cr and 49
25 Mn is
6.0 MeV . Assuming that the nuclei have a spherically symmetric charge distribution and
that e2 is approximately 1.0 MeV-fm, the radius of the 49

25 Mn nucleus is
(a) 4.9  10-13 m (b) 4.9  10-15 m

(c) 5.1  10-13 m (d) 5.1  10-15 m
3  1  10 15
Ans. : (b) R
3e 2
5  W
Z1  Z 2  
2 2
5 6
25 2  24 2   4.9  10 15 m .
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
1
Q5. The ground state of 12 Pb nucleus has spin-parity J  , while the first excited state
207 p
2
5
has J  p
.The electromagnetic radiation emitted when the nucleus makes a transition
2
from the first excited state to ground state are
(a) E2 and E3 (b) M2 or E3 (c) E2 or M3 (d) M2 or M3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: No parity change; J  2,3
For El type,    1 , (for no parity change l  2 )

l
For M l type,    1 , (for no parity change l  3 )

l 1
J  2 , No parity change  E 2 ; J  3 , No parity change  M 3

Q6. The dominant interactions underlying the following processes
A. K   p      , B.       K   K  , C.    p   0 are
(a) A: strong, B: electromagnetic and; C: weak

(b) A: strong, B: weak and; C: weak
(c) A: weak, B: electromagnetic and; C: strong
(d) A: weak, B: electromagnetic and; C: weak
Ans. : (a)
(A) K   p      (Strong interaction)
1 1
I 3 :    1  1 (Conserved)
2 2
(B)       K   K  (Electromagnetic interaction)
(C)    p   0 (Weak interaction)

1
I3 :1  0 (Not conserved)
2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q7. The binding energy of a light nucleus Z , A in MeV is given by the approximate formula
B A, Z   16 A  20 A 2/3 3
 Z 2 A 1 / 3  30
N  Z  2
4 A
where N  A  Z is the neutron number. The value of Z of the most stable isobar for a
given A is
1 1 1
A A2 / 3  A A A2 / 3  A A4 / 3 
(a) 1   (b) (c) 1   (d) 1  
2 160  2 2 120  2 64 
Ans. : (a)
1
B A A2 / 3 
Solution:  0  Z   1  
Z Z Z  2 160 
Q8. A spin-1/2 particle A undergoes the delay A  B  C  D , where it is known

that B and C are also spin-1/2 particles. The complete set of allowed values of the spin of
the particle D is
1 3 5 1 1 3 5 7
(a) ,1, , 2, , 3, ... (b) 0, 1 (c) only (d) , , , ,....
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Spin of the left side and combined spin of the products must be same to conserve the
spin angular momentum conservation law.
Q9. Muons are produced through the annihilation of particle a and its anti-particle, namely
the process a  a       . A muon has a rest mass of 105 MeV/c2 and its proper life
time is 2 s . If the center of mass energy of the collision is 2.1 GeV in the laboratory
frame that coincides with the center-of-mass frame, then the fraction of muons that will
decay before they reach a detector placed 6 km away from the interaction point is
(a) e 1 (b) 1  e 1 (c) 1  e 2 (d) e 10
Ans. : (b)
t
 t N  2.1
Solution: N  N 0 e   e t  e  , where   2  10 6 s ,    10 3  20 and
N0 105
6  10 3
1
5 t 1 N 
t  2  10 sec . Thus    e 2
 1  e 1 .
3  10 8
 2 N0
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NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
A
Q10. The intrinsic electric dipole moment of a nucleus Z X
(a) increases with Z , but independent of A
(b) decreases with Z , but independent of A
(c) is always zero
(d) increases with Z and A
Ans. : (d)
Q11. According to the shell model, the total angular momentum (in units of  ) and the parity
of the ground state of the 37 Li nucleus is
3 3
(a) with negative parity (b) with positive parity
2 2
1 7
(c) with positive parity (d) with negative parity
2 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Z  3, N  4
For odd Z  3; s12/ 2  p31 / 2   j  3 / 2, l  1 and parity   11  1 .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q12. The recently-discovered Higgs boson at the LHC experiment has a decay mode into a
photon and a Z boson. If the rest masses of the Higgs and Z boson are 125 GeV/c 2 and
90 GeV/c 2 respectively, and the decaying Higgs particle is at rest, the energy of the
photon will approximately be
(a) 35 3 GeV (b) 35 GeV (c) 30 GeV (d) 15 GeV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Assume H is symbol of Higgs boson, H  Z 
E H2  E Z2 1252  902
E    30GeV
2EH 2  125
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Q13. In a classical model, a scalar (spin-0) meson consists of a quark and an antiquark bound
b
by a potential V r   ar  , where a  200 MeV fm -1 and b  100 MeV fm . If the
r
masses of the quark and antiquark are negligible, the mass of the meson can be estimated
as approximately
(a) 141 MeV/c 2 (b) 283 MeV/c 2 (c) 353 MeV/c 2 (d) 425 MeV/c 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: At equilibrium separation the potential is minimum, thus the equilibrium separation
can be determined as
dV  r  b b 100MeVfm 1
a  0  r0   1
 fm
dr r  r0
r02
a 200MeVfm 2
The equilibrium separation between particles is also estimated by uncertainty principle


r0  ct  r0  c ( where, Et  )
E
Where, c is the velocity of the virtual meson
 200 MeV . fm
r0  c 
E E MeV 
200MeV . fm 1
Using above two relation  fm
E MeV  2
E  200 2  283MeV  E  m  c 2
E
the mass of the meson m   283MeV / c 2
c 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q14. Consider the four processes
(i) p   n  e   ve (ii) 0  p   e   v e
(iii)    e   ve (iv)  0    
which of the above is/are forbidden for free particles?
(a) only (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii)
Ans. : (d)
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Solution: (i) p   n  e   e [Not allowed]

It violate energy conservation. The mass of proton is less than mass of neutron. Free
proton is stable and can not decay to neutron. Proton can decay to neutron only inside the
nucleus, where energy violation is taken care by Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
(ii)  0  p   e   e [Not allowed]. In this decay charge is not conserved
(iii)    e   e [allowed through Weak interaction]
(iv)  0     [allowed through Electromagnetic interaction]

Q15. In deep inelastic scattering electrons are scattered off protons to determine if a proton has
any internal structure. The energy of the electron for this must be at least
(a) 1.25  10 9 eV (b) 1.25  1012 eV (c) 1.25  10 6 eV (d) 1.25  10 8 eV
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The internal structure of proton can only be determined if the wavelength of the
incoming electron is nearly equal to the size of the proton
i.e.   R  1.2 A1/ 3  fm   1.2 fm  1.2  1015 m
h h
According to de-Broglie relation,   
p 2mE
 0 150
This can be also written as    
  E  eV 
150 150
 E  eV     1.04  1012  E  1.04 1012 eV
1.2  10 
2 5 2
  0
    
 
The bet suitable answer is option (b).
Q16. If the binding energy B of a nucleus (mass number A and charge Z ) is given by
 2Z  A
2
aC Z 2
B  aV A  aS A 2/3
 asym  1/ 3
A A
where aV  16 MeV , a S  16 MeV , a sym  24 MeV and aC  0.75 MeV , then for the most
stable isobar for a nucleus with A  216 is

(a) 68 (b) 72 (c) 84 (d) 92
Ans. : (c)
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dB 2  2Z  A   2 2aC Z
Solution: For the most stable isobar for a nucleus  0  asym  1/ 3  0
dZ A A
2  2Z  216   2 2Z 4  2Z  216  3 2Z
 24  0.75 0   0
 216 
1/ 3
216 9 4 6
4  2Z  216  Z
   0  16  2 Z  216   9 Z  0  41Z  216  16  Z  82.3
9 4
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q17. The reaction 2
1 D 12 D 42 He   0 cannot proceed via strong interactions because it
violates the conservation of
(a) angular momentum (b) electric charge
(c) baryon number (d) isospin
Ans. (d)
Solution: 1 D 2  1 D 2  2 He 4   0 (Not conserved)
I: 0 0  0 1
This isopin is not conserved in above reaction.
Q18. Let us approximate the nuclear potential in the shell model by a three dimensional
isotropic harmonic oscillator. Since the lowest two energy levels have angular momenta
l  0 and l  1 respectively, which of the following two nuclei have magic numbers of
protons and neutrons?
(a) 42 He and 16
8 O (b) 12 D and 84 Be (c) 42 He and 84 Be (d) 42 He and 12
6 C
Ans. (a)
Solution: 2 He 4 has Z  2, N  2
and 8 O16 has Z  8, N  8 magic numbers  2,8, 20, 28,50,82,126 
Q19. The charm quark S assigned a charm quantum number C  1 . How should the
Gellmann-Nishijima formula for electric charge be modified for four flavors of quarks?
1 1
(a) I 3  B  S C (b) I 3  B  S  C
2 2
1 1
(c) I 3  B  S C (d) I 3  B  S  C
2 2
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Ans. (d)
1
Solution: From Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula Q  I 3  B  S
2
1
For Quark it is generalized as Q  I 3  B  S  C
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q20. Consider the following processes involving free particles
(i) n  p  e   ve (ii) p  n   
(iii) p  n      0   0 (iv) p  ve  n  e 
Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Process (i) obeys all conservation laws
(b) Process (ii) conserves baryon number, but violates energy-momentum conservation
(c) process (iii) is not allowed by strong interaction but is allowed by weak interactions
(d) Process (iv) conserves baryon number, but violates lepton number conservation
Ans. : (b)
Solution: (i) n  p  e   ve
q 0 1 1 0 (conserved)
1 1 1 1
spin     (not conserved)
2 2 2 2
Le 0 0  1  1 (not conserved)
(ii) Baryon number is conserved but energy and momentum conservation violated.
(iii) spin is not conserved
(iv) obeys all conservation laws.
Q21. Of the nuclei of mass number A  125 , the binding energy calculated from the liquid
drop model (given that the coefficients for the Coulomb and the asymmetry energy are
ac  0.7 MeV and asym  22.5 MeV respectively) is a maximum for
(a) 125
54 Xe (b) 124
53 I (c) 125
52 Te (d) 125
51 Sb
Ans. : (c)
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4  22.5 125  0.7  53 

2/3
4aa  ac A1/ 3 4aa A  ac A2 / 3
Solution: Z 0    Z0 
2ac A1/ 3  8aa A1 8aa  2ac A2 / 3 8  22.5  2  0.7  53 
2/3
11250  17.5 11267.5

 Z0    52.4  Z 0  52
180  35 215
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q22. A radioactive element X decays to Y , which in turn decays to a stable element Z . The
decay constant from X to Y is 1 , and that from Y to Z is 2 . If, to begin with, there are
1 1
only N 0 atoms of X , at short times ( t  as well as ) the number of atoms of Z
1 2
will be
1 12
(a) 12 N 0t 2 (b) N 0t
2 2  1  2 
(c)  1  2  N 0t 2 (d)  1  2  N 0t
2
Ans. : (a)
1 2
X   Y  Z
Solution: t  0 N0 0 0
t N1 N2 N3
dN dN
Rate equations N1  N 0 e  1t , 2  1 N1  2 N 2 , 3  2 N 2
dt dt
  e 2t  e  1 t 
N 3  N 0 1  1  2 
  2  1   2  1  
 1  22t 2  2  12t 2  
 N 0 1   1   t     1   t  
  2  1   2   2  1  
2 1
2  
 1  t 1 22t 2 2 2 1t 2 12t 2 
 N 0 1   1 2     
  2  1   2  1   2  1  2  2  1   2  1   2  1  2 
 1  2t 2 2  2t 2    t 2   1  1
 N0   2   1   1 2 N0  2    12 N 0t
2
  2 1 
   2  2 1
   2  2  
 2 1 2  1 2
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Q23. In the large hadron collider  LHC  , two equal energy proton beams traverse in opposite
directions along a circular path of length 27 km . If the total centre of mass energy of a
proton-proton pair is 14 TeV , which of the following is the best approximation for the
proper time taken by a proton to traverse the entire path?
(a) 12 ns (b) 1.2  s (c) 1.2 ns (d) 0.12  s
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The proton travel at nearly speed of light in LHC , therefore
d 27 103
t   9 105 sec
c 3 108
v2 t
Since, proton is relativistic, t0  t 1  2 
c 
1 m0 c 2 938 MeV 938  106 eV
 E   m0 c 2      1.34 104
 E 7 TeV 7 1012 eV
t
Thus, t0   9  105  1.34 104  1.2 108 sec  12 ns

Q24. Let ES denotes the contribution of the surface energy per nucleon in the liquid drop
model. The ratio ES  27

13 
Al : ES  64
30 
Zn is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 5 : 3 (d) 3 : 2

Ans. : (b)
2 1 1
E  Al   27  3  64  3 4
1 
B A3 
Solution: ES   A3 S   
A A ES  Z n  1 1
 64  3  27  3 3

Q25. According to the shell model, the nuclear magnetic moment of the 27
13 Al nucleus is (Given
that for a proton gl  1, g s  5.586 , and for a neutron gl  0, g s  3.826 )
(a) 1.913  N (b) 14.414  N (c) 4.793  N (d) 0

Ans. : (c)
5
Solution: 13 Al 27 : Z  13, N  14 for Z  13, S1/2 2 , P3/4 2 , P1/22 , d55/ 2  j  , l  2
2
 2 j  1  g S   N   2   1  5.586  N    4.793  N
1 1 5
Magnetic moment,  
2 2 2 
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NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q26. What should be the minimum energy of a photon for it to split an  -particle at rest into a
tritium and a proton?
(The masses of 4
2 He, 13 H and 1
1 H are 4.0026 amu,3.0161 amu and 1.0073 amu
respectively, and 1 amu  938 MeV )

(a) 32.2 MeV (b) 3MeV (c) 19.3 MeV (d) 931.5 MeV
Ans. : (c)
E  m c 2  m1H 3 c 2  m1H 1 c 2
or E   m1H 3  m1H 1  m   938 MeV  19.5 MeV
Q27. Which of the following reaction(s) is/are allowed by the conservation laws?
(i)    n   0  K 
(ii)    p   0  K 0
(a) both (i) and (ii) (b) only (i)
(c) only (ii) (d) neither (i) nor (ii)
Ans. : (a)
Solution: (i)    n   0  K 
q :1  0  0  1
B : 0 1  1 0
S : 0  0  1  1
Reaction is allowed
(ii)    p   0  K 0
q : 1  1  0  0
B : 0 1  1 0
S : 0  0  1  1
Reaction is allowed
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Q28. A particle, which is a composite state of three quarks u , d and s , has electric charge,
spin and strangeness respectively, equal to
1 1 1
(a) 1, , 1 (b) 0, 0, 1 (c) 0, , 1 (d) 1,   1
2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: charge, spin and strangers of Quarks u , d & s are given as
U D S Total
Charge 2 1 1 0
3 3 3
Spin 1 1 1 1 3
or
2 2 2 2 2
Strangeness 0 0 1 1
If a particle x is a composite of u, d & s , then net charge, spin and strangeness on x is
net charge  0
1 3
net spin  or and net strangeness  1
2 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q29. If in a spontaneous  - decay of 232
92 U at rest, the total energy released in the reaction is
Q , then the energy carried by the  - particle is

(a) 57Q / 58 (b) Q / 57 (c) Q / 58 (d) 23Q / 58
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Energy carried by the   particle is
 A4 228 57
KE   Q  Q Q
 A  232 58
Q30. The range of the nuclear force between two nucleons due to the exchange of pions is
1.40 fm . If the mass of pion is 140 MeV / c 2 and the mass of the rho-meson is
770 MeV / c 2 , then the range of the force due to exchange of rho-mesons is
(a) 1.40 fm (b) 7.70 fm (c) 0.25 fm (d) 0.18 fm
Ans. : (c)
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c
Solution: Range for nuclear force between nucleon will be R  ct  and c  199MeVfm
mc 2
199 MeVfm
R  0.25 fm
MeV 2
770 2  c
c
Q31. A baryon X decays by strong interaction as X         0 , where   is a member
of the isotriplet    ,  0 ,    . The third component I 3 of the isospin of X is
(a) 0 (b) 1/ 2 (c) 1 (d) 3 / 2

Ans. : (a)
Solution: X        0
I 3 :1
1 0
 I 3 for X is 0 .
NET/JRF (DEC-2017)
Q32. 28 Ni , in
The spin-parity assignments for the ground and first excited states of the isotope 57
the single particle shell model, are
   
1 3 5 7
(a)   and   (b)   and  
2 2 2 2
   
3 5 3 5
(c)   and   (d)   and  
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Spin parity for 28 Ni 57 for ground state and first excited state
For 28 Ni 57 : P  28 , N  29  will decide the j P
So, for N  29 , ground state configuration,

1s1/2 21 p3/4 21 p1/2 21d56/ 2 2s1/2 21d3/4 21 f 78/ 2 2 p3/1 2
3
So, j  , l  1
2

3
Spin parity for ground state of 28 Ni
57
 
2
For first excited state,
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1s1/2 21 p3/4 21 p1/2 21d56/ 2 2s1/2 21d 3/4 21 f 78/ 2 2 p3/1 2  1 f 5 / 2


5 5
P  , l  3  spin parity   
2 2
Q33. The first excited state of the rotational spectrum of the nucleus 238
92 U has an energy
45 keV above the ground state. The energy of the second excited state (in keV) is
(a) 150 (b) 120 (c) 90 (d) 60
Solution: As per the shell model (Collective Model)
Rotational Energies,
2
Er  J  J  1 , I  is moment of inertia where only even value of J are allowed
2I
i.e., J  0 , 2 , 4 , 6 ,........
Now, for ground state J  0 , E  0 keV
For first excited stat, J  2 , E  45keV (given)

2  2 45
So, 45 keV   2  3 or,  keV (i)
2I 2I 6
Now, for second excited state, J  4
2 2
E2   4  5 (put value of from (i))
2I 2I
45 900
or, E2   20   150 keV .
6 6
Q34. Which of the following process is not allowed by the strong interaction but is allowed by
the weak interaction?
(a) K 0   0  K 0       (b) p  n  d  p  p
(c)    K 0  p  n (d) p     n   
Ans. : (a)
Solution: (1) K0  0  K0    
Charge 0 0 0 1 1 Conserved
Spin 0 0 0 0 0 Conserved
1 1
I 1 1 1 Not conserved
2 2
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1 1
I3 0  1 1  I3  1
2 2
S 1 0 1 0 0 S  1
This interaction is not allowed by strong interaction but allowed by weak interaction.
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q35. The reaction 63
Cu29  p  63
Zn30  n is followed by a prompt   decay of zinc
63
Zn30  63Cu29  e   ve . If the maximum energy of the position is 2.4 MeV , the Q -
value of the original reaction in MeV is nearest to

[Take the masses of electron, proton and neutron to be 0.5 MeV / c 2 ,938 MeV / c 2 and
939.5 MeV / c 2 ,respectively.]

(a) 4.4 (b) 2.4 (c) 4.8 (d) 3.4
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For 63
Zn30 63 Cu29  e   e
Q1   Zn  30e   Cu  29e  e   Zn  Cu  2e  2.4 MeV
For 63
Cu29  p  63
Zn30  n
Q0   Cu  29e   p    Zn  30e   n 
 Cu  Zn  e  p  n   Q1  2e   e  p  n  Q1  e  p  n 
 2.4   0.5  938  939.5   4.4. MeV
Q36. A deuteron d captures a charged pion   in the l  1 state, and subsequently decays into
a pair of neutrons  n  via strong interaction. Given that the intrinsic parities of   , d and
n are 1, 1 and 1 respectively, the spin wavefunction of the final state neutrons is
(a) linear combination of a singlet and a triplet
(b) singlet
(c) triplet
(d) doublet
Ans. : (b)
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Solution: Parity must conserve intersections

 d nn
The parity of the initial state is
1
 1 P Pd   1  1 1  1
l
The parity of the final state is
 1 Pn Pn   1  1 1   1  1

l l l
l  0, 2,....
because the nucleons are identical fermions, the allowed states of two nucleons are
1
S0 , 3 P0,1,2 corresponding to l  0 and l  1 . Thus only l  0 (singlet) is allowed.
Q37. Which of the following elementary particle processes does not conserve strangeness?
(a)  0  p  k    0 (b)    p  k 0   0
(c)  0   0  n (d) K 0      
Ans. : (d)
Solution: (a)
 0  p  k   0
Conserved
S: 0 0 1 1
(b)
  p  k 0  0
Conserved
S: 0 0 1 1
(c)
0  0 n
Conserved
S: 0 0 0
(d)
K0     
Not conserved
S : 1 0 0
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NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
Q38. Assume that pion-nucleon scattering at low energies, in which isospin is conserved is
 
described by the effective interaction potential Veff  F  r  I .I N , where F  r  is a
 
function of the radial separation r and I and I N denote, respectively, the isospin
 I 3/ 2
vectors of a pion and the nucleon. The ratio of the scattering cross-sections
 I 1/ 2
3 1
corresponding to total isospins I  and is
2 2
3 1 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 2
Ans. : None of the options is matched.
Solution: The isospin of pion is I  1
1
The isospin of nucleon is I N 
2
3 1
 Total isospin is I  ,
2 2
There are three different  - mesons
1,1  1,   , 1, 0   0 , 1, 1   
and two nucleons, a proton and a neutron

1 1 1 1
,  P , ,  n
2 2 2 2
3
we can write the states corresponding I 
2
3 3 1 1
,  1,1 ,    p
2 2 2 2
3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 
,  1, 0 ,  1,1 ,    p   n
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1  2 0
,  1, 1 ,  1, 0 ,    p   n
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
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3 3 1 1
,  1, 1 ,    n
2 2 2 2
2 2
 2  1   1   2
2 2
  I 3 / 2  1             1
2 2
 3  3  3  3
2 1 1 2
 1    1  4
3 3 3 3
1
The states corresponding to I  are
3
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2  1 0
,  1,1 ,   1, 0 ,   n   p
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 
,  1, 0 ,   1, 1 ,   n   p
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
2 2
 2  1   1   1   2
2 2 2
  I 1/ 2             
 3  3   3   3   3 
2 1 1 2
    2
3 3 3 3
 I 3 / 2 4 2
Thus  
 I 1/ 2 2 1
The best possible answer is option (d)
Q39. A nucleus decays by the emission of a gamma ray from an excited state of spin parity 2
to the ground state with spin-parity 0 what is the type of the corresponding radiation?
(a) magnetic dipole (b) electric quadrupole
(c) electric dipole (d) magnetic quadrupole
Ans. : (b)
Solution: I i  2 , I  0
 L  2 and parity change

 The transition is of electric quadrupole  E2  nature.
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Q40. The low lying energy levels due to the vibrational excitations of an even-even nucleus are
shown in the figure below.
0 E4  1.35 MeV
2 E3  1.25 MeV
4 E2  1.17 MeV
 2E
jp E1  0.56 MeV
E
0 E0  0 MeV
The spin-parity j p of the level E1 is
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2

Ans. : (d)
Solution: Quadrupole oscillations are the lowest order nuclear vibrational mode. The quanta of
vibrational energy are called phonons. A quadrupole phonon carries 2 units of angular
momentum. Therefore, the parity is P   1   ve

2
Also, the even-even ground state is O  . The 1 phonon excited state is 2 . The 2 phonons
excited states are 0 , 2 , 4 . Thus correct option is (a)
1.35 ___ 0 

1.25 ____ 2  2 -phonons
1.17 ____ 4 
0.56 ____ 2 :1 -phonon
0 ____ 0 : Ground state

meV
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fiziks

Thus the given matrix is its own inverse.

Hence the symmetric part of P is,

Hence the correct option is (d).

Q5. f  x  is a periodic function of x with a period of 2 . In the interval   x   , f  x 

Hence for the matrix PQ ,  PQ   QT PT (since  AB   BT AT )

Since, Q and P are symmetric matrices; QT  Q , PT  P

It is easily seen that  PQ  will be equal to PQ , only if QP  PQ . Hence (c) is correct

neighboring point  x  dx, y  dy  is given by dW  2 xydx  x 2 dy . The work done for a

complete cycle around a unit circle is

x  1 cos  , y  1 sin   x  cos  and y  sin  .  x, y 

dW  2  cos   sin    sin   d   cos   cos  d

 2sin 2   cos  d  cos3  d

(c)  n for odd n (d)  n for even n

Thus for even n ,  n is nonzero. Hence the correct option is (b).

shown in the figure below is y

Hermitian. Which one of the following combinations of P̂ and Q̂ is necessarily a

Thus, P̂Qˆ is not hermitian.

For matrix P̂  iQˆ , we have

Thus P̂  iQˆ is hermitian.

The characteristics equation is,

Thus the cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

Given differential equation can be written as,

Let, Z  rei  r  cos   i sin  

 Z 2  r 2 ei 2  r 2  cos 2  i sin 2  and so on.

Thus, we can see,

(b) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is -1

(c) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 0

(d) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 2

(a) 21  i  (b) 21  i  (c) 1  2i  (d) 1  2i 

(a) 28  (b) 4  (c)  4  (d)  28 

Q27. The phase of the complex number 1  i  i in the polar representation is

Q31. The tangent line to the curve x 2  xy  5  0 at 1,1 is represented by

Q32. Fourier series of a given function f  x  in the interval 0 to L is

Q33. Consider a function f  x, y   x 3  y 3 , where y represents a parabolic curve x 2  1 . The

total derivative of f with respect to x , at x  1 is………………….

Hence, the total derivative at x  1 is 3 1  3 12  1  2 1  3  6  4  27

Q34. Consider a closed triangular contour traversed in counter-clockwise

We have to take line integral around circle x 2  y 2  r 2 in z  0 plane. Let us use

Q39. For the Fourier series of the following function of period 2

Using x1  0   1 , we obtain k1  1 , thus x1  e 2t

Using equation (ii) the second equation can be written as

Hence, the value of a is 2 .

(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)

Solution: The characteristic equation is m 2  2m  1  0   m  1  0

Thus m  1 is a repeated root

a0   n 1 an cos  nx    n 1 bn sin  nx  . Which of the following is true?

coordinates  x, y  , where   2 x  3 y and   3x  2 y . In the  ,  coordinate system,

the area element dxdy is

(c) For eigenvalue-

(a) The sum of all its roots is zero

f   x   cos  sin x  .cos x

f   x    sin  sin x  .cos x.cos x  sin x.cos  sin x 

  cos 2 x.sin  sin x   sin x.cos  sin x 

Hence, coefficient of x 3 is _____

(a) x  0 (b) x  9 (c) x  9i (d) x  3i

Q55. The gradient of scalar field S  x, y, z  has the following characteristic(s)

(a) Line integral of a gradient is path-independent

 z  dz , along the line 3 y  x , where z  x  iy is______