EET 4072: Power System Modelling

Submitted By

Name:

Regd. No.:

Program:

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Institute of Technical Education and Research
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University)
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Table of Contents

Sl.No. Content Page No.

Subject Code: EET 3113
Subject Name: Power Electronics, Devices and Circuits
Objectives:
1. To introduce the basic operational concepts of power semiconductor devices
and their practical applications in power electronics.
2. To impart the concept of controller, driver circuits, and filter circuit parameters
for different power electronic converters.
3. To familiarize the principle of operation, design and synthesis of different
power electronic converters and their applications.

Subject Outcomes:
CO1: Describe basic operation, characteristics of semiconductor switching
devices and learn to select suitable devices by assessing the requirements of
applications.
CO2: Design and analyse different DC-DC converter circuits and assess their
performances at application level.
CO3: Identify the critical areas in application level and formulate various
control strategy for DC-AC converters to enrich power quality.
CO4: Analyse the operation and assess the performance of AC-DC converters
in suitable applications.
CO5: Recognize the role of AC-AC converters in domestic and industrial
applications to assess their performances.
CO6: Identify the role of power electronic converters in renewable energy
applications.

Program Outcomes:
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the
solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the

contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues,
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and

as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.
List of Experiments:
Sl.No. Name of the Expt. Date Remark Page
of No.
Submission
 Experiment No.: Date of Experiment:

Aim of the Experiment: - Design a short transmission line in Matlab SIMULINK for
the given Question.
A 220-kV, 60Hz, three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase
is 0.15 Ω per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH per km. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find the voltage and power at the
sending end, the voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.

Mathematical Modelling: -
 Simulink Model: -

• Blocks Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block: -

Fig-1 RMS Block Parameters Fig-2 Three Phase Series RLC block Parameters
 Fig-3 Gain block Parameters

Fig-4 PowerGui block Parameters

Fig-5 Three Phase Source block Parameters Fig-6 Three Phase Series RLC Load block Parameters
• Simulink Diagram: -

Fig-7 Simulink Model of Short Transmission Line

• Results: -

Sending End Voltage 1.40E+05

Sending End Current 973
Sending End Active Power 3.02E+08
Sending End Reactive Power 2.70E+08
Sending End Apparent Power 4.05E+08
Receiving End Voltages 1.23E+05
Receiving End Current 973
Receiving End Active Power 2.85E+08
Receiving End reactive Power 2.14E+08
Receiving End Apparent Power 3.56E+08
Percentage Voltage Regulation 13.56
Transmission Line efficiency 94.42
• Conclusion: -
In conclusion, our objective of designing a short transmission line in MATLAB
SIMULINK for a 220-kV, 60Hz, three-phase transmission system spanning 40 kilometers
with specific resistance and inductance parameters has been successfully achieved.
We used the short line model to determine voltage and power at the sending end, as
well as to calculate voltage regulation and efficiency while supplying a 381 MVA three-
phase load at a 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
This experiment emphasizes the importance of understanding transmission line
behavior, modeling, and simulation for efficient power system design and operation.
The insights gained are crucial for optimizing power delivery, minimizing losses, and
ensuring the stability and quality of electrical supply. This knowledge is valuable for
engineers and researchers, contributing to ongoing efforts to enhance the efficiency
and reliability of the electrical grid. By employing computational tools like MATLAB
SIMULINK, we can make informed decisions to improve power transmission and
distribution systems, ultimately benefiting society through more reliable and efficient
electrical infrastructure.
 Experiment No.: 02 Date of Experiment:

Aim of the Experiment: - Design a long transmission line in MATLAB SIMULINK for
the given question
A 3-phase, 60Hz, 500kV transmission line is 300km long, the line inductance is 0.97mH per
km/phase at its capacitance is 0.0115 micro Farad per km/phase, assuming a loss less line.
The receiving end rated load is 800MW at 0.8 pf lag of 500kV. Determine sending end
quantities and voltage regulation and transmission efficiency.

Mathematical Modelling: -
 Simulink Model: -

• Blocks Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block: -

Fig-1 RMS Block Parameters Fig-2 Distributed Parameter Line block Parameters
 Fig-3 Gain block Parameters

Fig-4 PowerGui block Parameters

Fig-5 Three Phase Source block Parameters Fig-6 Three Phase Series RLC Load block Parameters
• Simulink Diagram: -

Fig-7 Simulink Model of Long Transmission Line

• Results: -

Sending End Voltage 3.35E+05

Sending End Current 902.3
Sending End Active Power 8E+08
Sending End Reactive Power 5.398E+08
Sending End Apparent Power 9.651E+08
Receiving End Voltages 2.886E+05
Receiving End Current 1155
Receiving End Active Power 7.998E+08
Receiving End reactive Power 5.999E+08
Receiving End Apparent Power 9.998E+08
Percentage Voltage Regulation 32.89
Transmission Line efficiency 99.97
• Conclusion: -
In conclusion, our objective of designing a long transmission line in MATLAB SIMULINK
for a 220-kV, 60Hz, three-phase transmission system spanning 300 kilometers with
specific resistance negligible, inductance and capacitance parameters has been
successfully achieved. We used the long line model to determine voltage and power at
the sending end, as well as to calculate voltage regulation and efficiency while
supplying a 1000 MVA three-phase load at a 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 kV. Here
we have got efficiency of 100 as it is lossless.
This experiment emphasizes the importance of understanding transmission line
behavior, modeling, and simulation for efficient power system design and operation.
The insights gained are crucial for optimizing power delivery, minimizing losses, and
ensuring the stability and quality of electrical supply. This knowledge is valuable for
engineers and researchers, contributing to ongoing efforts to enhance the efficiency
and reliability of the electrical grid. By employing computational tools like MATLAB
SIMULINK, we can make informed decisions to improve power transmission and
distribution systems, ultimately benefiting society through more reliable and efficient
electrical infrastructure.
 Experiment No.: 03 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Aim of the Experiment: To Design line fault model to analyze the voltage
sag and voltage swell in Simulink

Theory :-

Power Quality
 Power quality is an important branch of power system engineering.
 The emergence of smart grids further distinguishes the importance of power quality.
 A single power quality event such as voltage sag caused by a fault in transmission or
distribution level may cost the affected industries up to millions of monetary losses.
 It plays an important role to ensure the quality of power being delivered to the industry
customer.

According to IEEE standard 1159,

 Voltage Sag:- A voltage Sag is a decrease in RMS Voltage or Current between 0.1 p.u.
and 0.9 pu at the power frequency for durations of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute.
 Voltage Swell:- A voltage Swell is an increase in RMS Voltage or Current between 1.1
pu and 1.8 pu at the power frequency durations from 0.5 to 1 minute.
 Simulink Model:-

 Blocks Required:-

 Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault:- 

Fig-1 RMS Block Parameters Fig-2 Three Phase Source Block Parameters
Fig-3 Three Phase Transformer Configuration Fig-4 Three Phase Transformer Parameter Block

Fig-5 Three Phase Source block Parameters Fig-6 Three Phase Fault block Parameters
  Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Multi Stage Fault:- 

Fig-7 RMS Block Parameters Fig-8 Three Phase Source Block Parameters

Fig-9 Three Phase Transformer Configuration Fig-10 Three Phase Transformer Parameters
 Fig-11 Three Phase Parallel RLC Load Block Parameters

Fig-12 Three Phase Fault-1 Block Parameters Fig-13 Three Phase Fault-2 Block Parameters
 Simulink Diagram

Fig-14 Simulink Model of Line Fault Model(Single Stage)

Fig-15 Simulink Model of Line Fault Model(Multi Stage)

Results and Observation:-

Fig-16 Instantaneous and RMS Voltage waveform of Line Fault Model(Single-Stage)

Fig-17 Input and Output RMS Voltage waveform of Line Fault Model(Single-Stage)
Fig-18 Instantaneous and RMS Voltage waveform of Line Fault Model(Multi-Stage)

Fig-19 Input and Output RMS Voltage waveform of Line Fault Model(Multi-Stage)
 Conclusion:-

The simulation approach provides the researcher the flexibility to create power system
models to simulate power quality disturbance by connecting various functional building
blocks in the simulation environment. It gives an insight on how power quality disturbance
propagates and behaves within the simulated power system model. The limitation of the
simulation approach is its dependency on the capability of the chosen simulation software,
basic knowledge of power quality and the simulation software, and the availability of
power system building blocks required to build the power system model to simulate the
intended power quality disturbance.
Reference:
 Rodney Tan (2021). Voltage Sag and Voltage Swell Caused by Line Fault
(https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/filee xchange/51928-voltage-
sag-and-voltage-swell- caused-by-line-fault), MATLAB Central File
Exchange. Retrieved June 9, 2021.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

 Experiment No.: 04 Date of Experiment:

Aim of the Experiment: To design a Three Phase Transformer and obtain its
parameters at full load.

.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:-
A 3-phase 2000 KVA, 6.6/33 KV star-star transformer has a phase resistance
and leakage reactance of the primary winding of 0.5 and 2.6 respectively and the
corresponding values of each phase of the secondary winding are 4.3 ohms and 21.7
ohms.
Calculate the secondary current and terminal voltage at full load when the primary is
connected to 6.6 KV, 3-phase supply and the secondary delivers 200KVA at 0.8 pf lag.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING:-
 Simulink Model:-

 Blocks Required:-

 Parameters Adjustment:-

Fig 4.2 Three phase transformer parameter adjustment Fig 4.3 AC Voltage source parameter adjustment

Fig 4.4 RMS parameter adjustment

 Simulink Diagram

Fig 4.5 Simulation diagram of the Three phase transformer.

 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS.

Fig.2. Scope Output of Primary Voltage.

 Fig.3. Scope Output of Primary Current.

Fig.4. Scope Output of Secondary Voltage.

 Fig.5. Scope Output of Secondary Current.

Conclusion:-
In summary, the conducted power system modeling experiment, involving a 3-phase 2000
KVA, 6.6/33 KV star-star transformer, has yielded valuable insights into its performance
characteristics. The calculations for secondary current and terminal voltage under full load
conditions, with a primary connection to a 6.6 KV, 3-phase supply, and the secondary
delivering 200KVA at a power factor of 0.8 lag, enhance our understanding of the transformer's
behavior. These findings underscore the significance of precise modeling for efficient analysis
and design of power systems. The experiment serves as a foundation for further exploration
into transformer behavior and its implications in diverse operational contexts.
 Experiment No.: 05 Date of Experiment:

Aim of the Experiment: Modelling of Three Phase source and Three Phase
linear load in MATLAB Simulink

Theory:-
The modeling of a three-phase source and a three-phase linear load involves
understanding the electrical behavior of these components within a three-phase
power system. In a three- phase system, there are three conductors, typically
labeled as phases - A, B, and C. Each phase carries an alternating current that is
120 degrees out of phase with the others.
Three-Phase Source:
A balanced three-phase source consists of three single phase sources with
equal magnitude and 120° phase shift between each source. A fourth
conductor in such system is called the neutral, which is also connected to
the ground reference. As a result, two types of voltages can be defined in
the three-phase system: line-to-line voltage, also known as the line voltage,
and line-to-neutral voltage, also known as the phase-to-neutral or phase
voltage.
Three-Phase Load:
A three-phase linear load refers to electrical loads that exhibit linear behavior,
such as resistive, inductive, or capacitive loads, where the current is directly
proportional to the voltage. Common examples include balanced loads like
resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected in a three-phase system.

 Three-Phase Linear Load

Using sinusoidal functions to represent three-phase voltages or currents,
considering the phase differences (120 degrees) between each phase.
Phase sequence and voltage magnitudes need to be taken into
account for accurate representation.
 Three-Phase linear load Modelling
Resistive loads are straightforward, where Ohm's Law applies (V = I * R).
Inductive loads introduce a 90-degree phase shift between voltage and current (V =
I * jωL), where ω is the angular frequency and L is the inductance.
Capacitive loads also cause a 90-degree phase shift but in the opposite direction
(V = I / jωC), where C is the capacitance.
For balanced loads, the total power is the sum of the power in each phase.

Simulink Model:

Blocks Required:
SIMULINK DIAGRAM:

Fig. Simulink Model of the Three-Phase Source.

Fig. Simulink Model of the Load Equation.

Codes:

Code 1:
function [Ra,Rb,Rc,L1] = fcn(u)
%Without any fault
% Ra=18;
% Rb=18;
% Rc=18;
% L1=0.005;
%for unbalanced loading
% Ra=12;
% Rb=15;
% Rc=18;
% L1=0.005;
%for voltage sag
% if (u>2)&&(u<2.3)
% Ra=30;
% Rb=30;
% Rc=30;
% L1=10e-3;
% else
% Ra=18;
% Rb=18;
% Rc=18;
% L1=0.005;
% end
%for voltage swell
if (u>3)&&(u<3.3)
Ra=15; Rb=15; Rc=15; L1=0.02;
Else
Ra=18;
Rb=18;
Rc=18;
L1=0.005;
end

Code 2:
function y = fcn(u)
if (u>2)&&(u<2.5)
y=1;
else
y=1;
end
RESULTS AND OBSERVSTIONS:

Fig. Scope output of Switches.

Fig. Scope Output of Voltage.

Conclusion:-

In electrical systems, modelling three-phase sources and linear loads is essential. The
electrical supply is defined by threephase sources, which are represented by sinusoidal
voltages or currents with 120-degree phase variations. Different behaviours are shown by
linear loads, such as resistive, inductive, or capacitive components, which affect phase
relationships and total power estimates. Gaining an understanding of these models
facilitates the prediction of system behaviours, stability, and performance optimisation in
power systems across several industries. These models play a key role in power
generation, transmission, and distribution, making them essential for developing,
evaluating, and managing dependable electrical networks. This highlights their relevance
in a variety of applications for stable and effective power distribution.
 Experiment No.:06 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Name of the Experiment: Estimation of Sequence Components

towards Numerical Relay operation under Asymmetrical Faults:
Line-to-Line (LL) faults subjected for 15 cycles (50 Hz according to
IEGC)

Theory: -
Short circuits occur in well-designed power systems and cause large decaying transient
currents, generally much above the system load currents. This results in disruptive
electro-dynamic and thermal stresses that are potentially damaging. Fire risks and
explosions are inherent. One tries to limit short circuits to the faulty section of the
electrical system by appropriate switching devices capable of operating under short-
circuit conditions without causing any damage and isolating only the faulty section, so
that a fault is not escalated. The faster the operation of sensing and switching devices,
the lower is the fault damage, and the better is the chance of systems holding together
without loss of synchronism.

Figure 2.1. Conventional Relay and Circuit Breaker operation towards protection of
Overhead conductors
The design of Relay operation is prior to successful operation of any power system. The
Relay and Circuit-Breaker (CB) relations for conventional power system are as shown in
Fig. 2.1. The Relays are intentioned to perform effective Fault Detection in power system
network, and send a Trip signal to open respective CBs subjected to Fault scenario. For
overhead conductors (i.e. Transmission, Distribution networks) the Numerical Relay/
NR inputs are considered: Vabc and Iabc from measurement buses, as in Fig. 2.1. After
estimation of fault scenario in terms of Mathematical Relationships during short-circuit
fault equivalents, the NR sends Trip signal to CBs connected to respective buses. From
Fig. 2.1, CB at 'bus 1' will trip if the "Fault" point is near to it, or else CB at 'bus 2' will
trip. The decision is concluded Relay's Fault distance estimation algorithm, within
transient time where fault current is much high.
The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) has been widely used to
evaluate unbalanced three-phase systems, unsymmetrical short-circuit currents, and
rotating electro dynamic machinery. In SCA process, an unbalanced three-phase system
can be resolved into three balanced systems. A system of three unbalanced Phasors can
be resolved in the following three symmetrical components: (a) Positive Sequence
component/ PSC: A balanced three-phase symmetry with the same phase sequence as
the original sequence; (b) Negative Sequence component/NSC: A balanced three-phase
symmetry with the opposite phase sequence as the original sequence; (c) Zero
Sequence component/ZSC: Three Phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase
parallel
to each other. The SCA is possible to estimate from SCA Transformation Matrix/
SCATM,
which is derived as: -

Here IZPC , IPSC and INSC are zero, positive and negative sequence current components;
Vzsc, VPSC and VNSC are zero, positive and negative sequence voltage components; and 'a'
is SCA operator derived as: 1 ∟1200.

Simulink Model: -

• Block Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault: -

• Simulink Diagram: -
Results and Observation: - LL

Figure 6.5. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 1 and bus_2 under
asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: Vabc1 and Iabc1 for bus_1, and Vabc2 and Iabc2 for bus_2.

Figure 6.6. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 3 and bus_4 under asymmetrical LL fault
for 15 cycles: Vabc3 and Iabc3 for bus_3, and Vabc4 and Iabc4 for bus_4.
Figure 6.7. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: P₁ for
bus_1. P2 for bus 2, P3 for bus 3. and P4 for bus _4.

Figure 6.8. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: Q₁ for
bus_1. Q2 for bus 2, Q3 for bus 3. and Q4 for bus _4.
Figure 6.9. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: V_PSC_bus1
V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1, for V1abc, V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2, for V2abc .

Figure 6.10. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles:
V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3, V_ZSC_bus3, for V3abc, V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for V4abc .
Conclusion: -

To understand short-circuit faults the balanced AC power system is subjected to

asymmetrical Line to-Line (LL) faults in MATLAB Simulink environment, while addressing
16GC standard practices in voltage and frequency profiles, The LL fault is modelled between
overhead Line segments by Three-Phase Fault block from MATLAB. The 15 cycles of fault
duration are obtained for 50 Hz rated frequency operation at time 0.2 sec. The method of
Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) is adopted towards numerical Relay design, to trip
respective Circuit Breakers (CH) a protection measure. The SCA is achieved by 'Sequence
Analyzer block in MATLABE Simulink.
The PSCs, NSCs and ZSCs for different bus voltages (V1abc, V2abc, V3abc and V4abc) are
considered input to SCA, due to their fair reflection of asymmetrical profile under
unbalanced operation: LL fa between Phase A and B. The fault voltages and currents are
different in level and response, from each other, among involved buses. The active power is
recorded with near zero fluctuations, where significant reactive power flows under LL. shot-
circuit fault. The directly affected buses (bus 2 and bus 3) show significant amount of rise in
PSC, NSC and ZSC profiles (i.e. V_PSC bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2, for V2abc and
V_PSC bus3, V_NSC_bus3, V_ZSC_bus3, for V3abc), V_ZSC bus, for Vane under LL. fault.
The indirectly affected buses are recorded with significant PSC, NSC but near to zero ZSC
(V_PSC bus1, V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1, for V1abc and V_PSC bus4, V_NSC_bus4,
V_ZSC_bus4, for V4abc). During balanced three-phase symmetry (time t= 0.00-0.20 sec, and
after fault clearance) PSC exists for all voltage parameters. During asymmetrical imbalanced
operation effected buses are depicting NSC, ZSC with decreased PSC levels, but distanced
/non-effected buses shows only NSC with decreased PSC.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

 Experiment No.:07 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Name of the Experiment: Estimation of Sequence Components

towards
Numerical Relay operation under Asymmetrical Faults: Line-to-
Ground (LG) faults subjected for 15 cycles (50 Hz according to IEGC)
And Line-to-Line-to-Ground (LLG) faults subjected for 11 cycles (50
Hz according to IEGC)

Theory: -
Short circuits occur in well-designed power systems and cause large decaying transient
currents, generally much above the system load currents. This results in disruptive
electro-dynamic and thermal stresses that are potentially damaging. Fire risks and
explosions are inherent. One tries to limit short circuits to the faulty section of the
electrical system by appropriate switching devices capable of operating under short-
circuit conditions without causing any damage and isolating only the faulty section, so
that a fault is not escalated. The faster the operation of sensing and switching devices,
the lower is the fault damage, and the better is the chance of systems holding together
without loss of synchronism.

Figure 2.1. Conventional Relay and Circuit Breaker operation towards protection of
Overhead conductors
The design of Relay operation is prior to successful operation of any power system. The
Relay and Circuit-Breaker (CB) relations for conventional power system are as shown
in Fig. 2.1. The Relays are intentioned to perform effective Fault Detection in power
system network, and send a Trip signal to open respective CBs subjected to Fault
scenario. For overhead conductors (i.e. Transmission, Distribution networks) the
Numerical Relay/ NR inputs are considered: Vabc and Iabc from measurement buses, as
in Fig. 2.1. After estimation of fault scenario in terms of Mathematical Relationships
during short-circuit fault equivalents, the NR sends Trip signal to CBs connected to
respective buses. From Fig. 2.1, CB at 'bus 1' will trip if the "Fault" point is near to it, or
else CB at 'bus 2' will trip. The decision is concluded Relay's Fault distance estimation
algorithm, within transient time where fault current is much high.
The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) has been widely used to
evaluate unbalanced three-phase systems, unsymmetrical short-circuit currents, and
rotating electro dynamic machinery. In SCA process, an unbalanced three-phase
system can be resolved into three balanced systems. A system of three unbalanced
Phasors can be resolved in the following three symmetrical components: (a) Positive
Sequence component/ PSC: A balanced three-phase symmetry with the same phase
sequence as the original sequence; (b) Negative Sequence component/NSC: A balanced
three-phase symmetry with the opposite phase sequence as the original sequence; (c)
Zero Sequence component/ZSC: Three Phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase
parallel. To each other. The SCA is possible to estimate from SCA Transformation
Matrix/ SCATM,
which is derived as: -

Here IZPC , IPSC and INSC are zero, positive and negative sequence current components;
Vzsc, VPSC and VNSC are zero, positive and negative sequence voltage components; and 'a'
is SCA operator derived as: 1 ∟1200.

Simulink Model:-

• Block Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault: -

• Simulink Diagram: -
 Results and Observation: - LG

Figure 7.5. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 1 and bus_2 under asymmetrical LG
fault for 15 cycles: Vabc1 and Iabc1 for bus_1, and Vabc2 and Iabc2 for bus_2.

Figure 7.6. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 3 and bus_4 under asymmetrical LG fault
for 15 cycles: Vabc3 and Iabc3 for bus_3, and Vabc4 and Iabc4 for bus_4.
 Figure 7.7. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LG fault for 15 cycles: P₁ for
bus_1. P2 for bus 2, P3 for bus 3. and P4 for bus _4.

Figure 7.8. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: Q₁ for bus_1.
Q2 for bus 2, Q3 for bus 3. and Q4 for bus _4.
 Figure 7.9. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: V_PSC_bus1
V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1, for V1abc, V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2, for V2abc .

Figure 7.10. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: V_PSC_bus3,
V_NSC_bus3, V_ZSC_bus3, for V3abc, V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for V4abc .
 Results and Observation: - LLG

Figure 7.11. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 1 and bus_2 under asymmetrical LLG fault for 15
cycles: Vabc1 and Iabc1 for bus_1, and Vabc2 and Iabc2 for bus_2.

Figure 7.12. The three-phase voltage and current profile at bus_ 3 and bus_4 under asymmetrical LG
fault for 15 cycles: Vabc3 and Iabc3 for bus_3, and Vabc4 and Iabc4 for bus_4.
Figure 7.13. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LG fault for 15 cycles:
P₁ for bus_1. P2 for bus 2, P3 for bus 3. and P4 for bus _4.

Figure 7.14. The active power responses for different buses under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: Q₁ for
bus_1. Q2 for bus 2, Q3 for bus 3. and Q4 for bus _4.
Figure 7.15. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles:
V_PSC_bus1 V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1, for V1abc, V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2, for V2abc

Figure 7.16. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles:
V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3, V_ZSC_bus3, for V3abc, V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for V4abc.
 Conclusion: -

To understand short-circuit faults the balanced AC power system is subjected to asymmetrical Line- to-Ground
(LG) faults in MATLAB® Simulink environment, while addressing IEGC standard practices in voltage and frequency
profiles. The LG fault is modelled between overhead Line segments by "Three-Phase Fault block from MATLAB.
The 20 cycles of fault duration is obtained for 50 Hz rated frequency operation at time 0.2 sec. The method of
Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) is adopted towards numerical Relay design, to trip respective
Circuit Breakers (CBs) as protection measures. The SCA is achieved by 'Sequence Analyzer block in MATLAB®
Simulink. The PSCs, NSCS and ZSCs for different bus voltages (V1abc , V2abc , V3abc and V4abc ) are considered as input
to SCA, due to their fair reflection of asymmetrical profile under unbalanced operation: LLG fault between Phase
A, Phase B and Ground The fault voltages and currents are different in level and response, from each other, among
involved buses. The active power is recorded with near zero fluctuations, where significant reactive power flows
under LLG shot-circuit fault. The directly affected buses bus 2 and bus 3) show significant amount of rise in PSC,
NSC and ZSC profiles (i.e. V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2 for V2abc; and V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3,
V_ZSC_bus3 for V3abc) under LLG fault. The indirectly affected buses are recorded with significant PSC, NSC but
near to zero ZSC (V_PSC_bus1, V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1 for V1abc and V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for
V4abc) During balanced three-phase symmetry ( time t=0.00-0.20 sec ., and after fault clearance) PSC exists for all
voltage parameters. During asymmetrical imbalanced operation effected buses are depicting NSC, ZSC with
decreased PSC levels, but distanced /non-effected buses shows only NSC with decreased PSC.

To understand short-circuit faults the considered balanced AC power system is subjected to asymmetrical Line-
to-Line-to-Ground (LLG) faults in MATLAB® Simulink environment, while addressing IEGC standard practices in
voltage and frequency profiles. The LLG fault is modelled between overhead Line segments by 'Three-Phase Fault
block from MATLAB. The 11 cycles of fault duration is obtained for 50 11z rated frequency operation at time 0.2
sec. The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) is adopted towards numerical Relay design, to trip
respective Circuit Breakers (CBs) as protection measures. The SCA is achieved by 'Sequence Analyzer block in
MATLAB® Simulink. The PSCs, NSCS and ZSCs for different bus voltages (V1abc , V2abc , V3abc and V4abc ) are considered
as input to SCA, due to their fair reflection of asymmetrical profile under unbalanced operation: LLG fault between
Phase A, Phase B and Ground The fault voltages and currents are different in level and response, from each other,
among involved buses. The active power is recorded with near zero fluctuations, where significant reactive power
flows under LLG shot-circuit fault. The directly affected buses bus 2 and bus 3) show significant amount of rise in
PSC, NSC and ZSC profiles (i.e. V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2 for V2abc; and V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3,
V_ZSC_bus3 for V3abc) under LLG fault. The indirectly affected buses are recorded with significant PSC, NSC but
near to zero ZSC (V_PSC_bus1, V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1 for V1abc and V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for
V4abc) During balanced three-phase symmetry ( time t=0.00-0.20 sec ., and after fault clearance) PSC exists for all
voltage parameters. During asymmetrical imbalanced operation effected buses are depicting NSC, ZSC with
decreased PSC levels, but distanced /non-effected buses shows only NSC with decreased PSC.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

 Experiment No.:08 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Name of the Experiment: Estimation of Sequence Components

towards Numerical Relay operation under Asymmetrical Faults:
Line-to-Line to-Line (LLL) faults subjected for 5 cycles (50 Hz
according to IEGC)

Theory: -
Short circuits occur in well-designed power systems and cause large decaying transient
currents, generally much above the system load currents. This results in disruptive
electro-dynamic and thermal stresses that are potentially damaging. Fire risks and
explosions are inherent. One tries to limit short circuits to the faulty section of the
electrical system by appropriate switching devices capable of operating under short-
circuit conditions without causing any damage and isolating only the faulty section, so
that a fault is not escalated. The faster the operation of sensing and switching devices,
the lower is the fault damage, and the better is the chance of systems holding together
without loss of synchronism.

Figure 2.1. Conventional Relay and Circuit Breaker operation towards protection of
Overhead conductors
The design of Relay operation is prior to successful operation of any power system. The
Relay and Circuit-Breaker (CB) relations for conventional power system are as shown
in Fig. 2.1. The Relays are intentioned to perform effective Fault Detection in power
system network, and send a Trip signal to open respective CBs subjected to Fault
scenario. For overhead conductors (i.e. Transmission, Distribution networks) the
Numerical Relay/ NR inputs are considered: Vabc and Iabc from measurement buses, as
in Fig. 2.1. After estimation of fault scenario in terms of Mathematical Relationships
during short-circuit fault equivalents, the NR sends Trip signal to CBs connected to
respective buses. From Fig. 2.1, CB at 'bus 1' will trip if the "Fault" point is near to it, or
else CB at 'bus 2' will trip. The decision is concluded Relay's Fault distance estimation
algorithm, within transient time where fault current is much high.
The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) has been widely used to
evaluate unbalanced three-phase systems, unsymmetrical short-circuit currents, and
rotating electro dynamic machinery. In SCA process, an unbalanced three-phase
system can be resolved into three balanced systems. A system of three unbalanced
Phasors can be resolved in the following three symmetrical components: (a) Positive
Sequence component/ PSC: A balanced three-phase symmetry with the same phase
sequence as the original sequence; (b) Negative Sequence component/NSC: A balanced
three-phase symmetry with the opposite phase sequence as the original sequence; (c)
Zero Sequence component/ZSC: Three Phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase
parallel. To each other. The SCA is possible to estimate from SCA Transformation
Matrix/ SCATM,
which is derived as: -

Here IZPC , IPSC and INSC are zero, positive and negative sequence current components;
Vzsc, VPSC and VNSC are zero, positive and negative sequence voltage components; and 'a'
is SCA operator derived as: 1 ∟1200.

Simulink Model: -

• Block Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault: -

• Simulink Diagram:

Fig 8.2 - Incorporation of Symmetrical LLL fault in considered power system

Fig 8.3- Symmetrical component analysis in terms of Sequence Analyzer block in

SIMULINK to understand the LLL fault voltages
Results and Observation:- LLL

Fig 8.4-Three phase voltage at current profile at bus_1 and bus_2 in under symmetrical LLL
fault for 5 cycles. Vabc1, Iabc1 for bus_1 and Vabc2 and I abc2 for bus_2

Fig 8.5-Three phase voltage at current profile at bus_3 and bus_4 in under symmetrical LLL fault for
5 cycles. Vabc3, Iabc3 for bus_1 and Vabc4 and Iabc4 for bus_4
 Fig 8.6-Active power responses for different types of buses under symmetrical 05
cycles P1 for bus_1 and P2 for bus_2 cycles P3 bus_3 and P4for bus_4

Fig 8.7Reactive power responses for different types of buses under symmetrical 05
cycles cycleQ1 for bus_1 and Q2 for bus_2 cycles P1 for Q3 bus_3 and Q4 for bus_2
 Fig 8.8-Symmetrical component analysis under symmetrical LLL Fault for 05 cycles
V_PSC bus1, V_NSC bus1, V_ZSC _bus for V1abc,V_PSC bus2, V_NSC2, V_ZSC_bus2 for
V2abc

Fig 8.9-Symmetrical component analysis under symmetrical LLL Fault for 05 cycles V_PSC
bus3, V_NSC bus3, V_ZSC _bus for V3abc, V_PSC bus3, V_NSC2, V_ZSC_bus4 for V4abc.
Conclusion: -

To understand short-circuit faults the balanced AC power system is subjected to

symmetrical Line-to- Line-to-Line (LLL) faults in MATLAB® Simulink environment, while
addressing IEGC standard practices in voltage and frequency profiles. The LLL fault is
modelled between overhead Line segments by 'Three-Phase Fault block from MATLAB.
The 05 cycles of fault duration are obtained for 50 Hz rated frequency operation at time
1 0.2 sec. The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) is adopted towards
numerical Relay design, to trip respective Circuit Breakers (CBs) as protection measures.
The SCA is achieved by 'Sequence Analyzer block in MATLAB® Simulink. The PSCs, NSCs
and ZSCs for different bus voltages (V1abc, V2abc, V3abc and V4abc) are considered as
input to SCA, due to their fair reflection of symmetrical profile under unbalanced
operation: LLL fault between Phase A, B and C. The fault voltages and currents are
different in level and response, from each other, among involved buses. The active
power is recorded with zero value, where significant reactive power flows under LLL
shot-circuit fault. The directly affected buses (bus_2 and bus_3) show significant amount
of rise in PSC, and NSC profiles (i.e. V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2 for V2abc; and
V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3 for V3abc) under LLL fault. There is no ZSC profile during
Symmetrical LLL fault. The indirectly affected buses are recorded with significant PSC,
NSC but zero ZSC profiles (V_PSC_bus₁, V_NSC_ bus₁, for V1abc and V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_
bus4 for V4abe) too. During balanced three-phase symmetry (time = 0.00 0.20 sec., and
after fault clearance) PSC exists for all voltage parameters. During symmetrical
imbalanced operation effected buses as well as distanced /non-effected buses are
depicting NSC, with decreased PSC levels, but zero ZSC.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

 Experiment No.:09 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Name of the Experiment: Estimation of Sequence Components

towards
Numerical Relay operation under Asymmetrical Line-to-Line-to-Line
-Ground (LLLG) faults subjected for 11 cycles (50 Hz according to
IEGC)

Theory: -
Short circuits occur in well-designed power systems and cause large decaying transient
currents, generally much above the system load currents. This results in disruptive
electro-dynamic and thermal stresses that are potentially damaging. Fire risks and
explosions are inherent. One tries to limit short circuits to the faulty section of the
electrical system by appropriate switching devices capable of operating under short-
circuit conditions without causing any damage and isolating only the faulty section, so
that a fault is not escalated. The faster the operation of sensing and switching devices,
the lower is the fault damage, and the better is the chance of systems holding together
without loss of synchronism.

Figure 2.1. Conventional Relay and Circuit Breaker operation towards protection of
Overhead conductors
The design of Relay operation is prior to successful operation of any power system. The
Relay and Circuit-Breaker (CB) relations for conventional power system are as shown
in Fig. 2.1. The Relays are intentioned to perform effective Fault Detection in power
system network, and send a Trip signal to open respective CBs subjected to Fault
scenario. For overhead conductors (i.e. Transmission, Distribution networks) the
Numerical Relay/ NR inputs are considered: Vabc and Iabc from measurement buses, as
in Fig. 2.1. After estimation of fault scenario in terms of Mathematical Relationships
during short-circuit fault equivalents, the NR sends Trip signal to CBs connected to
respective buses. From Fig. 2.1, CB at 'bus 1' will trip if the "Fault" point is near to it, or
else CB at 'bus 2' will trip. The decision is concluded Relay's Fault distance estimation
algorithm, within transient time where fault current is much high.
The method of Symmetrical Components Analysis (SCA) has been widely used to
evaluate unbalanced three-phase systems, unsymmetrical short-circuit currents, and
rotating electro dynamic machinery. In SCA process, an unbalanced three-phase
system can be resolved into three balanced systems. A system of three unbalanced
Phasors can be resolved in the following three symmetrical components: (a) Positive
Sequence component/ PSC: A balanced three-phase symmetry with the same phase
sequence as the original sequence; (b) Negative Sequence component/NSC: A balanced
three-phase symmetry with the opposite phase sequence as the original sequence; (c)
Zero Sequence component/ZSC: Three Phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase
parallel. To each other. The SCA is possible to estimate from SCA Transformation
Matrix/ SCATM,
which is derived as: -

Here IZPC , IPSC and INSC are zero, positive and negative sequence current components;
Vzsc, VPSC and VNSC are zero, positive and negative sequence voltage components; and 'a'
is SCA operator derived as: 1 ∟1200.

Simulink Model: -

• Block Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault: -

• Simulink Diagram:

Fig 9.2 - Incorporation of Symmetrical LLLG fault in considered power system

Fig 9.3- Symmetrical component analysis in terms of Sequence Analyzer block in

SIMULINK to understand the LLLG fault voltages
Results and Observation: - LLLG

Fig 9.4-Three phase voltage at current profile at bus_1 and bus_2 in under symmetrical
LLLG fault for 5 cycles. Vabc1, Iabc1 for bus_1 and Vabc2 and I abc2 for bus_2

Fig 9.5-Three phase voltage at current profile at bus_3 and bus_4 in under symmetrical
LLLG fault for 5 cycles. Vabc3, Iabc4 for bus_3 and Vabc4 and I abc4 for bus_4
 Fig 9.6-Active power responses for different types of buses under symmetrical 05
cycles P1 for bus_1 and P2 for bus_2 cycles P3 bus_3 and P4for bus_4

Fig 9.7Reactive power responses for different types of buses under symmetrical 05
cycles cycleQ1 for bus_1 and Q2 for bus_2 cycles P1 for Q3 bus_3 and Q4 for bus_2
 Figure 9.8. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles:
V_PSC_bus1 V_NSC_bus1, V_ZSC_bus1, for V1abc, V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2, V_ZSC_bus2, for V2abc

Figure 9.9. The Symmetrical component analysis under asymmetrical LL fault for 15 cycles: V_PSC_bus3,
V_NSC_bus3, V_ZSC_bus3, for V3abc, V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_bus4, V_ZSC_bus4 for V4abc.
Conclusion: -

To understand short-circuit faults the balanced AC power system is subjected to symmetrical Line-
to- Line-to-Line-to-Ground (LLLG) faults in MATLAB® Simulink environment, while addressing IEGC
standard practices in voltage and frequency profiles. The LLLG fault is modelled between overhead
Line segments by 'Three-Phase Fault' block from MATLAB. The 03 cycles of fault duration is
obtained for 50 Hz rated frequency operation at time 0.2 sec. The method of Symmetrical
Components Analysis (SCA) is adopted towards numerical Relay design, to trip respective Circuit
Breakers (CBs) as protection measures. The SCA is achieved by 'Sequence Analyzer' block in
MATLAB® Simulink. The PSCs, NSCs and ZSCs for different bus voltages (V1abc, V2abc, V3abc and V4abc)
are considered as input to SCA, due to their fair reflection of symmetrical profile under unbalanced
operation: LLLG fault between Phase A, B, C and Ground. The fault voltages and currents are
different in level and response, from each other, among involved buses. The active power is
recorded with zero value, where significant reactive power flows under LLLG shot-circuit fault. The
directly affected buses (bus_2 and bus 3) show significant amount of rise in PSC, and NSC profiles
(i.e. V_PSC_bus2, V_NSC_bus2 for V2abc; and V_PSC_bus3, V_NSC_bus3 for V3abc) under LLLG fault.
There is no ZSC profile during Symmetrical LLLG fault. The indirectly affected buses are recorded
with significant PSC, NSC but zero ZSC profiles (V_PSC_bus₁, V_NSC_ bus₁, for V1abc and
V_PSC_bus4, V_NSC_ bus4 , for V4abc) too. During balanced three-phase symmetry (time = 0.00
0.20 sec., and after fault clearance) PSC exists for all voltage parameters. During symmetrical
imbalanced operation effected buses as well as distanced /non-effected buses are depicting NSC,
with decreased PSC levels, but zero ZSC.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

 Experiment No.: 10 Date of Experiment: / /2023

Name of the Experiment: To apply Series and Shunt Capacitive

Compensation in a Transmission line.

Theory: -
Series and shunt capacitive compensation are methods used in power systems to improve
the performance of transmission lines. These methods involve the addition of capacitors
to the transmission line to counteract the effects of reactive power.

1. Series Capacitive Compensation:

In series capacitive compensation, capacitors are connected in series with the
transmission line. This compensates for the inductive reactance of the line, leading
to an overall reduction in the line reactance.
Advantages:
• Improves voltage profile: Series capacitors help maintain voltage levels along
the transmission line, reducing voltage drops.
• Increases power transfer capability: By reducing the line reactance, series
capacitors enhance the transmission line's power transfer capacity.
Disadvantages:
• Voltage amplification: Series compensation can lead to voltage amplification
issues, especially during light load conditions.
• Complexity: Design and implementation of series capacitors can be complex
and may require careful consideration of system dynamics.
2. Shunt Capacitive Compensation:
Shunt capacitive compensation involves connecting capacitors in parallel with the
transmission line. This compensates for the capacitive reactive power, balancing
the overall reactive power flow in the system.
Advantages:
• Improved power factor: Shunt capacitors help improve the power factor of the
transmission line by offsetting the lagging reactive power.
• Reduction in line losses: By compensating for reactive power, shunt capacitors
reduce line losses and enhance the overall efficiency of power transmission.
Disadvantages:
• Overvoltage issues: Shunt capacitors may lead to overvoltage conditions,
especially during light load or no-load situations.
• Switching transients: Rapid switching of shunt capacitors can introduce
transients in the system, which may affect the stability of the power network.

Series and shunt capacitive compensation are techniques used to enhance the
performance of transmission lines in power systems. In series capacitive compensation,
capacitors are connected in series with the transmission line, mitigating the inductive
reactance and improving voltage profiles. This method increases the power transfer
capability, but it can lead to voltage amplification issues and requires careful system
analysis.
Shunt capacitive compensation involves connecting capacitors in parallel with the
transmission line, addressing capacitive reactive power and improving the power factor.
This helps reduce line losses and enhances overall transmission efficiency. However, shunt
capacitors may cause overvoltage problems and introduce switching transients.
A combination of both methods is often employed to achieve optimal results. Series
compensation tackles inductive reactance, while shunt compensation addresses capacitive
reactive power. The choice depends on system characteristics and load requirements.
Engineers must carefully consider system dynamics, potential overvoltage conditions, and
transient effects to ensure a stable and reliable power transmission system. In practice, the
careful integration of series and shunt capacitive compensation contributes to improved
power system performance and efficiency.
Simulink Model: -
• Block Required: -

• Parameter Adjustment of the Block for Single Stage Fault: -

• Simulink Diagram:

Fig.1. Simulink diagram for Series capacitive compensation.

Fig.2. Simulink diagram for Shunt capacitive compensation.

Results and Observation: -

Series capacitive compensation

Fig.3. Scope Output of Voltage and Current Measurement in Series capacitive

compensation

Fig.4. Output of Voltage and Current Measurement in Shunt capacitive

compensation
Fig.4. Output of Voltage and Current Measurement in Series capacitive
compensation

Fig.4. Output of Voltage and Current Measurement in Shunt capacitive

compensation
Conclusion: -

In conclusion, the experiment employing Series and Shunt Capacitive

Compensation in a transmission line yielded significant improvements in power
system performance. The introduction of series capacitors successfully addressed
inductive reactance, leading to a marked enhancement in the power factor of the
transmission line. This improvement is crucial for minimizing reactive power
demands, optimizing the use of electrical infrastructure, and ultimately enhancing
system efficiency.
Simultaneously, the strategic incorporation of shunt capacitors helped
compensate for capacitive reactance inherent in long-distance power
transmission. This contributed to effective voltage regulation, ensuring that
voltage levels remained within acceptable limits and reducing the risk of voltage
drop over extended distances. The combined effect of series and shunt capacitive
compensation resulted in a notable reduction in line losses, improving the overall
efficiency of power transmission. This reduction not only holds economic
advantages but also aligns with sustainability goals by minimizing energy wastage.
The experiment's findings underscore the potential of capacitive compensation
techniques in creating a more reliable and efficient power distribution system.
Future research can build upon these results, tailoring capacitive compensation
strategies to specific power network configurations and requirements, further
refining their application for sustainable and optimized power transmission.
Overall, the experiment demonstrates the viability of capacitive compensation as a
means to address key challenges in power systems, laying the foundation for
improved energy transmission technologies.

Submitted By

Signature of the Instructor

Subject Code: EET 4072
Subject Name: Power System Modeling
Subject Outcomes:
CO1: Able to model the physical Power system
CO2: Able to develop and analyze Symmetrical faults.
CO3: Able to analyze unsymmetrical faults
CO4: Able to model a 3-phase transformer having PS, QB, and auto
transformer addition concept.
CO5: Able to model a synchronous machine in a dq0 reference frame and
model all components in the PWS software package.

CO6: Able to analyze the physical significance of the sequence component.

Program Outcomes:
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the
solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using the first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety
and cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-

based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural
issues, and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts,
and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and

as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.