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WK1 - Intro To Simulation

There are some situations where simulation may not be appropriate: - If the system being modeled is very simple and can be easily analyzed using other analytical methods like queuing theory or mathematical modeling. Simulation works best for complex systems. - If there is insufficient data available to build an accurate model of the system. Simulation requires good quality data to model the system behavior realistically. - If the goal is to make an immediate operational decision. Developing a simulation model and running experiments takes time. It is better suited for strategic decision making. - If the costs of developing and running the simulation model outweigh the benefits. Simulation can be resource intensive for very large and complex models. - If the system is already built

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20 views19 pages

WK1 - Intro To Simulation

There are some situations where simulation may not be appropriate: - If the system being modeled is very simple and can be easily analyzed using other analytical methods like queuing theory or mathematical modeling. Simulation works best for complex systems. - If there is insufficient data available to build an accurate model of the system. Simulation requires good quality data to model the system behavior realistically. - If the goal is to make an immediate operational decision. Developing a simulation model and running experiments takes time. It is better suited for strategic decision making. - If the costs of developing and running the simulation model outweigh the benefits. Simulation can be resource intensive for very large and complex models. - If the system is already built

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azim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SSCM4833

Discrete Event Simulation


OBJECTIVES

Understand discrete event


simulation

Develop a simulation
Objectives of this See how it applies to real
model and program to
course systems.
solve a real-life problem.

Understand its strengths and


weaknesses.
SIMULATION

Imitation of the system of a real-world process.

To understand and estimate behaviour of a


system.

Observation is done by developing a simulation


model.

Can be ‘continuous’ time or discrete event.


WHY
SIMULATE ?
WHY SIMULATE?

▪ System does not exist – unable to experiment on the real system.


 Product production line

▪ Cost-effective - to avoid unnecessary spending.


 Adding a machine in product production.

▪ Avoid high-risk experimentation


 Chernobyl nuclear reactor incident (1986)
 Human mistakes.

▪ Observe highly complex systems – precluding the possibility of


analytical solution.
WHY SIMULATE?

▪ Complex analytical solutions – require vast computing


resources.

▪To investigate and improve the weakness in the current systems.

▪ To determine the important variables and the relationship


between variables in the systems. Important in order to predict
the system performance if the variables are changed.

▪ To test any policy or system design experimentally before


applying on the real system.
AREAS OF
APPLICATION

Corporate planning

Inventory control systems

Job-shop scheduling

Banking sector

Hospital

Traffic system

Transportation
AREAS OF
APPLICATION

Manufacturing

Human
Systems Construction

Areas of
Application

Business
Process Military

Logistics,
Transportation,
Distribution
SYSTEM
&
MODEL
SYSTEM

▪ A collection of entities that act and interact together towards the


accomplishment of some logical end in order to achieve a certain
objective.

▪ Discrete System – state variables changes instantaneously at


separated point in time.
▫ i.e. a queuing system in a bank
▫ number of customers (state variables) change when a customer
arrives or when a customer finishes being served and departs.

▪ Continuous System – state variables change continuously with respect


to time.
▫ i.e. airplane moving through the air
▫ position and velocity (state variables) change continuously with
respect to time.
SYSTEM

Experiment with
actual system

System Physical model

Experiment with a
model of actual Analytical solution
system
Mathematical model

Simulation
COMPONENTS IN A
SYSTEM

Activities
State
Attributes
Variables

Entity SYSTEM Events


COMPONENTS IN A
SYSTEM

• An object of interest in the system to be used for system modelling


purposes : e.g. machines in factory
Entity
• Entity to be chosen must has impact to the objective function
• have certain properties called attributes.

Attribute • characteristic / property of an entity : e.g. speed, capacity

Activities • A job that has a time period of a specified length : e.g. welding, stamping

• collection of variables necessary to describe the system at any time.


State Variables
• e.g. status of machines (busy, idle, down)

• instantaneous occurrence that may change the state of the system.


Events • an event initiates activities.
• e.g. machine breakdown.
EXAMPLES OF
COMPONENTS IN A
SYSTEM

System Entities Attributes Activities Events State Variables

Banking Customers Checking Making Arrival; Number of busy


account deposits departure tellers, number of
balance customers waiting.
Production Machines Speed; Welding; Breakdown Status of machines
capacity; stamping (busy, idle, or
breakdown down)
rate
Communications Messages Length; Transmitting Arrival at Number waiting to
destination destination be transmitted

Inventory Warehouse Capacity Withdrawing Demand Levels of inventory;


backlogged
demand.
Name several entities, attributes,
activities, events, and state variables
for the following systems:
Class
Exercise A cafeteria
A laundromat
A hospital emergency room
A grocery store
A fast-food restaurant
MODEL

▪ Model is a representation of a system.


▪ Can be used as a surrogate of a system.
▪ Good model – experiments will give results close to the actual
system.
▪ Main factor to the successful simulation analysis.
▪ Types of model: iconic, analog & symbolic.

THE TASK:
1. Define iconic model, analog model & symbolic model.
2. State the differences between these models.
3. Give examples.
SYMBOLIC MODEL

Static
Deterministic Continuous
Dynamic

System Model Discrete

Static (Monte Carlo


Simulation)
Stochastic
Continuous
Dynamic
Discrete (Discrete-Event
Simulation)
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
OF SIMULATION
▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
 New hardware designs, physical  Model building requires special
layouts, transportation systems and training & expertise.
so on can be tested.
 Simulation results can be difficult
 Hypotheses about how or why to interpret - random nature of
certain phenomena occur can be simulation models.
tested for feasibility.
 Simulation modeling and analysis
 New policies, decision rules, can be time consuming and
organizational procedures and so on expensive.
can be explored without disrupting
ongoing operations of the real  Difficult to get cooperation and
system. involvement from the user in data
collection and model
 Simulation time can be controlled – development.
can be set longer or shorter.

 Can control the state variables.


Class When does the
Discussion
simulation is not
appropriate?

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