Exam: Strunction of Plants

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) If an African violet has chlorosis, which of the following elements might be a useful addition to the soil?
A) chlorine B) copper C) chlorophyll D) magnesium E) iodine

2) As flowers develop, all of the following transitions occur except that

A) the ovules become seeds.
B) the ovary becomes a fruit.
C) the microspores become pollen grains.
D) the tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
E) the petals are discarded.

3) According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport,

A) water is actively transported into the "source" region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed.
B) the formation of starch from sugar in the "sink" increases the osmotic concentration.
C) the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf.
D) solute moves from a high concentration in the "source" to a lower concentration in the "sink."
E) the combination of a high turgor pressure in the "source" and transpiration water loss from the "sink"
moves solutes through phloem conduits.

4) Suppose there is a large deciduous ornamental tree on your campus and the city places a very bright street
light right next to it on a tall pole. A botanist on the faculty complains to the city council and asks them to
remove the light. Most likely the botanist is concerned because the light
A) may cause the stomates to close because of increased ABA synthesis. This could starve the tree for CO2 and
it could die.
B) will cause the tree to bend toward the light on the pole and it could fall.
C) may change the photoperiod and cause the tree to retain its leaves during the winter. This could cause
dehydration and loss of the tree.
D) will alter the photosynthetic rate of the tree and keep it growing at night.
E) will stimulate ethylene production, premature senescence, and early death of the tree.

5) What is the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

A) The fertilized antipodals develop into the seed coat.
B) Two embryos develop in every seed.
C) A triploid zygote is formed.
D) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
E) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.

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 6) Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by oat seedlings that the part
of the seedling that detects the direction of light is
A) the part of the coleoptile that bends during the response.
B) phytochrome.
C) the root tip.
D) the cotyledon.
E) the tip of the coleoptile.

7) All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except
A) water.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) calcium.
D) nitrogen.
E) potassium.

8) The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring
A) air pressure.
B) water potential (Y).
C) dissolved solutes.
D) rainfall.
E) proton gradients.

9) A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow
downward. This evidence refutes the long-standing hypothesis that
A) starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots.
B) starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots.
C) falling statoliths trigger gravitropism.
D) starch and downward movement are necessary for thigmotropism.
E) starch grains block the acid growth response in roots.

10) Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant?
A) It is lost during transpiration.
B) It is used to keep cells turgid.
C) It is used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis.
D) It makes cell elongation possible.
E) It is used as a solvent.

11) In flowering plants, pollen is released from the

A) pollen tube. B) anther. C) sepal. D) stigma. E) carpel.

12) As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters
from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The
nail is now __________ meters above the ground.
A) 28.5 B) 3.0 C) 1.5 D) 15.0 E) 0.5

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13) Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants?
A) mitosis in the embryo sac
B) meiosis in pollen grains
C) mitosis in male gametophytes
D) meiosis in anthers
E) mitosis in the micropyle

14) Which of the following best describes the general role of micronutrients in plants?
A) They are necessary for essential regulatory functions.
B) They are cofactors in enzyme reactions.
C) They prevent chlorosis.
D) They are components of nucleic acids.
E) They are necessary for the formation of cell walls.

15) Which of these conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and the Darwins on shoot responses to
light?
A) When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light.
B) Agar contains a chemical substance that mimics a plant hormone.
C) Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone that responds to light.
D) A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
E) Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced.

16) The fiber cells of plants are a type of

A) collenchyma.
B) meristematic cell.
C) xylem cell.
D) sclerenchyma.
E) parenchyma.

17) Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the
leaves of a tree?
A) cool, humid day
B) warm, dry day
C) very hot, dry, windy day
D) cool, dry day
E) warm, humid day

18) In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
A) It is located in the walls between endodermal cells and cortex cells.
B) It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients.
C) It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering the stele.
D) It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex.
E) It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.

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19) The opening of stomates is thought to involve
A) an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells.
B) a decrease in the osmotic concentration of the stoma.
C) decreased turgor pressure in guard cells.
D) movement of K+ out of guard cells.
E) active transport of water out of the guard cells.

20) Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except

A) evaporation of water molecules.
B) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose.
C) transport through tracheids.
D) cohesion between water molecules.
E) active transport through xylem cells.

21) If a legume is infected with Rhizobium, what is the probable effect on the plant?
A) It contributes water to the soil.
B) It gets chlorosis.
C) It desiccates.
D) It obtains nitrogen from nitrogen fixation.
E) It dies.

22) Which of the following is a significant difference between plant and animal hormones?
A) Plant hormones usually control growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli, while
animal hormones are more often responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
B) Animal cells usually respond to single hormones, while plant hormones often cause activities dependent
on the ratios of two or more hormones.
C) Animal hormones travel in circulatory systems, and thus have relatively the same concentrations
throughout the body, while the concentration of a plant hormone depends on where it is produced and
how fast it travels, and thus has varying concentrations throughout the plant body.
D) A and C are significant differences.
E) A, B, and C are significant differences.

23) Most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree as a result of
A) osmosis in the root.
B) atmospheric pressure on roots.
C) the force of root pressure.
D) active transport of ions into the stele.
E) evaporation of water through stoma.

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24) In the pressure-flow hypothesis of translocation, what causes the pressure?
A) the accumulation of minerals and water by the stele in the root
B) hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels
C) the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source
D) root pressure
E) the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve tubes of the sink

25) Which of the following tissues is incorrectly matched with its characteristics?
A) collenchymaπuniformly thick-walled supportive tissue
B) parenchymaπthin-walled, loosely packed, unspecialized cells
C) sclerenchymaπheavily lignified secondary walls
D) meristematic tissueπundifferentiated tissue capable of cell division
E) epidermisπprotective outer covering of plant body

26) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the
middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,
A) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
B) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.
C) the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm.
D) the annual rings, phloem, and bark.
E) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.

27) Why is nitrogen fixation such an important process?

A) Nitrogen fixation is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy.
B) Nitrogen fixers are sometimes symbiotic with legumes.
C) Nitrogen-fixing capacity can be genetically engineered.
D) Nitrogen fixation can only be done by certain prokaryotes.
E) Fixed nitrogen is most often the limiting factor in plant growth.

28) Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant?
A) sporophyte-spores-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes
B) sporophyte-mitosis-gametophyte-meiosis-sporophyte
C) sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote
D) haploid gametophyte-gametes-meiosis-fertilization-diploid sporophyte
E) haploid sporophyte-spores-fertilization-diploid gametophyte

29) Root hairs are most important to a plant because they

A) store starches.
B) increase the surface area for absorption.
C) provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
D) contain xylem tissue.
E) anchor a plant in the soil.

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30) All of the following are elements that plants need in very small amounts (micronutrients) except
A) iron. B) hydrogen. C) zinc. D) copper. E) chlorine.

31) Plant growth and development depend primarily on three main components: __________, __________, and
__________.
A) phosphorus; nitrogen; oxygen
B) nitrogen; carbon; oxygen
C) potassium; carbon; oxygen
D) oxygen; carbon; hydrogen
E) sulfur; nitrogen; phosphorus

32) George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his
father before cutting the tree down. It was noticed that the leaves retained their normal appearance for several
weeks, but that the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was (were) the
A) xylem.
B) phloem.
C) cork cambium.
D) companion and sieve cells.
E) cortex.

33) Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this
digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of
A) water.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids and steroids.
D) minerals.
E) energy.

34) Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
A) xylem cells. B) phloem cells. C) stomata. D) hairs. E) sclereids.

35) Which of the following is not an advantage of an extended gametophyte generation in plants?
A) Female gametophytes develop egg cells, which are fertilized within an ovule that will become a seed.
B) Male gametophytes can travel more easily within spore walls.
C) The protection of female gametophytes within ovules keeps them from drying out.
D) The independence from the need for swimming sperm makes life on land easier.
E) A modified triploid tissue called an endosperm forms a protective seed coat.

36) Overwatering a plant will kill it. Why?

A) Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow.
B) Water will attract parasites.
C) Water neutralizes the pH of the soil.
D) Water will form hydrogen bonds with the root of the cell wall.
E) The roots cannot get air.

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37) Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?
A) leaf cell walls B) soil C) leaf air spaces D) root xylem E) trunk xylem

38) Both red and blue light are involved with

A) positive phototropism.
B) tracking seasons.
C) photoperiodism.
D) stem elongation.
E) all of the above.

39) In nature, poinsettias bloom in early March. Research has shown that these plants are triggered to flower three
months before they actually bloom. The trigger is the length of the light-dark cycle. In order to get poinsettias
to bloom in December, florists change the length of the light-dark cycle in September. Given the information
and clues above, which of the following is false?
A) The dark period can be interrupted without affecting flowering.
B) Poinsettias are short-day plants.
C) Poinsettias require a longer dark period than is available in September.
D) Poinsettias will flower even if there are brief periods of dark during the daytime.
E) Poinsettias require a light period shorter than some maximum.

40) Dwarf mistletoe grows on many of the pine trees in the Rockies. Although the mistletoe is green, it is probably
not sufficiently active in photosynthesis to produce all the sugar it needs. The mistletoe also produces
haustoria. Thus, dwarf mistletoe growing on pine trees is best classified as
A) a nitrogen-fixing legume.
B) an epiphyte.
C) a carnivorous plant.
D) a symbiotic plant.
E) a parasite.

41) According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by

A) dissolving sieve plates, permitting more rapid transport of nutrients.
B) greatly increasing the rate of deposition of cell wall material.
C) changing the pH within the cell, which would permit the electron transport chain to operate more
efficiently.
D) allowing the affected cell walls to stretch.
E) dissolving the cell membranes temporarily, permitting cells that were on the verge of dividing to divide
more rapidly.

42) A unique feature of fertilization in angiosperms is that

A) a pollen tube carries a sperm nucleus into the female gametophyte.
B) one sperm fertilizes the egg; another combines with the polar nuclei.
C) a chemical attractant guides the sperm toward the egg.
D) the sperm cells have flagella for locomotion.
E) the sperm may be carried by the wind to the female organ.

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 43) One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
A) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
B) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.
C) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
D) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots.
E) the cells of roots have cell walls that are lacking in leaf cells.

44) Your laboratory partner has an open beaker of pure water. By definition, the water potential (Y) of this water is
A) not meaningful, because it is an open beaker and not plant tissue.
B) a negative number set by the volume of the beaker.
C) equal to the atmospheric pressure.
D) zero.
E) a positive number set by the volume of the beaker.

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.1.

Figure 35.1

45) A monocot stem is represented by

A) I only. B) II only. C) III only. D) IV only. E) both I and III.

46) Endodermis is present in

A) I only. B) II only. C) III only. D) IV only. E) both I and III.

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Figure 37.1 shows the results of a study to determine the effect of soil air spaces on plant growth. Use these data to answer the following
questions.

Figure 37.1

47) The best explanation for the shape of this growth response curve is that
A) most of the decrease in weight at low air levels is due to transpiration from the leaves.
B) the roots are able to absorb more nitrogen (N2 ) in high levels of air.
C) the plant requires air in the soil for photosynthesis.
D) the roots require oxygen for respiration and growth.
E) increased soil air produces more root mass in the soil but does not affect the top stems and leaves.

48) The best conclusion from the data in Figure 37.1 is that the plant
A) would grow to 24 grams in 40% air.
B) grows best without air in the soil.
C) does not respond differently to different levels of air in the soil.
D) grows best in air levels above 15%.
E) grows fastest in 5 to 10% air.

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Refer to Figure 39.2 to answer the following questions.

Figure 39.2

49) The results of this experiment shown on the left of the graph (area A) may be used
A) to show that taller plants with more gibberellin produce fruit (pods).
B) to show a correlation between plant height and gibberellin concentration.
C) to show that gibberellin is necessary in positive gravitropism.
D) to study phytoalexins in plants.
E) to show that these plants can live without gibberellin.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

The following questions refer to the diagram of an embryo sac of an angiosperm.

Figure 38.1

50) Which cell(s) become(s) the triploid endosperm?

51) Which cell(s) after fertilization, give(s) rise to the embryo plant?

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For the following questions, match the hormone with the classic description of that hormone. Each choice may be used once, more than
once, or not at all.

A. auxin
B. cytokinin
C. gibberellin
D. ethylene
E. abscisic acid

52) a gas that hastens fruit ripening

53) inhibits growth; closes stomata during water stress

54) stimulates cell division by influencing the synthesis or activation of proteins required for mitosis

The questions below refer to the following answers. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. stamen
B. stigma
C. embryo sac
D. sepal
E. coleoptile

55) the sheath covering the embryonic shoot in a monocot

56) flower part modified as a male reproductive structure

57) the sticky top of a carpel

The questions below use the following answers. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. parenchyma
B. collenchyma
C. sclerenchyma
D. tracheids
E. sieve-tube cells

58) living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes; they transport sucrose and other organic nutrients

59) long, thin, tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water flow through pits

60) the least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, synthetic, and storage functions

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Answer Key
Testname: PLANT TEST.TST

1) Answer: D
2) Answer: D
3) Answer: D
4) Answer: C
5) Answer: D
6) Answer: E
7) Answer: B
8) Answer: B
9) Answer: C
10) Answer: A
11) Answer: B
12) Answer: C
13) Answer: C
14) Answer: B
15) Answer: D
16) Answer: D
17) Answer: B
18) Answer: C
19) Answer: A
20) Answer: E
21) Answer: D
22) Answer: E
23) Answer: E
24) Answer: C
25) Answer: A
26) Answer: D
27) Answer: E
28) Answer: C
29) Answer: B
30) Answer: B
31) Answer: D
32) Answer: A
33) Answer: D
34) Answer: C
35) Answer: E
36) Answer: E
37) Answer: C
38) Answer: D
39) Answer: A
40) Answer: E

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Answer Key
Testname: PLANT TEST.TST

41) Answer: D
42) Answer: B
43) Answer: D
44) Answer: D
45) Answer: B
46) Answer: A
47) Answer: D
48) Answer: D
49) Answer: B
50) Answer: C
51) Answer: B
52) Answer: D
53) Answer: E
54) Answer: B
55) Answer: E
56) Answer: A
57) Answer: B
58) Answer: E
59) Answer: D
60) Answer: A